Journal articles on the topic 'Medical care – Pakistan'
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Ahmed, Arshad. "Medical care of ESRD patients in Pakistan." Nihon Toseki Igakkai Zasshi 32, no. 6 (1999): 953–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4009/jsdt.32.953.
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Bakari, Haroon, Ahmed Imran Hunjra, and Stephen Jaros. "Commitment to Change Among Health Care Workers in Pakistan." Journal of Health Management 22, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 330–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063420938540.
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Commitment to organizational change as an important focus of commitment has received greater attention in the literature of action commitments. Research indicates that this construct represents employee attitude towards change initiative and may be a greater predictor of support for change. This is of particular import in health care systems, globally, and in developing nations, in particular, which are constantly seeking to change and adapt to new medical and administrative advances. However, commitment to change (C2C) has received very little research attention from Asian health care systems. Therefore, this study answers the call for validation, by validating a culture-specific translated version of the C2C scale in a sample drawn from the privatization context of public sector hospitals in Pakistan. The goals are to: (a) examine some psychometric properties of the major Western-derived measures of C2C in Pakistan to see if they are valid and reliable there; and (b) draw implications from our results for the management of change efforts in Pakistani health care systems. Thus, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted using SPSS and analysis of moment structures (AMOS) to provide evidence of reliability, construct validity and predictive validity of C2C among Pakistani health care workers. Results found evidence of the measure’s cross-cultural validity and revealed a positive correlation between C2C and three dimensions of behavioural support for change. This study is a significant contribution to the literature, being the first to provide comprehensive evidence of validity of the C2C scale in Pakistan, a developing country. An important implication for leaders of organizational change in Pakistan is that they may use this construct to unearth employee level of understanding and attitude towards change initiative to envisage mechanisms to foster employee support for change. Researchers may also use this construct in Pakistan’s context to assess employee C2C.
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Khan, Inayatullah, Tazeen Saeed Ali, Nasim Zahid Shah, Shahnaz Shahid, and Shehla Naeem Zafar. "Male perceptions of post-abortion care in Karachi, Pakistan." British Journal of Midwifery 30, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2022.30.12.678.
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Background/Aims The high maternal mortality in Pakistan stems from pregnancy- or abortion-related complications. Pakistan's patriarchal society, where men are key decision-makers, makes it necessary to involve men in maternal and child reproductive health care initiatives. This study aimed to understand men's perceptions of post-abortion care in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods A descriptive qualitative exploratory research design was used. Data were collected from 10 participants through in-depth interviews, and were analysed thematically. Results The themes were ‘men's understanding of post-abortion care’, ‘barriers to post-abortion care’ and ‘men's role in enhancing postabortion care practices: a missing link’. The participants believed that abortion was allowed only on medical grounds, and that most women could not use post-abortion care services because of the associated cost. Conclusions Men are key decision-makers in Pakistan. There is a need to educate and provide men with adequate information on post-abortion care. Male health workers should be recruited in the community. Stakeholders should ensure the availability and accessibility of post-abortion care services in the public health setting so women can receive care in a timely manner.
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Soomro, Munawar Hussain. "BARRIERS TO TRANSGENDER HEALTH CARE IN PAKISTAN." Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46903/gjms/16.02.1869.
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he term “transgender” refers to a spectrum of individuals who express gender in ways that deviate from the gender binary. It includes transsexuals, crossdressers and others.1,2 In Pakistan, the state of being a transgender presents a serious challenge to the traditionally established binary systems of nature/culture, man/woman, masculinity/ femininity and sex/gender. Even transgender community were given their identity as citizens of Pakistan in year 2009.3 Whereas the transgender persons suffer significant health disparities.4,5 Real or perceived stigma and discrimination within biomedicine and the health care provision in general may impact transgender people’s desire and ability to access appropriate care. The situation of the community is worse because they are left ignored and isolated without the survival facilities, education, employment opportunities, identity crisis or even the conformity from the dominant social class.3 National health services of Pakistan should include rigorous determination in the health care system to provide adequate care for transgender in the country. There is need to know the mechanism through the knowledge and biases of medical work force across the spectrum of medical training with regard to transgender health care. With these studies we can validate and propose potential solutions to address the identified gaps. Whereas the situation in other developing countries including those belonging to African and Asian regions is not good. In developed countries the situation is found to be much better. However, reported data shows that transgender people even in developed world face various kinds of discrimination especially in health care situations. The federal government of USA does not have laws specifically for protecting transgender people from discrimination in employment, housing, healthcare, and adoption. U.S. President Barack Obama had issued an executive order prohibiting discrimination against transgender people in employment by the federal government and its contractors. While in Pakistan there was no specific law for the transgender, however, a Senate committee had approved a bill in December 2017 for full legal protection to transgender people. It will provide a relief to transgender people for their health care and other facilities. Further, National Assembly of Pakistan approved the final Bill as Act called the Transgender Person (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018 on 18 May 2018.6 There is need to assess the perceptions and knowledge of the heath care provider workforce to provide medical care to transgender. Barriers may include fear of stigma associated with providing transgender medical care. Barriers may also include bias in the structure of clinics, forms, and electronic medical record systems in addition to gaps in knowledge and bias among support staff. Identification of solutions to the gaps is needed, which are not solely a lack of knowledge. The degree to which third party payer policy impedes access needs to be determined. Determination of change needed to overcome the financial barrier to care is also required. It is necessary to evaluate other barriers including societal stigma, mental health issue among patients, and socioeconomic issues. Finally evaluation of strategies to overcome these barriers is a must to address the matter.
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Lin, Janet Y., Saroosh Ahmed, and Caroline Brander. "Breadth of Emergency Medical Training in Pakistan." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 28, no. 2 (January 17, 2013): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12001859.
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AbstractIntroductionEmergency medical care in Pakistan has not been a priority of medical education and training because of the country's need to address its lack of primary care. Resources and trained personnel are scarce. Despite these challenges, the value of emergency medical care is gaining attention. The objective of this study was to explore the breadth of Emergency Medicine training in Pakistan through an analysis of an Emergency Medicine residency in a teaching hospital. The Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi is a teaching institution with the only Emergency Medicine residency program in the region. It was started in 2000, led by US-trained physicians, and it laid the foundation for Emergency Medicine in the country.MethodsThe study was conducted over a four-week period in January of 2009. Data collection consisted of three components: (1) a survey of the Emergency Department and hospital services; (2) a survey of the Emergency Medicine training curriculum; and (3) a retrospective chart review of every tenth patient seen in the Aga Khan Emergency Department from December 1-14, 2008.ResultsThe training program is similar to that of the US models. Of the 153 patients selected for the chart review, the majority presented with GI complaints. Of these, 51 (33%) were admitted to the hospital; 20% (n = 15) left against medical advice; the remaining 57% (n = 87) were discharged.Discussion/ConclusionThe hospital admitted patients with complaints that were expected in the region. Although Aga Khan University Hospital is a pioneer in establishing Emergency Medicine as an official medical discipline in the region, the hospital's obstetrics and gynecology, trauma, toxicology and prehospital services training do not meet current curriculum standards set forth by the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine and the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors. Nevertheless, the review provides a snapshot of the development of Emergency Medical Services in a developing nation. This information may assist other nations that are interested in developing such programs.LinJY, AhmedS, BranderC. Breadth of emergency medical training in Pakistan. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(2):1-5.
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Tariq, M., W. Jafri, T. Ansari, S. Awan, F. Ali, M. Shah, S. Jamil, M. Riaz, and S. Shafqat. "Medical mortality in Pakistan: experience at a tertiary care hospital." Postgraduate Medical Journal 85, no. 1007 (September 1, 2009): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2008.074898.
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Talati, Jamsheer J., and Gregory Pappas. "Migration, Medical Education, and Health Care: A View from Pakistan." Academic Medicine 81, Supplement (December 2006): S55—S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.acm.0000243543.99794.07.
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Beg, M. "Views of health care providers on medical errors in Karachi, Pakistan." Value in Health 17, no. 3 (May 2014): A184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2014.03.1077.
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Unaiza Naeem, Areesha Jawed, and Alleza Jawed. "Navigating Neurotrauma Management in Pakistan." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 72, no. 01 (May 7, 2022): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.11-4110.
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Madam, neurotrauma is defined as an injury to the brain and/or spinal cord. A WHO, sponsored study estimated that the annual global incidence of neurotrauma is approximately 500–800 per 100 000 and it accounts for about 11.8% of total global disability-adjusted life years1. In Pakistan, the annual incidence of head injured patients admitted to numerous neurosurgical centres was 50/100,000 population per year2. The lifetime medical treatment per neurotrauma case is estimated to range from US$600 000 to US$1.8 million. Neurotrauma management incorporates prehospital care lasting minutes to hours which encompasses accurate on site diagnosis and systematic treatment or during the e shifting, to an organized, well-equipped health care management, in-hospital care for hours to weeks which comprises surgical and non-surgical intervention including imaging, neuro-monitoring and critical care and finally post-acute care lasting weeks to years and denotes any form of rehabilitative interventions to enable and empower patients to have an increased quality of life1. Each component of management requires trained personnel, specific equipment, and protocols3. However, Pakistan lags in various aspects. As of a last study in 2001, there were only 35 neurosurgical centres and about 1000 neurosurgical beds to accommodate a population of 130 million2. Of the 23 Karachi hospitals studied in 2020, only 57% were well-equipped and accredited [Trauma capacity score (TCS) 67%] to perform elementary resuscitation steps to secure early stability. A sizeable number,57%, s (TCS<34%) lacked space to accommodate head, neck, and spinal injuries; 65% s were partly inadequate (TCS<67%) in diagnosis, intensive care and safety4. With low medical insurance across the country2. Inadequate availability of essential medicines was also reported in 43% of hospitals4. An organized trauma care system must be introduced to mitigate trauma mortality for local needs. It should encompass enabling those at injury site to become first responders3, an ambulance service equipped with communication systems and with properly trained personnel that can commence life-saving measures such as IV fluid resuscitation3. Trauma centres should have a referral network and hospitals that provide optimal traumatic care should be identified beforehand to transfer injured patients to this specialized facilitys4.A protocol also needs to be established that assists local doctors in immediate referral to trauma centers3. Proper allocation of resources and mobilization of staff and doctors timely can improve neurotrauma outcomes significantly. Continuous...
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Muhammad, Anees, Muhammad Owais, Nasir Ali, and Hidayat Khan. "COVID-19 pandemic and precautionary measures in Pakistan." Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care 24, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35975/apic.v24i1.1231.
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The current outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has attained the dimensions of a pandemic and World Health Organization (WHO) has declared it a global emergency and given it a name of COVID-19. It may remain asymptomatic, but usually presents as influenza-like symptoms initially. It spreads from zoonotic sources, which are still under investigation. Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is the only available diagnostic and confirmatory lab assay for SARS-CoV-2. There is no specific antiviral drug or vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, hence infected and suspected cases are dependent on supportive treatment along with few anti-HIV drugs. Evidence suggests that, in Pakistan, all cases have returned from Iran and Saudi Arabia after pilgrimage. The number of patients has been increasing gradually. Almost all of the neighboring countries of Pakistan are suffering from an outbreak. So, a big threat is there. Pakistani health authorities need to take critical action urgently. Moreover, it is necessary to take basic preventive measurements including hand washing, use of face masks, keeping the distance from suspected patients and avoiding unnecessary traveling to overcrowded areas. It is concluded that the developing countries might be at higher risk including Pakistan. Personnel and community-based strategy is required to avoid any serious consequences in Pakistan. We searched relevant studies and papers from Google, Google Scholar, National Institute of Health (Pakistan) and WHO by using various medical subject heading (MeSH) terms including COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, MERS, Preventive Measurements of COVID etc. All downloaded articles were carefully read and conclusions drawn.
Citation: Muhammad A, Owais M, Ali N, Khan H. COVID-19 pandemic and precautionary measures in Pakistan. Anaesth pain intensive care 2020;24(1):_
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35975/apic.v24i1.
Received – 20 March 2020;
Reviewed – 22 March 2020;
Accepted - 27 March 2020;
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Hayat, Khezar, Meagen Rosenthal, Ali Hassan Gillani, Panpan Zhai, Muhammad Majid Aziz, Wenjing Ji, Jie Chang, Hao Hu, and Yu Fang. "Perspective of Pakistani Physicians towards Hospital Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs: A Multisite Exploratory Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (May 5, 2019): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091565.
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Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat and the antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) is a globally used tool to combat AMR. There is little information on the views among Pakistani physicians regarding AMR and the benefits of hospital antimicrobial stewardship implementation. This study was designed to explore the physicians’ views about ASP. Methods: Qualitative face-to-face and telephonic interviews were conducted by using purposive sampling method with 22 physicians working in seven tertiary care public hospitals of Punjab, Pakistan. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative software was used, and a thematic analysis was conducted. Results: Three broad themes were identified: (1) the growing concern of antimicrobial resistance in Pakistan, (2) the role(s) of healthcare professionals in antibiotic prescribing, and (3) managing antibiotic resistance in hospitals. Inadequate resources, poor healthcare facilities, and insufficiently trained medical staff were the major hurdles in ASP implementation in Pakistan. Conclusions: Our study found a poor familiarity of hospital ASP among physicians working in public sector tertiary care teaching hospitals, and a number of distinct themes emerged during this study that could be helpful in establishing the concept of hospital ASP in Pakistan. Overall, physicians showed a positive attitude towards the enforcement of ASP in all healthcare settings, including teaching hospitals.
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Ali, Syed Mubashir. "Gender and Health Care Utilisation in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i3pp.213-234.
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This study is undertaken to test whether or not there exists gender bias in health care utilisation of sick children in Pakistan. Overall, the results are encouraging, as medical consultation has been sought for by a very high proportion (79 percent) of sick children. Moreover, there do not appear to be significant differences by gender in health care utilisation, be it curative or preventive. This is so in spite of the fact that many studies on various gender-related issues in Pakistan have generally shown significant gender bias in favour of male children. Thus one may conclude that parental altruism prevails at least in the provision of health care to sick children. However, the extent and magnitude of effect varies by geographical, socio-economic, and demographic characteristics of the mother. In view of these findings, efforts should be made to minimise gender differentials among various categories of people so that children living in any circumstances may have equal opportunity of health care utilisation. This will be possible when health care facilities are easily accessible to all. The Lady Health Workers Programme of the Government of Pakistan is a major positive step in this regard. Under this programme, health care facilities are provided at people’s door-step. The expansion of this programme will be extremely beneficial in helping parents to provide health care facilities to sick children, both male and female.
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Dayan, Fazli, Gulaly, Mian Muhammad Sheraz, and Muhammad Zia Ul-Haq. "Holding Health Care Accountable: A Solution to Mitigate Medical Malpractice in Pakistan." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 4, no. 3 (February 19, 2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v4i3.195.
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Medical malpractice negatively affects the health care across the globe, and the case of Pakistan is not a novel. Beyond the human consequences such as injuries, loss of lives, complete or partial impairment of limbs, including the factors of miseryand violence against health care has far reaching, long-term consequences which affecting the patients trust on the health-care servicesthat has negative and catastrophic impacts on the public health. Indeed, malpractice results from breach of duty on the part of medical practitioner that could be negligence attracting penalty in form of damages, or be recklessness, or deliberate misconduct call for imposition of fine, or physical punishment or both, which serve as detriment for health care provider and as a relief for the aggrieved.Assertively, in theabsence of research studies, the present endeavor was to attract the attention of government andlaw makers towards this issue. And thus, for this purpose, the study was conducted in Peshawar district from July 17th, 2019 to October 1st, 2019. Consequently, the finding of this study reflected the magnitude of non-reporting of sentinel events, unawareness among massesoflaws and remedies that could be availed at the times of malpractice complaints, and key gaps in laws, system and policies of health care dealing with malpractice. The study further demonstrates that prevention as well as establishment of fair and unbiased system of accountability is the need of the day. Since, in this way, the policy and law makers will be enabled to bring reforms in health care system in order to mitigate medical malpractice in Pakistan.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 04 No. 03 July’20 Page : 161-173
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Chaudhry, Zafar Ullah. "Establishing a System of Postgraduate Medical Education in Pakistan." Journal of Medical Regulation 101, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30770/2572-1852-101.3.37.
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Postgraduate Medical Education (PGME) and specialist care made a late beginning in developing countries and has progressed quite slowly, compared to the developed world. Historically, medical graduates in developing countries desiring to pursue PGME had to travel to Western centers to acquire specialist qualifications; and after having spent a significant time period it became difficult for them to return from those settings, resulting in “brain drain” from the developing nations and a loss of national resources. The status of overall medical education in Pakistan was dismal at the time of its independence in 1947. Pakistan inherited only a few undergraduate medical colleges, and none offered any postgraduate qualification. The majority of doctors seeking postgraduate education preferred to go to England and the United States. In this situation, the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Pakistan (CPSP) was established in 1962 as an autonomous corporate body to cater to the needs of PGME and to provide specialists for the health care needs of the country. The college started offering fellowship and membership programs in different fields of medicine and dentistry — a hallmark of the College System of PGME, which focuses primarily upon rigorous clinical training. It has succeeded in achieving high standards in PGME and specialization, making its qualifications at par with the institutions of the developed world. This paper describes the policies and strategies adopted by the College to earn recognition for its qualifications, both within the country and in the international community.
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Ali, Aadil Ameer, Noman Haq, Muhammad Rafiq, Amjad Hussain, Muhammad Ismail, Taufiq Ahmad, Muhammad Ishaque M.R, and Shabana Yasmin Yasmin. "KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS REGARDING COVID-19 IN PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation 10, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36283/pjr.zu.10.1/013.
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This observational study was conducted to assess the attitude, knowledge and practices of health-care providers in context of novel corona virus or COvid-19 in Pakistan. A cross sectional survey has been conducted among the physicians, dentists, physiotherapists, pharmacists and nurses in a number of medical and health related facilities of Pakistan from April to June 2020. A self-constructed questionnaire was used among the 277 health care providers and SPSS version 23 was used to analyze the data. Male participants constituted 55.6% (n=154) of the total sample size. However, 91% of total participants aged between 23 to 33 years (n=252). In addition to this 71% participants were unmarried. In academic perspective 74.4% of the candidates were graduates and most of them were MBBS. Around 46.6 % people were permanent residents of Sindh while others belong to different regions of the country. Assessment revealed of knowledge, attitude and practice results showed that the great majority i.e. 96% (n=266) of the healthcare providers had adequate knowledge with respect to Covid-19. Moreover, 59.2% people (n=164) demonstrated positive attitude towards covid-19. Contrastingly, practices of a large number of healthcare providers were not found appropriate that makes up to 57.4% (n=159). The study concluded that the health care providers working in Pakistan have good knowledge and positive attitude towards covid-19, whereas the practice of Pakistani health care providers needs serious attention, because the results reveled the practice is below the mark.
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Ulhaq, Intisar. "PAEDIATRIC EMERGENCY CARE." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 02 (February 10, 2016): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.02.854.
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Pakistan is an agricultural country and 2/3rd of its population resides in rural areas.1 Total population of Pakistan is estimated to be approximately 18 million with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of $1360 and poverty headcount ratio of $1.25 a day PPP % of population of 12.7 %. 2 A significant data has been ublished in both national and international journals on the issues of common and preventable paediatric ealth problems. Similarly international health organisations have published extensive statistics on commonpaediatric problems in developing countries such as high infant and child mortality rates.3 Poverty, lack of health education, political instabilities and lack of basic health needs such as clean drinking water and proper sanitation all have been discussed at length as the major contributory factors to the poor state of health in children of developing countries. Although these factors play an important role in improving child healthcare, less emphasis has been put on the factors which are directly related to health professionals,health institutions, health governing bodies and medical training organisations.
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Udaipurwala, Iqbal Hussain. "Violence and Litigations Against Health Care Workers in Pakistan." Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College 11, no. 03 (June 30, 2022): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51985/jbumdc202281.
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Over the past two decades, litigations as well as violence against the health care workers has followed an exponentially incremental trend around the globe.1 Although doctor and also other medical staff is often considered as “angel” who belongs to a noble profession but still violence against them throughout the world is a matter of concern.2 This violence against them can be physical like assault but mostly in the psychological form like verbal threat, harassment, bullying, litigation etc.3 The current situation of Pakistan is not much different from the rest of the world
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Mejia, Nelly, Farah Qamar, Mohammad T. Yousafzai, Jamal Raza, Denise O. Garrett, Kashmira Date, Taiwo Abimbola, and Sarah W. Pallas. "Typhoid and Paratyphoid Cost of Illness in Pakistan: Patient and Health Facility Costs From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project II." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, Supplement_3 (November 1, 2020): S319—S335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1336.
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Abstract Background The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of illness from enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) at selected sites in Pakistan. Methods We implemented a cost-of-illness study in 4 hospitals as part of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP) II in Pakistan. From the patient and caregiver perspective, we collected direct medical, nonmedical, and indirect costs per case of enteric fever incurred since illness onset by phone after enrollment and 6 weeks later. From the health care provider perspective, we collected data on quantities and prices of resources used at 3 of the hospitals, to estimate the direct medical economic costs to treat a case of enteric fever. We collected costs in Pakistani rupees and converted them into 2018 US dollars. We multiplied the unit cost per procedure by the frequency of procedures in the surveillance case cohort to calculate the average cost per case. Results We collected patient and caregiver information for 1029 patients with blood culture–confirmed enteric fever or with a nontraumatic terminal ileal perforation, with a median cost of illness per case of US $196.37 (IQR, US $72.89–496.40). The median direct medical and nonmedical costs represented 8.2% of the annual labor income. From the health care provider perspective, the estimated average direct medical cost per case was US $50.88 at Hospital A, US $52.24 at Hospital B, and US $11.73 at Hospital C. Conclusions Enteric fever can impose a considerable economic burden in Pakistan. These new estimates of the cost of illness of enteric fever can improve evaluation and modeling of the costs and benefits of enteric fever prevention and control measures, including typhoid conjugate vaccines.
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Khalil, Zorain Mustafa, Jannat Sardar Sheikh, Bismah Riaz, Mohammad Salman Imtiaz, Anum Arif, and Hamza Jamil. "Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on Non-Covid illness in the General population of Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 2879–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115112879.
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Aim: The goal of this study was to examine the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic 2020 on the health-seeking behavior of the general public in a lower-middle-income nation like Pakistan by looking at the availability, accessibility, and usage of health infrastructure. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 394 Pakistani patients completed an online questionnaire measuring their willingness to seek medical treatment, reporting for follow-up visits, and the ease of getting medical care about their medical condition, both before and after the pandemic. The information was then examined. Results: During the pandemic, 21.8 percent of patients visited a health center for follow-up. Fear of infection from the health institution kept 20.3 percent of patients from showing up for follow-up. 17.5 percent of patients had significant symptoms from their underlying sickness but delayed going to the doctor due to the fear of the virus. Patients' appointments were canceled or rescheduled in 20.1 percent of cases, while 54.1 percent did not feel the need to visit a health center. Conclusion: Fear of the virus, lockdowns, limitations, and other reasons have resulted in a substantial proportion of the population avoiding ER/health facility visits while suffering symptoms that necessitate medical attention. The long-term impact on a developing country's healthcare system, such as Pakistan, will be negative unless extraordinary steps are made to provide safe, accessible, and cheap health care during the epidemic. Keywords: Barrier, comorbidities, COVID-19, healthcare, pandemic
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Ismail, Mohammad, Farmanullah Khan, Sidra Noor, Iqbal Haider, Inam-ul Haq, Zahid Ali, Zahir Shah, and Mohsin Hassam. "Potential drug–drug interactions in medical intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan." International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 38, no. 5 (June 30, 2016): 1052–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-016-0340-3.
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Hayat, Khezar, Meagen Rosenthal, Ali Hassan Gillani, Panpan Zhai, Wenjing Ji, Jie Chang, Hao Hu, and Yu Fang. "2027. What Are the Views Among Pakistani Physicians Toward Antimicrobial Resistance and Hospital Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs? A Multi-Site Qualitative Study." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1707.
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Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health issue that the world is facing in the 21st century and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) is one of the recognized approaches to combat AMR. Little is known on the views among Pakistani physicians regarding AMR and the benefits of hospital ASP implementation. This study was aimed to investigate the perception and attitude of physicians about AMR and ASP. Methods Qualitative face-to-face and telephonic interviews were conducted by using purposive sampling method with 22 physicians working in seven tertiary care public hospitals of Punjab, Pakistan. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative software was used, and a thematic analysis conducted. Results Three major themes were identified: (1) the growing concern of AMR in Pakistan, (2) the role(s) of healthcare professionals in antibiotic prescribing and infection control, and (3) managing antibiotic resistance in hospitals. Poor healthcare facilities, insufficient trained medical staff, and inadequate resources were the key barriers in the implementation of ASP in Pakistan. Conclusion Physicians of public sector tertiary care teaching hospitals have shown poor familiarity toward hospital ASPs but the concept of hospital ASPs in Pakistan can be established by using the distinct themes that originated during this study. Overall, the attitude of physicians was positive toward its enforcement in all types of hospital settings including teaching hospitals. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Bashir, Fouzia, Adnan Yaqoob, and Hajra Sarwer. "Nurses’ Perceived Barriers in Utilizing Research Findings in Nursing Practice." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 1 (January 18, 2022): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22161250.
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Nurses are the leading healthcare professionals that play a vital role in providing health care facilities based on research findings for positive patient outcomes. The application of research findings is compulsory in nursing practice but considerable amount of barriers could hinder nurses to implement research outcomes in practice. Therefore, to boost research utilization and change current nursing practices the current study observed the obstacles to utilization of research findings in clinical practices within the nursing culture of Pakistan. A descriptive cross sectional study including 76 nurses from Pakistan through convenient sampling technique was conducted. Out of 76 nurses, 69 (87%) were females and 7 (9%) were male nurses working in medicine, surgery, medical specialty, and critical care departments. Majority of the participants belong to age 31-35 years (50%) and 25-30 years (30%) while remaining 20% from age group 36-50 years. The top four barriers were “Inadequate time to implement new ideas”, “non-cooperation of colleagues”, “The unwillingness of nurses to accept change”, “and “Research articles are not published fast”. Conclusion: The results of the present study highlight the main barriers to research utilization among Pakistani nurses. Most of the barriers experienced by Pakistani nurses are related to those explored by other countries’ nurses. Keywords: Research utilization, Perceived barriers, Nurses, Nursing practice
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Maheen Kalwar and Fatima Muhammad Asad Khan. "Overcoming barriers to Parkinson’s disease care during lockdowns in Pakistan." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 72, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.4611.
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Madam, Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases in the ageing population globally, affecting 219 per 100,000 individuals in Pakistan.(1) This complex disease is characterised by motor symptoms (tremors, rigidity, akinesia, and postural abnormalities), and a spectrum of non-motor symptoms (autonomic manifestations, neuropsychiatric disorders, sensory symptoms, and sleep problems). Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, prolonged lockdowns have significantly hampered the neurorehabilitation services across Pakistan. This, coupled with the lack of tele-medicine in the tertiary-care public hospitals, perpetuates interruptions in medical care and exacerbates the symptoms of PD. A survey of 142 patients afflicted with PD revealed that 40% of the respondents reported a decline in their physical and psychological health, In contrast the cessation in rehabilitative care or reduction in physical activity during Covid-19 was the most prominent reason for worsening PD symptoms.(2) Another study from Italy highlighted that the Covid-19 quarantine resulted in deterioration of cognitive (39.6%), pre-established (37.5%), and acquired (26%) behavioural symptoms, and motor symptoms (35.4%), causing an additive caregiver burden in 26% of cases.(3). Physical inaccessibility to medical care, termination of visits by the healthcare provider and the fear associated with Covid-19 are deleterious to PD’s motor and cognitive aspects. (2) Since physical activity and exercise during lockdowns displayed favourable effects on PD outcomes regardless of the exercise being performed remotely, under or without supervision, the introduction of tele-medicine and zoom-based rehabilitation is a plausible option.(4) The feasibility of tele-medicine use in routine PD care during the pandemic was also divulged by a study conducted in Italy that employed web-based video evaluation to assess the impairment of non-motor PD symptoms.(5). It is pertinent to note that most patients visiting tertiary-care public hospitals from remote areas in Pakistan, cannot seek medical care due to lockdown-imposed restrictions. Thus, tele-medicine will be particularly advantageous in continuing PD care in such patients while reducing travel expenses and time. Additionally, physicians should consider the distance of the patient’s residence from the hospital or clinic when accepting new PD cases and suggest a nearer facility that is easier to visit routinely, or alternative follow-up methods besides in-person appointments. Considering the dearth of tele-medicine in Pakistan, or it being limited to a few private healthcare systems, lockdowns precipitate the existing burden of PD. With the advent of tele-medicine, and the adoption of video-based rehabilitative care, outcomes of PD can be considerably improved.
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Ali, Syed, Ana Curralo, Maged Boulos, and Sara Paiva. "A Framework for Improving the Engagement of Medical Practitioners in an E-Training Platform for Tuberculosis Care and Prevention." Future Internet 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11010006.
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We propose a new framework to improve the engagement of medical practitioners in a planned e-training platform for the successful identification and effective management of presumptive cases of tuberculosis (TB) in Pakistan. Our work is aligned with the World Health Organization’s TB-DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short-course) strategy for promoting the effective management of tuberculosis. We start by presenting previous work done at Mercy Corps Pakistan for training medical practitioners, then present the results of a recent survey we administered to a random sample of medical practitioners in Pakistan to learn about their requirements and readiness to embrace a new e-training platform and methodology. Informed by feedback from the survey, we formulated a detailed requirement analysis of the five key learning areas (or phases) that we believe are fundamental to the success of a TB e-training platform. Moreover, survey results revealed that an on-spot, on-demand, and competency-based learning tool can potentially improve the engagement of medical practitioners in the process. Building on the insights gained from the survey, we finally describe our initial UX (user experience) prototypes for phase 1, which corresponds to the identification of presumptive tuberculosis cases.
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Khan, Zubeda, Ghulam Y. Soomro, and Samina Soomro. "Mother's Education and Utilisation of Health Care Services in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 4II (December 1, 1994): 1155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.1155-1166.
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Education is one of the crucial social development variables especially for mothers which enriches their mind about their social and reproductive experiences and broadens their understanding to make better choices for themselves and rearing and bearing of their children. In many developing countries there is evidence that mother's education plays an important role in determining child mortality even in situations where the medical facilities are scanty [Berrera (1990); Caldwell (1979, 1981)]. Education, it is argued influences women's beliefs about the good health, causes and cures of diseases that increases the demand of the utilisation of modern health care facilities. Therefore, educated mothers are more likely to seek medical treatment for themselves and for their children resulting in higher intensity of the use of a better quality modern care that grows with the advancement of education. Evidence from the research done elsewhere suggests that mother's education has individual positive effect on the use of health care facilities Abbas and Walker (1986); Berrera (1990) and Caldwell (1979) have pointed out that educated mothers are more likely to take advantage of the modern health facilities than their uneducated counterparts in compliance to the recommended treatments primarily due to the different attitudes in regard to the knowledge and perceptions of the importance of the modern medicine in the care of their children. Berrera (1990) in a study of child nutrition in the Philippines found that the children of educated mothers took more advantage of the public health care facilities than the children of uneducated mothers.
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Siddiqui, E. U., K. Ejaz, J. A. Razzak, M. U. Shehzad, and S. Jamali. "Prevalence and determinants of violence against emergency medical care providers in Karachi, Pakistan." Injury Prevention 16, Supplement 1 (September 1, 2010): A246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.029215.875.
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Samia Mushtaq, Erma Hussain, Saddam Kannar, Asif Ali, Yaseen Ahmed, Shehla Hina, Sara Abid, Raja Muhammad Mussab, and Faizan Shaukar. "Presentation of trauma patients in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan." Professional Medical Journal 29, no. 07 (June 30, 2022): 933–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2022.29.07.6270.
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Objective: To observe the presentation, nature of injury and outcome of patients presenting with trauma in the leading emergency setting of Pakistan. Study Design: Cross Sectional. Setting: Jinnah Sindh Medical University/Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center. Period: July 2019 to December 2019. Material & Methods: Patient’s age, location and mode of injury, duration from injury to emergency department, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), full outline of unresponsiveness (FOUR) score and outcome of patients were measured. Results: The most common age group presenting to the emergency department in tertiary care hospital in Karachi was between 18 to 40 (61.4%). The most common head injury was laceration (16.9%) and the most common chest injury was pneumothorax (2.6%). The most common mode of injury was road traffic accidents (76.8%). 73.3% had mild Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and the most common full outline of unresponsiveness (FOUR) score was between 13-16 (79.6%). Conclusion: Road traffic accidents are contributing to a significant number of patients coming to the emergency department with trauma. Head injury is very frequent in patients presenting to patients in ER.
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Limaye, Dnyanesh, Gerhard Fortwengel, Ravi Shankar Pitani, Sushama Sathe, Sanika Chivate, Prabhas Jagadale, Farah Saeed, et al. "Perception of university students about doctors and quality of health care provision at clinics: a multi-national study in India, Pakistan, Spain and United States of America." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20195626.
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Background: Patient satisfaction is considered as an indicator of the healthcare quality. Information on patient satisfaction based on medical expertise of the physician, interpersonal skills, physician-patient interaction time, perception and needs of the patient allow policymakers to identify areas for improvement. Primary care services and healthcare structure differ between the countries. The present study was done to determine and analyze the determinants associated with patient satisfaction in India, Pakistan, Spain and USA.Methods: This descriptive study was performed in January to August 2019 among students from Mumbai University, India, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan, University CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain, Texas State University, Texas, USA. On the basis of the eligibility criterion (those who gave a written informed consent and were registered students of respective university) 890 (India: 369, Pakistan: 128, Spain: 195, USA: 99) students were selected for the present study.Results: India had almost similar male (49%) to female (51%) ratio of participants. For other 3 countries (PK, ES, US), female participant percentage was nearly 20% or even more as compared to male participants. Overall participant’s satisfaction score about medial expertise of the doctor were highest in India (71%) and were lowest in Spain (43%). Overall satisfaction score about time spent with doctor were highest for India (64%) and were lowest for Spain (41%). Overall satisfaction score about communication with doctor were highest for US (60%) and were lowest for PK (53%). Overall satisfaction score for medical care given by the doctor was lowest in PK (43%) and was highest in US (64%). Overall satisfaction about doctor, highest number of US (83%) and lowest number of PK (32%) participants were satisfied about medical interaction with doctors.Conclusions: These multi-country findings can provide information for health policy making in India, Pakistan, Spain and USA. Although the average satisfaction per country, except Pakistan is more than 60%, the results suggest that there is ample room for improvement.
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Shah, Murad Ali. "PROFESSIONAL ATTITUDES: A NEGLECTED ASPECT IN MEDICAL EDUCATION." Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science 6, no. 1 (April 20, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.37762/jgmds.6-1.219.
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The medical profession is under increased scrutiny with regards to the undesirable attitudes and behaviors of some of its members. There is a growing level of mistrust amongst the public for the medical profession as one hears cases of negligence, misconduct and unethical practices leading to legal suits and even violence. As a result, there is an increasing public demand for the transparency, accountability and quality assurance among the health professionals1.
Health care in Pakistan is undisputedly identified as one of the country’s most corrupt sectors, according to surveys conducted by Transparency International2. While the commercialization of medical profession is cited as a common reason for dilution of quality, doubts have been raised regarding the quality of training2. Are the graduate doctors well trained to perform their clinical responsibilities?
With the alarming rise of medical negligence and cases of unprofessionalism, there is a dire need for educational leaders to come forward with creative strategies to overcome the crises in medical education and initiate reforms at the earliest3.
The health sector in Pakistan requires a change right from induction of the medical students till practice at community level. The following listed are proposed suggestions for the improvement in professionalism and ethics among doctors of Pakistan’s health care system.
We should move away from the narrow focus on excellence in examination results towards a more liberal and exhaustive selection process focusing on ‘desirable attributes’ for medicine in addition to examination results.
Professionalism, ethics, communication skills, teamwork and managerial skills should be part of the core curriculum.
There should be proper and effective system of accountability and transparency in the medical field ensuring ethical practices.
There should be more community-based training both at the undergraduate and postgraduate level, strengthening the bond between the doctors and community.
The regulating bodies should play their role effectively safeguarding the integrity of both the doctors and patients.
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Prof Adeela Shahid. "Booster Dose of COVID 19 and Ethical Issues." Journal of Shalamar Medical & Dental College - JSHMDC 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53685/jshmdc.v2i2.82.
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COVID 19 is a recent and global pandemic. Preventive medicine is not very popular in Pakistan. With the limited resources, an average Pakistani would spend on a medical treatment rather than on a preventive drug. In Pakistan, booster shots are recently made available only to those who can pay for the cost of the vaccine. A Utilitarian approach has been adopted at various levels since the pandemic emerged by health care organizations and the government. The purpose was to maximize the benefits and minimize the risk of harm. It is the need of the hour to think about health equity and justice in a pluralistic way and refrain from initiating booster shots for elite of a resource-poor country. This pandemic will never end if a maximum number of people are not vaccinated in each country. This is only possible if there is an equitable distribution of vaccines.
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Khan, Jamal Azfar, and Muhammad Rizwan Bashir Kiani. "Impact of multi-professional simulation-based training on perceptions of safety and preparedness among health workers caring for coronavirus disease 2019 patients in Pakistan." Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions 17 (June 29, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2020.17.19.
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This study aimed to evaluate perceptions of safety and preparedness among health workers caring for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients before and after a multi-professional simulation-based course in Pakistan. Health workers’ perceptions of preparedness, safety, and their willingness to care for COVID-19 patients were measured before and after they attended a simulation-based training course to prepare them to care for COVID-19 patients at Combined Military Hospital Landi Kotal Cantt, from March 1 to April 30, 2020. The participants’ perceived level of safety and preparedness to care for COVID-19 patients before the simulation-based course was low, but increased after completing it (P<0.05). They felt confident and were significantly more willing to care for patients with COVID-19 or other infections requiring strict isolation. Simulation-based training is an effective tool to improve perceptions of risk and readiness to deal with COVID-19 among medical and non-medical health workers in Pakistan.
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Aslam, Wardah, Maryam Habib, Madiha Habib, and Saeeda Aziz. "Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on Pakistani doctors." Journal of Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University 3, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32593/jstmu/vol3.iss2.89.
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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant burden on healthcare system and adversely affected the health care professionals all over the world including Pakistan. Therefore, the short- and long-term effects of this pandemic on mental health of Pakistani medical doctors need to be established.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the mental health status and associated factors among doctors exposed to COVID-19 in Pakistan.
Methodology: An online survey was carried among doctors working in different government hospitals. A Questionnaire was developed which comprised of three different sections. Mental health was assessed on basis of scoring in three Likert scales including Generalized anxiety disorder -7 scale (GAD-7), Insomnia severity index (ISI-7) and Patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9). Cluster analysis was used, and chi-square test was applied for comparison of characteristics.
Results: Study was conducted on 73 specialists /consultants working in different government hospitals of the country. 54.8% of them suffered from subthreshold mental disturbances while 23.3% had mild disorders, 12.3% had moderate disorders and 9.6% suffered from severe mental disturbances. Various factors having significant relationship with psychological status of doctors were identified.
Conclusion: COVID-19 outbreak has significantly affected the psychological health of Pakistani doctors. The factors adversely affecting the mental health of our health care professionals need to be addressed by providing psychological support to them.
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Iqbal, Muhammad Talha, Maryam Habib Ahmed, Naureen Omar, Muhammad Raza Ahmed, Muhammad Fahad, Muhammad Ali, and Maryam Kaukab. "Antibiotic Resistance: KAP Study on Medical and Non-Medical Students of Lahore, Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Public Health 10, no. 1 (October 26, 2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v10i1.504.
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Background: Antibiotics are believed to be safe drugs implying unawareness of people regarding implications of their unchecked overuse, health care professionals being no exception attributed to their attitude and differential practices. Objective was to assess knowledge, attitude and practices regarding antibiotic resistance among medical and non-medical students. Methods: Descriptive study was conducted in Lahore from March to August 2018. A total of 384 first and second year medical and bachelor students of Fatima Memorial medical college and Nur university were enrolled. Validated questionnaire adopted from WHO survey was used to interview students. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Individual and institutional ethical considerations were fulfilled. Results: Mean age was 19.89±1.4. 94 medical (49%) and 77 (40.1%) non-medical students claimed to have taken antibiotics in the previous month, 63.6% using a prescription, 76% buying from medical store. Majority 91.7% (176) medical students were aware of the term “Antibiotic Resistance” compared to 64.1% (123) non-medical. Antibiotics becomes less effective once resistance develops leading to difficulty in treatment of infections; medical 145(76%) and nonmedical 137 (71.4%). Commonest treated diseases sore throat 102(53.1%) medical and fever 89(46.4%) non-medical students. Antibiotic resistance is a global issue; 77.6% (149) medical and 75% (144) non-medical students. Conclusion: Majority of students were aware of antibiotics and resistance developing against them with a minimal difference between medical and non-medical.
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Bjorkman, J. W. "Health Policies and Human Capital: The Case of Pakistan (Invited Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 25, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 281–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v25i3pp.281-337.
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All countries of the world confront complex dilemmas when dealing with their respective health sectors. In the industrialized democracies a seemingly insatiable demand for health care is outstripping supply, despite a relentless increase in the latter's share of national budgets and family incomes. Yet, there is little corresponding rise in general health indices, or even in human happiness about the quality of medical services. The inability of health services to deliver greater health for more money has ironically not blunted the public's appetite for them; rather, it has perversely increased it. Some of the evident reasons for this paradox are the following: (a) affluent humanity is less prepared than ever before to suffer minor ailments without drugs or other medical help; (b) demand for health care has been further stimulated by both new treatments for curable diseases and expanded coverage throughout the poorer levels of society; (c) new cures for old diseases come with ever higher price tags for their sophisticated technology so that much additional spending still saves few lives; and (d) the elderly, whose relative numbers in society are growing, require more routine medical care than the young. Clearly, health services in the developed North are victims of their own successes.
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Farid, Ghulam, Attaullah Khan Niazi, Muhammad Muneeb, and Sadaf Iftikhar. "Attitude towards Utilization of e-Resources of Medical Images among Health Care Professionals." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 2361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211592361.
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Aim: Medicine is deeply depending on medical images. Medical professionals used medical images particularly digital medical images for education, research and clinical decisions. The aim of this study is to investigate the utilization of medical image e-resources among the medical professionals of Lahore. Methods: The study is based on qualitative research design and in-depth semi-structured interviews of twenty medical professionals (Professor, Associate, Assistant professor, and Consultants) were conducted. The interviewees were purposely selected from various basic health and clinical health science departments of Shalamar Medical & Dental College and Shalamar Hospital, Lahore. Data were collected by using interviews schedule. Validity of interview guide was ensured by expert review of interview schedule by field experts. Results: A large number of participants were used both formats of resources (print and electronic). Hundred percept of medical professionals were used Google image search for seeks of digital image and this is favorite source. Most of the clinical medical professionals were used up-to-date application, they searched quickly and easily for wards round, clinical decisions, early recovery of the patient, training and research purpose in contrast most of the basic health professionals used the college library, print collections, personal collections and Google images for their teaching, research and education. Similar the large number of the clinical sides they were used details images for their clinical decisions, patient recovery, teaching and research on opposite basic medical professionals were used the general images and a small group were used detailed and specialized images for teaching the students. Conclusion: The research is unique in this regard as there is a dearth of literature on the research area particularly in Pakistani context. Keywords: Medical faculty, health professionals, image search, Pakistan,
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Shahid, Muhammad, Murad M. Khan, Haider Naqvi, and Junaid Razzak. "Cost of Treatment of Deliberate Self-Harm." Crisis 29, no. 4 (July 2008): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.29.4.213.
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A retrospective review of 98 patients through medical and billing records, over a period of 12 months (January to December 2004), was conducted to evaluate the cost of treatment of patients presenting with deliberate self-harm (DSH) to a private tertiary care teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. After initial treatment in the Emergency Department (ED), 34 patients were admitted to the medical wards for further treatment and 64 patients were either discharged or left against medical advice from ED. The mean cost for admitted and discharged patients was US $255 and US $55.60, respectively. One patient was intubated in the ED and shifted to intensive care unit. The cost of treatment of DSH is extremely high in a country like Pakistan, where the patients have to bear the hospital cost out of their own pocket. The most important determinant of cost was length of hospital stay, averaging 2.91 days.
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Abid, Saima, Baber Awan, Tauseef Ismail, Naveeda Sarwar, Ghulam Sarwar, Muhammad Tariq, Saira Naz, et al. "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: MEDICAL STUDENT S ATTITUDE IN DISTRICT PESHAWAR PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Public Health 9, no. 1 (July 13, 2019): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v9i1.295.
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Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is an advanced computer technology used in the medical field to elude the errors and enhance effectiveness and efficiency, especially in clinical work. Developing countries can utilize the same models to improve their health care system as the industrialized world. Globally medicine is evolving to the era of "Artificial intelligence", medical education must include these modern technologies and competencies to reform. We intended to determine the attitude of the medical students towards the introduction of AI in Undergraduate Medical Education in District Peshawar. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among 384 students of two medical colleges in Peshawar, utilizing a convenient sampling technique for data collection. A self-administered questionnaire, with 5 points Likert scale was used to collect data. Data was analyzed through SPSS version (22.2). Results: Majority of the students 61.7% had no previous knowledge of AI. Mean scores for AIs perceived usefulness in Radiology, replacement with human Radiologist, anticipated dominance in clinical practice, willingness for introduction in medical education, excitement to adopt, perceived as a burden, practicability were 1.89, 2.83, 2.76, 2.35, 2.13, 3.18, 2.39 respectively. Conclusion: The positive attitude was seen among medical students regarding the inclusion of Artificial intelligence in undergraduate medical education.
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Ali, Kashif, Syed Omair Adil, Subhana Akber, Shakir Khan, Nand Lal, Zubeda Bhutto, and Shehzada Abdullah. "Awareness About Ebola Virus Disease Among the Health Care Professionals in Karachi, Pakistan." Hospital Pharmacy 55, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018578718817472.
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Background: Ebola virus disease is an acute and life-threatening illness, which, if untreated, is fatal. It was first discovered in 1976, which aware the world with sporadic outbreaks of Ebola in some parts of Africa. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the natural reservoir for Ebola virus remains unknown; however, it is yet to be affirmed that the natural habitat is animal-borne where bats are most likely to carry over this virus. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate awareness of health care professionals as they serve as the integral part of our health care system. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 149 health care workers (HCWs) in Civil Hospital of Karachi from June 2015 to August 2015. The study participants were randomly selected individuals who were students of and/or were working in the university’s affiliated tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Results: Baseline characteristics of the study participants are shown in Table 1. Median age of the participants is 21 (range: 17-24) years. Female preponderance was found to be higher (104; 69.8%) as compared with the males (45; 30.2%). Discipline of majority of the study participants was medical technology (80; 53.7%), followed by nurses (38; 25.5%) and doctors (31; 20.8%). Majority of the study respondents were undergraduate medical students (60; 75%) as compared with medical technologist and the nurses (17; 24.6%) with a P value < .001 as shown in Figure 1. The mean for correct responses was 8.43 ± 4.08 (range: 3-17). Appropriate knowledge was observed in 84 (56.4%) responders and inappropriate knowledge was observed in 65 (43.6%) of the study respondents. Conclusion: Our study concludes that there is an unsatisfactory knowledge about Ebola virus disease among health care professionals. Moreover, public health authorities should signify the importance of prevention against Ebola virus disease not only among the health care professionals but also into the communities through mass media and awareness campaigns which can thus halt the panic and incidence of Ebola virus outbreaks in coming decades.
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Naeem, Syeda Khalida, Nidda Yaseen, Anisa Saleem, Afshan Shahid, and Saira Iqbal. "Analysis of Maternal Morbidity and Mortality Referred to Tertiary Care Hospitals of Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 12 (December 30, 2021): 3973–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115123973.
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Background and Aim: Maternal morbidity is a major health problem affecting approximately millions of women annually and had a substantial influence on fetal and infant health that might lead to maternal mortality. Maternal mortality is an indicator of the quality of obstetric care in a community directly reflecting the utilization of health care services available. The present study was conducted in order to analyze the maternal morbidity and mortality cases referred to a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 89 maternal deaths out of 9874 obstetrical admissions or births referred to department of Gynae/Obs of tertiary care hospitals i.e Makran Medical College, Turbat/ Teaching Hospital, Kech and Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi over a period of five years from 2017 to 2021. All the pregnant women with gestation age >24 weeks admitted for any obstetrical emergencies were enrolled in this study. Patient’s demographic characteristics, clinical features during admission, and maternal relevant information were collected on pre-designed proforma. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis. Results: Out of total 9874 births, maternal deaths were 89; the mortality incidence with prevalence was hemorrhage 7 (7.9%), hypertensive disorders 34 (38.2%), anesthetic issue 2 (2.2%), sepsis 14 (15.7%), and medical complications 31 (34.8%). The occurrence of direct and indirect maternal death was 55 (61.8%) and 34 (38.2%) respectively. The incidence of the mortality rate was 22.9%. Of the total 387 morbidity cases, hypertensive disorders were the prevalent cause with 295 (76.2%) cases followed by obstetric hemorrhage 55 (14.2%), medical complications 25 (6.5%), sepsis 11 (2.8%), and anesthetic complications 1 (0.3%). The incidence of morbidity was 77.4 per year. Conclusion: Medical complications, sepsis, and hemorrhage are the leading causes of maternal mortality, followed by hypertensive disorders. Mortality and morbidity rates were 22.9% and 3.9% respectively. All of these causes can be avoided with proper antenatal care facilitation. Keywords: Hemorrhage, Maternal mortality, Sepsis
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Elavia, Nasha, Rubab Ehsan, F. Rahool, and Nosheen Zehra. "Primary Health Care an Important Health Initiative- Awareness of Medical Students from Karachi-Pakistan." British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 19, no. 12 (January 10, 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjmmr/2017/30965.
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Roshan Essani, Rozina, and Tazeen Saeed Ali. "Knowledge and Practice Gaps among Pediatric Nurses at a Tertiary Care Hospital Karachi Pakistan." ISRN Pediatrics 2011 (May 3, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/460818.
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The advancement in medical science has created health care environments that require nursing professionals who posses specialized clinical knowledge and skills to provide care and deal with critically and acutely ill children. This study explored gaps between knowledge and practice as perceived by the registered nurses of pediatric units by further recommending the changes suggested by them. A descriptive exploratory study design under the quantitative research methodology was utilized using universal sampling of all pediatric nurses working at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. The gaps between knowledge and practice, as perceived by the participants, were categorized into five major categories: (1) medication (34%), (2) skills (28.3%), (3) knowledge (13.36%), (4) handling of code blue and intubations (12.6%), and (5) operating medical devices (11.58%). As a result, anxiety and incompetency were notably seen in the participants which had great amount of impact on the level of care provided to the patients. The implications of the findings for quality patient care were also analyzed.
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Mukhtar, Fatima, Abuzar Aziz, Shayan Rashid Khawaja, Akasha Amjad, and Alina Haider. "MEDICAL GRADUATES?" Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 02 (February 10, 2015): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.02.1363.
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A universal challenge faced by developing countries these days is the inequitabledistribution of health professionals, which compromises the capacity of the health system todeliver efficient and effective health care. Availability of reliable data on medical graduatesis important for health planning and development of policies and plans dealing with healthworkforce labour market. Objectives: To determine the proportion of medical graduates whoremained affiliated with the profession three to six years after graduation from a private medicalschool, To find out the specialty selection and practice location of these graduates, and todetermine the association between their gender and affiliation with the profession. Methods:A cross-sectional study was undertaken at the Lahore Medical & Dental College from March toMay 2014 selecting graduates through convenience sampling. The graduates were contactedthrough e-mail, Facebook and telephone. After obtaining voluntary informed consent fromthe respondents, a pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect information.Thedata was recorded and analysed using the statistical package for social sciences version 16.0.Chi-square test is used to test statistical significance between respondent’s gender and theiraffiliation with the medical profession at p < 0.05. Results: A large proportion 98(88%) ofmedical graduates remained affiliated with the profession. Those who didn’t pursue it were allfemales (p < 0.05). Majority 86(88%) were located in Pakistan. A greater proportion worked inthe tertiary health care facilities 65(94%). The popular specialty being pursued was medicine24(24%). Conclusion: Female medical graduates should be provided opportunities for parttime work.Medical schools should provide early and prolonged exposure of students to primaryhealth care facilities, in order to increase their uptake of rural postings.
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Saira Naz and Arif Rasheed. "ATTITUDE OF MEDICAL STUDENTS AND PAKISTANI PHYSICIANS TOWARDS EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE: A DESCRIPTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY." Pakistan Postgraduate Medical Journal 32, no. 02 (March 27, 2022): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v32i02.430.
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Objective: To Determine Attitude Of Medical Students and Pakistani Physicians towards Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide.
Study Design: Descriptive Cross -sectional Study
Place and Duration of Study: The Study was carried out at King Edward Medical University, Lahore from 24th August to 24th September, 2020
Methodology: After taking ethical Approval from Institutional Review Board a questionnaire recording the respondent’s email address was distributed in King Edward Medical University and affiliated Mayo Hospital, Lahore and responses to questionnaire were recorded with informed consent.
Result: Male to Female ratio of respondents was 2:3 and almost 83.74% of the respondents believed that euthanasia may be against their religious commands and 49.4% of the respondents agreed that euthanasia with necessary safeguards and restrictions should be legalized.
The characteristics of respondents are given in the Table-1
Conclusion: Almost half of the health care workers and medical students in Pakistan support judicial practice of Euthanasia.
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Malik, Nazia, Zaid Mehmood, and Babak Mahmood. "BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS: A CASE STUDY IN DISTRICT FAISALABAD, PUNJAB PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 04 (December 31, 2021): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i4.315.
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Biomedical waste (BMW) is produced during surgical, and medical treatment, vaccination, and diagnostic processes. Owing to its hazardous nature BMW must be carefully segregated, handle and discard. As the healthcare professionals are significant and influential part of any healthcare system so their practices for handling this waste are imperative. Purpose: This study was conducted in public sector hospitals of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan to assess the Bio-medical waste management practices among healthcare professionals. Design/Methodology/Approach: In this cross-sectional quantitative study, 500 respondents was conveniently recruited in which 280 were MBBS doctors and 220 staff nurses serving in different departments of the hospital. A self-designed questionnaire comprises of different statements about practices of healthcare waste management was used for data collection. The collected data was analyzed through SPSS version 24. Findings: The researchers found that although “Hospital Waste Management Rule Pakistan 2005” exists and there are Bio Medical Waste Management (BMWM) committees in the hospitals, the healthcare waste management practices were not up to the mark. Moreover, no proper trainings of the healthcare professionals were conducted. Keywords: Bio Medical Waste Management, Healthcare
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Naseer, Nayyar. "PAKISTAN’S PANDEMIC RESPONSE: AN OVERVIEW OF THE FIRST WAVE OF COVID-19." ISSRA Papers 13 (December 31, 2021): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54690/issrap.v13ixiii.104.
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Pakistan registered its first COVID-19 related deaths in last week of February 2020. South Asia as a region remained considerably affected by the deadly pandemic with countries like India, Iran and Bangladesh registering a high rate of fatalities and alarming rise in positive cases. Initial impact of the disease on Pakistan was quite severe and with a weak economy and broken public health system, it was anticipated that Pakistan might not be able to withstand the economic, social and psychological impact of the pandemic. However, the Pakistan government adopted the whole-of-the-nation approach by integrating its well-organized military institution along with other state and civilian institutions and tackled the pandemic proactively. The paper, using the Explanatory Case Study technique, analyses Pakistan’s dynamic response mechanism from February to October 2020, referred to as “First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic”. The conclusions show that Pakistan orchestrated a coherent response mechanism by creating an effective governance structure, integrating multiple institutions, resorting to smart lockdowns, taking pro-poor economic measures and converting the challenges into opportunities by making indigenous COVID-19 related medical innovations through research universities. Capacity building of testing facilities, protective equipment and specialized patient care coupled with awareness through effective media campaigns paid rich dividends. Implementation of coordinated and effective response measures not only restricted the disease spread but also helped in sustaining the fragile economy of the country.
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Haque, Anwarul, Laila A. Ladak, Muhammad H. Hamid, Sadiq Mirza, Naveed R. Siddiqui, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta. "A National Survey of Pediatric Intensive Care Units in Pakistan." Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2014 (January 5, 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/842050.
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Purpose. To describe the structure, staffing resources, equipment, academic activities, and characteristics of pediatric population of pediatric intensive care units across the country. Material & Method. This was a prospective, descriptive, and observational survey of pediatric intensive care units from January to December 2009 across Pakistan. A questionnaire survey was emailed to director of each unit. Results. 16 PICUs were participated in this survey (100% response rate). A total of units with 155 beds were identified (1.1 bed /500,000 children). Regarding the categories, 12 (75%) were medical, 3 (19%) were pure cardiac intensive care units, and one unit (6%) was combined multidisciplinary cardiothoracic unit. 13 (81%) units were in public sector as compared to 3 (19%) were in private sector. The mean unit size was 9.7 (range 4–28) beds. Twelve (75%) units were located in three large cities. Only 3 (19%) units have trained intensivist. 37% (6/16) had nurse to patient ratio of 1 : 1-1 : 2 while others had ratios of 1 : 3–1 : 5 with all nurses specialized trained for pediatric intensive care units with bachelor degree or diploma in nursing. Only 50% had capacity for invasive monitoring. Conclusion. We found inadequacies in several aspects of PICUs in Pakistan including fewer PICUs, inadequate PICU beds, and lack of trained personal to look after critically ill pediatric population.
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Haque, A., S. A. Ahmed, Z. Rafique, Q. Abbas, H. Jurair, and S. A. Ali. "Device-associated infections in a paediatric intensive care unit in Pakistan." Journal of Hospital Infection 95, no. 1 (January 2017): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2016.10.021.
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Ansari, Rashid M., Mark F. Harris, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, and Nicholas Zwar. "Implementation of Chronic Care Model for Diabetes Self-Management: A Quantitative Analysis." Diabetology 3, no. 3 (July 6, 2022): 407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diabetology3030031.
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Objective: The main aim of this study was to implement the Chronic Care Model (CCM) for the self-management of type 2 diabetes in primary health care settings of rural areas of Pakistan and identify its effectiveness and develop strategies for overcoming its challenges. The two core elements of the Chronic Care Model: patient Self-Management Support (SMS) and Delivery System Design (DSD), were implemented to improve the quality of life and risk behaviour of type 2 diabetes patients in the middle-aged population of rural Pakistan. Methods: Thirty patients with type 2 diabetes and 20 healthcare professionals were included in this study consisting of 10 general practitioners and 10 nurses recruited from various clinics (medical centres) of Al-Rehman Hospital in Abbottabad, Pakistan. The quantitative content analysis method was used to identify the frequency of the most recurring statements. A t-test was performed to see the mean difference of HbA1c at baseline after 3-months and 6-months follow-up between male and female patients with diabetes. The hypothesis was tested to identify that diabetes self-management has a gendered dimension in rural areas of Pakistan. Results: The quantitative analysis demonstrated that diabetes self-management has a gendered dimension in the rural areas of Pakistan as the mean difference of HbA1c after a 6-month intervention of the two components of the chronic care model between male and female patients of diabetes was 0.83 (p = 0.039) with 95% CI (−0.05; −1.61). The mean difference in BMI after the intervention of 6 months between males and females was significant (p < 0.05). The mean difference was 4.97 kg/m2, p = 0.040 with 95% CI (−0.24; −9.69). The results have shown that the two components of CCM were effective and improved clinical outcomes for diabetes patients of the rural areas of Pakistan. Conclusions: The application of the two Chronic Care Model’s components provided a viable structure for diabetes self-management education and assistance. As a result, developing systems that incorporate long-term diabetes self-management education has an effect on the health care system’s outcomes.
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Ali, Ikram, Muhammad Kashif, Muhammad Owais Aziz, and Haider Darain. "Gossypiboma: A case study of medical error in obstetrician Tertiary Care Hospital." Professional Medical Journal 27, no. 05 (May 10, 2020): 1085–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.05.3808.
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Pakistan is striving hard to achieve millennial developmental goals by considering multiple factors. However, maternal mortality and morbidity due to medical errors remain unnoticed and undocumented due to lack of reporting system. This case report is based on a multigravida, who presented with severe abdominal pain and tenderness. She was on multiple medications after five months of three consecutive surgeries including initial surgery for uterine rupture during labor. On examination, a mass was noticed in the umbilical region. A foreign body was suspected on ultrasound and diagnosed as gossypiboma after surgery. It is usually misdiagnosed and needs attention especially considering differential diagnosis in post-operative patients. Such errors might be avoided by properly counting number of gauze pieces before and after an intervention, and usage of radio opaque gauze pieces.
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Khan Sial, Gull Zareen, and Saadiya Javed Khan. "Pediatric Cancer Outcomes in an Intensive Care Unit in Pakistan." Journal of Global Oncology, no. 5 (December 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.00215.
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PURPOSE Although cancer is uncommon, it is a significant cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality in the developing world. The need for intensive care in pediatric oncology has increased with more intense chemotherapeutic interventions. It is important to identify patients who will benefit from management in the intensive care unit (ICU), given the resource limitation in developing countries. In this review, we examine our institutional experience with pediatric patients with cancer needing ICU care. METHODS A retrospective chart review from December 2015 to June 2017 was performed with institutional review board approval for all pediatric oncology patients admitted to the ICU. Data collection included age, diagnosis, disease stage, Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM III) score, and therapeutic interventions. RESULTS We reviewed 59 pediatric oncology ICU medical records. There were 36 boys (61%) and 23 girls (39%). The median age was 4 years. Average stay in the ICU was 4.6 days. Three significant reasons for ICU referral were respiratory distress, sepsis, and circulatory collapse. There were 34 ICU survivors (57.6%). Among those who survived the ICU, 20 patients (58.8%) later died of therapy-related complications. Factors related to increased ICU mortality included the need for mechanical ventilation, the need for inotropic support, the number of failing organs, and a high PRISM III score. CONCLUSION The mortality rate for pediatric oncology patients admitted to the ICU in developing countries is higher than in developed countries. Mortality was significantly related to the need for mechanical ventilation. PRISM III scoring can help identify patients who can benefit from ICU treatment, which is expensive in resource-limited low- and middle-income countries such as Pakistan.