Journal articles: 'Medical Biochemistry: Lipids'

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Honek, John F. "Glyoxalase biochemistry." Biomolecular Concepts 6, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2015): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2015-0025.

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AbstractThe glyoxalase enzyme system utilizes intracellular thiols such as glutathione to convert α-ketoaldehydes, such as methylglyoxal, into D-hydroxyacids. This overview discusses several main aspects of the glyoxalase system and its likely function in the cell. The control of methylglyoxal levels in the cell is an important biochemical imperative and high levels have been associated with major medical symptoms that relate to this metabolite’s capability to covalently modify proteins, lipids and nucleic acid.

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Oostendorp, Marlies, Udo FH Engelke, Michèl AAP Willemsen, and Ron A. Wevers. "Diagnosing Inborn Errors of Lipid Metabolism with Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy." Clinical Chemistry 52, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2006.069112.

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Abstract Background: Many severe diseases are caused by defects in lipid metabolism. As a result, patients often accumulate unusual lipids in their blood and tissues, and proper identification of these lipids is essential for correct diagnosis. In this study, we investigated the potential use of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy to simultaneously identify and quantify (un)usual lipids present in the blood of patients with different inborn errors of lipid metabolism. Methods: We extracted blood plasma or serum lipids in chloroform–methanol (2:1 by volume). After addition of the nonvolatile chemical shift and concentration reference compound octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, we performed 1H-NMR measurements on a 500-MHz spectrometer. Assignments were based on the literature, computer simulations, and reference spectra of relevant authentic standards. Results: Spectra of normal plasma samples allowed the identification of 9 lipid species. We found good correlation between conventional methods and 1H-NMR for cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. We also investigated 4 inborn errors of lipid metabolism (3 in sterol metabolism and 1 in fatty acid metabolism). NMR analysis led to a correct diagnosis for all 4 diseases, whereas the concentration of the diagnostic metabolite could be determined for 3. Conclusions: 1H-NMR spectroscopy of blood plasma or serum lipid extracts can be used to accurately identify and quantify lipids. The method can also identify unusual lipids in the blood of patients with inborn errors of lipid metabolism. This technique may therefore be applicable in clinical diagnosis and follow-up.

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AHSAN, HASEEB. "Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry: The Role of Biomarkers and Biomolecules." Asian Journal of Science Education 4, no. 1 (April 22, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/ajse.v4i1.24431.

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Biochemistry is a branch of biosciences which deals with the study of chemical reactions that occur in living cells and organisms. It is a subject in which biological phenomenon is analyzed in terms of chemical reactions or metabolic pathways. Biochemistry has been previously named as biological chemistry, chemical biology, clinical chemistry, chemical pathology, physiological chemistry, including medical biochemistry and clinical biochemistry. Medical biochemistry studies the chemical composition and physiological reactions in the human body. Clinical biochemistry is the measurement of chemicals or analytes in body fluids for the diagnosis, monitoring and management of patients with various diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, etc. An increase in the number and availability of laboratory diagnostics has helped in the solution of clinical problems. Particularly important is the contribution of clinical chemistry to the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes. The importance of lipids and lipoproteins for public health has increased with clinical studies showing the benefit of lipid lowering in cardiovascular diseases. An understanding of clinical chemistry and biochemistry would be useful in the study of medical and allied sciences for the advancement of knowledge in academic and professional courses. This review article is an attempt to understand the scope and significance of basic and applied aspects of biochemistry

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Wild, R. A., D. Applebaum-Bowden, L. M. Demers, M. Bartholomew, J. R. Landis, W. R. Hazzard, and R. J. Santen. "Lipoprotein lipids in women with androgen excess: independent associations with increased insulin and androgen." Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.2.283.

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Abstract Concentrations of triglycerides are increased and concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are low in women with hyperandrogenism. These alterations could be related to excessive androgen or estrogen, to hyperinsulinism, or to a combination of these abnormalities. We examined their independent influences on lipids in 21 women with hyperandrogenism, subgrouped according to apparent source of androgen excess. Results for lipid, androgen, and insulin did not differ among subgroups, so these data were pooled. Free plus albumin-bound testosterone (uT) was correlated with triglycerides (r = 0.69, P less than 0.01) and HDL cholesterol (r = -0.56, P less than 0.01). Both triglycerides (r = 0.66, P less than 0.01) and HDL cholesterol (r = -0.48, P less than 0.05) were also correlated with insulin measured during fasting. Partial correlation revealed that, after adjusting for insulin, lipids were associated with uT. This suggests that androgen excess is independently related to lipid excess. Insulin also was correlated with lipids when adjusted for uT. Free plus albumin-bound estradiol was not associated with any of the lipids. We conclude that altered lipids in women with hyperandrogenism result from the independent effects of androgen and insulin.

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Jordan, P., D. Brubacher, U. Moser, H. B. Stähelin, and K. F. Gey. "Vitamin E and vitamin A concentrations in plasma adjusted for cholesterol and triglycerides by multiple regression." Clinical Chemistry 41, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 924–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/41.6.924.

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Abstract The plasma concentration of vitamins A and E varies with the amount of concurrent lipids and thus requires lipid standardization. The present study compares a new multiple regression-based method for adjusting vitamins A and E concentrations for cholesterol and triglycerides with previous methods (adjustment for cholesterol only, and adjustment for the sum of cholesterol and triglycerides). The results show that the new method can reduce influence of the concurrent lipids.

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Bel’Skaya, L. V., E. A. Sarf, and D. V. Solomatin. "DETERMINATION OF THE QUANTITATIVE CONTENT OF LIPIDS IN A BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL BY THE METHOD OF IR SPECTROSCOPY." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 64, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-4-204-209.

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A modification of the Folch method has been proposed for the quantitative determination of lipids in biological material, in which, after extraction of lipids with a chloroform / ethanol mixture, lipids are determined using IR spectroscopy. The bands corresponding to the stretching and deformation vibrations of the methyl and methylene groups of lipids and fatty acids were selected as analytical absorption bands: 1396, 1458, 2853, and 2923 cm- 1. These bands do not intersect with the absorption bands of proteins and nucleic acids, thus avoiding the stage of preliminary cleaning of lipids from non-lipid impurities. A multifactor regression model was constructed, which allows experimental data to be described with an error not exceeding 12%.

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Franck, P., J. L. Sallerin, H. Schroeder, M. A. Gelot, and P. Nabet. "Rapid determination of fecal fat by Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) with partial least-squares regression and an attenuated total reflectance accessory." Clinical Chemistry 42, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 2015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/42.12.2015.

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Abstract Fecal lipid content is usually determined by titrimetric or gravimetric methods, but these methods are time consuming and involve dangerous solvents. We have developed a new method of measuring fecal lipids by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) with an attenuated total reflectance accessory that is fast and requires no solvents. The spectra of stools from 4000 to 750 cm-1 were analyzed, and the lipid concentrations were measured by using a calibration curve prepared by partial least-squares analysis of data from 34 stools. The linearity of the method was tested by mixing low-lipid stools with lipid-overloaded stools to give a range of 0.5-15% lipid. The prediction residual values were -0.49-0.78% for calibrators, and -2.55-2.34% for unknown samples. There was good agreement between the fecal lipids measured by gravimetric (x) and FTIR(y) methods: y = 0.87x + 5.5. The standard error of prediction was 1.07%.

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Guille, Jennifer, John K. Raison, and Janusz M. Gebicki. "Radiation-induced lipid peroxidation and the fluidity of erythrocyte membrane lipids." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 3, no. 2 (January 1987): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(87)80010-2.

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Wratten, M. L., A. A. van't Veld, U. A. van der Heide, G. van Ginkel, A. Sevanian, and Y. K. Levine. "Structural and dynamic effects of oxidized lipids in unsaturated lipid membranes." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 9 (January 1990): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(90)90618-s.

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Friedlander, Y., J. D. Kark, and Y. Stein. "Variability of plasma lipids and lipoproteins: the Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic Study." Clinical Chemistry 31, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 1121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/31.7.1121.

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Abstract We examined the variability of lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in plasma from a population sample from the Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic study. Coefficients of variation of about 8% for plasma cholesterol, 11% to 15% for low- and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, and about 30% for triglyceride were reported, both for 17-year-olds and adults examined twice, with a median period of two months between measurements. Stability was similar in a subsample of adults who had an additional measurement a median of 28 months later. Within-assay analytical variation (CV) was 1.9-2.0% for cholesterol, 1.5-2.3% for triglyceride, and 4.5% for high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Between-assay variation was 3-5% for cholesterol and triglyceride and 10% for high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. The lower stability of the lipoprotein fractions of cholesterol than of total cholesterol emphasizes the need for repeated measurements of these fractions for more accurate characterization of subjects, especially those with extreme values, both for clinical use and for predicting outcome in follow-up studies.

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Cheserek, Maureen Jepkorir, Gui-Rong Wu, Arsene Ntazinda, Yong-Hui Shi, Li-Ye Shen, and Guo-Wei Le. "Association Between Thyroid Hormones, Lipids and Oxidative Stress Markers in Subclinical Hypothyroidism / Povezanost Izme\U Tireoidnih Hormona, Lipida I Markera Oksidativnog Stresa U SubkliniĉKoj Hipotireozi." Journal of Medical Biochemistry 34, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jomb-2014-0044.

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SummaryOxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases. It is recognized in overt hypothyroidism while its existence in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is not well established. The aim of this study was to determine whether there was increased oxidation of lipids and proteins in SCH, and examine their association with lipids and thyroid hormones.Methods: Male adults (35-59 years) with SCH (n=467) and euthyroid controls (n=190) were studied. Anthropometric measurements, plasma lipids, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), lipid peroxidation products, malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and dityrosine concentrations were measured.Results: Plasma concentrations of MDA were significantly higher (p<0.05) in SCH (8.11±1.39 nmol/mL) compared with euthyroid controls (7.34±1.31 nmol/mL) while AOPP, dityrosine and T-AOC levels were not different. MDA was not associated with TSH (β=-0.019, P=0.759), FT4 (β=-0.062, P=0.323) and FT3 (β=-0.018, P=0.780) in SCH while levels increased with elevated total cholesterol (β=0.229, P=0.001), LDL (β=0.203, P=0.009) and triglycerides (β=0.159, P=0.036) after adjustment for ageand body mass index. T-AOC reduced (β=-0.327, P=0.030) with increased MDA in euthyroid controls and not in SCH (β=-0.068, P=0.349), while levels increased with elevated triglycerides in both groups.Conclusion: Oxidative stress was increased in subclinical hypothyroidism as evidenced by the elevated lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde, while protein oxidation was absent. Thus, reduction of oxidative stress may be beneficial in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism

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Jensen, Jeffrey T., Ilana B. Addis, Jon D. Hennebold, and Randy L. Bogan. "Ovarian Lipid Metabolism Modulates Circulating Lipids in Premenopausal Women." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 102, no. 9 (January 6, 2017): 3138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-3456.

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Spratlen, Miranda J., Frederica P. Perera, Sally Ann Lederman, Morgan Robinson, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Julie Herbstman, and Leonardo Trasande. "The Association Between Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Lipids in Cord Blood." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 1 (September 19, 2019): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz024.

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Abstract Introduction Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were among various persistent organic pollutants suspected to have been released during the collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) on 9/11/2001. Evidence suggests that PFAS may have cardiometabolic effects, including alterations in lipid profiles. This study evaluated the association between cord blood PFAS and lipids in a population prenatally exposed to the WTC disaster. Study Population 222 pregnant women in the Columbia University WTC birth cohort enrolled between December 13, 2001 and June 26, 2002 at hospitals located near the WTC site: Beth Israel, St. Vincent’s, and New York University Downtown. Methods We evaluated the association between 5 cord blood PFAS—perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS)—and cord blood lipids (total lipids, total cholesterol, triglycerides). Results Median (interquartile range [IQR]) concentrations of PFAS were 6.32 (4.58–8.57), 2.46 (1.77–3.24), 0.38 (0.25–0.74), 0.66 (0.48–0.95) and 0.11 (0.09–0.16) ng/mL for PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFDS, respectively. Median (IQR) for lipids were 59.0 (51.5–68.5) mg/dL for total cholesterol, 196.5 (170.5–221.2) mg/dL for total lipids and 33.1 (24.2–43.9) mg/dL for triglycerides. In fully adjusted models, several PFAS were associated with higher lipid levels, including evidence of a strong linear trend between triglycerides and both PFOA and PFHxS. Conclusions Findings support previous evidence of an association between PFAS exposure and altered lipid profiles and add novel information on this relationship in cord blood, as well as for an understudied PFAS, PFDS (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105: 43–54, 2020).

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Fonteh, Alfred N., Robert J. Harrington, Andreas F. Huhmer, Roger G. Biringer, James N. Riggins, and Michael G. Harrington. "Identification of Disease Markers in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Using Lipidomic and Proteomic Methods." Disease Markers 22, no. 1-2 (2006): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/202938.

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Lipids comprise the bulk of the dry mass of the brain. In addition to providing structural integrity to membranes, insulation to cells and acting as a source of energy, lipids can be rapidly converted to mediators of inflammation or to signaling molecules that control molecular and cellular events in the brain. The advent of soft ionization procedures such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) have made it possible for compositional studies of the diverse lipid structures that are present in brain. These include phospholipids, ceramides, sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, cholesterol and their oxidized derivatives. Lipid analyses have delineated metabolic defects in disease conditions including mental retardation, Parkinson's Disease (PD), schizophrenia, Alzheimer's Disease (AD), depression, brain development, and ischemic stroke. In this review, we examine the structure of the major lipid classes in the brain, describe methods used for their characterization, and evaluate their role in neurological diseases. The potential utility of characterizing lipid markers in the brain, with specific emphasis on disease mechanisms, will be discussed. Additionally, we describe several proteomic strategies for characterizing lipid-metabolizing proteins in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These proteins may be potential therapeutic targets since they transport lipids required for neuronal growth or convert lipids into molecules that control brain physiology. Combining lipidomics and proteomics will enhance existing knowledge of disease pathology and increase the likelihood of discovering specific markers and biochemical mechanisms of brain diseases.

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Malejka-Giganti, Danuta, and Lauri J. Sammartano. "Interaction of C-nitrosoaromatics (NOA) with lipids: Route to lipid peroxidation (LPO)." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 9 (January 1990): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(90)90602-f.

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Lima, Émersom S., Marcelo G. Bonini, Ohara Augusto, Hermes V. Barbeiro, Heraldo P. Souza, and Dulcineia S. P. Abdalla. "Nitrated lipids decompose to nitric oxide and lipid radicals and cause vasorelaxation." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 39, no. 4 (August 2005): 532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.04.005.

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Barth, Julian H., Beryl M. Jackson, Amanda J. Farrin, Maria Efthymiou, Gillian Worthy, Joanne Copeland, Kristian M. Bailey, et al. "Change in Serum Lipids after Acute Coronary Syndromes: Secondary Analysis of SPACE ROCKET Study Data and a Comparative Literature Review." Clinical Chemistry 56, no. 10 (October 1, 2010): 1592–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.145631.

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BACKGROUND It has long been an accepted belief that serum cholesterol significantly falls after myocardial infarction and that a return to pre-event levels takes approximately 3 months. The magnitude and clinical significance of this fall has recently been challenged. METHODS In the Secondary Prevention of Acute Coronary Events—Reduction Of Cholesterol to Key European Targets (SPACE ROCKET) trial, we measured serum lipids of individuals on day 1 and between days 2 and 4 after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Second, we performed a thorough literature review and compared all studies reporting data on absolute changes in lipids immediately after AMI, using weighted means. RESULTS Of 1263 SPACE ROCKET participants, 128 had paired lipid measurements where both samples had been measured using identical methods at baseline and on days 2–4 after AMI. The mean lowering in total cholesterol between day 1 and day 2–4 was 0.71 mmol/L (95% CI 0.58–0.84; P < 0.0001) and in triglycerides was 0.10 mmol/L (−0.14–0.33; P = 0.405). A total of 25 papers showing absolute lipid changes post-AMI were identified. The combined data demonstrated a mean fall in total cholesterol of 9% to 11% from baseline over days 3–14 post-AMI, whereas for triglycerides, there was a rise of 18% from baseline to between day 9 and 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS After a secondary analysis of SPACE ROCKET data and a comparison of previously published data, we report a 10% fall in total cholesterol after AMI—a difference that is of high clinical significance. Consequently, measurement of serum lipids in patients with AMI should be performed within the first hours after presentation.

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Alves, Eliana, Marina Dias, Diana Lopes, Adelaide Almeida, Maria do Rosário Domingues, and Felisa Rey. "Antimicrobial Lipids from Plants and Marine Organisms: An Overview of the Current State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects." Antibiotics 9, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080441.

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In the actual post-antibiotic era, novel ways of rethinking antimicrobial research approaches are more urgent than ever. Natural compounds with antimicrobial activity such as fatty acids and monoacylglycerols have been investigated for decades. Additionally, the interest in other lipid classes as antimicrobial agents is rising. This review provides an overview on the research about plant and marine lipids with potential antimicrobial activity, the methods for obtaining and analyzing these compounds, with emphasis on lipidomics, and future perspectives for bioprospection and applications for antimicrobial lipids. Lipid extracts or lipids isolated from higher plants, algae or marine invertebrates are promising molecules to inactivate a wide spectrum of microorganisms. These lipids include a variety of chemical structures. Present and future challenges in the research of antimicrobial lipids from natural origin are related to the investment and optimization of the analytical workflow based on lipidomics tools, complementary to the bioassay-guided fractionation, to identify the active compound(s). Also, further work is needed regarding the study of their mechanism of action, the structure–activity relationship, the synergistic effect with conventional antibiotics, and the eventual development of resistance to lipids, which, as far as is known, is unlikely.

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Lajarin, F., R. Zaragoza, I. Tovar, and P. Martinez-Hernandez. "Evolution of serum lipids in two male bodybuilders using anabolic steroids." Clinical Chemistry 42, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 970–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/42.6.970.

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Abstract We followed weekly the evolution of serum lipid concentrations in two bodybuilders undergoing a cycle of treatment with anabolic steroids. These drugs caused maximum depression of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations by 69.1% in the fifth week after the beginning of the cycle for subject 1, and by 72.4% in the fourth week for subject 2. Maximum increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were 144% and 156%, respectively. Total cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) B were highly increased with anabolic steroid use. We also saw depression of apo A-I by 84% and 91%, and lipoprotein(a) decreased to undetectable amounts in both cases. These effects were reversed 10 weeks after the end of the steroid cycle in subject 1, but subject 2 still presented abnormal concentrations of serum lipids 13 weeks after drug cessation. The periods until reversibility of anabolic steroid effects on lipids were longer than those reported in previous studies.

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Yan, An, Guinan Xie, Xinya Ding, Yi Wang, and Liping Guo. "Effects of Lipid Overload on Heart in Metabolic Diseases." Hormone and Metabolic Research 53, no. 12 (December 2021): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1693-8356.

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AbstractMetabolic diseases are often associated with lipid and glucose metabolism abnormalities, which increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an important development of metabolic diseases and a major cause of death. Lipids are the main fuel for energy metabolism in the heart. The increase of circulating lipids affects the uptake and utilization of fatty acids and glucose in the heart, and also affects mitochondrial function. In this paper, the mechanism of lipid overload in metabolic diseases leading to cardiac energy metabolism disorder is discussed.

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Wang, Zihao, Xiaopeng Guo, Wenze Wang, Lu Gao, Xinjie Bao, Ming Feng, Wei Lian, Huijuan Zhu, and Bing Xing. "UPLC-MS/MS-based Lipidomic Profiles Revealed Aberrant Lipids Associated with Invasiveness of Silent Corticotroph Adenoma." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 106, no. 1 (August 8, 2020): e273-e287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa708.

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Abstract Context The accumulation of aberrant lipids and abnormal lipid metabolism in silent corticotroph adenomas (SCAs) could contribute to changes in clinical phenotypes, especially sphenoid sinus invasion. Objective To systematically investigate lipidomic and transcriptomic alterations associated with invasiveness and their potential molecular mechanisms in SCAs and to provide candidate biomarkers for predicting invasiveness and novel treatment options for invasive SCAs by targeting lipids. Methods Fifty-four SCAs (34 invasive/20 noninvasive) were subjected to lipidomic analysis based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and 42 clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (23 invasive/19 noninvasive) were subjected to transcriptomic analysis. Differential analysis was performed to determine differential lipids and genes between invasive and noninvasive tumors. A functionally connected network was constructed with the molecular pathways as cores. Multiple machine learning methods were applied to identify the most critical lipids, which were further used to construct a lipidomic signature to predict invasive SCAs by multivariate logistic regression, and its performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results Twenty-eight differential lipids were identified, and a functionally connected network was constructed with 2 lipids, 17 genes, and 4 molecular pathways. Connectivity Map (CMap) analysis further revealed 32 potential drugs targeting 4 genes and related pathways. The 4 most critical lipids were identified as risk factors contributing to the invasive phenotype. A lipidomic signature was constructed and showed excellent performance in discriminating invasive and noninvasive SCAs. Conclusions The lipidomic signature could serve as a promising predictor for the invasive SCA phenotype and provide potential therapeutic targets for SCAs.

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Rasbold, K., M. S. Rendell, and E. Goljan. "Simple removal of lipids from serum." Clinical Chemistry 31, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/31.5.782.

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Lund, Søren S., and Tonny Jensen. "Using Nonfasting Lipids—Hemodilution or Convenience?" Clinical Chemistry 57, no. 9 (September 1, 2011): 1336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.168104.

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Atkin, Mark A., Amy Gasper, Raj Ullegaddi, and Hilary J. Powers. "Oxidative Susceptibility of Unfractionated Serum or Plasma: Response to Antioxidants in Vitro and to Antioxidant Supplementation." Clinical Chemistry 51, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.051078.

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Abstract Background: The susceptibility of plasma lipids to oxidation is thought to be a factor contributing to atherogenic risk. Various groups have studied the in vitro oxidizability of isolated LDL and examined the effects of conventional antioxidants. The drawbacks associated with the isolation of LDL for evaluation of in vitro oxidizability, however, have limited the application of this measurement in large-scale studies. Methods: We developed and evaluated an assay that can be used to directly assess the oxidative susceptibility of unfractionated serum or plasma lipids, obviating the need for isolation of lipoprotein fractions. Oxidative conditions were initiated in vitro with cuprous chloride and 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride. The effects of antioxidants added in vitro, and as an oral supplement, were monitored by conjugated diene formation. Results: The addition of ascorbic acid (0–50 μmol/L) in vitro elicited a dose-dependent protective effect, increasing the lag time to oxidation (P <0.001). In contrast, α-tocopherol demonstrated prooxidant behavior at increasing concentrations (0–50 μmol/L), although we observed a decrease in the maximum rate of oxidation. Our findings are supported by the results from plasma samples of participants in a randomized antioxidant (vitamins C and E) intervention study after acute ischemic stroke. The group receiving vitamins C and E for 14 days showed an increased lag time to plasma lipid oxidation in vitro compared with the nonsupplemented group (P <0.05). Conclusion: The susceptibility of unfractionated plasma or serum lipids to oxidation in vitro offers an alternative to LDL for evaluating the efficacy of antioxidant regimens.

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Ahotupa, Markku, and Tommi J. Vasankari. "Baseline diene conjugation in LDL lipids:." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 27, no. 11-12 (December 1999): 1141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00201-4.

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Leonarduzzi, Gabriella, Simona Gargiulo, Daniela Rossin, Gabriella Testa, Paola Gamba, Erica Staurenghi, Serena Giannelli, Barbara Sottero, Fiorella Biasi, and Giuseppe Poli. "Oxidized lipids in atherosclerotic plaque instability." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 124 (August 2018): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.021.

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Miyagishima, K., S. Hiramitsu, S. Kato, Y. Kato, F. Kitagawa, R. Teradaira, R. Shinohara, et al. "Efficacy of Atorvastatin Therapy in Ischaemic Heart Disease – Effects on Oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein and Adiponectin." Journal of International Medical Research 35, no. 4 (July 2007): 534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147323000703500413.

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The lipid-lowering and anti-atherosclerotic effects of atorvastatin (10 mg/day) were investigated by measuring changes in the levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), serum lipids (total cholesterol [TC], LDL-cholesterol [LDL-C] and triglycerides [TG]), and in the protein adiponectin. This was undertaken in 22 patients with ischaemic heart disease and serum LDL-C levels > 100 mg/dl. After 3 months of therapy, atorvastatin significantly decreased serum lipids, oxidized LDL was reduced from 457.0 ± 148.6 to 286.9 ± 88.5 nmol/l, and adiponectin increased from 9.7 ± 7.4 to 13.9 ± 9.98 μg/ml. No significant correlation was observed between adiponectin and LDL-C, TG and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Atorvastatin therapy was not associated with side-effects, such as myalgia and gastrointestinal disorders, and did not give abnormal laboratory test results. It is concluded that atorvastatin decreases serum lipid and oxidized LDL levels, and increases adiponectin levels in patients with ischaemic heart disease.

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Om Prakash, Pradeep Kumar, Bhumija Sharma, Seema Goal, Preeti Sharma, and Mohapatra TK. "Lipid profiles of umbilical cord blood: A comparative study in pre-term and full-term Newborns." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 7630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4137.

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The foremost causes of death in developed and developing countries both are cardiovascular disorders. Higher concentration of lipids in pre term neonates may increase their future risk of cardiovascular diseases. Early diagnosis and dietary modifications and proper management may rectify the risk factors and prevent future risk of cardiovascular disease. Our study aims to compare lipid profiles and atherogenic index in the cord blood of pre-term and full-term neonates. It is a retrospective and observational study conducted for a period of one year from December 2018 to November 2019 in the Departments of Biochemistry and Gynecology of Santosh Medical College and Hospitals, Ghaziabad and K D Medical College Hospital and Research center. Among 60 neonates including 30 (50%) term and 30 (50%) preterm, TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, were raised in preterm when compared to term babies while HDL level was significantly increased (<0.05) in a term as compared to preterm babies. This study supports inverse relation between gestational age and lipid profile and this deranged lipid profile preterm group could be a threat or among factors for the future development of Atherosclerotic and cardiovascular diseases in their former part of life.

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Agatonovic-Kustrin, Snezana, David William Morton, Valeriy Smirnov, Alexey Petukhov, Vladimir Gegechkori, Vera Kuzina, Natalya Gorpinchenko, and Galina Ramenskaya. "Analytical Strategies in Lipidomics for Discovery of Functional Biomarkers from Human Saliva." Disease Markers 2019 (December 4, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6741518.

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Human saliva is increasingly being used and validated as a biofluid for diagnosing, monitoring systemic disease status, and predicting disease progression. The discovery of biomarkers in saliva biofluid offers unique opportunities to bypass the invasive procedure of blood sampling by using oral fluids to evaluate the health condition of a patient. Saliva biofluid is clinically relevant since its components can be found in plasma. As salivary lipids are among the most essential cellular components of human saliva, there is great potential for their use as biomarkers. Lipid composition in cells and tissues change in response to physiological changes and normal tissues have a different lipid composition than tissues affected by diseases. Lipid imbalance is closely associated with a number of human lifestyle-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, systemic cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases. Thus, identification of lipidomic biomarkers or key lipids in different diseases can be used to diagnose diseases and disease state and evaluate response to treatments. However, further research is needed to determine if saliva can be used as a surrogate to serum lipid profiles, given that highly sensitive methods with low limits of detection are needed to discover salivary biomarkers in order to develop reliable diagnostic and disease monitoring salivary tests. Lipidomic methods have greatly advanced in recent years with a constant advance in mass spectrometry (MS) and development of MS detectors with high accuracy and high resolution that are able to determine the elemental composition of many lipids.

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Brown, S. A., E. Boerwinkle, F. K. Kashanian, N. Swanson, and W. Patsch. "Variation in concentration of lipids, lipoprotein lipids, and apolipoproteins A-I and B in plasma from healthy women." Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.2.207.

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Abstract The components of total variation--biological, inter- and intra-individual, and analytical--of plasma lipids, lipoprotein lipids, and apolipoproteins A-I and B have been determined in a population of 44 healthy women, ages 18-35 years. Blood was sampled three separate times at three-month intervals, with no restrictions on diet or physical activity during these periods. The greatest inter-individual variances were observed for high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, HDL2-cholesterol, and total plasma cholesterol. Triglycerides had the highest intra-individual variance (CV 22%). The percentage of inter- and intra-individual variances of apolipoprotein A-I concentrations were more reflective of total HDL- and HDL2-cholesterol content than of HDL3-cholesterol. Concentrations of calculated low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol showed a greater inter-individual variation (18.6%) than did apolipoprotein B (10.7%). The laboratory CVs for these analytes were similar to other reported values. From these data, we computed the expected variation for subjects in our study for single and repeated measurements. Such considerations can influence decision-making in the clinical setting or in designing epidemiological studies.

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Cruciani, Gabriele, Pedro Domingues, Maria Fedorova, Francesco Galli, and Corinne M. Spickett. "Redox lipidomics and adductomics - Advanced analytical strategies to study oxidized lipids and lipid-protein adducts." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 144 (November 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.027.

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Liu, Jia, Lu Bai, Weimin Wang, Yuqing Song, Wenbo Zhao, Qingwei Li, and Qiming Wu. "LC-MS-Based Lipidomic Analysis of Serum Samples from Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)." Disease Markers 2022 (February 12, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5559470.

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Background. With the development of social economy, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is becoming a severe health problem globally. Methods. To systematically understand the lipid metabolism in T2DM, we applied untargeted lipidomics to the serum of T2DM patients and control group using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). Results. Over two thousand molecular features were detected by our approach, of which 222 lipid species in positive ion mode and 145 species in negative were reliably identified based on precise molecular weights and MS/MS patterns. Multivariate analysis was adopted to differentiate T2DM patients and the control group using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA). The dysregulated lipid species were found and their significance in pathophysiology was discussed. Correlation analysis of selected lipids and important clinical variables was performed and addressed. Conclusions. This study unveils several new lipids and pathways considerably involved in T2DM and provides novel insights into understanding the pathogenesis underlying T2DM.

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Kolanjiappan, K., S. Manoharan, and M. Kayalvizhi. "Measurement of erythrocyte lipids, lipid peroxidation, antioxidants and osmotic fragility in cervical cancer patients." Clinica Chimica Acta 326, no. 1-2 (December 2002): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00300-5.

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Evran, Betül, Abdurrahman Fatih Aydın, Buse Uğuralp, Mehmet Sar, Semra Doğru-Abbasoğlu, and Müjdat Uysal. "Betaine treatment decreased serum glucose and lipid levels, hepatic and renal oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 43, no. 4 (April 4, 2017): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2016-0183.

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Abstract Objective The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of betaine (BET) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) in rats. Additionally, the efficiency of BET was compared with metformin (MET), a standard oral antidiabetic drug. Methods STZ (55 mg/kg body weight; i.p.) was injected to male Wistar rats. Rats with DM were treated with BET (1 g/kg body weight/day;) or MET (500 mg/kg body weight/day;) for 4 weeks. Blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum glucose, lipids, hepatic and renal function tests and urinary protein levels were examined. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) levels, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were also determined in liver and kidney. Results Glucose, HbA1c, and serum lipids increased and liver and kidney function tests were impaired in diabetic rats. Hepatic and renal ROS formation and MDA levels were elevated, hepatic, but not renal GSH and FRAP levels were decreased. BET decreased blood HbA1c, serum glucose and lipid levels and urine protein levels. BET diminished hepatic and renal prooxidant status. Conclusion Our results indicate that BET may be effective in decreasing STZ-induced high levels of blood HbA1c, and serum glucose and lipid levels and prooxidant status in liver and kidney tissues.

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Dias, Irundika. "Analysis of oxidised lipids; validation and application." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 120 (May 2018): S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.015.

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Mousa, Aya, Kevin Huynh, Stacey J. Ellery, Boyd J. Strauss, Anju E. Joham, Barbora de Courten, Peter J. Meikle, and Helena J. Teede. "Novel Lipidomic Signature Associated With Metabolic Risk in Women With and Without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 107, no. 5 (December 31, 2021): e1987-e1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab931.

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Abstract Context Dyslipidemia is a feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and may augment metabolic dysfunction in this population. Objective Using comprehensive lipidomic profiling and gold-standard metabolic measures, we examined whether distinct lipid biomarkers were associated with metabolic risk in women with and without PCOS. Methods Using preexisting data and biobanked samples from 76 women (n = 42 with PCOS), we profiled > 700 lipid species by mass spectrometry. Lipids were compared between women with and without PCOS and correlated with direct measures of adiposity (dual x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography) and insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), as well as fasting insulin, HbA1c, and hormonal parameters (luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones; total and free testosterone; sex hormone–binding globulin [SHBG]; and free androgen index [FAI]). Multivariable linear regression was used with correction for multiple testing. Results Despite finding no differences by PCOS status, lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) species esterified with an 18:0 fatty acid were the strongest lipid species associated with all the metabolic risk factors measured in women with and without PCOS. Across the cohort, higher concentrations of LPI(18:0) and lower concentrations of lipids containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were associated with higher adiposity, insulin resistance, fasting insulin, HbA1c and FAI, and lower SHBG. Conclusion Our data indicate that a distinct lipidomic signature comprising high LPI(18:0) and low DHA-containing lipids are associated with key metabolic risk factors that cluster in PCOS, independent of PCOS status. Prospective studies are needed to corroborate these findings in larger cohorts of women with varying PCOS phenotypes.

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Yang, Dagan, Qian Cai, Xinglun Qi, and Yunxian Zhou. "Postprandial Lipid Concentrations and Daytime Biological Variation of Lipids in a Healthy Chinese Population." Annals of Laboratory Medicine 38, no. 5 (September 28, 2018): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3343/alm.2018.38.5.431.

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Alvarez, C., and A. Ramos. "Lipids, lipoproteins, and apoproteins in serum during infection." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.1.142.

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Abstract We studied the alterations in the concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and apoproteins A and B in serum of 54 patients hospitalized for various reasons, who developed sepsis during their stay. Forty of these patients required intensive care, 14 did not. Another group of patients with the same underlying pathological conditions was used as a control. We found the following: Sepsis causes the concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apoproteins A and B in serum to decrease, whereas triglycerides increase. However, these changes are not related to the infectious agent, the underlying illness, or the clinical situation of the patients. The return of serum lipids to more normal concentrations parallels the recovery from sepsis. The positive correlation between the drastically decreased concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the severe hypoalbuminemia in these patients suggests a common pathway for these two abnormalities.

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Ogedegbe, Henry O., and David W. Brown. "Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins and Their Disease Associations." Laboratory Medicine 32, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/tc1p-17e3-yuxu-7b7n.

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Corella, Dolores, Donna K. Arnett, Michael Y. Tsai, Edmond K. Kabagambe, James M. Peacock, James E. Hixson, Robert J. Straka, et al. "The −256T>C Polymorphism in the Apolipoprotein A-II Gene Promoter Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Food Intake in the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network Study." Clinical Chemistry 53, no. 6 (June 1, 2007): 1144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2006.084863.

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Abstract Background: Apolipoprotein A-II (APOA2) plays an ambiguous role in lipid metabolism, obesity, and atherosclerosis. Methods: We studied the association between a functional APOA2 promoter polymorphism (−265T>C) and plasma lipids (fasting and postprandial), anthropometric variables, and food intake in 514 men and 564 women who participated in the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) study. We obtained fasting and postprandial (after consuming a high-fat meal) measures. We measured lipoprotein particle concentrations by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and estimated dietary intake by use of a validated questionnaire. Results: We observed recessive effects for this polymorphism that were homogeneous by sex. Individuals homozygous for the −265C allele had statistically higher body mass index (BMI) than did carriers of the T allele. Consistently, after multivariate adjustment, the odds ratio for obesity in CC individuals compared with T allele carriers was 1.70 (95% CI 1.02–2.80, P = 0.039). Interestingly, total energy intake in CC individuals was statistically higher [mean (SE) 9371 (497) vs 8456 (413) kJ/d, P = 0.005] than in T allele carriers. Likewise, total fat and protein intakes (expressed in grams per day) were statistically higher in CC individuals (P = 0.002 and P = 0.005, respectively). After adjustment for energy, percentage of carbohydrate intake was statistically lower in CC individuals. These associations remained statistically significant even after adjustment for BMI. We found no associations with fasting lipids and only some associations with HDL subfraction distribution in the postprandial state. Conclusions: The −265T>C polymorphism is consistently associated with food consumption and obesity, suggesting a new role for APOA2 in regulating dietary intake.

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Ito, A., K. Kitamura, K. Sato, and H. Akamatsu. "A Novel Enzymatic Assay for the Quantification of Skin Surface Lipids." Journal of International Medical Research 24, no. 1 (January 1996): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006059602400109.

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The applicability of a novel enzymatic assay for quantifying skin surface lipids was investigated experimentally. The standard curves for the assays of glycerol esters, free fatty acids, and cholesterol and its esters were linear over a wide range of lipid concentrations, which ensures the accuracy of measurements. The assay system also showed good simultaneous reproducibility. There were significant positive correlations ( P < 0.001) between the quantities of glycerol esters, free fatty acids, and cholesterol and its esters sampled from the skin surface of women when measured by the enzymatic assay compared with the gas chromatographic method. The enzymatic assay was applied to studies of the relationships between age, acne and menstrual cycle, and skin surface lipids in women. The quantities of glycerol esters and free fatty acids reached peaks in females in their twenties and thirties. Increased quantities of glycerol esters, free fatty acids, and cholesterol and its esters were observed in women with acne compared with women without acne. Among the women with acne, those in the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle showed increased levels of glycerol esters, free fatty acids, and cholesterol and its esters compared with those in the menstrual phase. The results suggest that the enzymatic method is a satisfactory new technique for the quantification of skin surface lipids.

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Mainard, F., Y. Madec, and N. Robinet. "Variations in the composition of low- and high-density lipoproteins during the acute phase of myocardial infarction." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.1.139.

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Abstract We analyzed correlations between apolipoprotein B (apo B), cholesterol and phospholipids (preponderant lipids) in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) as well as between apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) and these same lipids in high-density lipoproteins (HDL), during the acute phase of myocardial infarction. In LDL, a very elevated and stable correlation (r) was observed between these parameters, and the coefficients of regression (b) did not differ significantly during the period studied. In HDL, there was a decrease in r and b values from day 1 to day 2, then an increase after day 2. We hypothesize that these disturbances in HDL composition may be due to a greater endocytosis of LDL at day 2, leading to intracellular increase in cholesterol and phospholipids. Part of these lipids could be taken up by HDL molecules, causing a transient overload.

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Assemie, Anmut, and Galana Abaya. "The Effect of Edible Mushroom on Health and Their Biochemistry." International Journal of Microbiology 2022 (March 23, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8744788.

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Edible mushrooms are fungi that can be seen with the naked eye and are relatively easy to gather by hand. This review article highlights the health benefit and the biochemistry of several mushroom species. Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus species. Lentinus edodes, and Volvariella species are the most acceptable varieties among the cultivated mushroom. Various biochemical methods such as methanol, ethanol, and water extract of different parts of the edible mushroom in the laboratory have been applied to determine and/or quantify the presence and effectiveness of their chemical compounds, food value, and medicinal properties. They contain varying amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, minerals, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, and lectins and vitamins, as well as lowering cholesterol levels in the body. Due to the presence of those vital nutrients, mushrooms are the best food item with high nutritional value. These compounds have a wide range of therapeutic effects and can act as immunomodulatory, anticarcinogenic, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents. Routine consumption of edible mushrooms would give adequate protection due to the presence of all the necessary nutrients from them. Therefore, edible mushrooms are herbal antibiotics to many diseases as well as various cancers of humans.

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Husted, Cynthia, and Lobsang Dhondup. "Tibetan Medical Interpretation of Myelin Lipids and Multiple Sclerosis." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1172, no. 1 (August 2009): 278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1393.022.

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Zakharova, Anastasiia A., Svetlana S. Efimova, and Olga S. Ostroumova. "Lipid Microenvironment Modulates the Pore-Forming Ability of Polymyxin B." Antibiotics 11, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101445.

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The ability of polymyxin B, an antibiotic used to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria as a last-line therapeutic option, to form ion pores in model membranes composed of various phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides was studied. Our data demonstrate that polymyxin B predominantly interacts with negatively charged lipids. Susceptibility decreases as follows: Kdo2-Lipid A >> DOPG ≈ DOPS >> DPhPG ≈ TOCL ≈ Lipid A. The dimer and hexamer of polymyxin B are involved in the pore formation in DOPG(DOPS)- and Kdo2-Lipid A-enriched bilayers, respectively. The pore-forming ability of polymyxin B significantly depends on the shape of membrane lipids, which indicates that the antibiotic produces toroidal lipopeptide-lipid pores. Small amphiphilic molecules diminishing the membrane dipole potential and inducing positive curvature stress were shown to be agonists of pore formation by polymyxin B and might be used to develop innovative lipopeptide-based formulations.

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Smajić, J., S. Hasić, E. Kučukalić, N. Serdarević, and S. Tihić-Kapidžić. "Etiology of chronic kidney disease influences on values of lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins and lipid indices." Clinica Chimica Acta 493 (June 2019): S484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1021.

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Đerić, Mirjana, Sunčica Kojić-Damjanov, Velibor Čabarkapa, and Nevena Eremić. "Biochemical Markers of Atherosclerosis." Journal of Medical Biochemistry 27, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10011-008-0008-1.

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Biochemical Markers of AtherosclerosisThis paper is a brief review of some lipid parameters and serum markers of inflammation in a view of their predictive relevance for the atherosclerotic disease. A discourse on the importance of measuring different lipids and lipoproteins, concentration of LDL particles and apolipoprotein levels is still underway. Also, the recommendations for apolipoprotein (a), phenotypization and other lipid markers have not yet been established. In recent years the recommendations imply simultaneous measuring of multiple markers and calculating the lipid index values such as lipid tetrad index (LTI), lipid pentad index (LPI) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Several circulating markers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein, serum fibrinogen and elevated leukocyte number, are consistently associated with atherosclerosis. In spite of a lack of evidence on measuring the C-reactive protein in a wide population, the guidelines for its application in diagnostics and therapy of coronary heart disease were developed. Some proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules and markers of leukocyte activation are promising markers, requiring, however, more detailed prospective evaluation. The question to be elucidated is if these inflammatory markers are directly involved in the pathogenic process.

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Nagarajan, Vijayasarathi, Venkatesh Gopalan, Manami Kaneko, Veronique Angeli, Peter Gluckman, Arthur Mark Richards, Philip W. Kuchel, and S. Sendhil Velan. "Cardiac function and lipid distribution in rats fed a high-fat diet: in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 304, no. 11 (June 1, 2013): H1495—H1504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00478.2012.

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Obesity is a major risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and its pathophysiological precondition insulin resistance. Very little is known about the metabolic changes that occur in the myocardium and consequent changes in cardiac function that are associated with high-fat accumulation. Therefore, cardiac function and metabolism were evaluated in control rats and those fed a high-fat diet, using magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mRNA analysis, histology, and plasma biochemistry. Analysis of blood plasma from rats fed the high-fat diet showed that they were insulin resistant ( P < 0.001). Our high-fat diet model had higher heart weight ( P = 0.005) and also increasing trend in septal wall thickness ( P = 0.07) compared with control diet rats. Our results from biochemistry, magnetic resonance imaging, and mRNA analysis confirmed that rats on the high-fat diet had moderate diabetes along with mild cardiac hypertrophy. The magnetic resonance spectroscopy results showed the extramyocellular lipid signal only in the spectra from high-fat diet rats, which was absent in the control diet rats. The intramyocellular lipids in high-fat diet rats was higher (8.7%) compared with rats on the control diet (6.1%). This was confirmed by electron microscope and light microscopy studies. Our results indicate that lipid accumulation in the myocardium might be an early indication of the cardiovascular pathophysiology associated with type 2 diabetes.

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Fischer, Carol L. "Antimicrobial Activity of Host-Derived Lipids." Antibiotics 9, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9020075.

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Host-derived lipids are increasingly recognized as antimicrobial molecules that function in innate immune activities along with antimicrobial peptides. Sphingoid bases and fatty acids found on the skin, in saliva and other body fluids, and on all mucosal surfaces, including oral mucosa, exhibit antimicrobial activity against a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and reduce inflammation in animal models. Multiple studies demonstrate that the antimicrobial activity of lipids is both specific and selective. There are indications that the site of action of antimicrobial fatty acids is the bacterial membrane, while the long-chain bases may inhibit cell wall synthesis as well as interacting with bacterial membranes. Research in this area, although still sporadic, has slowly increased in the last few decades; however, we still have much to learn about antimicrobial lipid mechanisms of activity and their potential use in novel drugs or topical treatments. One important potential benefit for the use of innate antimicrobial lipids (AMLs) as antimicrobial agents is the decreased likelihood side effects with treatment. Multiple studies report that endogenous AML treatments do not induce damage to cells or tissues, often decrease inflammation, and are active against biofilms. The present review summarizes the history of antimicrobial lipids from the skin surface, including both fatty acids and sphingoid bases, in multiple human body systems and summarizes their relative activity against various microorganisms. The range of antibacterial activities of lipids present at the skin surface and in saliva is presented. Some observations relevant to mechanisms of actions are discussed, but are largely still unknown. Multiple recent studies examine the therapeutic and prophylactic uses of AMLs. Although these lipids have been repeatedly demonstrated to act as innate effector molecules, they are not yet widely accepted as such. These compiled data further support fatty acid and sphingoid base inclusion as innate effector molecules.

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Attar, K. M., M. A. Abdel-Aal, and P. Debayle. "Distribution of trace elements in the lipid and nonlipid matter of hair." Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.3.477.

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Abstract We studied the effect of lipid removal on the concentrations of 13 trace elements measured in human hair. We used a pooled specimen of hair from a barber shop, initially washed with de-ionized water, with ultrasonic cleaning, then analyzed for Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Si, Sr, and Zn with use of an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. The lipid was removed by Soxhlet extraction with ethanol, and the hair was re-analyzed. We found several elements present in a relatively large proportion (greater than 20%) in the lipid fraction, mainly Na, K, Ca, Mg, Ni, and Sr. We suggest that removal of part or all of the lipids from hair by using detergents or other lipid-removing solvents for washing may account for the variability in data on elements in hair reported by different laboratories, and that those elements largely present in the lipid fraction are the result of environmental exposure, whereas those retained in the hair fiber after lipid removal can be attributed to nutritional and clinical aspects. We believe that such determination of the distribution of elements may help validate the use of hair in assessing trace elements in the body.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Medical Biochemistry: Lipids'

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