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Journal articles on the topic 'Medial Nuclei of Trapezoid Body'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Tsuchitani, Chiyeko. "The Brain Stem Evoked Response and Medial Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 110, no. 1 (January 1994): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989411000110.

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Single-unit responses of cat superior olivary complex neurons to acoustic stimuli were examined to determine whether the units' action potentials were sufficiently synchronized to contribute to the brain stem evoked response. The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and lateral superior olive are two major nuclei within the cat superior olivary complex. The first-spike discharge latencies of medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and lateral superior olivary neurons to monaural presentations of tone burst stimuli were measured as a function of stimulus level. Evidence is provided to support the hypotheses that in cat the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body may contribute directly to the monaural brain stem evoked response by producing action potentials synchronized to stimulus onset and may also contribute indirectly to the brain stem evoked response binaural difference wave bc by inhibiting the lateral superior olive unit excitatory responses synchronized to stimulus onset.

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2

Kuwabara, N., and J. M. Zook. "Projections to the medial superior olive from the medial and lateral nuclei of the trapezoid body in rodents and bats." Journal of Comparative Neurology 324, no. 4 (October 22, 1992): 522–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903240406.

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3

Smith, Philip H., Philip X. Joris, and Tom C. T. Yin. "Anatomy and Physiology of Principal Cells of the Medial Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body (MNTB) of the Cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 3127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.3127.

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Smith, Philip H., Philip X. Joris, and Tom C. T. Yin. Anatomy and physiology of principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 3127–3142, 1998. We have recorded from principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) in the cat's superior olivary complex using either glass micropipettes filled with Neurobiotin or horseradish peroxidase for intracellular recording and subsequent labeling or extracellular metal microelectrodes relying on prepotentials and electrode location. Labeled principal cells had cell bodies that usually gave rise to one or two primary dendrites, which branched profusely in the vicinity of the cell. At the electron microscopic (EM) level, there was a dense synaptic terminal distribution on the cell body and proximal dendrites. Up to half the measured cell surface could be covered with excitatory terminals, whereas inhibitory terminals consistently covered about one-fifth. The distal dendrites were very sparsely innervated. The thick myelinated axon originated from the cell body and innervated nuclei exclusively in the ipsilateral auditory brain stem. These include the lateral superior olive (LSO), ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, medial superior olive, dorsomedial and ventromedial periolivary nuclei, and the MNTB itself. At the EM level the myelinated collaterals gave rise to terminals that contained nonround vesicles and, in the LSO, were seen terminating on cell bodies and primary dendrites. Responses of MNTB cells were similar to their primary excitatory input, the globular bushy cell (GBC), in a number of ways. The spontaneous spike rate of MNTB cells with low characteristic frequencies (CFs) was low, whereas it tended to be higher for higher CF units. In response to short tones, a low frequency MNTB cell showed enhanced phase-locking abilities, relative to auditory nerve fibers. For cells with CFs >1 kHz, the short tone response often resembled the primary-like with notch response seen in many globular bushy cells, with a well-timed onset component. Exceptions to and variations of this standard response were also noted. When compared with GBCs with comparable CFs, the latency of the MNTB cell response was delayed slightly, as would be expected given the synapse interposed between the two cell types. Our data thus confirm that, in the cat, the MNTB receives and converts synaptic inputs from globular bushy cells into a reasonably accurate reproduction of the bushy cell spike response. This MNTB cell output then becomes an important inhibitory input to a number of ipsilateral auditory brain stem nuclei.

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4

Schofield, Brett R. "Projections to the cochlear nuclei from principal cells in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body in guinea pigs." Journal of Comparative Neurology 344, no. 1 (June 1, 1994): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903440107.

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5

Kadner, Alexander, Randy J. Kulesza, and Albert S. Berrebi. "Neurons in the Medial Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body and Superior Paraolivary Nucleus of the Rat May Play a Role in Sound Duration Coding." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 3 (March 2006): 1499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00902.2005.

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We describe neurons in two nuclei of the superior olivary complex that display differential sensitivities to sound duration. Single units in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) and superior paraolivary nucleus (SPON) of anesthetized rats were studied. MNTB neurons produced primary-like responses to pure tones and displayed a period of suppressed spontaneous activity after stimulus offset. In contrast, neurons of the SPON, which receive a strong glycinergic input from MNTB, showed very little or no spontaneous activity and responded with short bursts of action potentials after the stimulus offset. Because SPON spikes were restricted to the same time window during which suppressed spontaneous activity occurs in the MNTB, we presume that SPON offset activity represents a form of postinhibitory rebound. Using characteristic frequency tones of 2- to 1,000-ms duration presented 20 dB above threshold, we show that the profundity and duration of the suppression of spontaneous activity in MNTB as well as the magnitude and first spike latency of the SPON offset response depend on stimulus duration as well as on stimulus intensity, showing a tradeoff between intensity and duration. Pairwise comparisons of the responses to stimuli of various durations revealed that the duration sensitivity in both nuclei is sharpest for stimuli <50 ms.

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Garrett, Andrew, Virginia Lannigan, Nathanael J. Yates, Jennifer Rodger, and Wilhelmina Mulders. "Physiological and anatomical investigation of the auditory brainstem in the Fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata)." PeerJ 7 (September 30, 2019): e7773. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7773.

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The fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) is a small (10–20 g) native marsupial endemic to the south west of Western Australia. Currently little is known about the auditory capabilities of the dunnart, and of marsupials in general. Consequently, this study sought to investigate several electrophysiological and anatomical properties of the dunnart auditory system. Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were recorded to brief (5 ms) tone pips at a range of frequencies (4–47.5 kHz) and intensities to determine auditory brainstem thresholds. The dunnart ABR displayed multiple distinct peaks at all test frequencies, similar to other mammalian species. ABR showed the dunnart is most sensitive to higher frequencies increasing up to 47.5 kHz. Morphological observations (Nissl stain) revealed that the auditory structures thought to contribute to the first peaks of the ABR were all distinguishable in the dunnart. Structures identified include the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the cochlear nucleus, including a cochlear nerve root nucleus as well as several distinct nuclei in the superior olivary complex, such as the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, lateral superior olive and medial superior olive. This study is the first to show functional and anatomical aspects of the lower part of the auditory system in the Fat-tailed dunnart.

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Balaban, Carey D., David M. McGee, Jianxun Zhou, and Charles A. Scudder. "Responses of Primate Caudal Parabrachial Nucleus and Kölliker-Fuse Nucleus Neurons to Whole Body Rotation." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 3175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00499.2002.

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The caudal aspect of the parabrachial (PBN) and Kölliker-Fuse (KF) nuclei receive vestibular nuclear and visceral afferent information and are connected reciprocally with the spinal cord, hypothalamus, amygdala, and limbic cortex. Hence, they may be important sites of vestibulo-visceral integration, particularly for the development of affective responses to gravitoinertial challenges. Extracellular recordings were made from caudal PBN cells in three alert, adult female Macaca nemestrina through an implanted chamber. Sinusoidal and position trapezoid angular whole body rotation was delivered in yaw, roll, pitch, and vertical semicircular canal planes. Sites were confirmed histologically. Units that responded during rotation were located in lateral and medial PBN and KF caudal to the trochlear nerve at sites that were confirmed anatomically to receive superior vestibular nucleus afferents. Responses to whole-body angular rotation were modeled as a sum of three signals: angular velocity, a leaky integration of angular velocity, and vertical position. All neurons displayed angular velocity and integrated angular velocity sensitivity, but only 60% of the neurons were position-sensitive. These responses to vertical rotation could display symmetric, asymmetric, or fully rectified cosinusoidal spatial tuning about a best orientation in different cells. The spatial properties of velocity and integrated velocity and position responses were independent for all position-sensitive neurons; the angular velocity and integrated angular velocity signals showed independent spatial tuning in the position-insensitive neurons. Individual units showed one of three different orientations of their excitatory axis of velocity rotation sensitivity: vertical-plane-only responses, positive elevation responses (vertical plane plus ipsilateral yaw), and negative elevation axis responses (vertical plane plus negative yaw). The interactions between the velocity and integrated velocity components also produced variations in the temporal pattern of responses as a function of rotation direction. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a vestibulorecipient region of the PBN and KF integrates signals from the vestibular nuclei and relay information about changes in whole-body orientation to pathways that produce homeostatic and affective responses.

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Wei, Liting, Shotaro Karino, Eric Verschooten, and Philip X. Joris. "Enhancement of phase-locking in rodents. I. An axonal recording study in gerbil." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 2009–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00194.2016.

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The trapezoid body (TB) contains axons of neurons in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus projecting to monaural and binaural nuclei in the superior olivary complex (SOC). Characterization of these monaural inputs is important for the interpretation of response properties of SOC neurons. In particular, understanding of the sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs) in neurons of the medial and lateral superior olive requires knowledge of the temporal firing properties of the monaural excitatory and inhibitory inputs to these neurons. In recent years, studies of ITD sensitivity of SOC neurons have made increasing use of small animal models with good low-frequency hearing, particularly the gerbil. We presented stimuli as used in binaural studies to monaural neurons in the TB and studied their temporal coding. We found that general trends as have been described in the cat are present in gerbil, but with some important differences. Phase-locking to pure tones tends to be higher in TB axons and in neurons of the medial nucleus of the TB (MNTB) than in the auditory nerve for neurons with characteristic frequencies (CFs) below 1 kHz, but this enhancement is quantitatively more modest than in cat. Stronger enhancement is common when TB neurons are stimulated at low frequencies below CF. It is rare for TB neurons in gerbil to entrain to low-frequency stimuli, i.e., to discharge a well-timed spike on every stimulus cycle. Also, complex phase-locking behavior, with multiple modes of increased firing probability per stimulus cycle, is common in response to low frequencies below CF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Phase-locking is an important property of neurons in the early auditory pathway: it is critical for the sensitivity to time differences between the two ears enabling spatial hearing. Studies in cat have shown an improvement in phase-locking from the peripheral to the central auditory nervous system. We recorded from axons in an output tract of the cochlear nucleus and show that a similar but more limited form of temporal enhancement is present in gerbil.

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9

Smith, P. H. "Structural and functional differences distinguish principal from nonprincipal cells in the guinea pig MSO slice." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 1653–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.4.1653.

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1. Principal cells in the medial superior olive (MSO) receive low-frequency information from both ears via left and right cochlear nuclei. In vivo extracellular records suggest that some MSO neurons respond optimally only when the binaural acoustic signal has a precise interaural delay. Thus MSO cells, in particular principal cells, are thought to be the first stage in the processing of interaural time difference cues that provides information as to the location of a low-frequency sound in space. 2. Despite this proposed fundamental role for the MSO, certain features of this nucleus make in vivo recordings from any cell type here very difficult to obtain. Only a small number of extracellular records and no intracellular recordings are reported in the literature. Using sharp, neurobiotin-filled glass electrodes to record intracellularly from cells in an in vitro brain slice of the guinea pig superior olivary complex, I have begun to assess the anatomic and physiological features of cells in the MSO that might be relevant to such a functional role in vivo. 3. Two basic MSO cell types, designated principal and nonprincipal, could be distinguished on the basis of certain anatomic and physiological differences. 4. Labeled principal cell bodies were located at all dorsoventral location within the MSO. Labeled nonprincipal cells were located in or around the dorsal aspects of the nucleus. Principal cells typically had thick bipolar dendrites (1 directed medially, 1 laterally) that did not taper or branch significantly except at their terminations. Nonprincipal cells were multipolar with three to nine thinner primary dendrites that did not branch preferentially in a mediolateral direction. Principal cell axons gave off collaterals terminating in and around the dorsal MSO. Nonprincipal cells also had axon in and around the dorsal MSO. Nonprincipal cells also had axon collateral branches innervating dorsal MSO, but these axons could branch more extensively and project further down the dorsoventral aspect of the nucleus. 5. Principal cells typically responded to depolarizing current pulses with one or a few spikes at current onset. When bathed in saline containing 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), they fired repetitively to the same depolarizing current pulses. This would indicate a depolarization-induced nonlinearity similar to that seen in principal cell types of two other auditory brain stem nuclei, the anteroventral cochlear nucleus and medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. Nonprincipal cells normally fired repetitively to depolarizing current pulses even close to spike threshold. Both cell types could show a sag in the membrane potential to hyperpolarizing current pulses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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10

Grothe, B. "Interaction of excitation and inhibition in processing of pure tone and amplitude-modulated stimuli in the medial superior olive of the mustached bat." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 706–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.2.706.

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1. In mammals with good low-frequency hearing, the medial superior olive (MSO) processes interaural time or phase differences that are important cues for sound localization. Its cells receive excitatory projections from both cochlear nuclei and are thought to function as coincidence detectors. The response patterns of MSO neurons in most mammals are predominantly sustained. In contrast, the MSO in the mustached bat is a monaural nucleus containing neurons with phasic discharge patterns. These neurons receive projections from the contralateral anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) and the ipsilateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). 2. To further investigate the role of the MSO in the bat, the responses of 252 single units in the MSO to pure tones and sinusoidal amplitude-modulated (SAM) stimuli were recorded. The results confirmed that the MSO in the mustached bat is tonotopically organized, with low frequencies in the dorsal part and high frequencies in the ventral part. The 61-kHz region is overrepresented. Most neurons tested (88%) were monaural and discharged only in response to contralateral stimuli. Their response could not be influenced by stimulation of the ipsilateral ear. 3. Only 11% of all MSO neurons were spontaneously active. In these neurons the spontaneous discharge rate was suppressed during the stimulus presentation. 4. The majority of cells (85%) responded with a phasic discharge pattern. About one-half (51%) responded with a level-independent phasic ON response. Other phasic response patterns included phasic OFF or phasic ON-OFF, depending on the stimulus frequency. Neurons with ON-OFF discharge patterns were most common in the 61-kHz region and absent in the high-frequency region. 5. Double tone experiments showed that at short intertone intervals the ON response to the second stimulus or the OFF response to the first stimulus was inhibited. 6. In neuropharmacological experiments, glycine applied to MSO neurons (n = 71) inhibited any tone-evoked response. In the presence of the glycine antagonist strychnine the response patterns changed from phasic to sustained (n = 35) and the neurons responded to both tones presented in double tone experiments independent of the intertone interval (n = 5). The effects of strychnine were reversible. 7. Twenty of 21 neurons tested with sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) signals exhibited low-pass or band-pass filter characteristics. Tests with SAM signals also revealed a weak temporal summation of inhibition in 13 of the 21 cells tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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11

Litovsky, Ruth Y., and Tom C. T. Yin. "Physiological Studies of the Precedence Effect in the Inferior Colliculus of the Cat. II. Neural Mechanisms." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 1302–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.3.1302.

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Litovsky, Ruth Y. and Tom C. T. Yin. Physiological studies of the precedence effect in the inferior colliculus of the cat. II. Neural mechanisms. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1302–1316, 1998. We studied the responses of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of cats to stimuli known to evoke the precedence effect (PE). This paper focuses on stimulus conditions that probe the neural mechanisms underlying the PE but that are not usually encountered in a natural situation. Experiments were conducted under both free-field (anechoic chamber) and dichotic (headphones) conditions. We found that in free field the amount of suppression of the lagging response depended on the location of the leading source. With stimuli in the azimuthal plane, the majority (84%) of units showed stronger suppression of the lagging response for a leading stimulus placed in the cell's responsive area as compared with a lead in the unresponsive field. A smaller number of units showed stronger suppression for a lead placed in the unresponsive field, and a few showed little effect of the lead location. In the elevational plane, there was less sensitivity of the leading source to changes in location, but for those cells in which there was sensitivity, suppression was always stronger when the lead was in the cell's responsive area. Studies on stimulus locations also were conducted under dichotic conditions by varying the interaural differences in time (ITD) of the leading source. Results were consistent with those obtained in free field, suggesting that ITDs play an important role in determining the amount of suppression that was observed as a function of leading stimulus location. In addition to location and ITD, we also studied the effect of varying the relative levels of the lead and lag as well as stimulus duration. For all units studied, increasing the level of the leading stimulus while holding the lagging stimulus constant resulted in increased suppression. Similar effects of leading source level were observed in azimuth and elevation. The effect of varying the duration of the leading source also showed that longer duration stimuli produce stronger suppression; this finding was observed both in azimuth and elevation. We also compared the suppression observed under binaural and monaural contralateral conditions and found a mixed effect: some neurons show stronger suppression under binaural conditions, others to monaural contralateral conditions, and still others show no effect. The results presented here support the hypothesis that the PE reflects a long-lasting inhibition evoked by the leading stimulus. Five possible sources for the inhibition are considered: the auditory nerve, intrinsic circuits in the cochlear nucleus, medial and lateral nuclei of the trapezoid body inhibition to the medial superior olive, dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) inhibition to the ICC, and intrinsic circuits in the ICC itself.

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Kopp-Scheinpflug, C., S. Tolnai, M. S. Malmierca, and R. Rübsamen. "The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body: Comparative physiology." Neuroscience 154, no. 1 (June 2008): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.088.

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13

Spirou, G. A., W. E. Brownell, and M. Zidanic. "Recordings from cat trapezoid body and HRP labeling of globular bushy cell axons." Journal of Neurophysiology 63, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 1169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.63.5.1169.

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1. Recordings were made from single nerve fibers in barbiturate-anesthetized cats in the midline trapezoid body, a location that permits selective sampling of efferent cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus. Single units were localized to either the dorsal or ventral components of the trapezoid body. The fibers were physiologically classified on the basis of their peristimulus time histograms (PSTH) and receptive-field properties. In addition, low characteristic frequency (CF) units were probed for rapid rate and phase shifts with increases in intensity. The projection patterns of some fibers were traced by iontophoresing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into their axons. 2. HRP-labeled fibers most likely originated from globular bushy cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus in that they sent a large branch into the contralateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body which terminated in a calyceal ending and an ipsilateral branch into the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body. A thin branch, usually starting from the large branch, wound its way through the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body to its termination in the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body. Additional branches from the parent axon could pass through medial periolivary groups throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the superior olivary complex. The parent fiber was traced as far as the ventral lateral lemniscus where it faded before reaching its termination. 3. The majority of units were recorded in the ventral component of the trapezoid body. Although the ventral component is comprised of both large and small diameter fibers, our sample was biased to the larger diameter fibers representing the activity of axons originating from globular bushy cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus. Ventral component units were not tonotopically arrayed and had CFs that spanned the audible range for cats. HRP labeling of ventral component axons revealed that the section of the axon traveling through the midline shifted its dorsal-ventral location. This pattern was compatible with the lack of tonotopy found in the ventral component. Recordings were also made from the dorsal component of the trapezoid body, which contained medium diameter axons. These axons originated from spherical bushy cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus. Dorsal component units were tonotopically arrayed and had CFs less than 7 kHz. 4. Cells were characterized by their PSTH at CF. Primary-like and phase-locked units constituted most of the dorsal component units.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Reyes-Haro, Daniel, Abraham Rosas-Arellano, María Alejandra González-González, Ernesto Mora-Loyola, Ricardo Miledi, and Ataúlfo Martínez-Torres. "GABAρ expression in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body." Neuroscience Letters 532 (January 2013): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.10.024.

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15

Reyes-Haro, Daniel, Jochen Müller, Margarethe Boresch, Tatjyana Pivneva, Bruno Benedetti, Anja Scheller, Christiane Nolte, and Helmut Kettenmann. "Neuron–astrocyte interactions in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body." Journal of General Physiology 135, no. 6 (May 17, 2010): 583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200910354.

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The calyx of Held (CoH) synapse serves as a model system to analyze basic mechanisms of synaptic transmission. Astrocyte processes are part of the synaptic structure and contact both pre- and postsynaptic membranes. In the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), midline stimulation evoked a current response that was not mediated by glutamate receptors or glutamate uptake, despite the fact that astrocytes express functional receptors and transporters. However, astrocytes showed spontaneous Ca2+ responses and neuronal slow inward currents (nSICs) were recorded in the postsynaptic principal neurons (PPNs) of the MNTB. These currents were correlated with astrocytic Ca2+ activity because dialysis of astrocytes with BAPTA abolished nSICs. Moreover, the frequency of these currents was increased when Ca2+ responses in astrocytes were elicited. NMDA antagonists selectively blocked nSICs while D-serine degradation significantly reduced NMDA-mediated currents. In contrast to previous studies in the hippocampus, these NMDA-mediated currents were rarely synchronized.

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TSUCHITANI, C. "The brain stem evoked response and medial nucleus of the trapezoid body." Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 110, no. 1 (January 1994): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(94)70796-0.

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17

Torres Cadenas, Lester, Matthew J. Fischl, and Catherine J. C. Weisz. "Synaptic Inhibition of Medial Olivocochlear Efferent Neurons by Neurons of the Medial Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body." Journal of Neuroscience 40, no. 3 (November 12, 2019): 509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1288-19.2019.

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Gleich, Otto, and Jürgen Strutz. "Age dependent changes in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body in gerbils." Hearing Research 164, no. 1-2 (February 2002): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(01)00430-0.

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Tsuchitani, Chiyeko. "Input from the medial nucleus of trapezoid body to an interaural level detector." Hearing Research 105, no. 1-2 (March 1997): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(96)00212-2.

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Gao, Fei, and Albert S. Berrebi. "Forward masking in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body of the rat." Brain Structure and Function 221, no. 4 (April 29, 2015): 2303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1044-5.

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Chuhma, Nao, and Harunori Ohmori. "247 Postnatal development of synapses in rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body." Neuroscience Research 25 (January 1996): S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-0102(96)88676-7.

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Kuwabara, N., R. A. DiCaprio, and John M. Zook. "Afferents to the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and their collateral projections." Journal of Comparative Neurology 314, no. 4 (December 22, 1991): 684–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903140405.

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Kuwabara, N., and J. M. Zook. "Classification of the principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body." Journal of Comparative Neurology 314, no. 4 (December 22, 1991): 707–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903140406.

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24

Casey, Michael A., and Martin L. Feldman. "Aging in the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid Body. II. Electron microscopy." Journal of Comparative Neurology 232, no. 3 (February 15, 1985): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902320311.

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Wu, S. H., and J. B. Kelly. "Physiological properties of neurons in the mouse superior olive: membrane characteristics and postsynaptic responses studied in vitro." Journal of Neurophysiology 65, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 230–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.65.2.230.

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1. The physiological properties of cells in the superior olivary complex (SOC) were studied in 400-microns brain slices taken through the mouse auditory brain stem. Coronal sections were prepared from fresh brain tissue and were placed fully submerged in an oxygenated saline solution. The boundaries of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), the lateral superior olive (LSO), and the fibers of the trapezoid body were visualized through a dissecting microscope, and micropipettes filled with 4 M potassium acetate were inserted into the LSO or MNTB. 2. Bipolar stimulating electrodes were placed along the trapezoid body usually at the midline decussation and at a location just lateral to the LSO. This arrangement allowed for stimulation of the trapezoid body both contralateral and ipsilateral to the SOC. Synaptic potentials were elicited by delivering brief (0.1 ms) current pulses to the fibers of the trapezoid body. In some cases the integrity of the fibers was confirmed by transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) after extracellular microinjections at various locations along the pathway. The HRP reaction product revealed active transport within the trapezoid body and characteristic synaptic and terminal morphology in the MNTB and LSO. The MNTB contained primarily large-diameter fibers terminating in specialized endings (the calyces of Held), whereas the LSO contained mainly small-diameter fibers and punctate terminal boutons. 3. Membrane characteristics of cells in MNTB and LSO were determined by injecting current into the cell and measuring the corresponding voltage change. Neurons in LSO exhibited a roughly linear relation between voltage and intracellularly injected current. Negative current resulted in a graded hyperpolarization of the cell membrane, and positive current resulted in a graded depolarization that led to the production of action potentials. The number of action potentials was directly related to the strength of the current injected. In contrast, the neurons in MNTB had current-voltage relations that were strongly nonlinear around resting potential. The injection of negative current led to graded hyperpolarization, but injection of positive current produced a limited depolarization that resulted in either a single large action potential or an action potential followed by several spikes with greatly reduced amplitude. 4. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) could be elicited in LSO by ipsilateral stimulation of the trapezoid body and in MNTB by contralateral stimulation. In response to repeated stimulation, some cells in LSO exhibited temporal summation, that is, a series of slightly subthreshold current pulses produced postsynaptic potentials that combined to elicit action potentials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Englitz, B., M. Ahrens, S. Tolnai, R. Rübsamen, M. Sahani, and J. Jost. "Multilinear models of single cell responses in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body." Network: Computation in Neural Systems 21, no. 1-2 (March 2010): 91–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09548981003801996.

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Johnston, Jamie, Sarah J. Griffin, Claire Baker, and Ian D. Forsythe. "Kv4 (A-type) potassium currents in the mouse medial nucleus of the trapezoid body." European Journal of Neuroscience 27, no. 6 (March 2008): 1391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06116.x.

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B., Billups, Wong A., and Forsythe I. "Detecting synaptic connections in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body using calcium imaging." Pfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology 444, no. 5 (August 1, 2002): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-002-0861-6.

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Casey, Michael A., and Martin L. Feldman. "Aging in the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. III. Alterations in capillaries." Neurobiology of Aging 6, no. 1 (March 1985): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-4580(85)90070-3.

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30

Kotak, Vibhakar C., Christopher DiMattina, and Dan H. Sanes. "GABAB and Trk Receptor Signaling Mediates Long-Lasting Inhibitory Synaptic Depression." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.1.536.

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Abstract:

In many areas of the nervous system, excitatory and inhibitory synapses are reconfigured during early development. We have previously described the anatomical refinement of an inhibitory projection from the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body to the lateral superior olive in the developing gerbil auditory brain stem. Furthermore, these inhibitory synapses display an age-dependent form of long-lasting depression when activated at a low rate, suggesting that this process could support inhibitory synaptic refinement. Since the inhibitory synapses release both glycine and GABA during maturation, we tested whether GABAB receptor signaling could initiate the decrease in synaptic strength. When whole cell recordings were made from lateral superior olive neurons in a brain slice preparation, the long-lasting depression of medial nucleus of the trapezoid body–evoked inhibitory potentials was eliminated by the GABABreceptor antagonist, SCH-50911. In addition, inhibitory potentials could be depressed by repeated exposure to the GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen. Since GABAB receptor signaling may not account entirely for inhibitory synaptic depression, we examined the influence of neurotrophin signaling pathways located in the developing superior olive. Bath application of brain-derived neurotrophic factor or neurotrophin-3 depressed evoked inhibitory potentials, and use-dependent depression was blocked by the tyrosine kinase antagonist, K-252a. We suggest that early expression of GABAergic and neurotrophin signaling mediates inhibitory synaptic plasticity, and this mechanism may support the anatomical refinement of inhibitory connections.

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Pfeiffer, J. D., R. M. Burger, A. Klug, and B. Grothe. "365 AXONAL TRACING AND CALYCEAL IMAGING IN THE MAMMALIAN MEDIAL NUCLEUS OF THE TRAPEZOID BODY." Journal of Investigative Medicine 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): S143.2—S143. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/6650.2005.x0004.364.

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32

Bergsman, Jeremy B., Pietro De Camilli, and David A. McCormick. "Multiple Large Inputs to Principal Cells in the Mouse Medial Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 1 (July 2004): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00927.2003.

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The calyx of Held is a giant nerve terminal that forms a synapse directly onto the principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) in the mammalian auditory brain stem. This central synapse, which is involved in sound localization, has become widely used for studying synaptic transmission. Anatomical studies of this nucleus have indicated that each principal cell is innervated by only one calyx. Here we use previously established electrophysiological criteria of excitatory postsynaptic current amplitude, kinetics, and transmitter type, as well as other characteristics commonly reported for this synapse, to examine the input properties of principal neurons. Our findings indicate that some principal cells receive more than one strong excitatory input. These inputs meet previously established electrophysiological criteria for identification as calyceal nerve terminals. Implications for the execution and analysis of experiments to avoid errors due to such multiple inputs are discussed.

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Tolnai, Sandra, Bernhard Englitz, Cornelia Kopp-Scheinpflug, Susanne Dehmel, Jrgen Jost, and Rudolf Rbsamen. "Dynamic coupling of excitatory and inhibitory responses in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body." European Journal of Neuroscience 27, no. 12 (June 2008): 3191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06292.x.

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34

Sun, Jian-Yuan, Xin-Sheng Wu, Wei Wu, Shan-Xue Jin, Anna Dondzillo, and Ling-Gang Wu. "Capacitance measurements at the calyx of Held in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 134, no. 2 (April 2004): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.11.018.

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35

Webster, W. R., C. Batini, C. Buisseret-Delmas, C. Compoint, M. Guegan, and M. Thomasset. "Colocalization of calbindin and GABA in medial nucleus of the trapezoid body of the rat." Neuroscience Letters 111, no. 3 (April 1990): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(90)90270-j.

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36

Berntson, A. K., and B. Walmsley. "Characterization of a potassium-based leak conductance in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body." Hearing Research 244, no. 1-2 (October 2008): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2008.08.003.

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37

Casey, M. A., and M. L. Feldman. "Age-related loss of synaptic terminals in the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body." Neuroscience 24, no. 1 (January 1988): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(88)90322-3.

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38

Kulesza, Randy J. "Cytoarchitecture of the human superior olivary complex: Nuclei of the trapezoid body and posterior tier." Hearing Research 241, no. 1-2 (July 2008): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2008.04.010.

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39

Weatherstone, Jessica H., Conny Kopp-Scheinpflug, Nadia Pilati, Yuan Wang, Ian D. Forsythe, Edwin W. Rubel, and Bruce L. Tempel. "Maintenance of neuronal size gradient in MNTB requires sound-evoked activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 756–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00528.2016.

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The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is an important source of inhibition during the computation of sound location. It transmits fast and precisely timed action potentials at high frequencies; this requires an efficient calcium clearance mechanism, in which plasma membrane calcium ATPase 2 (PMCA2) is a key component. Deafwaddler ( dfw 2J) mutant mice have a null mutation in PMCA2 causing deafness in homozygotes ( dfw 2J/ dfw 2J) and high-frequency hearing loss in heterozygotes (+/ dfw 2J). Despite the deafness phenotype, no significant differences in MNTB volume or cell number were observed in dfw 2J homozygous mutants, suggesting that PMCA2 is not required for MNTB neuron survival. The MNTB tonotopic axis encodes high to low sound frequencies across the medial to lateral dimension. We discovered a cell size gradient along this axis: lateral neuronal somata are significantly larger than medially located somata. This size gradient is decreased in +/ dfw 2J and absent in dfw 2J/ dfw 2J. The lack of acoustically driven input suggests that sound-evoked activity is required for maintenance of the cell size gradient. This hypothesis was corroborated by selective elimination of auditory hair cell activity with either hair cell elimination in Pou4f3 DTR mice or inner ear tetrodotoxin (TTX) treatment. The change in soma size was reversible and recovered within 7 days of TTX treatment, suggesting that regulation of the gradient is dependent on synaptic activity and that these changes are plastic rather than permanent. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) act as fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons within the auditory brain stem. The MNTB is topographically organized, with low sound frequencies encoded laterally and high frequencies medially. We discovered a cell size gradient along this axis: lateral neurons are larger than medial neurons. The absence of this gradient in deaf mice lacking plasma membrane calcium ATPase 2 suggests an activity-dependent, calcium-mediated mechanism that controls neuronal soma size.

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40

Dondzillo, Anna, John A. Thompson, and Achim Klug. "Recurrent Inhibition to the Medial Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body in the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones Unguiculatus)." PLOS ONE 11, no. 8 (August 4, 2016): e0160241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160241.

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41

Youssoufian, M., and B. Walmsley. "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulates cell excitability in the mouse medial nucleus of the trapezoid body." European Journal of Neuroscience 25, no. 6 (April 10, 2007): 1647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05428.x.

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42

Hruskova, Bohdana, Johana Trojanova, Michaela Kralikova, Adolf Melichar, Stepanka Suchankova, Jolana Bartosova, Jana Svobodova Burianova, Jiri Popelar, Josef Syka, and Rostislav Turecek. "Cochlear ablation in neonatal rats disrupts inhibitory transmission in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body." Neuroscience Letters 699 (April 2019): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2019.01.058.

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43

Spangler, Kevin M., W. Bruce Warr, and Craig K. Henkel. "The projections of principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body in the cat." Journal of Comparative Neurology 238, no. 3 (August 15, 1985): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902380302.

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44

Paolini, Antonio G., John V. FitzGerald, Anthony N. Burkitt, and Graeme M. Clark. "Temporal processing from the auditory nerve to the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body in the rat." Hearing Research 159, no. 1-2 (September 2001): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(01)00327-6.

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45

Blosa, M., M. Sonntag, G. Brückner, C. Jäger, G. Seeger, R. T. Matthews, R. Rübsamen, T. Arendt, and M. Morawski. "Unique features of extracellular matrix in the mouse medial nucleus of trapezoid body – Implications for physiological functions." Neuroscience 228 (January 2013): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.003.

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46

Borst, J. G., F. Helmchen, and B. Sakmann. "Pre- and postsynaptic whole-cell recordings in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body of the rat." Journal of Physiology 489, no. 3 (December 15, 1995): 825–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp021095.

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47

Chuhma, Nao, Konomi Koyano, and Harunori Ohmori. "316 Developmental change of release probability of neurotransmitter in medial nucleus of the trapezoid body in rat." Neuroscience Research 28 (January 1997): S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(97)90147-4.

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48

Chuhma, Nao, and Harunori Ohmori. "Synchronization of transmitter release with postnatal development in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body of rat." Neuroscience Research 31 (January 1998): S114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(98)81972-x.

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49

Rusu, Silviu I., and J. Gerard G. Borst. "Developmental changes in intrinsic excitability of principal neurons in the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body." Developmental Neurobiology 71, no. 4 (March 10, 2011): 284–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20856.

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50

Borst, J. G. G., and B. Sakmann. "Effect of changes in action potential shape on calcium currents and transmitter release in a calyx–type synapse of the rat auditory brainstem." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1381 (February 28, 1999): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0386.

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We studied the relation between the size of presynaptic calcium influx and transmitter release by making simultaneous voltage clamp recordings from presynaptic terminals, the calyces of Held and postsynaptic cells, the principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, in slices of the rat brainstem. Calyces were voltage clamped with different action potential waveforms. The amplitude of the excitatory postsynaptic currents depended supralinearly on the size of the calcium influx, in the absence of changes in the time–course of the calcium influx. This result is in agreement with the view thact at this synapse most vesicles are released by the combined action of multiple calcium channels.

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