Books: 'Mediating Mechanisms'

1

Ramkumar, Vickram, and Leonard P. Rybak, eds. Inflammatory Mechanisms in Mediating Hearing Loss. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92507-3.

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2

Hillier, Andrew. Mediating Empire. GB Folkestone: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781912961023.

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As part of the growing scholarship on family and empire, this study examines Britain’s presence in China through the lens of one family, arguing that, as the physical embodiment of the imperial project, it provided a social and cultural mechanism for mediating Britain’s imperial power, authority and presence, and forging connections and networks throughout the expanding British world. Drawing on public and private papers, it breaks significant new ground in its development of those themes.

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3

Winn, Louise Mary. Oxidative damage as a potential molecular mechanism mediating phenytoin teratogenesis. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.

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4

Dahlem Workshop on What Are the Mechanisms Mediating the Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Behavior? Twins as a Tool of Behavioral Genetics (1992 Berlin, Germany). Twins as a tool of behavioral genetics: Report of the Dahlem Workshop on What Are the Mechanisms Mediating the Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Behavior? Twins as a Tool of Behavioral Genetics, Berlin 1992, May 17-22. Chichester: J. Wiley, 1993.

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5

Acharya, N. K. Alternate dispute settlement mechanisms: Arbitration, settlement, conciliation, pre-arbitral proceedings in civil works, international law governing commercial arbitration & lok adalat. Hyderabad: N.K. Acharya, 1999.

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6

Haroutyunian, Sona, and Dario Miccoli. Orienti migranti: tra letteratura e traduzione. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-499-8.

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The book series, edited by Nicoletta Pesaro and sponsored by the Department of Asian and North African Studies, aims to give voice to a time-honoured branch of theoretical and practical research across the disciplines and research domains within the Department. The series aims to establish a platform for scholarly discussion and a space for international dialogue on the translation of Asian and North African languages. In doing so, the project aims to observe and verify the translingual and transcultural dynamics triggered by translation from and into said ‘languages-cultures’, as well as to identify and explore the deep cultural mechanisms and structures involved in interethnic behaviours and relationships. Translation is also a major research tool in the humanities. As a matter of fact, a hermeneutic potential in terms of cultural mediation is inherent in translation activities and in the reflection on translation: it is precisely this potential that allows scholars, in both their research and dissemination work, to bring to the surface the interethnic and intercultural dynamics regulating the relationships between civilisations, both diachronically and synchronically. The project is a continuation and a development of the research carried out in recent years by the former Department of East Asian Studies – now Department of Asian and North African Studies – of Ca’ Foscari University of Venice through a series of initiatives organised by the research group on the translation of Asian languages “Laboratorio sulla Traduzione delle Lingue orientali” (Laboratori sulle lingue orientali). Such activities involved periodical meetings on translation, whose objective was to introduce and discuss specific issues in translation from and into Asian languages, as well as several international events (workshops, conferences, and symposia).

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7

Ramkumar, Vickram, and Leonard P. Rybak. Inflammatory Mechanisms in Mediating Hearing Loss. Springer, 2019.

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8

Ramkumar, Vickram, and Leonard P. Rybak. Inflammatory Mechanisms in Mediating Hearing Loss. Springer, 2018.

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9

Sung, Michael T. Design of multivalent, peptide-based drug delivery vehicles and investigation into mechanisms mediating their cellular uptake. 2006.

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10

Brondolo, Elizabeth, Irene V. Blair, and Amandeep Kaur. Biopsychosocial Mechanisms Linking Discrimination to Health: A Focus on Social Cognition. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.8.

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This chapter presents a theoretical framework that highlights the role of social cognition in mediating the effects of discrimination on health. This framework suggests that through alterations in schemas and appraisal processes, long-term discrimination increases the experienced frequency, intensity, and duration of threat exposure and concomitant distress. At the same time, the ability to recover from threat exposure may be impaired by the effects of discrimination on cognitive control processes that are necessary for modulating stress responses. Together, these processes may influence the ability to initiate and sustain health-promoting behavior, avoid health-impairing behavior, attenuate stress reactivity, and facilitate stress recovery. Through effects on social cognition, persistent exposure to discrimination may potentiate sustained dysregulation of psychophysiological systems responsible for maintaining health.

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11

Papanicolaou, Andrew C., and Marina Kilintari. Imaging the Networks of Language. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.15.

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Among the “higher” functions, language and its cerebral networks is the most intensively explored through behavioral or clinical studies and, more recently, through functional neuroimaging. From the former studies, several models (only partially congruent) have emerged during the past three centuries regarding the organization and topography of the brain mechanisms of the acoustic, phonological, semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic operations in which psycholinguists have divided the language function. The main task of this chapter is to extract from the vast functional neuroimaging literature of language reliable evidence that would be used to disconfirm the various hypotheses comprising the current language models. Most of these hypotheses concern the anatomical structures that could be considered nodes or hubs of the neuronal networks mediating the above-mentioned linguistic operations. Using the same criteria, the authors present neuroimaging evidence relevant to the issue of the neuronal mediation of sign languages, reading, and dyslexia.

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12

Adkins, Daniel E., Kelli M. Rasmussen, and Anna R. Docherty. Social Epigenetics of Human Behavior. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.40.

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It is well established that extreme social adversity can lead to negative health outcomes decades after the resolution of the precipitating environmental insult. Although the underlying mechanisms through which such adversity gets “under the skin” to become biologically embedded have long been considered a black box, recent research has indicated an important mediating role for epigenetic mechanisms—molecular modifications that regulate gene activity without changing the DNA sequence. With technical and scientific developments now enabling genome-wide epigenetic studies in humans, behavioral researchers have an unprecedented opportunity to empirically map the ways in which social dynamics become epigenetically embedded, influencing downstream gene expression, health, and behavior. This chapter examines the current state of social epigenetics research and discusses the opportunities and challenges facing this emerging field.

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13

Podsakoff, Philip M., Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. Research on Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Where Do We Go From Here? Edited by Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.41.

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The purpose of this chapter is to highlight some of the most valuable suggestions for future organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) research made by the authors of this handbook. It is organized by section, beginning with future research issues related to the conceptual nature of OCB. Following this, we examine new directions for research on the consequences and antecedents of OCB. Next, we highlight promising ideas related to the mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions of the antecedents and consequences of OCBs that could be investigated in future research. Finally, we call attention to several methodological issues and problems that have implications for future research.

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14

Daly, Tom Gerald. Beyond Representation in Pandemic Responses: Independent and International Institutions. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance and the Constitution Transformation Network, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.79.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has seen the marked centralization and exertion of executive power, and, more broadly, a focus on the response of other elected organs. However, the pandemic has also shone a light on the key roles played by unelected independent institutions and international bodies, from public health actors to courts to international organizations and beyond. Constitutional INSIGHTS No. 8 explores the types of independent institutions that have shaped state action to suppress the virus, focusing on four principal functions: sources of expertise; implementation mechanisms; constraints on government action; and linkage actors mediating between the domestic, transnational and international spheres.

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15

Alcantara, Lyonna F., Eric M. Parise, and Carlos A. Bolaños-Guzmán. Animal Models of Mood Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0026.

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Animal modeling has advanced our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of human neuropsychiatric disorders and facilitated development of safer, more efficient medications. Similar to humans with depression, rodents exposed to various stress paradigms exhibit aberrant responses to rewarding stimuli, along with hormonal and immunological dysregulation. Development of more complex models, such as social defeat, has led to a firmer grasp of the mechanisms mediating resilience and susceptibility to stress; and adapted versions of social defeat have yielded insights into how emotional stress influences development of mood disorders. This chapter focuses on stress-induced models of mood disorders and outlines how a depression-like phenotype is induced and tested in rodents.

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16

Paul, Karsten I., Alice Hassel, and Klaus Moser. Individual Consequences of Job Loss and Unemployment. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.028.

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Scholars from several different fields have studied the individual consequences of job loss and unemployment since the beginning of the twentieth century. This chapter provides a review of some important results of this research with special emphasis on the effects of unemployment on mental health. Among the topics reviewed are the size and practical relevance of these effects and the question of causality (i.e., does job loss really cause distress or are people with distress symptoms more likely to lose their jobs and remain unemployed for a longer time?) Results of moderator variables are also reviewed, as well as those concerning coping mechanisms. Then theories concerning the question of why unemployment impairs mental health (mediating mechanisms) are described, along with empirical results. Finally, some selected research findings for other outcome dimensions, ranging from physical health to political attitudes, are reported. The chapter ends with a discussion of the practical consequences of the reviewed research findings and the identification of research gaps.

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17

Naninck, E. F. G., P. J. Lucassen, and Aniko Korosi. Consequences of Early-Life Experiences on Cognition and Emotion. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.003.

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Perinatal experiences during a critical developmental period program brain structure and function “for life,” thereby determining vulnerability to psychopathology and cognition in adulthood. Although these functional consequences are associated with alterations in HPA-axis activity and hippocampal structure and function, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The parent-offspring relationship (i.e., sensory and nutritional inputs by the mother) is key in mediating these lasting effects. This chapter discusses how early-life events, for example, the amount of maternal care, stress, and nutrition, can affect emotional and cognitive functions later in life. Interestingly, effects of perinatal malnutrition resemble the perinatal stress-induced long-term deficits. Because stress and nutrition are closely interrelated, it proposes that altered stress hormones and changes in specific key nutrients during critical developmental periods act synergistically to program brain structure and function, possibly via epigenetic mechanisms. Understanding how the adult brain is shaped by early experiences is essential to develop behavioural and nutritional preventive therapy.

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18

Amanzio, Martina, and Sara Palermo. Conceptualizing Placebo as Active Component and Adjunct in Psychological Treatment. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.20.

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Studies on placebo analgesic effects have shown that they can mimic the neurophysiological effects of active medication and can result in subjective pain relief. Classical conditioning and expectancy have been implicated as mechanisms mediating the placebo response. Given that the effects of placebo, psychological treatments, and active medications appear to be mediated by overlapping neurophysiological systems, intricate interactions of pharmacological and psychosocial factors must be assumed to converge at the neurobiological level. Study of the placebo response offers a paradigm and opportunity to study the effect of the psychosocial context per se, placebo treatment, psychotherapy, and active medication effects, thus offering exciting possibilities for improving the healthcare of patients and their ability to obtain the best possible health outcomes.

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19

Winn, Louise Mary. Oxidative damage as a potential molecular mechanism mediating phenytoin teratogenesis. 1995.

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20

Westberg, Lars, and Hasse Walum. Oxytocin and Vasopressin Gene Variation and the Neural Basis of Social Behaviors. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.011.

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Experimental studies in rodents and humans show that the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin are important regulators of behaviors related to social interactions. Evidence for positive effects of oxytocin treatment on symptoms of psychiatric disorders characterized by impaired social functioning has emerged. Numerous studies report associations between various social behaviors, the risk of autism, and polymorphisms inOXTRandAVPR1A. This chapter provides an overview of these genetic association studies. Although many of the published findings are inconclusive and need replication in independent samples, the chapter concludes that variants ofOXTRandAVPR1Aseem to moderate individual variation in different aspects of social behavior. The challenges for future studies include replication of current findings, identification of the functional variants, and characterization of the neural mechanisms mediating the gene-behavior associations, as well as exploration of the pharmacogenetic potential ofOXTRandAVPR1Ain future clinical trials.

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21

Kulik, Carol T., and Isabel Metz. Women at the Top. Edited by Michael A. Hitt. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935406.013.7.

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There is now an international agenda to increase women’s representation at the top of organizations. This agenda is driven in part by a business case arguing that gender diversity brings value, particularly economic value, to organizations. In this article, we review the empirical evidence linking women’s representation in senior leadership roles to countable, verifiable organizational outcomes (e.g., organizational financial performance, practices, and demographics). We consider women’s impact when they are CEOs, directors on corporate boards, members of the top management team, and managers. We conclude that women at the top have an impact on organizational outcomes, but this impact is more visible on organizational practices and organizational demography than on financial performance. We recommend that researchers studying the gender-performance link at the organizational level make their theoretical perspectives explicit, distinguish among mediating mechanisms, be selective in their outcome choices, and increase their emphasis on contextual moderators.

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22

Kulik, Carol T., and Isabel Metz. Women at the Top. Edited by Michael A. Hitt, Susan E. Jackson, Salvador Carmona, Leonard Bierman, Christina E. Shalley, and Douglas Michael Wright. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650230.013.7.

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There is now an international agenda to increase women’s representation at the top of organizations. This agenda is driven in part by a business case arguing that gender diversity brings value, particularly economic value, to organizations. In this article, we review the empirical evidence linking women’s representation in senior leadership roles to countable, verifiable organizational outcomes (e.g., organizational financial performance, practices, and demographics). We consider women’s impact when they are CEOs, directors on corporate boards, members of the top management team, and managers. We conclude that women at the top have an impact on organizational outcomes, but this impact is more visible on organizational practices and organizational demography than on financial performance. We recommend that researchers studying the gender-performance link at the organizational level make their theoretical perspectives explicit, distinguish among mediating mechanisms, be selective in their outcome choices, and increase their emphasis on contextual moderators.

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23

Behrens, Paul. The Duty of Non-Interference. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795940.003.0016.

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The duty not to interfere in the internal affairs of the receiving State was not included in the original draft by the ILC’s Special Rapporteur, but was introduced through a later amendment. Given the significance which incidents of (alleged) interference had attained even then, this is a somewhat surprising development. In contemporary diplomatic relations, such charges play an important role and affect a wide variety of fields, ranging from criticism of the receiving State, human rights monitoring, support given to factions in that State, etc. This chapter explores the concept of interference, but it also reflects on legitimate interests on the side of the sending State which may allow (and even compel) a diplomatic agent to take measures which his hosts may consider interference. The chapter also suggests mechanisms, including the employment of proportionality, which are capable of mediating between the interests advanced on both sides of the divide.

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24

Troisi, Alfonso. Detachment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199393404.003.0003.

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Most of us find social encounters rewarding, especially when we encounter those with whom we are familiar and have built up a relationship. From an evolutionary point of view, this is not surprising; human beings are fundamentally social organisms, and human development and functioning occur within a social context. The origin of individual differences in the capacity to experience social reward is likely to involve a complex interplay of genetic and environmental variables, including genetic variation, early experience and current situational factors. A few individuals seem to lie at the lower extreme of this continuum, experiencing little or no positive feelings during affiliative interactions. This chapter deals with the psychological and behavioral traits that characterize these uncommon individuals and reviews the mechanisms likely to cause their emotional detachment. The chapter then discusses the importance of aversive early experience in promoting an avoidant style of adult attachment and the role of the brain opioid system and genetic polymorphisms in mediating diminished hedonic response to affiliative interactions.

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25

Glebbeek, Arie, and Els Sol. The Evaluation of Reemployment Programs: Between Impact Assessment and Theory-Based Approaches. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.020.

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In spite of a much improved labor market, the outcome of a leading evaluation report on reemployment programs in the Netherlands turned out negative. This result might be due to limitations of the evaluation method used by the researchers, who had to content themselves with a nonexperimental approach. Currently, for many evaluation researchers, the experimental method stands out as the superior design, especially when combined with a meta-analysis over several trials. We show, however, that experimental evaluations do not solve the uncertainties in this field. Meta-analyses of evaluation studies in Europe and the United States produced strikingly mixed results. Efforts to trace their diversity to variations in reemployment programs have not been very successful. This is mainly because of the “black box character” of many experimental evaluations, which offer little information about the content of the programs. Following “realistic evaluation,” we argue for a focus on the theories behind these programs in evaluation research. To this end, reemployment services are depicted in twelve core (mediating) mechanisms.

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26

Carpena, Fenella, and Bilal Zia. The Causal Mechanism of Financial Education: Evidence from Mediation Analysis. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8619.

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27

Ocampo, José Antonio. Resolution of Balance-of-Payments Crises. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718116.003.0005.

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This chapter analyses the history and effectiveness of the two major mechanisms of resolution of balance-of-payments crises: IMF emergency financing and complementary mechanisms, and sovereign debt workouts. It argues that IMF lending has historically met its counter-cyclical objectives and has been improving in recent decades in terms of providing adequate lending facilities as well as focusing conditionality on macro-relevant areas. Swap arrangements among central banks constitute the most important complementary mechanism, but benefit mainly developed countries. In contrast to advances in IMF financing, the need to have a better framework for debt resolution remains one of the major gaps of the international financial architecture. In this regard, this chapter proposes a multilateral mechanism that would lie between the voluntary and statutory solutions that have been proposed in the global debate. This mechanism would offer a sequence of voluntary negotiations, mediation, and eventual arbitration that would take place with pre-established deadlines.

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28

Stoltz, Thomas. Mediation as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism in international joint ventures. 2003.

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29

Mechanisms of Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity II. Plenum Pub Corp, 1985.

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30

Cattran, Daniel C., and Heather N. Reich. Membranous glomerulonephritis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0064_update_001.

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It has been clear for several decades from comparison with the rodent model disease Heymann nephritis that membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is an immune condition in which antibodies, usually autoantibodies, bind to targets on the surface of podocytes. However, the antigen in Heymann nephritis, megalin, is not present on human podocytes. The first potential antigen was identified by studying rare examples of maternal alloimmunization, leading to congenital membranous nephropathy in the infant caused by antibodies to neutral endopeptidase. More recently, the target of autoantibody formation in most patients with primary MGN has been identified to be the phospholipase A2 receptor, PLA2R. Genome-wide association studies identify predisposing genetic loci at HLADQ and at the locus encoding the autoantigen itself. So antibodies to at least two different molecular targets can cause MGN, and it seems likely that there may be other targets in secondary types of MGN, and possibly haptenized or otherwise modified molecules are implicated in drug- and toxin-induced MGN. Once antibodies are fixed, animal models and human observations suggest that complement is involved in mediating tissue damage. However, immunoglobulin G4, not thought to fix complement, is the predominant isotype in human MGN, and the mechanisms are not fully unravelled. Podocyte injury is known to cause proteinuria. In MGN, antibody fixation or cell damage may stimulate production of extracellular matrix to account for the increased GBM thickness with ‘podocyte type’ basement membrane collagen isoforms, and ultimately cell death and glomerulosclerosis.

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31

Krauzlis, Richard J. Attentional Functions of the Superior Colliculus. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.014.

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The superior colliculus (SC) plays an important role in both overt and covert attention. In primates, the SC is well known to be a central component of the motor pathways that orient the eyes and head to important objects in the environment. Accordingly, neurons in the SC show enhanced responses that will be the target of orienting movements, compared to stimuli that will be ignored. Single-neuron recordings in the SC have revealed a variety of attention-related effects, including changes in activity related to bottom-up and top-down attention, attention capture, and inhibition of return. These findings support the view of the SC as a priority map that represents the location of important objects in the visual environment. Manipulation of SC activity by electrical microstimulation and chemical inactivation shows that the SC is not simply a recipient of attention-related effects, but plays a causal role in these processes. In particular, activity in the SC plays a major role in the selection of targets for saccades, and also for pursuit eye movements and movements of the hand. Moreover, activity in the SC is important not only for the control of overt attention, but also plays a crucial role in covert attention—the processing of visual signals for perceptual judgements even in the absence of orienting movements. The mechanisms mediating the role of the SC in the control of covert attention are not yet known, but current models emphasize interactions between the SC and areas of the cerebral cortex.

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32

PODACK, E. ED. Cytotoxic Effector Mechanisms (Current Topics in Microbiology & Immunology). Springer, 1989.

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33

Badimon, Lina, and Gemma Vilahur. Atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0040.

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Atherosclerosis is the main underlying cause of heart disease. The continuous exposure to cardiovascular risk factors induces endothelial activation/dysfunction which enhances the permeability of the endothelial layer and the expression of cytokines/chemokines and adhesion molecules. This results in the accumulation of lipids (low-density lipoprotein particles) in the extracellular matrix and the triggering of an inflammatory response. Accumulated low-density lipoprotein particles suffer modifications and become pro-atherogenic, enhancing leucocyte recruitment and further transmigration across the endothelium into the intima. Infiltrated monocytes differentiate into macrophages which acquire a specialized phenotypic polarization (protective or harmful), depending on the stage of the atherosclerosis progression. Once differentiated, macrophages upregulate pattern recognition receptors capable of engulfing modified low-density lipoprotein, leading to foam cell formation. Foam cells release growth factors and cytokines that promote vascular smooth muscle cell migration into the intima, which then internalize low-density lipoprotein via low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 receptors. As the plaque evolves, the number of vascular smooth muscle cells decline, whereas the presence of fragile/haemorrhagic neovessels increases, promoting plaque destabilization. Disruption of this atherosclerotic lesion exposes thrombogenic surfaces that initiate platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation, as well as thrombin generation. Both lipid-laden vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages release the procoagulant tissue factor, contributing to thrombus propagation. Platelets also participate in progenitor cell recruitment and drive the inflammatory response mediating the atherosclerosis progression. Recent data attribute to microparticles a potential modulatory effect in the overall atherothrombotic process. This chapter reviews our current understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in atherogenesis, highlights platelet contribution to thrombosis and atherosclerosis progression, and provides new insights into how atherothrombosis may be modulated.

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34

Kilintari, Marina, and Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Imaging the Networks of Voluntary Actions. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.22.

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The concept of voluntary actions is inextricably related to the concept of the will. Accordingly, in the first section of this chapter, the authors examine briefly the neuroimaging evidence for a neuronal mechanism of human will and decision-making and conclude that what evidence is brought to bear on the issue may not be relevant to it after all. In the second section, a review of the known mechanism for self-initiated as well as externally mediated voluntary actions is presented against which the contributions of functional neuroimaging to improving our knowledge for simple and complex actions can be judged. In the final section differences in the neuronal networks mediating decisions as to when to act and what action to select are explored.

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35

Antonio R, Parra. 12 Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198767466.003.0012.

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This chapter provides some general observations based on the history presented in this book. The chapter also considers how ICSID might meet the new challenges presented in the preceding chapter regarding mediation or conciliation, transparency and an appellate mechanism and permanent investment tribunal. The final section of the chapter puts forward possible changes at ICSID of rules and procedures in several other areas.

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Boduszyński, Mieczysław P., and Marieke Wierda. Political Exclusion and Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628567.003.0008.

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In Chapter 8, Marieke Wierda and Mieczysław P. Boduszyński discuss a mode of transitional justice which is less frequently discussed than the other commonly used mechanisms: vetting. They examine Libya’s Political Isolation Law as an instance of retributive transitional justice, arguing that although the conditions may have been ripe for a wider range of transitional justice activities, these were not pursued. Specifically, they argue that although the collapse of the former regime and Libya’s traditions of mediation and reconciliation between tribes might have encouraged the use of non-retributive mechanisms as well, this did not take place. Instead, political exclusion was used in a punitive fashion, frequently against members of the revolution rather than of the former regime. They suggest that this is a result of a wider struggle for legitimacy and power, in which this process was a tool.

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37

Bosha, Sarah L. The Importance of Gender Equality and Women’s Inclusion for Resolving Conflict and Sustaining Peace. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805373.003.0005.

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The meaningful participation of women in peace talks, peacebuilding, and post-conflict reconstruction is critical to lasting and sustainable peace. Women bring new issues, different experience of war, and the views of a wider section of society to the table and have key skills useful for sustaining or resuscitating talks. Yet they encounter barriers, including the dominance of patriarchal views. The global governance system needs to create legal and policy responses to deal with such exclusion. The UN needs to appoint more women to senior mediation and negotiation roles. States and global institutions should consider the use of quotas to increase the number of women in peacekeeping and set aside predicable, accessible and flexible funding for women’s participation. Global institutions and member states should also create judicial mechanisms and rigorous follow-up mechanisms to ensure there is no impunity for peacekeeper sexual abuse and exploitation.

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Nurmikko, Turo J. Identification of the target of gabapentinoid action in neuropathic pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0070.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Identification of the α‎2-δ‎-1 subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels as a molecular target for pain mediating the analgesic actions of pregabalin’, published by Field et al. in 2006. In this seminal paper, Field et al. demonstrated that the anti-allodynic effect of pregabalin is related to its binding to the α‎2δ‎-1 subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel. In transgenic mice lacking this subunit, pregabalin had no effect on allodynia induced by sciatic nerve ligation, whereas, in wild-type mice, there was a substantial anti-allodynic response. This discovery was well received by the scientific community and was considered to conclusively establish the mechanism of action of pregabalin, which has remarkably similar properties to gabapentin but with increased potency and oral absorption. This exciting result acted as an impetus for further studies on the role of the subunit in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain.

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39

Stuart, Casey-Maslen, Clapham Andrew, Giacca Gilles, and Parker Sarah. Art.19 Dispute Settlement. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198723523.003.0023.

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This chapter analyses Article 19 of the ATT. The article establishes the process by which disputes between two or more states parties regarding the interpretation or application of the treaty should be settled. States parties are obliged to consult to pursue settlement of any such dispute. Beyond this, all peaceful means of dispute settlement are only obligatory to the extent that the concerned states parties mutually consent to the means in question. Paragraph 1 of the article obliges states parties to consult, and, by mutual consent, to co-operate to settle any dispute that may arise between them with regard to interpretation or application of the treaty. A non-exhaustive list of possible dispute settlement mechanisms is provided: negotiation, mediation, conciliation, judicial settlement, and other peaceful means.

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Kim, Christine. Global Loss. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040139.003.0005.

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This chapter looks at the poetry of Souvankham Thammavongsa to understand the figure of the Asian refugee as a metaphor for the inhuman within human rights discourses. Her first two books, Small Arguments (2003) and Found (2007), offer mediations on the mechanisms of power that threaten to render certain lives lost and forgotten. The chapter then turns to her work in big boots, a now defunct Toronto-based zine united by feminist and racialized concerns. By recording the experiences and creative outputs of this minor public in print, this zine legitimates marginalized lives and interrogates the structures that constantly threaten them with erasure. Ultimately, these texts investigate how the legitimating capabilities of print are necessary in order for a logic of exception to be exercised and human rights discourses to operate.

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Clift, Ben. Ideational Change at the IMF after the Crash. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813088.003.0002.

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This chapter advances the case for a Constructivist Institutionalist (CI) approach to the analysis of ideational change, making the case for ‘bricolage’ rather than paradigm shifts. It foregrounds actors’ cognitive and ideational filters, underlining the importance of how Fund staff see themselves and their role. The analysis charts key facets of the Fund’s internal workings, including its hierarchical nature, internal review processes, and how internal interactions are evolving. The complexities of institutional mediation leads to the sedimented but ongoing influence of multiple economic ideas. Four mechanisms of IMF ideational change—reconciliation, operationalization, corroboration, and authoritative recognition—are identified to explain which ideas come to prevail, why and how. Ideas need to be framed and packaged to jump through the hoops of internal social recognition. The chapter delineates the permissive conditions necessary for key actors to navigate internal power structures to effect ideational change.

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Wenzel, Amy, Scott Stuart, and Hristina Koleva. Psychotherapy for Psychopathology During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.22.

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Psychotherapy is often the treatment of choice for perinatal women who wish to limit their fetus’s or infant’s medication exposure. The vast majority of empirical research that has examined psychotherapy for perinatal women has focused on depression. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) have been examined in several studies to determine their efficacy in perinatal depression and anxiety. Recent research has begun to examine the manner in which psychotherapies can be delivered in alternative formats (e.g., teletherapy) in order to overcome problems with treatment retention and compliance. Suggestions for future research include large-scale randomized controlled trials that compare two active approaches to psychotherapy, mediation studies to uncover the mechanisms of change associated with the successful treatment of perinatal women, and randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of psychotherapy for mental health disorders other than depression.

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Tribess, Marciano. Adolescência, mídia e drogas: O condicionamento do humano através de mecanismos midiáticos. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-468-5.

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This book presents the influence exerted by the media on children and adolescents in relation to the early experimentation with psychoactive substances. And the pedagogical-theological intervention as a preventive strategy. The influence on the human being through media mechanisms that condition him to the action expected by the conditioning, has been studied for a long time, by several authors such as Aldous Huxley with his book "Admirável Mundo Novo" that already addressed the conditionality of the human since the decade of 30. In the following decades, other theorists such as Edgar Morin and Guy Debord, analyzed how the human being is conditioned through mass culture and the society of the spectacle. The reality presented in relation to the conditioning of children and adolescents through the media has propelled the author, to seek preventive ways regarding the conditionality of human beings through the media. For that, it analyzed theorists like Paulo Freire and Michel Henry and their discoveries about the mediation of knowledge and the analysis of the Words of Christ and how they can contribute in the elaboration of pedagogical-theological interventions.

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Schulthies, Becky L. Channeling Moroccanness. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823289714.001.0001.

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What does it mean to connect as Moroccans via mass media when there is widespread feeling of communicative failure? This book approaches the question by exploring situated talk about communicative failure, which speaks to how Moroccans seek to shape social and political relations in urban Fez. Over the last decade, laments of language and media failure in Fez have focused on communicative channels and were not just about social relations that used to be and had been lost, but also what ought to be and had yet to be realized. These channels, or mediums that connected people, ranged from objects such as devotional prayer beads and remote controls; to interactional forms such as storytelling registers, dress styles, and non-standard Arabic writing; and to media platforms like television news, Moroccan religious stations, or WhatsApp group chats. This book describes these multimodal channels and analyzes how, why, and when they moved from facilitator (intermediating connecting mechanism) to meddler (mediating sociality actor). Laments about communicative channel failures precipitated relationality projects by the state and several Fassi calibrations of those efforts. These laments were ways of speaking that created Moroccanness, the feeling of participating in the ongoing formations of Moroccan public relationality. Rather than furthering the discourse about Morocco’s conflict between liberal secularists and religious conservatives, this ethnography shows the subtle range of ideologies and practices evoked in Fassi homes to calibrate appropriate Moroccan sociality and political consciousness.

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Books on the topic 'Mediating Mechanisms'

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