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1
Bambina, Antonina. Online social support: The interplay of social networks and computer-mediated communication. Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press, 2007.
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2
Jameson, Amy Louise. Using computer mediated communication (CMC) as a tool to support group development in a distance education context: Is it beneficial?. Uxbridge: Brunel University, 1991.
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3
Sabourin, Conrad. Computer mediated communication: Computer conferencing, electronic mail, electronic publishing, computer interviewing, interactive text reading, group decision support systems, idea generation support systems, human machine communication, multi-media communication, hypertext, hypermedia, linguistic games : bibliography. Montréal: Infolingua, 1994.
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4
Ellis, Desmond. Woman abuse: Separation as solution, lawyer and mediator support as process. North York, Ont: LaMarsh Research Programme, York University, 1988.
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5
Wurn, Diana C. Cyberspace support networks: Perception of computer mediated communication and social support on-line. 1997.
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6
Misbah, Siraj. Immunological support. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0301.
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Until the 1980s, the use of immunoglobulin as a therapeutic agent was confined to replacement therapy in patients with primary or secondary antibody deficiency. Its role as an effective immunomodulator was discovered serendipitously, when IV immunoglobulin (IVIg) was shown to consistently increase the platelet count in a child with antibody deficiency and immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Since then, the use of high-dose IVIg as an immunomodulator has become established as an important therapeutic option in many immune-mediated diseases. This chapter reviews the therapeutic indications for immunoglobulin, and its potential adverse effects.
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Online Social Support: The Interplay of Social Networks and Computer-Mediated Communication. Cambria Press, 2007.
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8
Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) and Influence Modes: A Comparative Field Study Between GDSS Mediated Groups and Non-GDSS Mediated Groups. Storming Media, 1997.
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9
Rady, A. S. A technology-mediated aproach to support family group learning of English in Egypt. 2004.
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10
(Editor), Gloria E. Phillips-Wren, and L. C. Jain (Editor), eds. Intelligent Decision Support Systems in Agent-Mediated Environments (Frontiers in Artificial Inteligence and Applications) (Frontiers in Artificial Inteligence and Applications). Ios Pr Inc, 2005.
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11
Tanis, Martin. Online social support groups. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0010.
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To give and receive social support is an important aspect of social interaction, and since the Internet has become more and more integrated with everyday life, it is no surprise that much social support is exchanged online. Features of computer-mediated communication (CMC) offer possibilities for social support in a manner that would be less easy or even impossible in a face-to-face context. This article focuses on three key elements that are often mentioned when social consequences of CMC are discussed: the possibility to communicate relatively anonymously, the text-based character, and the opportunities it provides for expanding social networks without being hindered by time and space barriers. It addresses how these may affect support seeking, and argues that interacting in online social support groups holds great potential for people who seek support, but may also contain some potential hazards. However, even though the body of research is growing, we still know fairly little about how online social-support groups affect the well-being of people who are in need of support.
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Fedosov, Anton. Supporting the Design of Technology-Mediated Sharing Practices. Carl Grossmann, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24921/2020.94115943.
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Online social networks have made sharing personal experiences with others mostly in form of photos and comments a common activity. The convergenceof social, mobile, cloud and wearable computing expanded the scope of usergeneratedand shared content on the net from personal media to individual preferencesto physiological details (e.g., in the form of daily workouts) to informationabout real-world possessions (e.g., apartments, cars). Once everydaythings become increasingly networked (i.e., the Internet of Things), future onlineservices and connected devices will only expand the set of things to share. Given that a new generation of sharing services is about to emerge, it is of crucialimportance to provide service designers with the right insights to adequatelysupport novel sharing practices. This work explores these practices within twoemergent sharing domains: (1) personal activity tracking and (2) sharing economyservices. The goal of this dissertation is to understand current practices ofsharing personal digital and physical possessions, and to uncover correspondingend-user needs and concerns across novel sharing practices, in order to map thedesign space to support emergent and future sharing needs. We address this goalby adopting two research strategies, one using a bottom-up approach, the otherfollowing a top-down approach.In the bottom-up approach, we examine in-depth novel sharing practices within two emergent sharing domains through a set of empirical qualitative studies.We offer a rich and descriptive account of peoples sharing routines and characterizethe specific role of interactive technologies that support or inhibit sharingin those domains. We then design, develop, and deploy several technology prototypesthat afford digital and physical sharing with the view to informing the design of future sharing services and tools within two domains, personal activitytracking and sharing economy services.In the top-down approach, drawing on scholarship in human-computer interaction (HCI) and interaction design, we systematically examine prior workon current technology-mediated sharing practices and identify a set of commonalitiesand differences among sharing digital and physical artifacts. Based uponthese findings, we further argue that many challenges and issues that are presentin digital online sharing are also highly relevant for the physical sharing in thecontext of the sharing economy, especially when the shared physical objects havedigital representations and are mediated by an online platform. To account forthese particularities, we develop and field-test an action-driven toolkit for designpractitioners to both support the creation of future sharing economy platformsand services, as well as to improve the user experience of existing services.This dissertation should be of particular interest to HCI and interaction designresearchers who are critically exploring technology-mediated sharing practicesthrough fieldwork studies, as well to design practitioners who are building and evaluating sharing economy services.
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Brown, Andrew R., Damián Keller, and Maria Helena de Lima. How Ubiquitous Technologies Support Ubiquitous Music. Edited by Brydie-Leigh Bartleet and Lee Higgins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219505.013.5.
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Pervasive computing technologies are providing opportunities and challenges for new musical practices and offering greater access to musical interactions for people at all levels of musical experience. In this chapter we review theoretical insights and practical experiences of taking advantage of these opportunities and meeting these challenges; we describe how to leverage ubiquitous technologies to support ubiquitous music; and we discuss ideas and techniques that can assist in ensuring that social music activities provide an appropriate variety of experiences and strategies to maximize socially positive and musically creative outcomes. Strategies include starting with what is known and available, enhancing human skills with computational automation, and increasing participation through simplification to improve access and promote cultures of open sharing. Three case studies illustrate how these ideas are put into practice, covering experiences from across the world based in varied social contexts and using differing technologies, but sharing the same ambition of enhancing everyday experience through musical interactions mediated by pervasive technologies.
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Conner, Mark T. Experiential Attitude and Anticipated Affect. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0003.
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Recent research has explored the effects of two affective influences within models such as the theory of planned behavior and reasoned action approach: experiential attitude and anticipated affect. Both refer to perceptions of future affect, that is, cognitively mediated affect. Primary studies and meta-analytic reviews supporting the role of these two affective variables on health behavior are presented. The correlational data use prospective designs and control for other health cognitions and past behavior. The experimental data also explore whether the affective variables mediate the impact of the “affective intervention” on behavior. Strong support is found across studies for both experiential attitude and anticipated affect as important determinants of health behaviors even when controlling for other health cognitions and past behavior. The need for further experimental studies with objective measures of health behavior is noted. Further the testing of the combined effects of manipulating both affective variables is highlighted for further attention.
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Michaelian, Kourken, and Santiago Arango-Muñoz. Collaborative Memory Knowledge: A Distributed Reliabilist Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737865.003.0013.
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Collaborative remembering, in which two or more individuals cooperate to remember together, is an ordinary occurrence. Ordinary though it may be, it challenges traditional understandings of memory knowledge in terms of justified memory beliefs held within the minds of single subjects. Collaborative memory has come to be a major area of research in psychology, but it has so far not been investigated in epistemology. This chapter conducts an initial exploration of the epistemological implications of collaborative memory research, arguing that the findings of this research support a novel theory of knowledge: distributed reliabilism. The chapter also argues for broadening the concept of collaborative memory to include not only direct interactions among subjects but also more indirect, technology-supported, and -mediated interactions.
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Delafield-Butt, Jonathan. The emotional and embodied nature of human understanding: Sharing narratives of meaning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747109.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the emotional and embodied nature of children’s learning to discover biological principles of social awareness, affective contact, and shared sense-making before school. From mid-gestation, the fetus learns to anticipate the sensory effects of simple, self-generated actions. Actions generate a small ‘story’ that progresses through time, giving meaningful satisfaction on their successful completion. Self-made stories become organized after birth into complex projects requiring greater appreciation of their consequences, which are communicated. They are mediated first by brainstem conscious control made with vital feelings, which motivates a more abstract, cortically mediated cognitive and cultural intelligence in later life. By tracing the development of meaning-making from simple projects of the infant to complex shared projects in early childhood, we appreciate the embodied narrative form of human understanding in healthy affective contact, how it may be disrupted in children with clinical disorders or educational difficulties, and how it responds in joyful projects to an understanding teacher’s support for learning.
17
Blades, Joan. Mediate Your Divorce: A Guide to Cooperative Custody, Property, and Support Agreements. Prentice Hall Trade, 1985.
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18
Blades, Joan. Mediate Your Divorce: A Guide to Cooperative Custody, Property, and Support Agreements. Prentice Hall Trade, 1985.
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19
Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Coeliac disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0033.
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Who to investigate 234How to investigate 236Diagnosis 238Treatment 240Follow-up and support 242Coeliac disease is an immune-mediated enteropathy caused by a permanent sensitivity to gluten which is present in wheat, barley, and rye. It occurs in genetically susceptible children and adults. The classical presentation is with chronic diarrhoea, abdominal distension, and failure to thrive. The widespread availability of antibody screening has considerably changed the clinical spectrum of cases seen. The testing of children with less classical symptoms and screening of children at high risk has brought increasing recognition of the varied presentation and increased prevalence of this now very common condition....
20
Manchon, A., and S. Zhang. Theory of Rashba Torques. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0024.
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This chapter focuses on the theory of current-driven Rashba torque, a special type of spin–orbit mediated spin torque that requires broken spatial-inversion symmetry. This specific form of spin-orbit interaction enables the electrical generation of a non-equilibrium spin density that yields both damping-like and field-like torques on the local magnetic moments. We review the recent results obtained in (ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic) two-dimensional electron gases, bulk magnetic semiconductors, and at the surface of topological insulators. We conclude by summarizing recent experimental results that support the emergence of Rashba torques in magnets lacking inversion symmetry.
21
Schechter, Elizabeth. Objection from Sub-Cortical Structures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809654.003.0005.
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This chapter explains and responds to the major objection to the duality claims, the objection from sub-cortical structures. What gives rise to the duality intuition is that, after split-brain surgery, mental state interaction appears to operate oddly indirectly—when the mental states in question are in opposite hemispheres. Nonetheless, interhemispheric mental interaction is not entirely indirect, that is, not exclusively mediated by sensation/perception and re/action. According to the objection from sub-cortical structures, remaining direct interhemispheric interaction is substantial enough to support the 1-thinker claim over the 2-thinkers claim. I argue instead that remaining direct interhemispheric interaction is not so substantial, and that what remaining direct interhemispheric interaction there is remains consistent with the 2-thinkers claim that the rest of the data support. R and L are thus not discrete but still distinct thinkers.
22
Vaughan, David. 7. Minerals past, present, and future. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199682843.003.0007.
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‘Minerals past, present, and future’ first considers a theory of mineral evolution that proposes the Earth has evolved through three eras subdivided into ten stages, with each adding to the total inventory of mineral species. They are the planetary accretion era (Stages 1 and 2), crust and mantle reworking era (Stages 3–5), and biologically mediated mineralogy era (Stages 6–10). What role did these minerals play in the emergence of life? Pressing concerns for the present and future are whether the Earth has enough mineral resources to support human life and the environmental impact of the extraction, processing, and utilization of mineral resources.
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Wiklund, Olov, and Jan Borén. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: lipid metabolism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0011.
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Lipids are carried in plasma as microparticles, lipoproteins, composed of a core of hydrophobic lipids and a surface of amphipathic lipids. In addition, the particles carry proteins (i.e. apolipoproteins). The proteins have key functions in the metabolism as receptor ligands, enzymes or activators. Lipoproteins are classified based on density into: chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. Retention of apoB-containing lipoproteins (LDL, IDL, and VLDL) in the arterial intima is the initiating event in the development of atherosclerosis. Retention is mediated by binding of apoB to structural proteoglycans in the intima. Increased plasma concentration of apoB-containing lipoproteins is the main risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the causative role of LDL has been demonstrated in several studies. Lp(a) is a subclass of LDL and elevated Lp(a) is an independent risk-factor, primarily genetically mediated. Genetic data support that high Lp(a) causes atherosclerosis. Elevated triglycerides in plasma are associated with increased risk for CVD. Whether triglycerides directly induce atherogenesis is still unclear, but current data strongly support that remnant particles from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are causal. HDL are lipoproteins that have been considered to be important for reversed cholesterol transport. Low HDL is a strong risk-factor for CVD. However, the causative role of HDL is debated and intervention studies to raise HDL have not been successful. Reduction of LDL is the main target for prevention and treatment, using drugs that inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, i.e. statins. Other drugs for LDL reduction and to modify other lipoproteins may further reduce risk, and new therapeutic targets are explored.
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Asamoah-Gyadu, J. Kwabena. Communications, New Technologies, and Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702252.003.0016.
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This chapter outlines the discussion over the influence of new media and communications technologies on the spread of (particularly charismaticized) Protestantism in Africa. It links the contemporary debate to the debate about the origins of Protestantism in the sixteenth-century communications revolution sparked by the invention of the printing press. Building on the work of scholars such as Lamin Sanneh, the chapter addresses issues of translation, the nature of modern media technologies and their semiotic impact on mediated messages; the construction of the public square and the ‘re-publicization of religion’. Particular attention is given to the rise of charismatic media empires, involving integrated print, digital, and satellite/television media, often in support of pentecostal/charismatic prosperity-preaching megachurches and their celebrity pastors.
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Wang, Roger, and Sarah Choxi. Cervical Myofascial Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0007.
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Cervical myofascial pain (CMP) is caused by trauma, spine pathology, repetitive strain, postural dysfunction, and physical deconditioning of the muscles that support the shoulders and neck. These include the trapezius, levator scapulae, splenius capitis, and rhomboid muscles. Treating the underlying etiology is the most effective therapy, however, it may be challenging to diagnose CMP, adding to the difficulty of definitive therapy. Management of CMP often requires a multidisciplinary approach incorporating physical therapy, pharmacotherapy, injection therapy, and behavioral modification. Neck pain is a common condition affecting two-thirds or more of the global population during their lifetime. The etiology of neck pain includes cervical disk disease, cervical facet-mediated pain, and CMP. In particular, CMP is often a cause of disability in the population with chronic neck pain.
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Hearn, Sandra. Brachial Plexitis—Parsonage-Turner Syndrome. Edited by Meghan E. Lark, Nasa Fujihara, and Kevin C. Chung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190617127.003.0012.
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The chapter provides a case-based review of Parsonage-Turner syndrome. Parsonage-Turner syndrome, also known as neuralgic amyotrophy and idiopathic brachial plexitis, represents immune-mediated inflammation of neural structures within the brachial plexus and peripheral nerves of the upper limb. Classic features include sudden-onset shoulder or upper arm pain, followed by weakness in the forequarter or limb. This pattern, in addition to nonmechanical and nonradicular clinical features, should prompt consideration of Parsonage-Turner syndrome diagnosis. The diagnosis is established on clinical grounds, although electrodiagnostic data and advanced imaging can support the impression. Management is conservative. For neurosurgeons, accurate diagnosis of Parsonage-Turner syndrome can avoid unnecessary and inappropriate surgical intervention when symptoms are erroneously ascribed to another cause.
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Robinson, Pat, and Hilary Stacey. Let's Mediate: A Teachers' Guide to Peer Support and Conflict Resolution Skills for All Ages. SAGE Publications, Incorporated, 1997.
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28
Schäfer, Anne, and Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck. A Vicious Circle of Demobilization? Context Effects on Turnout at the 2009 and 2013 German Federal Elections. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792130.003.0006.
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This chapter explores the contextual effects of constituency-level turnout on individual turnout intentions at the 2009 and 2013 German federal elections. It assesses whether these effects are mediated by citizens’ embedding into networks of political discussants, differentiating between influences originating from discussants inside and those outside of voters’ households. Although we can establish contextual effects, no empirical support is established for their mediation by voters’ discussion networks. Still, we detect relationships between shares of constituency turnout and citizens’ propensity to talk about political matters at all and to do so with other voters. It turns out that political discussants are a very powerful source of environmental influence on electoral behavior. Discussants cohabitating in voters’ households are especially influential. However, embedding into discussion networks is not always a boon; talking to non-voters also has substantial demobilizing effects.
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Cooper, M. Lynne, Emmanuel Kuntsche, Ash Levitt, Lindsay L. Barber, and Scott Wolf. Motivational Models of Substance Use. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.017.
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This chapter uses Cox and Klinger’s motivational model of alcohol use as a framework for reviewing research on motives for using alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco. Results of this review provide strong support for key premises underpinning this model in the alcohol literature, including that people drink alcohol to manage internal feeling states and to obtain valued social outcomes. Importantly, these motives may provide a final common pathway to alcohol use through which the influences of more distal variables are mediated. The research literature on motives for marijuana use revealed important similarities in the nature of motives underlying use and in the unique patterns of use and use-related consequences associated with specific motives. Research on tobacco use motives showed few similarities, with tobacco use being more habitual, automatic, and largely motivated by withdrawal cues, at least among more experienced and dependent users.
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Esaiasson, Peter, Mikael Gilljam, and Mikael Persson. Political Support in the Wake of Policy Controversies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793717.003.0010.
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This chapter tests to what extent variation in political support over time is influenced by political events. Analyzing an event within the realm of “normal politics,” i.e. a policy decision in a local community to close down schools in an affluent Swedish municipality, the authors study changes in political support among affected citizens and non-affected citizens before decision, after decision, and after implementation. They identify four mechanisms that cause citizens to maintain political support even when faced with a policy decision that affects them negatively: procedural fairness, compromise decisions, fading memories, and constitutional arrangements for vertical division of power. The chapter explores to what extent each of these mechanisms mediates the effect of a policy decision on political support, and find that the partial recovery of political support among negatively affected citizens was mainly driven by compromise decisions and procedural fairness.
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Gillespie, Alex, Kevin Corti, Simon Evans, and Brett Heasman. Imagining the Self Through Cultural Technologies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190468712.003.0014.
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The aim of this chapter is to understand how the imagination of the self is mediated by cultural technologies, showing how major new inventions (such as language, writing, digitization) qualitatively change the ways in which we imagine ourselves. First, the authors look at how technology can support cognition in general and imagination specifically, examining traditional technologies such as narrative (stories, novels, and films), which have long facilitated humans’ imagination of themselves and others. Second, the authors explore how digital technologies, especially online avatars, are used to open up spaces for imagining alternative lives and virtual selves. Finally, the authors focus on future possibilities for moving human imagination out of fixed narratives and off the screen into dynamic real-world avatars and cyborg bodies. They argue that cultural technologies are becoming increasingly powerful, enabling humans not only to imagine diverse potential selves but also to institute these potential selves in practice.
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Domhoff, G. William. Dreaming Is an Intensified Form of Mind-Wandering, Based in an Augmented Portion of the Default Network. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.7.
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This chapter argues that dreaming is an intensified form of mind-wandering that makes use of embodied simulation. It further hypothesizes that the neural network that enables dreaming is very likely an augmented portion of the default network. This network is activated whenever there is (1) a mature and intact neural substrate that can support the cognitive process of dreaming; (2) an adequate level of cortical activation; (3) an occlusion of external stimuli; (4) a cognitively mature imagination system (a necessity indicated by the virtual lack of dreaming in preschoolers and its relative paucity until ages 8–9); and (5) the loss of conscious self-control, which may be neurologically mediated in the final step in a complex process by the decoupling of the dorsal attentional network from the anterior portions of the default network. If this testable theory proves to be correct, then dreaming may be the quintessential cognitive simulation.
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Collins, Tai A., and Renee Oliver Hawkins, eds. Peers as Change Agents. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190068714.001.0001.
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This volume includes a variety of intervention strategies utilizing peers as change agents in school-based interventions. The book presents an updated conceptualization of peer-mediated interventions (PMIs), including peer-mediated academic interventions, peer-mediated behavioral interventions, and peer-mediated group supports. Each section includes a chapter describing the research supporting each category of PMI, as well as practical chapters detailing the use of different strategies that fit under each of the categories. The practical chapters describe the common procedures involved in each PMI, recommendations for successful implementation with an equity lens in applied settings, and useful resources such as implementation scripts for use in schools.
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Brealey, David, and Nicholas Hirsch. Diagnosis, assessment, and management of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0246.
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The Guillain–Barré Syndrome describes a spectrum of acute inflammatory polyneuropathies and is the commonest cause of acute flaccid paralysis within the western world. The pathophysiology is complex and poorly understood, but appears to be an immune-mediated destruction of either the myelin sheath and/or the axons, predominantly of motor nerves. The clinical presentation is classically a rapid, ascending, flaccid paralysis, with minimal sensory deficit. This may ascend to involve respiratory or bulbar muscle function. These patients need careful monitoring and, if deteriorating, should be electively intubated and ventilated. Autonomic instability and sensory disturbance, including pain, is common. Treatment of the underlying condition relies upon immunomodulation with either intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange. Supportive care is aimed at maintaining a safe airway, ventilatory support, and managing the complications of autonomic dysfunction and prolonged immobility. Mortality rates range up to 20%, but are significantly better in specialist neuromedical units. Survivors are often left with significant disability.
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Robinson, Pat, and Hilary Stacey. Let′s Mediate: A Teachers′ Guide to Peer Support and Conflict Resolution Skills for All Ages. SAGE Publications, Limited, 2012.
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Let's Mediate: A Teachers' Guide to Peer Support and Conflict Resolution Skills for all Ages (Lucky Duck Books). Paul Chapman Educational Publishing, 1997.
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37
Egreteau, Pierre-Yves, and Jean-Michel Boles. Assessing nutritional status in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0204.
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Decreased nutrient intake, increased body requirements, and/or altered nutrient utilization are frequently combined in critically-ill patients. The initial nutritional status and the extent of the disease-related catabolism are the main risk factors for nutrition- related complications. Many complications are related to protein energy malnutrition, which is frequent in the ICU setting. Assessing nutritional status pursues several different goals. Nutritional assessment is required for patients presenting with clinical evidence of malnutrition, with chronic diseases, with acute conditions accompanied by a high catabolic rate, and elderly patients. Recording the patient’s history, nutrient intake, and physical examination, and subjective global assessment allows classification of nutritional status. All the traditional markers of malnutrition, anthropometric measurements and plasma proteins, lose their specificity in the sick adult as each may be affected by a number of non-nutritional factors. Muscle function evaluated by hand-grip strength in cooperative patients and serum albumin provide an objective risk assessment. Several nutritional indices have been validated in specific groups of patients to identify patients at risk of nutritionally-mediated complications and, therefore, the need for nutritional support. A strong suspicion remains the best way of uncovering potentially harmful nutritional deficiencies.
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Mirgani, Suzi, ed. Informal Politics in the Middle East. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197604342.001.0001.
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The culture of politics within any system of governance is influenced by how state and society interact, and how these relationships are mediated by existing political institutions, whether formal or informal. The chapters in this volume highlight two broad types of informal political engagement in the Middle East: civil action that works in tandem with the state apparatus, and civil action that poses a challenge to the state. In both cases, these activities can and do achieve tangible results for particular groups of people, as well as for the state. For many, informal politics and civil mobilization are not a choice, but a necessity to secure--collectively--some kind of social security, through communal reciprocity and everyday activism. Ironically, Middle Eastern authorities often turn a blind eye to informal organizing, because 'self-help' schemes allow certain social groups to survive--reducing their instinct to make demands of, or seek support from, the state. People are discouraged from political action and dissent; yet they are simultaneously encouraged to seek their own betterment, often leading to politicized groups and associations. By analyzing these formations, the contributors shed light on informal politics in the region.
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(Editor), Rainer Bromme, Friedrich W. Hesse (Editor), and Hans Spada (Editor), eds. Barriers and Biases in Computer-Mediated Knowledge Communication: And How They May Be Overcome (Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Series). Springer, 2005.
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40
Emerich, Monica M. The Collective Conscience. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036422.003.0008.
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This chapter deals with LOHAS in the context of “community-building” and the formation of a collective conscience. LOHAS is ultimately a narrative about how to change the world using consumer culture. The lens of globalization is used to examine how LOHAS attempts, on the one hand, to overcome a legacy of anthropocentrism, Eurocentrism, cultural and economic imperialism, and Westernization in capitalism, while, on the other hand, self-consciously reinforcing the capitalist imperative to sell more and different things to more people. As a market-based movement and as a claim to a reformatory effort, LOHAS is only as successful as the quantity of consumers and producers that support its premises. With its sweeping global agenda, LOHAS texts try to position the concept as a nonpartisan movement, one based on commonalities rather than differences. This chapter is a study of the rise of community and collectivity in LOHAS culture, which is chiefly occurring through mediated means, particularly through social media. It historicizes LOHAS within social movements, examining the importance of media and the central role of communication in democratic efforts. This sets the stage for a closer look at the ways in which media and market enable and disable participation in the communication process. An important part of this is the working of ideology in the construction of truth claims.
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Vairappan, Charles S. Ecological Chemicals as Ecosystem Function Mediaters and Potential Lead Pharmaceuticals. UMS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/ecologicalchemicalsumspress2021-978-967-2962-94-6.
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Relationship between functioning ecosystem services and human wellbeing has been established as a bridge connecting nature and society. It has also become central pillar of sustainability science and dictates the paradigms of sustainable development. But, conceptual frameworks that systematically integrates the important roles played by natural ecological chemicals by establishing empirical links between the nature and ecology not only varies, but lacks clear support. The value of ecological chemicals as ecosystem derived natural products warrants explicit acknowledgement, only then trade-offs between services and prioritization of policy can be realised. In the last 20 years, important roles played by the ecological chemicals in Bornean terrestrial and marine ecosystems were investigated and reported. Terrestrial plants produce Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) and structurally interesting secondary metabolites that facilitate their ecological processes that are aimed to establish communication such as defence, attraction, deterrent and territorial marking. Some of the most commonly utilized herbs and plants of traditional medicine importance showed very interesting chemical constituents, that justify their traditional utilization for human wellbeing. The role of VOCs that originated from animal diet and emitted through decomposition of faeces, was traced back to their important role as attractants of insects, particularly dung beetles that facilitates the remineralization of faeces and returns C and N to soil as to replenish global C and N-sink. Marine flora and fauna are perhaps the most vivid producers of structurally interesting secondary metabolites with more than one ecological functions. Halogenated secondary metabolites produced by red algae Laurencia are unique in their structural design and exhibited multiple biological potentials. Similarly, soft corals in the Sulu-Sulawesi Coral Triangle produced a huge diversity of terpenoids and functions as feeding deterrents of these soft bodied invertebrates. Ecological chemicals obtained from the Bornean biodiversity also exhibited a wide array of medically important biological activities such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammation, anti-anticancer and serves an important array of lead pharmaceuticals. Some of these compounds are very potent and have been patented as lead-pharmaceutical candidates from Bornean natural products. Hence, ecological chemicals are important natural products that regulate ecological processes that ensures ecological balance in tropical ecosystems. Humans who are the custodians of natural ecosystem, stand to benefit directly and indirectly when we practice sustainable utilization and regulation of our natural resources.
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Haythornthwaite, Caroline. Social networks and online community. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0009.
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The very notion of community in an online context can begin a hot debate. Those who would keep the term ‘community’ for the imagined ideal of cooperation and joint sharing of land, resources, and goals ask: How can community exist without physical co-location and a geographic touchstone? How can the leanness of computer-mediated communication support the richness inherent in a community? This article revisits the debate about community and online community, and offers a means of conceptualizing and investigating online community using a social network perspective that frees it from its former geographical constraints. It begins with a look at the challenges to community that have fed into arguments against online community, and with a section on the discovery of community online. The article then addresses the case for a network view of community, starting with how the social network approach has been applied to offline communities and how this lays the groundwork for unbundling community from face-to-face interaction and geographic co-location. Following a brief section on the basics of social-network terminology, it returns to the main topic of community, with a focus on the network-level aspects of community, showing how patterns of interpersonal ties can build a network with outcomes greater than the sum of the pairwise connections. The final sections explore variants on the theme of community, first by revisiting the online and offline dichotomy and addressing the advantages, and indeed the inevitability, of considering community from both online and offline sides.
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Hughes, Kit. Television at Work. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190855789.001.0001.
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This book explores how work, television, and waged labor come to have meaning in our everyday lives. However, it is not an analysis of workplace sitcoms or quality dramas. Instead, it explores the forgotten history of how American private sector workplaces used television in the twentieth century. It traces how, at the hands of employers, television physically and psychically managed workers and attempted to make work meaningful under the sign of capitalism. It also shows how the so-called domestic medium helped businesses shape labor relations and information architectures foundational to the twinned rise of the technologically mediated corporation and a globalizing information economy. Among other things, business and industry built extensive private television networks to distribute live and taped programming, leased satellite time for global “meetings” and program distribution, created complex closed-circuit television (CCTV) data search and retrieval systems, encouraged the use of videotape for worker self-evaluation, used videocassettes for training distributed workforces, and wired cantinas for employee entertainment. Television at work describes the myriad ways the medium served business’ attempts to shape employees’ relationships to their labor and the workplace in order to secure industrial efficiency, support corporate expansion, and inculcate preferred ideological orientations. By uncovering industrial television as a prolific sphere of media practice—one that continually sought to reshape the technology’s cultural meanings, affordances, and uses—Television at Work positions the medium at the heart of Post-Fordist experiments into reconfiguring the American workplace and advancing understandings of labor that increasingly revolved around dehumanized technological systems and information flows.
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Jonathan, Lux. Part IV The Role of Arbitrators in the Development of Shipping Law, 19 Dispute Resolution in the Maritime World: Arbitrators in Support of Mediation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.003.0019.
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This chapter reflects on the growing influence of mediation, the features of which may provide a source of inspiration for arbitration to evolve. It argues that arbitrators have the power to stay the arbitration so as to offer a ‘mediation window’. It follows that, in exercising their discretion on costs, arbitrators should be entitled to ‘sanction’ the successful party and deprive him of some or all of his costs by reason of his failure to engage with a mediation proposal and/or refusal to mediate. Of course the London Maritime Arbitrators Association (LMAA) can put the matter beyond doubt by amending its Rules to provide expressly for such powers. Doing so will ensure that London remains the leading international dispute resolution centre for many years to come.
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Sayal, Puneet, and Jianren Mao. Opioids in Spine Pain: Indications, Challenges, and Controversies. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0029.
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Opioid medications are commonly used in the treatment of spine-mediated pain. They are used on a chronic, long-term basis, and their use is on the rise. The available evidence supports their use for short periods if much effort is put into patient and opioid selection, and with close monitoring. Challenges include numerous adverse effects, aberrant behaviors, and the comfort and skill set of providers. Controversies surrounding the chronic use of opioids center on the inconclusive evidence regarding long-term efficacy and safety. More research is necessary to determine whether these medications are appropriate, efficacious, and safe over the long term, and also to aid providers in managing patients on chronic opioids in terms of patient and opioid selection, risk stratification, monitoring, and discontinuation/weaning.
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Buckingham, Jane. Disability and Work in South Asia and the United Kingdom. Edited by Michael Rembis, Catherine Kudlick, and Kim E. Nielsen. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190234959.013.12.
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Historical analyses, as well as more contemporary examples of disability and work, show that the experience of disability is always culturally and historically mediated, but that class—in the sense of economic status—plays a major role in the way impairment is experienced as disabling. Although there is little published on disability history in India, the history of the Indian experience of caste disability demonstrates the centrality of work in the social and economic expression of stigma and marginalization. An Indian perspective supports the challenge to the dominant Western view that modern concepts of disability have their origins in the Industrial Revolution. Linkage between disability, incapacity to work, and low socioeconomic status are evident in India, which did not undergo the workplace changes associated with industrialization in the West.
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Lee, Hye-Kyung. Self-referring in Korean, with reference to Korean first-person markers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786658.003.0004.
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Lee’s chapter provides a corpus-based analysis of Korean first-person markers by examining the semantic and pragmatic features emerging from their dictionary definitions and their usages in discourse. Specifically, it is demonstrated that the use of the grammatical category of a pronoun does not quite fit the Korean data, because the exceptionally large number of the lexical items are highly specialized in their use. While the first-person markers have the primary function of referring to the speaker, self-referring via first-person markers in Korean is mediated by the speaker’s awareness of his perceived social role or public image, which is expected to conform to honorification norms. The author also argues that the situation with first-person reference in Korean supports the view that the indexical/non-indexical distinction standardly adopted in semantic theory ought to be reconsidered.
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McGreavy, Bridie, and David Hart. Sustainability Science and Climate Change Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.563.
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Direct experience, scientific reports, and international media coverage make clear that the breadth, severity, and multiple consequences from climate change are far-reaching and increasing. Like many places globally, the northeastern United States is already experiencing climate change, including one of the world’s highest rates of ocean warming, reduced durations of winter ice cover on lakes, a marked increase in the frequency of extreme precipitation events, and climate-mediated ecological disruptions of invasive species. Given current and projected changes in ecosystems, communities, and economies, it is essential to find ways to anticipate and reduce vulnerabilities to change and, at the same time, promote sustainable economic development and human well-being.The emerging field of sustainability science offers a promising conceptual and analytic framework for accelerating progress towards sustainable development. Sustainability science aims to be use-inspired and to connect basic and applied knowledge with solutions for societal benefit. This approach draws from diverse disciplines, theories, and methods organized around the broad goal of maintaining and improving life support systems, ecosystem health, and human well-being. Partners in New England have been using sustainability science as a framework for stakeholder-engaged, interdisciplinary research that has generated use-inspired knowledge and multiple solutions for more than a decade. Sustainability science has helped produce a landscape-scale approach to wetland conservation; emergency response plans for invasive species that threaten livelihoods and cultures; decision support tools for improved water quality management and public health for beach use and shellfish consumption; and the development of robust partnership networks across disciplines and institutions. Understanding and reducing vulnerability to climate change is a central motivating factor in this portfolio of projects because linking knowledge about social-ecological systems with effective policy action requires a holistic view that addresses complex intersecting stressors.One common theme in these varied efforts is the way that communication fundamentally shapes collaborative research and social, technical, and policy outcomes from sustainability science. Communication as a discipline has, for more than two thousand years, sought to understand how environments and symbols shape human life, forms of social organization, and collective decision making. The result is a body of scholarship and practical techniques that are diverse and well adapted to meet the complexity of contemporary sustainability challenges. The complexity of the issues that sustainability science aspires to solve requires diversity and flexibility to be able to adapt approaches to the specific needs of a situation. Long-term, cross-scale, and multi-institutional sustainability science collaborations show that communication research and practice can help build communities and networks, and advance technical and policy solutions to confront the challenges of climate change and promote sustainability now and in future.
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Galvin, Rachel. Marianne Moore and the Eyewitness Bind. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623920.003.0007.
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As an American woman and a civilian, Marianne Moore was at two degrees of remove from the events of World War II and would seem to have had little footing from which to write about war. The issue of gender intensifies the exclusions of an epistemic framework in which physical experience of combat is understood as the ultimate warrant for knowledge of war. This chapter argues that receiving mediated information ultimately proved generative for Moore, fueling her 1930s and 1940s poetics of self-deprecation, understatement, and self-distrust. Her World War II–era poems spotlight civilian literary and moral authority precisely as a way to convey the difficulty of writing based on news of war. Uncovering Moore’s interest in the material supports of war information shows that she was far more self-conscious about her own subject position than she is conventionally held to have been.
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Warren, Michelle R. Good History, Bad Romance, and the Making of Literature. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795148.003.0012.
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Genre categories are shaped by cultural context and can change over time. This case study of Henry Lovelich’s Grail and Merlin (Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 80) accounts for the malleability of ‘romance’ by assessing in detail how perceptions of genre are mediated by form, politics, religion, archival methods, aesthetics, and pedagogy. When MS 80 was created in the fifteenth century, the English text was part of a multilingual tradition in which romance and history were inherently entangled and overlapping. In the sixteenth century, the Grail and King Arthur served as politically useful history. As the religious polemics of the Reformation subsided, Lovelich’s translation came to represent the beginning of English national romance. By the mid-twentieth century, it had been repositioned as a much maligned ‘bad romance’. Later, from the perspective of manuscript studies, evaluations became more positive. Now, early in the twenty-first century, the expansion of digital archives supports new approaches that challenge traditional distinctions between literary history and book history.