Academic literature on the topic 'Medical economics Victoria'
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Journal articles on the topic "Medical economics Victoria"
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Sipra, Muhammad Wajid Khurshid, Muhammad Abdul Raziq, and Zia Ullah. "Fungal Species Detection in Onychomycosis by Culture and Direct Microscopy at Tertiary Care Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan." Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College 26, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37939/jrmc.v26i2.1836.
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Objective: This study aimed to detect the common organisms by culture and KOH mount microscopy of nail infections.Setting: It was cross sectional study. Three hundred sixty clinically diagnosed cases were collected from 1st July 2018 to 31st July 2021 from Dermatology OPD of Bahawal Victoria Hospital and clinics. The samples were processed in the Microbiology section of the Pathology department of Quaid-e-Azam Medical College Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Method: The nail specimen was directly inoculated on SDA culture media and aerobically incubate at 25 Ć to 30 Ć for 3 to 4 weeks. The growth was identified in colony characteristics by using cotton blue stains. Whereas the nail is immersed in 20% KOH solution. The microscopic study revealed the hyphae or spores and that is considered a positive for the test. Result: out of three hundred sixty cases the culture positivity was 56.94% of the specimen while KOH mount was positive in 60.83% of specimens and the combination of Culture with KOH was 66.67%.Conclusion: The fungal culture and KOH mount microscopy combination are subtle laboratory methods for the detection of organisms causing onychomycosis. The species detection and precise usage of anti-mycological agents to prevent the complications raised public health considerably.
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Lin, Sherry. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for Higher Education Studies, Vol. 8, No. 4." Higher Education Studies 8, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/hes.v8n4p200.
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Higher Education Studies wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.
Higher Education Studies is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to hes@ccsenet.org.
Reviewers for Volume 8, Number 4
Abdelaziz Mohammed, Albaha University, Saudi Arabia
Anna Liduma, University of Latvia, Latvia
Arbabisarjou Azizollah, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Bahar Gün, İzmir University of Economics, Turkey
Barba Patton, University of Houston-Victoria, USA
Edward Lehner, Bronx Community College, City University of New York, USA
Evrim Ustunluoglu, Izmir University of Economics, Turkey
Gerard Hoyne, University of Notre Dame Australia, Australia
Gregory S. Ching, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan
John Cowan, Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom
John Rafferty, Charles Sturt University, Australia
Kartheek R. Balapala, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
Laid Fekih, University of Tlemcen Algeria, Algeria
Mehmet Ersoy, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey
Meric Ozgeldi, Mersin University, Turkey
Michael John Maxel Okoche, Uganda Management Institute, Uganda
Mirosław Kowalski, University of Zielona Góra, Poland
Najia Sabir, Indiana University Bloomington, USA
Nancy Maynes, Nipissing University, Schulich School of Education, Canada, Canada
Philip Denton, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
Qing Xie, Jiangnan University, China
Sahar Ahadi, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Iran
Savitri Bevinakoppa, Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia
Suat Capuk, Adiyaman University, Turkey
Teguh Budiharso, Center of Language and Culture Studies, Indonesia
Tuija A. Turunen, University of Lapland, Finland
Zahra Shahsavar, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Bisset, Andrew T., and Gerard F. Hoyne. "An Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H7N7) in Australia and the Potential for Novel Influenza A Viruses to Emerge." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081639.
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In 2020, several geographically isolated farms in Victoria, Australia, experienced an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H7N7 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses H5N2 and H7N6. Effective containment and control measures ensured the eradication of these viruses but the event culminated in substantial loss of livestock and significant economic impact. The avian HPAI H7N7 virus generally does not infect humans; however, evidence shows the ocular pathway presents a favourable tissue tropism for human infection. Through antigenic drift, mutations in the H7N7 viral genome may increase virulence and pathogenicity in humans. The Victorian outbreak also detected LPAI H7N6 in emus at a commercial farm. Novel influenza A viruses can emerge by mixing different viral strains in a host susceptible to avian and human influenza strains. Studies show that emus are susceptible to infections from a wide range of influenza viral subtypes, including H5N1 and the pandemic H1N1. The emu’s internal organs and tissues express abundant cell surface sialic acid receptors that favour the attachment of avian and human influenza viruses, increasing the potential for internal genetic reassortment and the emergence of novel influenza A viruses. This review summarises the historical context of H7N7 in Australia, considers the potential for increased virulence and pathogenesis through mutations and draws attention to the emu as potentially an unrecognised viral mixing vessel.
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Nott, John. "Malnutrition in a Modernising Economy: The Changing Aetiology and Epidemiology of Malnutrition in an African Kingdom, Buganda c.1940–73." Medical History 60, no. 2 (March 14, 2016): 229–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2016.5.
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The ecological fecundity of the northern shore of Lake Victoria was vital to Buganda’s dominance of the interlacustrine region during the pre-colonial period. Despite this, protein-energy malnutrition was notoriously common throughout the twentieth century. This paper charts changes in nutritional illness in a relatively wealthy, food-secure area of Africa during a time of vast social, economic and medical change. In Buganda at least, it appears that both the causation and epidemiology of malnutrition moved away from the endemic societal causes described by early colonial doctors and became instead more defined by individual position within a rapidly modernising economy.
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Newhouse, Joseph P. "Distinguished Fellow: In Honor of Victor Fuchs." Journal of Economic Perspectives 6, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.6.3.179.
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Victor Fuchs is a towering figure. His contributions to economics have spanned nearly 35 years. As his career has progressed, he has increasingly come to write on subjects of broad interest in a style that is accessible to noneconomists, thereby magnifying his influence. His gift is an ability to ask questions that are usually based on simple theory, but which nonetheless in his hands seem novel, and then proceed to answer those questions with simple, straightforward data analysis that is all the more powerful for its simplicity. Victor's work is usually “low tech,” to use his term, but almost always persuasive in ways that high-tech methods would not necessarily be. In this essay, I focus principally on Victor's contributions to the economics of health and medical care, but I have a bit to say about his other contributions as well.
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LIVINGSTONE, DAVID N. "Tropical climate and moral hygiene: the anatomy of a Victorian debate." British Journal for the History of Science 32, no. 1 (March 1999): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087498003501.
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On Wednesday 27 April 1898, Dr Luigi [Louis] Westenra Sambon (1865–1931) addressed the Royal Geographical Society in London on a topic of much interest to the Victorian public. An Anglo-French medical graduate of the University of Naples, a Fellow of the London Zoological Society and a recent visitor to Central Africa, he was well equipped to tackle the subject of the ‘Acclimatization of Europeans in Tropical Lands’. The ‘problem of tropical colonization’, he began, ‘is one of the most important and pressing with which European states have to deal. Civilization has favoured unlimited multiplication, and thereby intensified that struggle for existence the limitation of which seemed to be its very object…I know full well that the question of emigration is beset with a variety of moral, social, political, and economic difficulties; but it is the law of nature, and civilization has no better remedy for the evils caused by overcrowding.’Even from these introductory remarks, it is already plain that Sambon's project was a compound product of medical diagnosis, colonial imperative, Darwinian demography and moral evaluation. And it is the rhetorical zone roughly marked out by this quadrilateral of disease, empire, struggle and virtue that I want to explore here. First, however, it will be instructive to return to that afternoon a century ago and spend a little more time listening in on the deliberations.
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Midttun, Linda, and Terje P. Hagen. "The private–public mix of healthcare: evidence from a decentralised NHS country." Health Economics, Policy and Law 1, no. 3 (June 2, 2006): 277–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133106003045.
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Privatizations of public services are often driven by economic scarcity and changes in political leadership, in particular election victories for conservative or neoliberal political parties. Data from Norwegian counties on numbers of medical specialists in secondary care over a period of 11 years (1991–2001) allow us to analyse effects of economic, socioeconomic, and political factors on supply of both public and private specialists and the private–public mix. We find striking variations between the main explanatory factors related to public and private supply. Supply of public specialists is explained by counties' revenue levels and demographic factors and is not affected by the party composition of councils. The supply of private specialist medical services is negatively related to the proportion of elderly patients. The scarcity hypothesis is confirmed as lower county revenue levels increase both the absolute and relative proportions of private supply. Political composition of councils affects the private proportion of medical specialists as increased representation of conservatives leads to privatization.
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PIETERSE, MARIUS. "THE POTENTIAL OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC RIGHTS LITIGATION FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SOCIAL JUSTICE: CONSIDERING THE EXAMPLE OF ACCESS TO MEDICAL CARE IN SOUTH AFRICAN PRISONS." Journal of African Law 50, no. 2 (October 2006): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855306000118.
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This article considers the remedial and transformative potential of litigation based on legally enforceable socio-economic entitlements, such as the justiciable socio-economic rights contained in the 1996 South African Constitution. It focuses on the interpretation and enforcement of South African prisoners' constitutional rights to dignified conditions of detention (including the provision of adequate medical treatment at state expense) and to consult with medical practitioners of their choice. Although these rights have not yet been the subject of a decision by the South African Constitutional Court, they have been central or incidental to a number of High Court decisions. The article discusses these decisions in an attempt to illustrate, first, that courts are institutionally equipped to effectively vindicate socio-economic rights, secondly, that the enforcement of socio-economic rights may result in tangible and affirmative relief for individual beneficiaries, and thirdly, that victories in socio-economic rights matters may cumulatively have significant transformative potential. The article situates prisoners' rights to medical treatment in the South African social, legal and constitutional contexts, discusses the ambit, scope and remedial potential of the rights, and considers the affirmative and transformative effects of the judgments in which they have been enforced. In particular, the article considers the impact of this distinct body of socio-economic rights jurisprudence on overarching social struggles for improved access to health care services (especially antiretroviral treatment) in South African prisons.
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ADAIR, RICHARD, JOSEPH MELLING, and BILL FORSYTHE. "Migration, family structure and pauper lunacy in Victorian England: admissions to the Devon County Pauper Lunatic Asylum, 1845–1900." Continuity and Change 12, no. 3 (December 1997): 373–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416097002981.
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The lunatic asylum remains one of the most remarkable institutional monuments of the modern world, dominating the social landscape of Victorian Britain and exercising a powerful attraction for social historians of medicine, an attraction almost as great as the spectre of the madhouse for contemporary novelists. Our image of the Victorian asylum is still pervaded to a surprising degree by the gloomy spectacle of the total institution presented by Michel Foucault, though it has been modified by a whole range of institutional and philosophical accounts undertaken in the past three decades. Pioneering studies by researchers such as Andrew Scull have illuminated not only the power exercised by the new asylum superintendents, armed with medical discourses of moral treatment and the early promise of curability, but also the continuing dominance of the ‘mad doctors’ in the sombre years of neo-Darwinian pessimism and eugenics doctrines. More recent contributions to the now enormous literature on the social history of insanity have shifted the focus of attention from earlier concerns with charting the rise of the asylum and the elaboration of medical discourses under the psychiatric gaze of physicians to a detailed reconstruction of the social environment of the asylum and especially to the interplay between familial circumstances and the way institutions responded to the insane. Such concerns were also clearly evident in important earlier studies by Walton, Scull, Digby and others, which drew on fundamental work by Anderson on the changing role of the family during industrialization. These scholars drew attention to the importance of family and kinship relations in the negotiation of a lunatic's passage to the Victorian asylum, as well as the role of wider forces of economic change, population growth and migration in shaping the environment in which decisions about the care of the mad were made.
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Otome, Ohide, Alexander Wright, Vanika Gunjaca, Steve Bowe, and Eugene Athan. "The Economic Burden of Infective Endocarditis due to Injection Drug Use in Australia: A Single Centre Study—University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Victoria." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2022 (December 16, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6484960.
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Background. Injection drug use (IDU) is a well-recognized risk factor for infective endocarditis (IE). Associated complications from IDU result in significant morbidity and mortality with substantial cost implications. The aim of this study was to determine the cost burden associated with the management of IE due to IDU (IE-IDU). Methods. We used data collected prospectively on patients with a diagnosis of IE-IDU as part of the international collaboration on endocarditis (ICE). The cost of medical treatment was estimated based on diagnosis-related groups (DRG) and weighted inlier equivalent separation (WIES). Results. There were 23 episodes from 21 patients in 12 years (2002 to 2014). The costing was done for 22 episodes due to data missing on 1 patient. The median age was 39 years. The gender distribution was equal. Heroin (71%) and methamphetamine (33%) were the most frequently used. 74% (17/23) required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The median ICU length of stay (LOS) was 4 days (IQR (Interquartile range); 2 to 40 days) whilst median total hospital LOS was 40 days (IQR; 1 to 119 days). Twelve patients (52%) underwent valve replacement surgery. Mortality was 13% (3/23). The total medical cost for the 22 episodes is estimated at $1,628,359 Australian dollars (AUD). The median cost per episode was a median cost of $ 61363 AUD (IQR: $2806 to $266,357 AUD). We did not account for lost productivity and collateral costs attributed to concurrent morbidity. Conclusion. Within the limitations of this small retrospective study, we report that the management of infective endocarditis caused by injection drug use can be associated with significant financial cost.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Medical economics Victoria"
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Woollett, Emily. "A sociodemographic study of the patients attending the Victoria University student osteopathic clinic." Thesis, 2003. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/935/.
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There has been much research into equality on the grounds of socio-economic status (SES), as well as into the socio-demographics of people who attend complimentary healthcare practitioners. The purpose of this study is to examine the socio-economic status and demographic profiles of the patients attending the Victoria University Student Osteopathic Medicine Clinic. Data was collected from the files held at the Victoria University Student Clinic, specifically the patient's age, sex, occupation and postcode. Postcodes are given an index of socio-economic status, which was compiled by the Australian Bureau of Statistics according to census data. The study found that more females than males attend the clinic, that patients are generally of a higher level of SES and are frequently students or office workers.
This minor thesis was written by a post-graduate student as part of the requirements of the Master of Health Science (Osteopathy) program.
Books on the topic "Medical economics Victoria"
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Benger Alaluf, Yaara. The Emotional Economy of Holidaymaking. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866152.001.0001.
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It is often taken for granted that holiday resorts sell intangible commodities such as freedom, enjoyment, pleasure, and relaxation. But how did the desire for a ‘happy holiday’ emerge, how was ‘the right to rest’ legitimized, and how are emotions produced by commercial enterprises? To answer these questions, The Emotional Economy of Holidaymaking explores the rise of popular holidaymaking in late-nineteenth-century Britain. Drawing on a wide range of texts, including medical literature, parliamentary debates, advertisements, travel guides, and personal accounts, the book unravels the role emotions played in British spa and seaside holiday cultures. Introducing the concept of an ‘emotional economy’, Yaara Benger Alaluf traces the overlapping impact that psychological and economic thought had on moral ideals and performative practices of work and leisure. Through a vivid account of changing attitudes toward health, pleasure, social class, and gender in late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain, she explains why the democratization of holidaymaking went hand in hand with its emotionalization. Combining the history of emotions with the sociology of commodification, the book offers an innovative approach to the study of the leisure and entertainment industries and a better understanding of how medicalized conceptions of emotions influenced people’s dispositions, desires, consumption habits, and civil rights. Looking ahead to the central place of tourism in twenty-first-century societies and its relation to stress and burnout, The emotional economy of holidaymaking calls on future research of past and present leisure cultures to take emotions seriously and to rethink notions of rationality, authenticity, and agency.
Book chapters on the topic "Medical economics Victoria"
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Bird, Deanne, and Andrew Taylor. "Disasters and Demographic Change of ‘Single-Industry’ Towns—Decline and Resilience in Morwell, Australia." In The Demography of Disasters, 125–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49920-4_7.
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Abstract In 2014, an open-cut coal mine fire burned for 45 days in the small single-industry town of Hazelwood in Victoria (Australia) spreading smoke and ash across the adjacent community of Morwell. This chapter examines the extent to which the mine fire acted as a catalyst for demographic and socio-economic change and considers how, if at all, it impacted Morwell’s resilience to disasters. We report on a range of secondary data analyses augmented with qualitative insights captured in government reports (namely, the Hazelwood Mine Fire Inquiry reports), as well as from related research papers and media articles. We suggest that a succession of structural and demographic changes meant that the town and its residents were accustomed and resilient to relatively large shocks. In this sense, the Morwell and broader Latrobe Valley population banded together around various community-led initiatives to fight for a better future for their community.
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"CHAPTER II. The Economics of Crusade Victory." In Medieval Colonialism: Postcrusade Exploitation of Islamic Valencia, 17–40. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400867592-005.
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Bonah, Christian, and Anja Laukötter. "Visual Media and the Healthy Self in the 20th Century: An Introduction." In Body, Capital, and Screens. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462988293_intro.
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To introduce Body, Capital, and Screens as a series of in-depth case studies at the intersection of film and media studies and the social and cultural history of the body, we have chosen, as with all of the contributions, a film emblematic for the chapter’s specific thematic focus: Victoire de la vie/Victory of life (FR, 1937) by Henri Cartier-Bresson. Through these images, we intend to detail our approach illustrating how the material and social aspects of moving images have served as a hyphen between body politics, on the one hand, and the market as the 20th century’s primary form of social and economic organization, on the other. We lay out the framework for connecting bodies and capital with the significance of a century’s worth of utility media culture.
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Cooper, John. "Conclusion." In Pride Versus Prejudice, 397–406. Liverpool University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774877.003.0017.
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This concluding chapter summarizes the book's findings on the history of the entry of Jews into the medical and legal professions. During the late Victorian age and the Edwardian era, it was possible for a few Jews from patrician or wealthy merchant families to rise to the top of the Bar, or the front rank of the medical profession, while retaining a Jewish identity. Between the two world wars, English society was much less open than in the late Victorian and Edwardian years. This was a time of heavy unemployment and economic malaise, disfigured by sharpening antisemitism which did not abate until a decade after the Second World War. During the 1950s and 1960s, there was a predominance of Jewish doctors over Jewish lawyers in England, but by the 1990s this situation had been reversed and Jewish lawyers were in a majority. Since the 1990s, there has been a decline generally in the number of applicants for medical schools in England. Among these professionals today, there is on the one hand an imperceptible drift by some out of the community, without pressure from the necessity for radical assimilation, and a switch by another group of professionals from the Orthodoxy of their fathers to Reform Judaism, which they find more compatible with the daily rhythm of their careers.
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Cochrane, David. "‘Humane, economical, and medically wise’: the LCC as administrators of Victorian lunacy policy." In The Anatomy of Madness, 247–72. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315017112-10.
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Golden, Catherine J. "Caricature and Realism." In Serials to Graphic Novels. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813062297.003.0005.
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At the fin de siècle, the Victorian illustrated book experienced what some critics consider a decline and others call a third period of development. “Caricature and Realism” examines the validity of both viewpoints. Publishing trends and intertwining economic and aesthetic factors led to the decline of newly released, large-circulation fiction during the final decades of the nineteenth century in England. These include the waning of serial fiction, cost factors, a rise in literacy, the changing nature of the novel, new developments in illustration, and competition from other media. However, the Victorian illustrated book thrived in several areas—certain serial formats, artists’ books, children’s literature, and the U.S. market—and in some of these forms of material culture, we witness a reengagement with the caricature tradition as well as a continuation of the representational school. This chapter surveys late Victorian illustrated fiction marketed to different audiences according to social class, age, gender, and nation. This chapter also foregrounds two fin-de-siècle author-illustrators—Beatrix Potter, best known for The Tale of Peter Rabbit, and George Du Maurier, who gained fame with Trilby—to demonstrate continuity in the arc of the illustrated book and a media frenzy of Pickwickian magnitude.
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Damodaran, A. "Animating the Inanimate." In Managing Arts in Times of Pandemics and Beyond, 101–24. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856449.003.0005.
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The onset of COVID-19 has altered the functioning of museums and biennials across the world. Consistent with the ‘deep dive approach’ employed in this book, the chapter takes a close look at three museums and a biennial. The museums chosen for detailed examination are ‘The Guggenheim’ (USA), the Victoria Memorial Hall (India), and the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (Canada). The biennial chosen for detailed exploration is the ‘Kochi-Muziries Biennale’ (India). The objectives of the exercise are to understand the nature of operations carried out by these organizations and identifying the economic and managerial challenges faced by them prior to and during the difficult days of COVID-19. The chapter explores how the four organizations have coped with the pandemic. While Guggenheim opened up their premises on a minimal note and employed intense virtual media exposes, the Kochi-Muziries Biennale was constrained to postpone its biennial event. The Montreal Museum and the Victoria Memorial Hall also underwent protracted bouts of inactivity. The dive deep studies throw up a menu of management-related situations that holds vital lessons for budding museum managers. Similarly, the functioning of the four organizations also afford valuable lessons to the policy establishment regarding the effectiveness of cultural and arts policies.
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Abrahms, Max. "Introduction: The Stupid Terrorist." In Rules for Rebels, 1–14. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811558.003.0001.
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Islamic State was depicted in the media as a bunch of terrorist masterminds. The leadership was supposedly strategic to maximize fear by encouraging Muslims to inflict bloodshed around the world and then bragging about it over social media. But pundits were too busy extolling the genius of this evil strategy to realize that the caliphate was going up in smoke. The Islamic State’s plight was predictable from the get-go because the leaders failed to follow the rules for rebels. The author has extensively studied the political plights of hundreds of militant groups throughout world history and reveals that successful militant leaders have followed three rules. These rules are based on original insights from the fields of political science, psychology, criminology, economics, management, marketing, communication, and sociology. It turns out there’s a science to victory in militant history. But even rebels must follow rules.
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Hasan, Zoya. "Opposition Interrupted." In Ideology and Organization in Indian Politics, 151–80. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863416.003.0007.
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Abstract This chapter delineates the political implications of BJP’s victory in 2019 for opposition politics and the reinforcement of the right-wing trajectory that India had embarked upon in 2014. The BJP’s top leadership interpreted the verdict as a signal for a complete change in direction and a mandate to establish a Hindu state. The principal consequence of this shift was the acceleration of authoritarianism and communalism that paved the way for the institution of a communal regime in the Centre. These shifts have been strengthened by growing polarization, curbs on dissent, institutional erosion, media control, and growing concentration of economic power, all of which have created an unequal playing field for the opposition. This has profound consequences for India’s democracy and the future of the Congress, which is the principal concern of this chapter.
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Mitchell, William J., and Anthony M. Townsend. "Cyborg Agonistes: Disaster and Reconstruction in the Digital Electronic Era." In The Resilient City. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195175844.003.0021.
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Palma Nova near Venice, with its famous star-shaped fortifications, is a city of two tales. You can read complementary narratives from the plan. One tale is of enclosure. The walls, as in other ancient, medieval, and Renaissance cities, protected the concentrations of assets and settled populations within from nomadic bandits and mobile armies without. In addition, as Lewis Mumford cogently put it, “[T]he power of massed numbers in itself gave the city a superiority over the thinly populated widely scattered villages, and served as an incentive to further growth.” Density and defended walls provided safety, economic vitality, and long-term resilience. At the extreme, under siege, the gates were closed, soldiers manned the battlements, and the city became selfcontained for the duration. To attack it, one needed some technology to breach the defensive perimeter—Joshua’s trumpet, Achilles’ wooden horse, Francesco di Giorgio’s tunnel beneath the walls of Castel Nuovo, a battering ram, or a siege engine. The second tale is of connection. The central piazza, surrounded by public buildings, is both the focus of the internal street network and the local hub of a road network that extends through the gates and out into the countryside, linking the city to others. The piazza is—like the server of a local Internet service provider (ISP)—a node at which nearby and larger communities are connected. When the gates are open, the city functions as a crossroads rather than as a sealed enclosure, a place of interaction rather than one of exclusion. Urban history is, from one perspective, a struggle of these narratives for dominance. Eventually, the network won. Mumford associated this victory with the rise of capitalism—a new constellation of economic forces that “favored expansion and dispersal in every direction, from overseas colonization to the building up of new industries, whose technological improvements simply canceled out all medieval restrictions.” For cities, “[T]he demolition of their urban walls was both practical and symbolic.” Superficially, modern Manhattan resembles a scaled-up version of Palma Nova; it is a regularized street grid, surrounded by water, and accessed by a limited number of bridges and tunnels.