Relevant bibliographies by topics / MEDICAL DECISION MAKING

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'MEDICAL DECISION MAKING'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "MEDICAL DECISION MAKING"

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Masic, Izet. "Medical Decision Making." Acta Informatica Medica 30, no. 3 (2022): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/aim.2022.30.230-235.

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Everyday, doctors and individuals in the field of healthcare must make calculated decisions which have important consequences, impacting patients on the individual level, and communities and nations on a more global level. Healthcare professionals must at times make these choices with limited information, resources, and knowledge, and yet is is expected that these decisions are highly calculated and accurate. It is important to familiarise oneself with the exact definitions regarding medical decision making. Doing this allows us to delve deeper into more intricate options present within medical de-cision making.Simple put, a decision is a choice between two options. The person or entity conduct-ing that decision is the decision maker. The exact definition is (4) “Under the decision should imply some specific action which is selected from several variables or which satisfies the expectation that is previously set”. Many different factors and individuals may be involved in medical decision making, with varying consequences, according to different players and settings. For example, medical decision making is not, and cannot, be the same in the United States, as it is in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Of course, there are wide differences in GDP between those two countries, and differing ethical beliefs as well. These two small examples illustrate larger differences in financial and cultural factors that constitute differences in these two countries. A vital component of medical decision making is evaluation. Decision makers must concisely evaluate situations, in order to make better choices. For example, when examining a health care sys-tem, their decisions should consider the following questions, such as, what is the health status of the given population? What economic resources are at the disposal of our patients, and government? How effective is the current healthcare model that is already in place?Does the existing social sys-tem pay enough attention to the healthcare protection?Does the organisation structure of the healthcare system satisfy? Are the existing practice and the healthcare technologies secure, effective, and suitable? Are the planning, programming, determination and the choice of priority the ade-quate to the needs of people? How are the monitoring and evaluation of healthcare system quality organised(2)?These are a few examples of evaluation in medical decision making..
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Vlasses, Peter H. "Medical Decision Making." DICP 24, no. 1 (January 1990): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809002400128.

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Berg, Elijah. "Medical Decision-Making." Emergency Medicine News 27, no. 12 (December 2005): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132981-200512000-00006.

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East, T. D., S. Henderson, N. L. Pace, A. H. Morris, and J. X. Brunner. "MEDICAL DECISION MAKING." Anesthesiology 75, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): A1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199109001-01058.

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Gengler, Amanda M. "Emotions and Medical Decision-Making." Social Psychology Quarterly 83, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 174–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272519876937.

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Sociologists have written surprisingly little about the role emotions play in medical decision-making, largely ceding this terrain to psychologists who conceptualize emotional influences on decision-making in primarily cognitive and individualistic terms. In this article, I use ethnographic data gathered from parents and physicians caring for children with life-threatening conditions to illustrate how emotions enter the medical decision-making process in fundamentally interactional ways. Because families and physicians alike often defined emotions as useful information to guide the decision-making process, both parties could leverage them in health care interactions by eliciting or demonstrating emotional investment, strategically deploying emotionally charged symbols, and using emotions as tiebreakers to help themselves and one another make choices in the midst of uncertainty. Constructing emotions as valuable in the decision-making process and effectively marshalling them in these ways offered a number of advantages. It could make decisions easier to arrive at, help people feel more confident in the decisions they made, and reduce interpersonal conflict. By connecting the dynamic role emotions can play in the interactive process through which medical decisions are made to the social advantages they can produce, I point to an underappreciated avenue through which inequalities in health care are perpetuated.
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Webb, R. K. "Medical Decision Making and Decision Analysis." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 16, no. 1 (February 1988): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x8801600137.

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Novosel, Dragutin, Stjepan Ljudevit Marušić, Nikola Biller-Andorno, and Manuel Trachsel. "Medical Decision-Making Capacity." GeroPsych 31, no. 2 (June 2018): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000185.

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Abstract. Decision-making capacity (DMC) is a prerequisite for informed consent to medical treatments. However, little is known about the knowledge, attitudes, and evaluation of DMC among physicians in Croatia. A survey was conducted among 180 general practitioners and psychiatrists in Croatia. Although from a legal perspective DMC is a dichotomous concept, about 90% of physicians indicated that they understand DMC to be a gradual concept. A majority of physicians considered themselves responsible and qualified to conduct DMC evaluations, though some physicians considered themselves insufficiently qualified. General practitioners considered themselves less responsible and less qualified than psychiatrists. Almost all participants indicated that they would welcome official guidelines and training.
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Christensen, Caryn, and James R. Larson. "Collaborative Medical Decision Making." Medical Decision Making 13, no. 4 (December 1993): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x9301300410.

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Elstein, Arthur S. "Editing Medical Decision Making." Medical Decision Making 19, no. 4 (October 1999): 507–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x9901900422.

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Kaplan, Robert M. "Shared medical decision making." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 26, no. 1 (January 2004): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2003.09.022.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "MEDICAL DECISION MAKING"

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Kiatpongsan, Sorapop. "Decision Making for Medical Innovations." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11386.

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Bezuidenhout, Stefanie. "Children and Medical Decision Making." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76927.

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The Constitutional Court judgments of Teddy Bear Clinic for Abused Children and Another v Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development and Another 2014 (1) SACR 327 (CC) and Centre for Child Law and Others v Media 24 Ltd and Others 2020 (1) SACR 469 (CC) have set important precedents for a child’s autonomy and privacy. Two requirements are put forth in the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 for when a child may consent to his or her own medical treatment. The first requirement is the age of consent. A child aged 14 and older was allowed to consent to his or her own medical treatment and his or her surgery at 18 years without parental consent under the now repealed Child Care Act 74 of 1983. The Children’s Act however reduced this age of consent for both medical treatment and surgery and section 129 of the Children’s Act states that a child can consent to his or her own medical treatment without parental assistance at the age of 12. The second requirement is the maturity of the child which entails his or her ability to understand the nature of the medical procedure and the risk and consequence of giving consent to it. If one of the two requirements is not met, then consent may be obtained from the parent or guardian or caregiver of the child, the Superintendent of the hospital or the person in charge of the hospital, the Minister of Social Development or a High Court or Children’s Court.
Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Centre for Child Law
LLM
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Platts, Danielle. "Patients' decision making processes for uncertain, risky medical decisions." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17546/.

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Lu, Jingyan 1971. "Supporting medical decision making with collaborative tools." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103266.

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This study examines the decision-making activities and communicative activities of two groups participating in a simulated medical emergency activity: the control group (CG) using a traditional whiteboard and the experimental group (EG) using a structured interactive whiteboard. The two groups differ in that the EG has a structured template to annotate and share their arguments with each other. Data analysis of the decision-making activities focused on planning, data collecting, managing, and interpreting patient data. Data analysis of the communicative activities focused on informative, argumentative, elicitative, responsive, and directive acts. In the early stage of decision-making the EG spent significantly more time interpreting the situation and less time managing the patient than the CG; in the later stage the EG spent significantly more time managing the patient but less time interpreting the situation. No significant results were found in communicative activities due to low cell frequencies of the utterances. Qualitative results indicated that shared visualizations can disambiguate and clarify verbal interactions and promote productive argumentation and negotiation activities. Shared cognition facilitates the construction of shared situation models and joint problem spaces which lead to better decision making and problem solving.
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Veropoulos, Konstantinos. "Machine learning approaches to medical decision making." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367661.

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Borchers, Andrea C. "Evaluating decision styles and self-efficacy in medical decision-making tasks." Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/32200.

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McMichael, Alan James. "Medical judgement and decision making in stratified medicine." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.727757.

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Background: Stratified medicine aims to use a patient's genotype and other individual characteristics to predict their treatment outcomes. Several treatments have been developed which may potentially offer patients an increased response to treatment. For instance 5% of patients with cystic fibrosis can be prescribed Ivacaftor based on a specific genetic mutation. However, it is unclear about how a patient's genotype may influence particular aspects of medical decision-making, despite the relevance that this may have in routine clinical practice. Methods: Medical decision-making was investigated using a series of discrete-choice experiments (DCEs) in which participants were asked to consider and choose one of the presented scenarios. Regarding profession decision-making, in particular, the PhD research investigated extent to which a patient's genotype influenced the treatment judgements and recommendations of psychiatrists (n=68). Patient decision-making was investigated by using DCEs to assess how people with cystic fibrosis (n=80) 'traded-off the risks and benefits that were associated with each treatment option. In the final study of the thesis, I investigated whether or not members of the public (n=2804) would be willing to incur an increase in tax to help fund stratified medicine treatments. Results: The main findings of these studies suggest that clinicians may be unduly influenced by a patient's genotype when judging a patient's response to treatment and in their treatment recommendations. Cystic fibrosis patients may not be willing to tolerate some of the increased risks associated with their treatment options. Thus clinicians should discuss the risks and benefits associated with treatments with their patients. The PhD research highlighted that members of the public may not be willing to pay an increase in taxation unless the majority of people were eligible for the stratified medicine treatment, a result that poses a challenge for stratified medicine because only few people are eligible for potentially more effective treatments. Conclusions: Clinicians need to be cautious about being unduly influenced by a patient's genotype and should discuss the risks and benefits associated with different treatment options. Further research is needed to understand how a patient's genotype may influence the decisions that are made at the clinician, patient and policy level.
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Yuan, Fan. "Modeling and computational strategies for medical decision making." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54857.

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In this dissertation, we investigate three topics: predictive models for disease diagnosis and patient behavior, optimization for cancer treatment planning, and public health decision making for infectious disease prevention. In the first topic, we propose a multi-stage classification framework that incorporates Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for feature selection and discriminant analysis via mixed integer programming (DAMIP) for classification. By utilizing the reserved judgment region, it allows the classifier to delay making decisions on ‘difficult-to-classify’ observations and develop new classification rules in later stage. We apply the framework to four real-life medical problems: 1) Patient readmissions: identifies the patients in emergency department who return within 72 hours using patient’s demographic information, complaints, diagnosis, tests, and hospital real-time utility. 2) Flu vaccine responder: predicts high/low responders of flu vaccine on subjects in 5 years using gene signatures. 3) Knee reinjection: predicts whether a patient needs to take a second surgery within 3 years of his/her first knee injection and tackles with missing data. 4) Alzheimer’s disease: distinguishes subjects in normal, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) groups using neuropsychological tests. In the second topic, we first investigate multi-objective optimization approaches to determine the optimal dose configuration and radiation seed locations in brachytherapy treatment planning. Tumor dose escalation and dose-volume constraints on critical organs are incorporated to kill the tumor while preserving the functionality of organs. Based on the optimization framework, we propose a non-linear optimization model that optimizes the tumor control probability (TCP). The model is solved by a solution strategy that incorporates piecewise linear approximation and local search. In the third topic, we study optimal strategies for public health emergencies under limited resources. First we investigate the vaccination strategies against a pandemic flu to find the optimal strategy when limited vaccines are available by constructing a mathematical model for the course of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic flu and the process of the vaccination. Second, we analyze the cost-effectiveness of emergency response strategies again a large-scale anthrax attack to protect the entire regional population.
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Holt, Jim, Ambreen Warsy, and Paula Wright. "Medical Decision Making: Guide to Improved CPT Coding." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6484.

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Background: The Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) coding system for office visits, which has been in use since 1995, has not been well studied, but it is generally agreed that the system contains much room for error. In fact, the available literature suggests that only slightly more than half of physicians will agree on the same CPT code for a given visit, and only 60% of professional coders will agree on the same code for a particular visit. In addition, the criteria used to assign a code are often related to the amount of written documentation. The goal of this study was to evaluate two novel methods to assess if the most appropriate CPT code is used: the level of medical decision making, or the sum of all problems mentioned by the patient during the visit. Methods: The authors–a professional coder, a residency faculty member, and a PGY-3 family medicine resident–reviewed 351 randomly selected visit notes from two residency programs in the Northeast Tennessee region for the level of documentation, the level of medical decision making, and the total number of problems addressed. The authors assigned appropriate CPT codes at each of those three levels. Results: Substantial undercoding occurred at each of the three levels. Approximately 33% of visits were undercoded based on the written documentation. Approximately 50% of the visits were undercoded based on the level of documented medical decision making. Approximately 80% of the visits were undercoded based on the total number of problems which the patient presented during the visit. Interrater agreement was fair, and similar to that noted in other coding studies. Conclusions: Undercoding is not only common in a family medicine residency program but it also occurs at levels that would not be evident from a simple audit of the documentation on the visit note. Undercoding also occurs from not exploring problems mentioned by the patient and not documenting additional work that was performed. Family physicians may benefit from minor alterations in their documentation of office visit notes. Key Points: * All previous studies of CPT coding have audited the written encounter note. * Medical decision making (MDM) is the most appropriate basis for selecting the CPT code for an office visit, as long as the history or the physical exam documentation also support that level. * Using MDM to retrospectively audit office visit notes showed that 50% of visits were undercoded. A small amount of additional documentation would allow the higher code. * Addressing all patient-mentioned problems during the visit, although clearly more time-consuming, would allow a higher CPT code to be used for 80% of the audited visits.
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Teston, Christa Beth. "Deliberative Decision-Making in One Medical Workplace Setting." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1239383998.

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Books on the topic "MEDICAL DECISION MAKING"

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Felder, Stefan, and Thomas Mayrhofer. Medical Decision Making. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64654-0.

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Sox, Harold C., Michael C. Higgins, and Douglas K. Owens. Medical Decision Making. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118341544.

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Felder, Stefan, and Thomas Mayrhofer. Medical Decision Making. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53432-8.

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Felder, Stefan, and Thomas Mayrhofer. Medical Decision Making. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18330-0.

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Sox, Harold C. Medical decision making. 2nd ed. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.

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C, Sox Harold, ed. Medical decision making. Boston: Butterworths, 1988.

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A, Blatt Marshal, and Sox Harold C, eds. Medical decision making. Boston [u.a.]: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1987.

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Reggia, James A., and Stanley Tuhrim, eds. Computer-Assisted Medical Decision Making. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5108-8.

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Reggia, James A., and Stanley Tuhrim, eds. Computer-Assisted Medical Decision Making. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8554-7.

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Eeckhoudt, Louis. Risk and Medical Decision Making. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0991-2.

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Book chapters on the topic "MEDICAL DECISION MAKING"

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Sadegh-Zadeh, Kazem. "Medical Decision-Making." In Philosophy and Medicine, 699–703. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9579-1_19.

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Whang, William. "Medical Decision-Making." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1355–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_1295.

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Khanfer, Riyad, John Ryan, Howard Aizenstein, Seema Mutti, David Busse, Ilona S. Yim, J. Rick Turner, et al. "Medical Decision-Making." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1209–10. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_1295.

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Blum, Bruce I. "Medical Decision Making." In Clinical Information Systems, 294–340. New York, NY: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8593-6_9.

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Varshney, Upkar. "Medical Decision Making." In Pervasive Healthcare Computing, 147–63. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0215-3_7.

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Blum, Bruce I. "Medical Decision Making." In Clinical Information Systems, 294–340. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-26537-6_9.

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Stiggelbout, Anne M., Marieke de Vries, and Laura Scherer. "Medical Decision Making." In The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making, 775–99. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118468333.ch27.

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Whang, William. "Medical Decision-Making." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1–2. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_1295-2.

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Elstein, Arthur S., Alan Schwartz, and Mathieu R. Nendaz. "Medical Decision Making." In International Handbook of Research in Medical Education, 231–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0462-6_9.

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Cosby, Karen. "Medical Decision Making." In Diagnosis, 13–39. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315116334-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "MEDICAL DECISION MAKING"

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Hudson, D. L., and M. E. Cohen. "Multidimensional medical decision making." In 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2009.5332471.

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Fakhraei, Shobeir, Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh, Farshad Fotouhi, and Kost Elisevich. "Confidence in medical decision making." In the 2011 workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2023582.2023593.

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Singh, Manbir, and Witaya Sungkarat. "Dynamic fMRI of a decision-making task." In Medical Imaging, edited by Xiaoping P. Hu and Anne V. Clough. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.770760.

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Quintero, J. M., A. Aguilera, M. Abraham, H. Villegas, G. Montilla, and B. Solaiman. "Medical decision-making and collaborative reasoning." In Proceedings 2nd Annual IEEE International Symposium on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE 2001). IEEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibe.2001.974425.

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Klar, R. "Medical decision making and the retrieval of medical databases." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1988.95325.

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Avanaki, Ali R. N., Kathryn S. Espig, Tom R. L. Kimpe, and Andrew D. A. Maidment. "On anthropomorphic decision making in a model observer." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Claudia R. Mello-Thoms and Matthew A. Kupinski. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2082129.

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Matsuzaki, Shuichi, Subha Fernando, and Ashu Marasinghe. "Decision Making Model Supporting Emergency Medical Care." In 2009 International Conference on Biometrics and Kansei Engineering, ICBAKE. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbake.2009.25.

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Mondal, Dhrubajyoti, Aryya Gangopadhyay, and William Russell. "Medical decision making using vector space model." In the ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1882992.1883048.

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Caro Monroig, Angeliz. "Entrustment Decision Making: The Medical Student Perspective." In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1576628.

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Duke, J. D., S. Batbold, K. A. Riggan, and E. S. DeMartino. "Medical Decision Making for Hospitalized Incarcerated Patients Lacking Decisional Capacity." In American Thoracic Society 2022 International Conference, May 13-18, 2022 - San Francisco, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a2366.

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Reports on the topic "MEDICAL DECISION MAKING"

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Marold, Juliane, Ruth Wagner, Markus Schöbel, and Dietrich Manzey. Decision-making in groups under uncertainty. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/361udm.

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The authors have studied daily decision-making processes in groups under uncertainty, with an exploratory field study in the medical domain. The work follows the tradition of naturalistic decision-making (NDM) research. It aims to understand how groups in this high reliability context conceptualize and internalize uncertainties, and how they handle them in order to achieve effective decision-making in their everyday activities. Analysis of the survey data shows that uncertainty is thought of in terms of issues and sources (as identified by previous research), but also (possibly a domain-specific observation) as a lack of personal knowledge or skill. Uncertainty is accompanied by emotions of fear and shame. It arises during the diagnostic process, the treatment process and the outcome of medical decision making. The most frequently cited sources of uncertainty are partly lacking information and inadequate understanding owing to instability of information. Descriptions of typical group decisions reveal that the individual himself is a source of uncertainty when a lack of knowledge, skills and expertise is perceived. The group can serve as a source of uncertainty if divergent opinions in the decision making group exist. Three different situations of group decisions are identified: Interdisciplinary regular meetings (e.g. tumor conferences), formal ward meetings and ad hoc consultations. In all healthcare units concerned by the study, only little use of structured decision making procedures and processes is reported. Strategies used to handle uncertainty include attempts to reduce uncertainty by collecting additional information, delaying action until more information is available or by soliciting advice from other physicians. The factors which ultimately determine group decisions are hierarchy (the opinion of more senior medical staff carries more weight than that of junior staff), patients’ interest and professional competence. Important attributes of poor group decisions are the absence of consensus and the use of hierarchy as the predominant decision criterion. On the other hand, decisions judged to be effective are marked by a sufficient information base, a positive discussion culture and consensus. The authors identify four possible obstacles to effective decision making: a steep hierarchy gradient, a poor discussion culture, a strong need for consensus, and insufficient structure and guidance of group decision making processes. A number of intervention techniques which have been shown in other industries to be effective in improving some of these obstacles are presented.
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Sudore, Rebecca, Dean Schillinger, Aiesha Volow, Ying Shi, John Boscardin, Janet Shim, Mary Katen, et al. Preparing Spanish-Speaking Older Adults for Advance Care Planning and Medical Decision Making -- The PREPARE Trial. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/07.2020.cdr.130601500.

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Sudore, Rebecca, Dean Schillinger, Aiesha Volow, Ying Shi, John Boscardin, Janet Shim, Mary Katen, et al. Preparing Spanish-speaking Older Adults for Advance Care Planning and Medical Decision-Making—The PREPARE Trial. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute® (PCORI), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/05.2020.cdr.130601500.

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Vingre, Anete, Peter Kolarz, and Billy Bryan. On your marks, get set, fund! Rapid responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.538.

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This paper presents findings from an analysis of seven multidisciplinary national research funders’ responses to COVID-19. We posit that while some parts of research and innovation funding responses to COVID-19 were ‘pandemic responses’ in the conventional biomedical sense, other parts were thematically far broader and are better termed ‘societal emergency’ funding. This type of funding activity was unprecedented for many funders. Yet, it may signal a new/additional mission for research funders, which may be required to tackle future societal emergencies, medical or otherwise. Urgency (i.e., the need to deploy funding quickly) is a key distinguishing theme in these funding activities. This paper explores the different techniques that funders used to substantially speed up their application and assessment processes to ensure research on COVID-19 could commence as quickly as possible. Funders used a range of approaches, both before application submission (call design, application lengths and formats) and after (review and decision-making processes). Our research highlights a series of trade-offs, at the heart of which are concerns around simultaneously ensuring the required speed as well as the quality of funding-decisions. We extract some recommendations for what a generic ‘societal emergency’ funding toolkit might include to optimally manage these tensions in case national research funders are called upon again to respond to future crises.
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Rudd, Ian. Leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Robotics to Improve Mental Health. Intellectual Archive, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2710.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the oldest fields of computer science used in building structures that look like human beings in terms of thinking, learning, solving problems, and decision making (Jovanovic et al., 2021). AI technologies and techniques have been in application in various aspects to aid in solving problems and performing tasks more reliably, efficiently, and effectively than what would happen without their use. These technologies have also been reshaping the health sector's field, particularly digital tools and medical robotics (Dantas & Nogaroli, 2021). The new reality has been feasible since there has been exponential growth in the patient health data collected globally. The different technological approaches are revolutionizing medical sciences into dataintensive sciences (Dantas & Nogaroli, 2021). Notably, with digitizing medical records supported the increasing cloud storage, the health sector created a vast and potentially immeasurable volume of biomedical data necessary for implementing robotics and AI. Despite the notable use of AI in healthcare sectors such as dermatology and radiology, its use in psychological healthcare has neem models. Considering the increased mortality and morbidity levels among patients with psychiatric illnesses and the debilitating shortage of psychological healthcare workers, there is a vital requirement for AI and robotics to help in identifying high-risk persons and providing measures that avert and treat mental disorders (Lee et al., 2021). This discussion is focused on understanding how AI and robotics could be employed in improving mental health in the human community. The continued success of this technology in other healthcare fields demonstrates that it could also be used in redefining mental sicknesses objectively, identifying them at a prodromal phase, personalizing the treatments, and empowering patients in their care programs.
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Johnson II, Douglas V. The Impact of the Media on National Security Policy Decision Making. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada286379.

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Khan, Ayesha. Adolescents and reproductive health in Pakistan: A literature review. Population Council, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2000.1042.

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This report reviews research and findings on adolescents and reproductive health in Pakistan. The material is drawn from a range of national surveys and medical research, as well as information gathered by nongovernmental organizations. Although adolescents make up a quarter of the population of Pakistan, they are still a new subject for research. The characterization of adolescents for this review is individuals ages 10–19, whether or not they are married, sexually active, or parents. The discussion of the research material is based on the assumption that adolescence is a developmental phase, a transition from childhood to adulthood. Basic data on education, employment, and reproductive health among adolescents shows that they are not receiving adequate schooling and capability building to equip them for the future. Due to their relative youth, lack of decision-making power, and incomplete personal development, adolescents are ill equipped to handle the reproductive health burden they face. Policies and programs, as well as legal provisions, do not protect adolescents and need to be designed to meet the needs of adolescents without disrupting their development into adults.
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MacFarlane, Andrew. 2021 medical student essay prize winner - A case of grief. Society for Academic Primary Care, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/medstudessay.2021.1.1.

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As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.
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Dolan, Raymond J. Crisis Decision-Making: The Impact of Commercial Satellites on the Media, Military and National Leaders. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada207334.

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Dopfer, Jaqui. Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung bei diskursiven Konfliktlösungsverfahren auf regionaler Ebene. Potentielle Ansätze zur Nutzung von Risikokommunikation im Rahmen von e-Government. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.3933795605.

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Whereas at the end of the 20th century there were still high expectations associated with the use of new media in terms of a democratisation of social discourse and new potential for citizens to participate in political decision-making, disillusionment is now spreading. Even today, the internet is often seen only as a technical tool for the transmission of information and communication, which serves as a structural supplement to "real" discourse and decision-making processes. In fact, however, the use of new media can open up additional, previously non-existent possibilities for well-founded and substantial citizen participation, especially at regional and supra-regional level. According to the results of this study, the informal, mediative procedures for conflict resolution in the context of high-risk planning decisions, which are now also increasingly used at the regional level, have two main problem areas. Firstly, in the conception and design chosen so far, they do not offer citizens direct access to the procedure. Citizens are given almost no opportunities to exert substantial influence on the content and procedure of the process, or on the solutions found in the process. So far, this has not been remedied by the use of new media. On the other hand, it is becoming apparent that the results negotiated in the procedure are not, or only inadequately, reflected in the subsequent sovereign decision. This means that not only valuable resources for identifying the problem situation and for integrative problem-solving remain unused, but it is also not possible to realise the effects anticipated with the participation procedures within the framework of context or reflexive self-management. With the aim of advancing the development of institutionally oriented approaches at the practice level, this study discusses potential solutions at the procedural level. This takes into account legal implications as well as the action logics, motives and intentions of the actors involved and aims to improve e-government structures. It becomes evident that opening up informal participation procedures for citizen participation at the regional level can only be realised through the (targeted) use of new media. However, this requires a fundamentally new approach not only in the participation procedures carried out but also, for example, in the conception of information or communication offerings. Opportunities for improving the use of the results obtained from the informal procedures in the (sovereign) decision-making process as well as the development of potentials in the sense of stronger self-control of social subsystems are identified in a stronger interlinking of informal and sovereign procedures. The prerequisite for this is not only the establishment of suitable structures, but above all the willingness of decision-makers to allow citizens to participate in decision-making, as well as the granting of participation opportunities and rights that go beyond those previously granted in sovereign procedures.
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