Academic literature on the topic 'Medical care – Pakistan'
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Journal articles on the topic "Medical care – Pakistan"
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Ahmed, Arshad. "Medical care of ESRD patients in Pakistan." Nihon Toseki Igakkai Zasshi 32, no. 6 (1999): 953–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4009/jsdt.32.953.
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Bakari, Haroon, Ahmed Imran Hunjra, and Stephen Jaros. "Commitment to Change Among Health Care Workers in Pakistan." Journal of Health Management 22, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 330–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063420938540.
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Commitment to organizational change as an important focus of commitment has received greater attention in the literature of action commitments. Research indicates that this construct represents employee attitude towards change initiative and may be a greater predictor of support for change. This is of particular import in health care systems, globally, and in developing nations, in particular, which are constantly seeking to change and adapt to new medical and administrative advances. However, commitment to change (C2C) has received very little research attention from Asian health care systems. Therefore, this study answers the call for validation, by validating a culture-specific translated version of the C2C scale in a sample drawn from the privatization context of public sector hospitals in Pakistan. The goals are to: (a) examine some psychometric properties of the major Western-derived measures of C2C in Pakistan to see if they are valid and reliable there; and (b) draw implications from our results for the management of change efforts in Pakistani health care systems. Thus, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted using SPSS and analysis of moment structures (AMOS) to provide evidence of reliability, construct validity and predictive validity of C2C among Pakistani health care workers. Results found evidence of the measure’s cross-cultural validity and revealed a positive correlation between C2C and three dimensions of behavioural support for change. This study is a significant contribution to the literature, being the first to provide comprehensive evidence of validity of the C2C scale in Pakistan, a developing country. An important implication for leaders of organizational change in Pakistan is that they may use this construct to unearth employee level of understanding and attitude towards change initiative to envisage mechanisms to foster employee support for change. Researchers may also use this construct in Pakistan’s context to assess employee C2C.
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Khan, Inayatullah, Tazeen Saeed Ali, Nasim Zahid Shah, Shahnaz Shahid, and Shehla Naeem Zafar. "Male perceptions of post-abortion care in Karachi, Pakistan." British Journal of Midwifery 30, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2022.30.12.678.
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Background/Aims The high maternal mortality in Pakistan stems from pregnancy- or abortion-related complications. Pakistan's patriarchal society, where men are key decision-makers, makes it necessary to involve men in maternal and child reproductive health care initiatives. This study aimed to understand men's perceptions of post-abortion care in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods A descriptive qualitative exploratory research design was used. Data were collected from 10 participants through in-depth interviews, and were analysed thematically. Results The themes were ‘men's understanding of post-abortion care’, ‘barriers to post-abortion care’ and ‘men's role in enhancing postabortion care practices: a missing link’. The participants believed that abortion was allowed only on medical grounds, and that most women could not use post-abortion care services because of the associated cost. Conclusions Men are key decision-makers in Pakistan. There is a need to educate and provide men with adequate information on post-abortion care. Male health workers should be recruited in the community. Stakeholders should ensure the availability and accessibility of post-abortion care services in the public health setting so women can receive care in a timely manner.
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Soomro, Munawar Hussain. "BARRIERS TO TRANSGENDER HEALTH CARE IN PAKISTAN." Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46903/gjms/16.02.1869.
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he term “transgender” refers to a spectrum of individuals who express gender in ways that deviate from the gender binary. It includes transsexuals, crossdressers and others.1,2 In Pakistan, the state of being a transgender presents a serious challenge to the traditionally established binary systems of nature/culture, man/woman, masculinity/ femininity and sex/gender. Even transgender community were given their identity as citizens of Pakistan in year 2009.3 Whereas the transgender persons suffer significant health disparities.4,5 Real or perceived stigma and discrimination within biomedicine and the health care provision in general may impact transgender people’s desire and ability to access appropriate care. The situation of the community is worse because they are left ignored and isolated without the survival facilities, education, employment opportunities, identity crisis or even the conformity from the dominant social class.3 National health services of Pakistan should include rigorous determination in the health care system to provide adequate care for transgender in the country. There is need to know the mechanism through the knowledge and biases of medical work force across the spectrum of medical training with regard to transgender health care. With these studies we can validate and propose potential solutions to address the identified gaps. Whereas the situation in other developing countries including those belonging to African and Asian regions is not good. In developed countries the situation is found to be much better. However, reported data shows that transgender people even in developed world face various kinds of discrimination especially in health care situations. The federal government of USA does not have laws specifically for protecting transgender people from discrimination in employment, housing, healthcare, and adoption. U.S. President Barack Obama had issued an executive order prohibiting discrimination against transgender people in employment by the federal government and its contractors. While in Pakistan there was no specific law for the transgender, however, a Senate committee had approved a bill in December 2017 for full legal protection to transgender people. It will provide a relief to transgender people for their health care and other facilities. Further, National Assembly of Pakistan approved the final Bill as Act called the Transgender Person (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018 on 18 May 2018.6 There is need to assess the perceptions and knowledge of the heath care provider workforce to provide medical care to transgender. Barriers may include fear of stigma associated with providing transgender medical care. Barriers may also include bias in the structure of clinics, forms, and electronic medical record systems in addition to gaps in knowledge and bias among support staff. Identification of solutions to the gaps is needed, which are not solely a lack of knowledge. The degree to which third party payer policy impedes access needs to be determined. Determination of change needed to overcome the financial barrier to care is also required. It is necessary to evaluate other barriers including societal stigma, mental health issue among patients, and socioeconomic issues. Finally evaluation of strategies to overcome these barriers is a must to address the matter.
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Lin, Janet Y., Saroosh Ahmed, and Caroline Brander. "Breadth of Emergency Medical Training in Pakistan." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 28, no. 2 (January 17, 2013): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12001859.
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AbstractIntroductionEmergency medical care in Pakistan has not been a priority of medical education and training because of the country's need to address its lack of primary care. Resources and trained personnel are scarce. Despite these challenges, the value of emergency medical care is gaining attention. The objective of this study was to explore the breadth of Emergency Medicine training in Pakistan through an analysis of an Emergency Medicine residency in a teaching hospital. The Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi is a teaching institution with the only Emergency Medicine residency program in the region. It was started in 2000, led by US-trained physicians, and it laid the foundation for Emergency Medicine in the country.MethodsThe study was conducted over a four-week period in January of 2009. Data collection consisted of three components: (1) a survey of the Emergency Department and hospital services; (2) a survey of the Emergency Medicine training curriculum; and (3) a retrospective chart review of every tenth patient seen in the Aga Khan Emergency Department from December 1-14, 2008.ResultsThe training program is similar to that of the US models. Of the 153 patients selected for the chart review, the majority presented with GI complaints. Of these, 51 (33%) were admitted to the hospital; 20% (n = 15) left against medical advice; the remaining 57% (n = 87) were discharged.Discussion/ConclusionThe hospital admitted patients with complaints that were expected in the region. Although Aga Khan University Hospital is a pioneer in establishing Emergency Medicine as an official medical discipline in the region, the hospital's obstetrics and gynecology, trauma, toxicology and prehospital services training do not meet current curriculum standards set forth by the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine and the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors. Nevertheless, the review provides a snapshot of the development of Emergency Medical Services in a developing nation. This information may assist other nations that are interested in developing such programs.LinJY, AhmedS, BranderC. Breadth of emergency medical training in Pakistan. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(2):1-5.
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Tariq, M., W. Jafri, T. Ansari, S. Awan, F. Ali, M. Shah, S. Jamil, M. Riaz, and S. Shafqat. "Medical mortality in Pakistan: experience at a tertiary care hospital." Postgraduate Medical Journal 85, no. 1007 (September 1, 2009): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2008.074898.
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Talati, Jamsheer J., and Gregory Pappas. "Migration, Medical Education, and Health Care: A View from Pakistan." Academic Medicine 81, Supplement (December 2006): S55—S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.acm.0000243543.99794.07.
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Beg, M. "Views of health care providers on medical errors in Karachi, Pakistan." Value in Health 17, no. 3 (May 2014): A184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2014.03.1077.
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Unaiza Naeem, Areesha Jawed, and Alleza Jawed. "Navigating Neurotrauma Management in Pakistan." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 72, no. 01 (May 7, 2022): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.11-4110.
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Madam, neurotrauma is defined as an injury to the brain and/or spinal cord. A WHO, sponsored study estimated that the annual global incidence of neurotrauma is approximately 500–800 per 100 000 and it accounts for about 11.8% of total global disability-adjusted life years1. In Pakistan, the annual incidence of head injured patients admitted to numerous neurosurgical centres was 50/100,000 population per year2. The lifetime medical treatment per neurotrauma case is estimated to range from US$600 000 to US$1.8 million. Neurotrauma management incorporates prehospital care lasting minutes to hours which encompasses accurate on site diagnosis and systematic treatment or during the e shifting, to an organized, well-equipped health care management, in-hospital care for hours to weeks which comprises surgical and non-surgical intervention including imaging, neuro-monitoring and critical care and finally post-acute care lasting weeks to years and denotes any form of rehabilitative interventions to enable and empower patients to have an increased quality of life1. Each component of management requires trained personnel, specific equipment, and protocols3. However, Pakistan lags in various aspects. As of a last study in 2001, there were only 35 neurosurgical centres and about 1000 neurosurgical beds to accommodate a population of 130 million2. Of the 23 Karachi hospitals studied in 2020, only 57% were well-equipped and accredited [Trauma capacity score (TCS) 67%] to perform elementary resuscitation steps to secure early stability. A sizeable number,57%, s (TCS<34%) lacked space to accommodate head, neck, and spinal injuries; 65% s were partly inadequate (TCS<67%) in diagnosis, intensive care and safety4. With low medical insurance across the country2. Inadequate availability of essential medicines was also reported in 43% of hospitals4. An organized trauma care system must be introduced to mitigate trauma mortality for local needs. It should encompass enabling those at injury site to become first responders3, an ambulance service equipped with communication systems and with properly trained personnel that can commence life-saving measures such as IV fluid resuscitation3. Trauma centres should have a referral network and hospitals that provide optimal traumatic care should be identified beforehand to transfer injured patients to this specialized facilitys4.A protocol also needs to be established that assists local doctors in immediate referral to trauma centers3. Proper allocation of resources and mobilization of staff and doctors timely can improve neurotrauma outcomes significantly. Continuous...
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Muhammad, Anees, Muhammad Owais, Nasir Ali, and Hidayat Khan. "COVID-19 pandemic and precautionary measures in Pakistan." Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care 24, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35975/apic.v24i1.1231.
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The current outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has attained the dimensions of a pandemic and World Health Organization (WHO) has declared it a global emergency and given it a name of COVID-19. It may remain asymptomatic, but usually presents as influenza-like symptoms initially. It spreads from zoonotic sources, which are still under investigation. Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is the only available diagnostic and confirmatory lab assay for SARS-CoV-2. There is no specific antiviral drug or vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, hence infected and suspected cases are dependent on supportive treatment along with few anti-HIV drugs. Evidence suggests that, in Pakistan, all cases have returned from Iran and Saudi Arabia after pilgrimage. The number of patients has been increasing gradually. Almost all of the neighboring countries of Pakistan are suffering from an outbreak. So, a big threat is there. Pakistani health authorities need to take critical action urgently. Moreover, it is necessary to take basic preventive measurements including hand washing, use of face masks, keeping the distance from suspected patients and avoiding unnecessary traveling to overcrowded areas. It is concluded that the developing countries might be at higher risk including Pakistan. Personnel and community-based strategy is required to avoid any serious consequences in Pakistan. We searched relevant studies and papers from Google, Google Scholar, National Institute of Health (Pakistan) and WHO by using various medical subject heading (MeSH) terms including COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, MERS, Preventive Measurements of COVID etc. All downloaded articles were carefully read and conclusions drawn.
Citation: Muhammad A, Owais M, Ali N, Khan H. COVID-19 pandemic and precautionary measures in Pakistan. Anaesth pain intensive care 2020;24(1):_
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35975/apic.v24i1.
Received – 20 March 2020;
Reviewed – 22 March 2020;
Accepted - 27 March 2020;
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Medical care – Pakistan"
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Patterson, Margaret Madeline. "From medical relief to community health care : a case study of a non-governmental organisation (Frontier Primary Health Care) in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/817.
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This case study is designed to answer the question whether refugees can make a positive contribution to host countries, not simply as individual participants in economic activity, but by contributing to welfare. The thesis provides a detailed study of an NGO originally established to provide medical relief for refugees but which now provides basic health care for local people. Since 1995 this NGO has adopted a policy of providing the same basic care to refugees and to people in local Pakistani villages, thus making no distinction between refugees and the residents of a specific geographical area. The case study also shows that an NGO can be an appropriate and effective provider of primary health care (PHC) as promoted by the 1978 Declaration of Alma Ata. The thesis uses several approaches to demonstrate why this happened and how it was achieved. Firstly, it narrates the history over the twenty-year period 1980-2000 of an international health project originally started for a group of Afghan refugees, and its transformation in 1995 into an indigenous Pakistani NGO called “Frontier Primary Health Care (FPHC)”. Secondly, the study explores the theoretical utility and limitations of the PHC strategy generally. Thirdly, the thesis provides an analysis of the extent to which the underlying principles or “pillars” of PHC, that is, participation, inter-sectoral collaboration and equity have affected the process and outcomes of the project. Locating the case study in the Pakistani context provides evidence of the persistent difficulties and shortcomings of official government basic health care in Pakistan, particularly for rural poor people, showing that the field is open for other providers of health care, such as NGOs. The thesis goes on to discuss strengths and weaknesses of NGOs in general, and particularly as health care providers. In investigating characteristics of the NGO sector in Pakistan, the study pays special attention to the discrete health care system for Afghan refugees created in the early 1980s, including its introduction of Community Health Workers. In order to assess the impact of the NGO on people’s health, the study uses data from mother/child health and family planning programmes (as far as available) demonstrating that this NGO is a more effective provider than the other two agencies i.e. the Government of Pakistan and the Afghan Refugee Health Programme. Placing the NGO in this context also shows that it has a better understanding of the underlying “pillars” and has made more determined and effective efforts to implement them, especially in regard to community involvement. It is unusual for a project initially refugee-oriented to have matured sufficiently to be making a contribution, as a matter of formal policy, to basic welfare in the host country, itself a developing country. The study concludes that the significant factors in its success are continuity of leadership; boundaries of population, geography and administration; dependable income and material resources; rigorous supervision; support, but not takeover, by experienced consultants; capacity to use learning to adapt and move on; and sensitivity to local cultural norms. All these have enabled the project to survive and develop as an indigenous autonomous organisation beyond the twenty years covered by the case study. FPHC is still operational in 2004.
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Mengal, Muhammad Hashim. "Infectious disease control knowledge and practice among health care workers in Bolan Medical College Hospital Quetta Pakistan." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-27097.
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Background Hospital-acquired infections are significant cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients worldwide. Healthcare workers during job are exposed to blood borne pathogens through contact with infected body parts, blood and body fluids. World health organization (WHO) estimated that globally about 2.5% of HIV and 40% of hepatitis viral infected cases are among health workers due to exposures. The most important mechanism of spread of these pathogens is through contaminated hands of the healthcare workers. Standard precautions measures are essential to prevent and control healthcare associated infection among healthcare workers and patients. In developing countries despite the development of detailed guideline for infection control the knowledge of standard precautions is low and not properly applied. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge and practice of health care workers regarding standard precautions and hand hygiene to infectious disease control. Aim The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of health care workers regarding hand wash and standard precautions to control infectious diseases in BMCH. In addition create awareness among participants and encourage them to practice regularly hand hygiene and standard precautions to control or reduce nosocomial infections in health care facilities Methods The study design is cross-sectional evaluation of healthcare worker knowledge and practices about standard precautions and hand hygiene for infectious disease control. A questionnaire administered to health care workers (doctors and nurses). The questionnaire was divided in two parts and the first part concerns demographic information, asking knowledge and practice. The second part asked opinions about risk and prevention of HAIs. The questionnaire was developed with consultation of other studies of the same kind. It has been pre tested and is finalized for survey. The ethical approval was given by hospital superintendent and informs consent from all study participants. Statistic analysis was done on Excel and statistical software SPSS version 20. Data was described in numbers, percentages and Chi Square test done for association among categorical variables, significant level was considered P= <0.05. Results Two hundred questionnaires were distributed to HCWs in BMCH and 169 completely fill questionnaire were returned. The male gender respondents were 42% and female respondents were 58%. The basic questions about knowledge of hand hygiene and standard precautions were answered well in both categories; about 73% were with sufficient knowledge. The practice of hand hygiene and standard precautions was not satisfactory among both categories; about 47% found with good practice. Differences found in sub groups, young age none trained doctors and nurses answered wrong and shown lack of knowledge. This study found an association of age, profession and job experience with knowledge and practice regarding hand hygiene and standard precautions. Open handed questions described well the major issue regarding HAIs and participants emphasized on risk and prevention methods. Conclusions The respondents were HCWs (doctors and nurses) of both sex and this study found that majority of HCWs have good knowledge and practice about control of HAIs but difference were found in age groups, sex and profession. Above half of the HCWs were not trained for infection control in health facilities, thus getting training of infection control is important but more important is implementation of it during practice.
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Murphy, Richard. "Health professionals and ethnic Pakistanis in Britain : risk, thalassaemia and audit culture." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2802.
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The central theme or 'red-thread' that I consider in this thesis is the concept of risk as it is perceived by and affects the two sides of the medical encounter -in this instance ethnic Pakistanis and Health Professionals- in Britain. Each side very often perceives risk quite distinctively, relating to the balance between the spiritual and temporal realms. This is particularly germane in matters to do with possible congenital defects within the prenatal realm for the ethnic Pakistani, and predominantly Muslim, side of this encounter. Thus one of the factors considered in this thesis is how senses of Islam impact upon the two sides. By ethnic Pakistanis Islam is seen as central to all life decisions, whilst Health Professionals view Islam with some considerable trepidation, little understanding it or its centrality to the former's decision-making processes. This is particularly significant with regard to attitudes to health and health care. In the initial stages of the project I had thought first cousin marriage (FCM), seen by ethnic Pakistanis as desirable and by Health Professionals as putting ethnic Pakistanis at-risk to be central to the argument, but concluded that concerns around FCM were a 'red herring', merely a trope for the tensions between the two sides -at once both British and at-risk from audit culture. Although no longer central, FCM remains a viable touchstone in consideration of the two sides' perceptions of genetic risk. In this thesis the medical encounter between ethnic Pakistanis and Health Professionals is performed within the realm of the so called New Genetics. Here the respective understandings of the New Genetics are informed by the enculturation processes that shape the two sides' world view. Furthermore, I will agree with Lord Robert Winston's and others' concern that any attempt to eradicate an adaptive genetic mutation, in this instance, thalassaemia, from the gene pool is not only undesirable in the short term, but also that such eradications may have an adverse, and far reaching, effect on whole population groups in the future. The main thrust of my argument is that audit culture not only compounds risk for both sides, but also perpetuates institutional racism within the National Health Service (NHS), by promulgating what I have called the language myth. That is to say that much institutional racism is the unwanted by-product of the NHS's attempts to become more patient centred and its continuing efforts to develop systems of best practice. This professionalisation process within the NHS can be seen to impact most strongly in relation to communication -particularly the claimed language barrier between the two sides. This 'barrier' has worrying policy implications for any meaningful communication between the two sides, notably relating to obtaining informed consent from ethnic Pakistani patients -with a resultant increase in risk for the two sides and clear economic consequences for the NHS.
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Niazi, Amarah 1981. "Expressions of modernity in rural Pakistan : searching for emic perspectives." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/30473.
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This dissertation examines women's lives in a rapidly urbanizing rural community in Southern Pakistan to understand their responses to modernity in developing societies. Applying a mixed-methods approach, socio-demographic data is collected and contrasted with oral history and personal narratives to analyze social change through women's access to education and reproductive health care in the village. The results are framed within a post-modern and post-colonial feminist anthropological discourse to reveal that Sheherpind represents a model of 'multiple modernities' where women's agency and progress could only be contextualized in non-western, local cultural perspectives. Emerging trends in the village are evaluated for their 'Applied' significance to underscore areas of local, national and transnational policy
significance.Graduation date: 2013
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Diwan, MALIHA. "THE NATION’S CAREGIVERS: WORK EXPERIENCES, PROFESSIONAL IDENTITIES AND GENDER POLITICS OF PAKISTAN’S LADY HEALTH WORKERS." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/8103.
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Lady Health Workers (LHWs) are community health workers who work under the Pakistani government’s National Programme for Family Planning and Primary Health Care, and provide basic medication, contraceptives, and nutrition and prenatal advice to expectant mothers. LHWs are a pivotal bridge between mothers, especially those who live in traditional households, and medical practitioners and policymakers. Several studies indicate that LHWs have been instrumental in decreasing maternal and infant mortality rates, lowering the incidence of tuberculosis in urban and rural populations, and treating depression among patients. In addition, they conduct vaccination campaigns including the WHO-supervised polio campaign.
Since 2007 tensions have emerged between LHWs and the government regarding pay and working conditions. The LHWs have staged sit-ins, demonstrations as well as a march to the capital to highlight their plight and demand better working conditions from the government. This has resulted in disruptions in vaccination and awareness campaigns. Reports suggest that a higher morale amongst workers translates to higher productivity and more effective work results. Thus, understanding the issues affecting LHWs is essential to a more productive health care work force. By analyzing the dynamics underpinning the relationship between LHWs, the Pakistani government, and the community, policymakers can obtain a better understanding of how the intersecting influences of gender, culture and spaces impact the implementation of health care policies. This analysis could also shed light on the issue of worker retention in the medical field.
Drawing from a series of semi-structured interviews conducted over a four-month period in the Pakistani city of Karachi, I analyse how LHWs view their work in relation to gender, agency, self-worth and human security in an urban setting. In addition, I locate the workers’ experiences within neocolonial and postcolonial systems.
Findings indicate that while LHWs are extremely devoted to their work, a lack of security, compounded by irregular pay and gender discrimination, has contributed to low morale. The masculine and hierarchal systems LHWs operate within have contributed to the workers’ struggle to be recognised professionally. In addition, international development organisations’ agendas and government policies have had unintended and often negative consequences on LHWs’ morale and experiences.Thesis (Master, Global Development Studies) -- Queen's University, 2013-07-03 16:28:46.91
Books on the topic "Medical care – Pakistan"
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Nishtar, Sania. The gateway paper: Health systems in Pakistan, a way forward. Islamabad: Pakistan's Health Policy Forum, 2006.
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Economics of health sector reforms in Pakistan. [S.l: s.n], 2001.
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Choked pipes: Reforming Pakistan's mixed health system. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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Center, for Peace &. Development (Quetta Pakistan). Empowering Clients and Sensitizing Providers to Increase Uptake of Maternal and Neonatal Health Care Services: Design of a social accountability model for implementation in Balochistan, Pakistan. Quetta: Center for Peace and Development, 2013.
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Through a Pakistani's eyes: Life on three continents. New York: Algora Pub., 2008.
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Gerhardus, Ansgar. Entscheidungsprozesse Im Gesundheitssektor: Der Beitrag der Theorie der Politischen Oekonomie. Lang AG International Academic Publishers, Peter, 2001.
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Champion of choice: The life and legacy of women's advocate Nafis Sadik. 2013.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Medical care – Pakistan"
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Arshad, Mehak, and Youshib Matthew John. "Pakistan." In Christianity in South and Central Asia, 107–18. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439824.003.0010.
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Pakistan culminated from the concept that religion is the main denominator identifying and unifying Muslims in the subcontinent, and therefore Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. Christians strongly supported the Muslim League in its pursuit of a separate homeland. Through the historical influence of Christian missions there were 3,912 ‘native’ Christians by 1881, and by 1941 this number had increased to 511,299 in Central Punjab. The largest church in the country is the Catholic Church (Latin rite). In 1970 the Church of Pakistan brought together Anglicans, Methodists and some Presbyterians, each with an extensive network providing education, healthcare and pastoral care. Other denominations in Pakistan include the Salvation Army, Pentecostals, Full Gospel Assemblies, Adventists, among others. However, Christians in Pakistan today are maligned, regarded as part of the lowly ‘sweeper community’, with a small number of seats reserved for them in politics. Christians are threatened by the Blasphemy Law, meant to safeguard Islam. At least 700 girls are kidnapped annually and forced to marry Muslims. Nevertheless, the Christian community has demonstrated vitality; with thousands studying in Christian schools and many receiving medical care from Christian hospitals, the Christian community remains committed to engage positively in inter-faith dialogue.
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Noor, Ayesha, Ali Raza Ishaq, Laila Jafri, Faiza Jabeen, Rehana Rani, Bushra Hafeez Kiani, Nosheen Akhtar, Zeeshan Javed, Tahira Younis, and Fatima Jalal. "Health Care Associated Infections (HCAIs) a New Threat for World; U-Turn from Recovery to Death." In Campylobacter [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97193.
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Health care associated infections also termed as nosocomial infections are notable cause of morbidity and mortality especially in resource limited countries like Pakistan. Newborns and aged people have more probability of being infected by Health care associated infections because of immunosuppressant. Central line associated blood stream infections (CLABSI) are considered as one of the promising negotiator associated with Health Care associated infections. Improper health care setting and unaware medical staff play a championship protagonist in prevalence of health care associated infections. Standard hygienic measures should be adopted to reduce risk of Health care associated infections. So, there is a pressing need to take on control policies by Government to handle this dilemma. This chapter gives new intuition to healthcare associated microbes, infections and provides comprehensive detailed on ironic precaution to scientific community.
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Yadav, Vineeta. "Resilience and Decline: Religious Parties, Religious Organizations, and Institutionalization in Pakistan." In Religious Parties and the Politics of Civil Liberties, 206–43. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197545362.003.0007.
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This chapter introduces and analyses the case of Pakistan. First, it identifies the theoretically appropriate religious groups and organizations that are active in Pakistan, then discusses their institutional interests and policy preferences, particularly regarding civil liberties, and their lobbying capacity. Using data on religious parties’ parliamentary concentration and on inflation rates, the chapter identifies two theoretically distinct periods that correspond to different outcomes for religious organizations’ institutionalization. Based on Hypothesis 1, these conditions predict that religious parties would find conditions conducive to strengthening Pakistani religious organizations starting in 2008. Therefore, it is only after this period that Pakistani religious organizations would establish a moderate institutional presence in the for-profit education, welfare, media, and business sectors. The chapter then uses evidence from an original survey of about 150 Pakistani politicians, analytical narratives from Pakistani political history, and quantitative data to test support for Hypothesis 1 and its corollaries in Pakistan and finds strong support for them.
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Din, Imran ud, and Noreen Fayyaz Khan. "Mobile-Based Appointment System for Remote Patients." In Mobile Devices and Smart Gadgets in Human Rights, 153–70. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6939-8.ch007.
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Healthcare is a basic human need in any civilization. In modern sense of geopolitics, a welfare state has to ensure easy access of public to basic amenities which include medical facilities. However, the areas, off mainland, usually stay deprived of quality medical services. This is generally the case in third world countries, including Pakistan. Here, due to lack of education and poverty, the suburban or countryside population remains ignorant of available qualified doctors. Everybody does not afford travelling to the nearest main city hospital. Those who afford sometimes experience extreme frustration at absence of their desired medic. In order to assist the deprived, the authors have developed a mobile-based appointment system for remote patients. This application not only helps in requesting appointments with doctors, but lets the android mobile user search the list of quality medics around. The details related to the use and effectiveness of this application have been discussed in the main chapter.
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Moazam, Farhat. "Genomics and precision medicine." In Can precision medicine be personal; Can personalized medicine be precise?, 75–88. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863465.003.0006.
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Increasing knowledge of the human genome is providing useful insights into genetic contributions to human illnesses and the management of certain diseases. Some within scientific communities suggests the need for radical transformation of the ‘traditional’ understanding of human health and illness into genomics-based systems of precision medicine resting on large genetic banks, ‘big data’ and data clouds, and pharmacogenomics. This will require a radical shift in the focus and trajectory of biomedical research and standards of care in medicine around the world. Those contesting this view note compelling scientific evidence that the health of populations is related to social determinants rather than to genetic make-up of individuals. In these discussions there is a paucity of voices from developing countries, which are home to two-thirds of the world’s inhabitants. This chapter offers perspectives of a physician from the trenches in Pakistan, a low- to middle-income country. It highlights the need for attention to the implications of personalized medicine and genomics-based research and medical practice within global contexts rather than narrow parochial interests. I discuss the ethical challenges faced at professional, national, and global levels related to fairness, equity, justice, and solidarity in healthcare when balancing rights of individuals versus duties and responsibilities to society. In a world with limited resources, increasing inequalities and expanding North–South power differentials, precision medicine raises troubling questions about the ethos of healthcare professions, the trajectory of scientific research, and who will be in the saddle when these decisions are made.
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Ahmed, Afaq, Ahmad Ali Khan, Ismail Shah, Muhammad Ali Tahir, and Rafia Mumtaz. "A Rural Healthcare Mobile App." In Empowering Sustainable Industrial 4.0 Systems With Machine Intelligence, 251–80. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9201-4.ch012.
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This chapter presents a voice-enabled mobile application that provides preliminary medical diagnosis of non-fatal diseases. It operates in Urdu language, asking questions from the user and responding in the form of a voice-based dialogue. It addresses the problem of lack of hospitals and medical facilities, especially in rural areas. Furthermore, due to the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, people are wary of visiting the over-crowded government hospitals. The mobile application developed by the authors provides a quick and inexpensive preliminary diagnosis and medical advice. In case of emergency, it recommends a nearby hospital/doctor. As the system is in Urdu language and voice based, it is well-suited to the Pakistani population's low literacy rate. The application user interface is engineered to be intuitive and simple to use.
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Kareem, Shazia, and Imran Sarwar Bajwa. "Virtual Telemedicine and Virtual Telehealth." In Models for Capitalizing on Web Engineering Advancements, 183–95. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0023-2.ch010.
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Telemedicine is modern technology that is employed to provide low cost, high standard medical facilities to the people of remote areas. Store-and-Forward method of telemedicine suits more to the progressive countries like Pakistan as not only is it easy to set up but it also has a very cheap operating cost. However, the high response time taken by store & forward telemedicine becomes a critical factor in emergency cases, where each minute has a price. The response time factor can be overcome by using virtual telemedicine approach. In virtual telemedicine, a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) is deployed at rural station. The CDSS is intelligent enough to diagnose a patient’s disease and prescribe proper medication. In case the CDSS cannot answer a query, the CDSS immediately sends an e-mail to a medical expert (doctor), and when the response is received, the CDSS knowledge-base is updated for future queries. In this chapter, the authors not only report a NL-based CDSS that can answer NL queries, but also present a complete architecture of a virtual telemedicine setup.
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Kareem, Shazia, and Imran Sarwar Bajwa. "Virtual Telemedicine and Virtual Telehealth." In Data Mining, 881–92. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2455-9.ch045.
Full textAbstract:
Telemedicine is modern technology that is employed to provide low cost, high standard medical facilities to the people of remote areas. Store-and-Forward method of telemedicine suits more to the progressive countries like Pakistan as not only is it easy to set up but it also has a very cheap operating cost. However, the high response time taken by store & forward telemedicine becomes a critical factor in emergency cases, where each minute has a price. The response time factor can be overcome by using virtual telemedicine approach. In virtual telemedicine, a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) is deployed at rural station. The CDSS is intelligent enough to diagnose a patient’s disease and prescribe proper medication. In case the CDSS cannot answer a query, the CDSS immediately sends an e-mail to a medical expert (doctor), and when the response is received, the CDSS knowledge-base is updated for future queries. In this chapter, the authors not only report a NL-based CDSS that can answer NL queries, but also present a complete architecture of a virtual telemedicine setup.
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Ahmed, Sarah. "The Honor Killing of Qandeel Baloch." In Women's Journey to Empowerment in the 21st Century, 135–46. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927097.003.0008.
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Qandeel Baloch, a controversial Pakistani social media star, was killed by her brother in 2016 in the name of “honor.” Using Qandeel’s honor killing as a case study, this chapter analyzes honor killings to gain a better understanding of what they are, their prevalence, and the factors attributable to them, particularly in South Asia. The chapter also examines the role that social media has played globally in giving marginalized populations a voice and platform online while simultaneously making them more vulnerable to cyberbullying, harassment, and, in Qandeel’s case, even death. Through contextual and empirical accounts, the chapter cautions readers to not think of honor killings as a faith-based problem confined to a particular geographical region but, rather, as a larger epidemic that is strongly rooted in a culture that persists, to a small extent, in developed countries as well.
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Masood, Sameen, and Muhammad Farooq. "Re-Contextualization of Ethical Values of Pashtun Tribe by the Educated Female Folk in Pakistan." In Handbook of Research on Indigenous Knowledge and Bi-Culturalism in a Global Context, 210–28. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6061-6.ch012.
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It is believed that the economic participation of women in Pakistan has been intensively affected by an enduring male-capitalist social system. Moreover, the history of gender discrimination has been linked with the medieval cultural values that uplifted and empowered men over women in every sphere of life, especially in the economic realm. A typical case is believed to be the Pashtun culture. This chapter investigated indigenous values of Pashtun culture where women are underrepresented in the economy. Women did not see themselves as underprivileged. Rather, they perceived themselves as a vital and prestigious part of the family and the wider Pashtun society. For educated women in Pashtun society, the values system is guided by social structure, which is accounted for by stability and unity in society. Cultural values are operationalized as the mechanism of division of labor. The findings redefine female empowerment and propose a new paradigm in the global context. The indigenous value system guides the social structure which leads to stability and unity in the society.
Conference papers on the topic "Medical care – Pakistan"
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Manzhikova, Svetlana Ts, Adil Iqbal, and Wazif Latif. "Evidence-based analysis of the situation with tuberculosis in Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan." In Innovations in Medical Science and Education. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsms.ohte2762.
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The target of this work is to implement an evidence-based approach in a comparative analyzing of the current tuberculosis situation in the Kyrgyz Republic and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Such analysis is of particular interest for assessing the so-called “country” contribution to the implementation of strategies to stop tuberculosis, proclaimed by the World Health Organization. Two-factor linear regression models are presented for both countries. Models take into account how state budget expenditures on health care and the level of poverty impact onto the tuberculosis incidence. The latter circumstance is due to the significant difference between the National Statistical Services in considered countries, as well as the lack of initial data and their heterogeneity. The estimated quality characteristics of the models show them to use in prediction values of the tuberculosis incidence until 2024-2025. The modeling results show that if the established trend of strengthening of the state role continues, then we can talk about the successful implementation of the WHO strategy to decrease and stop tuberculosis in the Kyrgyz Republic and the desired annual reduction in incidence to 10% by 2025. For Pakistan, the same parameter will be no more than 1.5%. The novelty of the presented work lies in the very formulation of the problem of monitoring the current outcomes of the implementation of WHO recommendations in different countries and the methodological development of appropriate situational tasks for learning and teaching medical students the methods of evidence-based medicine/health care.
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Manzhikova, Svetlana Ts, Adil Iqbal, and Humna Mustafa. "Evidence-based analysis of the situation with tuberculosis in Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan." In Innovations in Medical Science and Education. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsms.yoiu6777.
Full textAbstract:
The target of this work is to implement an evidence-based approach in a comparative analyzing of the current tuberculosis situation in the Kyrgyz Republic and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Such analysis is of particular interest for assessing the so-called “country” contribution to the implementation of strategies to stop tuberculosis, proclaimed by the World Health Organization. Two-factor linear regression models are presented for both countries. Models take into account how state budget expenditures on health care and the level of poverty impact onto the tuberculosis incidence. The latter circumstance is due to the significant difference between the National Statistical Services in considered countries, as well as the lack of initial data and their heterogeneity. The estimated quality characteristics of the models show them to use in prediction values of the tuberculosis incidence until 2024-2025. The modeling results show that if the established trend of strengthening of the state role continues, then we can talk about the successful implementation of the WHO strategy to decrease and stop tuberculosis in the Kyrgyz Republic and the desired annual reduction in incidence to 10% by 2025. For Pakistan, the same parameter will be no more than 1.5%. The novelty of the presented work lies in the very formulation of the problem of monitoring the current outcomes of the implementation of WHO recommendations in different countries and the methodological development of appropriate situational tasks for learning and teaching medical students the methods of evidence-based medicine/health care.
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"Maternal health seeking behaviors and health care utilization in Pakistan." In International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/xzpo9700.
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Background: Direct estimations of maternal mortality were carried out in Pakistan for the first time. Maternal health and health issues, maternal mortality and the specific causes of death among women must be studied to improve the health care of women and better utilization of maternal health services for better public health. Objective: The main objectives of this study are to analyze maternal health, morbidity and mortality indicators. The causes of death and health care utilization will be highlighted, hence, useful recommendations can be made to reduce maternal deaths and to attain the Sustainable Development Goal 3.1. Method: Utilizing the data of Pakistan Maternal Mortality Survey 2019, crosstabs and frequency tables are constructed and multivariant analysis was conducted to find out the most effective factors contributing to the deaths. IBM SPSS and STATA were used for the analysis. Results and Conclusion: 40% population surveyed was under 15, age 65 or above. Average household members were 6-7. Drinking water facility was majorly improved in both urban and rural areas. Hospital services in rural areas were mostly (54%) in the parameter of 10+ kms and Basic Health Units were mainly found inside the community. Very few urban households were in the poorest quantile while very few rural households were in the wealthiest quantile. Women education distribution showed that a high percentage of women (52%) were uneducated and only a 12% had received higher education. Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) for the 3-year period before the survey was 186 deaths per 100,000 live births while pregnancy related mortality rate was 251 deaths per 100,000 live births, which was higher compared to the MMR. Maternal death causes were divided into direct and indirect causes, where major causes were reported to be obstetric Hemorrhage (41%), Hypertensive disorders (29%), Pregnancy with abortive outcome (10%), other obstetric pregnancy related infection (6%) and non-obstetric (4%). 37% women who died in the three years before the survey sought medical care at a public sector health facility while 26% at private sector and 5% at home. A majority (90%) of women who had pregnancy complications in the 3 years before the survey received ANC from a skilled provider. Keywords: Maternal health, antenatal care, maternal mortality rates, pregnancy related diseases
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Aziz, Ayesha, and Nashi Khan. "PERCEPTIONS PERTAINING TO STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION ABOUT DEPRESSION: A FOCUS GROUP STUDY OF PRIMARY CARE STAFF." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact013.
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"The present study was conducted to explore the perception and views of primary care staff about Depression related Stigma and Discrimination. The Basic Qualitative Research Design was employed and an In-Depth Semi-Structured Discussion Guide consisted of 7 question was developed on the domains of Pryor and Reeder Model of Stigma and Discrimination such as Self-Stigma, Stigma by Association, Structural Stigma and Institutional Stigma, to investigate the phenomenon. Initially, Field Test and Pilot study were conducted to evaluate the relevance and effectiveness of Focus Group Discussion Guide in relation to phenomena under investigation. The suggestions were incorporated in the final Discussion Guide and Focus Group was employed as a data collection measure for the conduction of the main study. A purposive sampling was employed to selected a sample of Primary Care Staff (Psychiatrists, Medical Officers, Clinical Psychologists and Psychiatric Nurses) to elicit the meaningful information. The participants were recruited from the Department of Psychiatry of Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) recognized Private and Public Sector hospitals of Lahore, having experience of 3 years or more in dealing with patients diagnosed with Depression. However, for Medical Officers, the experience was restricted to less than one year based on their rotation. To maintain equal voices in the Focus Group, 12 participants were approached (3 Psychiatrist, 3 Clinical Psychologists, 3 Medical Officers and 3 Psychiatric Nurses) but total 8 participants (2 Psychiatrists, 2 Medical Officers, 3 Clinical Psychologists And 1 Psychiatric Nurse) participated in the Focus Group. The Focus Group was conducted with the help of Assistant Moderator, for an approximate duration of 90 minutes at the setting according to the ease of the participants. Further, it was audio recorded and transcribed for the analysis. The Braun and Clarke Reflexive Thematic Analysis was diligently followed through a series of six steps such as Familiarization with the Data, Coding, Generating Initial Themes, Reviewing Themes, Defining and Naming Themes. The findings highlighted two main themes i.e., Determining Factors of Mental Health Disparity and Improving Treatment Regimen: Making Consultancy Meaningful. The first theme was centered upon three subthemes such as Lack of Mental Health Literacy, Detached Attachment and Components of Stigma and Discrimination. The second theme included Establishing Contact and Providing Psychoeducation as a subtheme. The results manifested the need for awareness-based Stigma reduction intervention for Primary Care Staff aims to provide training in Psychoeducation and normalization to reduce Depression related Stigma and Discrimination among patients diagnosed with Depression."
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"Role of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in building the future of the Healthcare Sector in Pakistan." In International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/ucvo7515.
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Background: More than 70% of the developing world's population still depends on complementary and alternative systems of medicine (CAM). Despite today's advancements, a large segment of the population still depends on traditional medicine or so-called alternative medicine as the preferred form of health care. So there is a need to consider the role of complementary and alternative medicine in public healthcare. Objective: To identify the population's exposure to the traditional medicine To explore the rich diversity of medicinal plants in Pakistan To identify the areas that can play a crucial role in the healthcare sector of Pakistan Method: A narrative review study has been conducted. Data has been collected from different articles from different search engines i.e. Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct. A total of 10 articles are being referenced in the main article while reading the literature involves the 150+ articles Results: Almost 70 species of the 430 wild species In the western part of the Himalayas had been examined. About 40% of flora species have been used for the treatment of diseases relating to Gastrointestinal (GIT). It was discovered that most of the species 12 to sixteen species) sought to deal with human and farm animals' digestive system-related issues, respectively. Conclusion: Pakistan has unique biodiversity, having nine major ecological zones. Due to its unique climate, the country is very rich in medicinal and endemic plants distributed in its large area. The highlands of northern Pakistan are the hot spots of biodiversity and are rich in medicinal and endemic species. These plants are still commonly used for medicinal purposes by people in their daily lives. This region, which is rich in medicinal plants, still needs more exploration and study. Keywords: Traditional medicine, CAM, Healthcare sector in Pakistan