Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Média en ligne'
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Barbe, Lionel. "Internet, du média à l'individu média : enjeux socio-économiques de la presse en ligne, le cas français comparé aux cas européen et américain." Paris 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA020092.
Full textBouatir, Hicham. "Les journaux en ligne de la presse écrite française sur Internet : émergence d'un nouveau média?" Paris 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA020066.
Full textDoutreix, Marie-Noëlle. "Wikipédia, encyclopédie et site d’actualités ˸ qualité de l'information et normes collaboratives d’un média en ligne." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA147.
Full textOverly rough data, false information, ideological prejudices, such are the numerous criticisms to which the Wikipedia project has responded ever since its inception in 2001. All this despite the fact that contributors to the project had never ceased honing their tools, labels and indications to help users find reliable information.This thesis seeks to explore the means that have been used to enhance the reliability of the collaborative medium put on line. It argues that the synthesis proposed by the Wikipedia project combines, on the one hand, claims to possess an encyclopaedic format with, on the other, the ability to keep abreast of current developments makes it a media encyclopaedia. Indeed, current developments are dealt with in real time and the sources relied on are often journalistic in nature, a situation which displays the « circular circulation » of information, characteristic of media in general. The very genre of the encyclopaedia is brought into the spotlight when the thesis turns to related phenomena such as hypertextuality and also when it underscores the main areas of epistemological differences such as the relationship with sources and the principle of a neutral point of view. The two corpuses studied, each comprising nearly three hundred articles, clearly show the place that the Wikipedia project devotes to current events as well as the importance they have for the practices engaged in by contributors to the project
Raynauld, Vincent. "Mise en réseau d'un média émergent : l'utilisation des sources d'information en ligne par les blogues durant la campagne présidentielle américaine en 2004." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23844/23844.pdf.
Full textSadeghi, Mehrdad. "Le journalisme citoyen à l'ère numérique : enjeux de la pratique journalistique de non-professionnels en ligne : étude de cas : les médias citoyens en persan." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR30065.
Full textThis academic research focuses on the emergence of contemporary practices in the treatment of online news recently brought within the reach of non-professionals through the development of information and communication technologies, and grouped under the concept of citizen journalism. Two different but complementary approaches constitute the essential basis of this research study: The first approach is to examine the nature and identity of the profession of journalism, its weight and its limits, and its evolution after the emergence of the Web, as well as the arrival of new media technology and its confrontation with information and communication technologies. It also attempts to understand and analyze the essence, characteristics, dimensions and challenges of the uses of amateur journalism brought to the attention of everyone via digital technology. The second approach consists of a case study of citizen media in Persian. It includes several researches and analyses, such as: The sphere of journalism and the media environment in Iran; the way in which Internet is used and the rate of trust of internet-users vis-à-vis the source of online information from citizens; the manner in which Iranian professional journalism receives citizen journalism and ordinary people’s involvement in the current affairs; the priorities of the creators of citizen media, and their own methods of collecting, processing and publishing online information. This thesis also takes into account the limitations, restrictions and identified issues of this new journalism practice in relation to its practitioners
Rollandin, Marion. "La réflexivité communicationnelle induite par les échanges en ligne : pratique, médiation et médiatisation, vers une posture d'ethnologue-amateur." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040103.
Full textThe research studies the process of making of a knowledge on the communication resulting from reflective communication in online interchanges within a computerized media. It aims at understanding how this knowledge is acquired by analyzing the following triptych : users/device/other users. When using device like a multiplayer online battle arena League of Legends or female online discussion website Confidentielles.com, the users get involved in a psychosocial « adjustment system » to understand and assess the situations of communication they are facing. Thus, since it is developed during the practice, the « adjustment system » appears to be dynamic, mechanical and progressive thanks to reflective process. Two levels of reflexivity corresponding to the stages of this adjustment will be studied. The first level starts when the user facing the device has to work out and estimate the situation, decide on the strategy to adopt and grasp the importance of relations with others. The second level takes place all through the practice to manage efficiently the various interactivities and be as happy as possible in the given situation. On the one hand, these reflective process infer the production of ordinary knowledge; in the other hand the user has to adopt the « amateur-ethnologist position » when developing skills to understand the process and the situations of communication thanks to the « trips » between mediated communication and face to face communication
Shen, Yufei. "Essais sur l'économie des systèmes d'information." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023EHEC0010.
Full textThis dissertation aims to empirically study the business and societal consequences arising from the usage of emerging information technologies. The first chapter examines the unintended spillover effects of health information technology integration in combating the opioid crisis. I find that for a focal county, its neighboring state’s integrating Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) into local Electronic Health Records leads to an increase in the focal county’s consumption of prescribed opioids, an undesirable spillover effect. Moreover, this undesirable spillover effect is mitigated when prescribers in the focal county have access to the neighboring state’s PDMP data via interstate PDMP data sharing. In the second chapter, I explore the effect of opting out of cookie tracking on consumer behavior on a news website. I find that consumers increase the quantity and diversity of their news consumption after disabling cookie tracking. This effect could be attributed to consumers' intrinsic value of enhanced privacy control. The results imply that protecting consumer privacy can add business value to firms
Asdourian, Bruno. "COMMUNICATION RELATION ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX Étude du cas de la sensibilisation aux feux de forêt." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00573962.
Full textPastorino, Agnese. "Médias audiovisuels et contenus sexuels en ligne à l'adolescence : enjeux politiques en Europe." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB244.
Full textAudiovisual media expose adolescents to the vision of sexual contents on the Internet. Within public debate, online availability of material « likely to harm » or « seriously harming » children generates forms of moral panic. A major concern derives from sexual risks, such as pornography, sexting and child-pornography. At the European political-institutional level, the measures implemented are based on auto-regulatory, co-regulatory and regulatory solutions. Among these initiatives, the most important ones have been the Safer Internet programme and two directives respectively focused on children protection with regards to Audiovisual Media Services (2010/13/UE) and on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography (2011/92/UE). Methodologically, the thesis analyzes 45 debates of the European Parliament which dealt with these issues between 2001 and 2016. This corpus has been examined through an original quali-quantitative protocol, with a content analysis and the Alceste method applied via the softwares ATLAS.ti and IRaMuTeQ. This work wishes to contribute to research on audiovisual media, online sexual contents, adolescents and children, by proposing an original point of view on European policy. The main hypothesis has been that European parliamentary debates are limited in terms of representativeness of national cultures; starting from this premise, several aspects have been surveyed, either juridical, scientific, ethical and political issues. The main results respectively refer to different elements: 1. the variety of political-juridical interpretations of some concepts and the definitions of a few terms, besides the study of some juridical principles involved (fourth chapter); 2. the descriptions of online audiovisual sexual risks and the difficulties of European policy retrieved within parliamentary debates (fifth chapter); 3. the limits of European scientific knowledge in terms of representativeness of national culture, through the analysis of mentioned statistical data and studies (sixth chapter); 4. the multiplicity of ethical considerations, even based on different national cultures (seventh chapter); 5. the choice to favor self-regulatory measures (eight chapter)
I media audiovisivi espongono gli adolescenti alla visione di contenuti sessuali sulla Rete. Nel dibattito pubblico, la disponibilità online di materiale « potenzialmente » o « gravemente nocivo » per i bambini suscita delle forme di panico morale. Una preoccupazione maggiore deriva dai rischi di natura sessuale, quali la pornografia, il sexting e la pedo-pornografia. Sul piano politico-istituzionale europeo, le misure implementate si basano su soluzioni di autoregolamentazione, co-regolamentazione e regolamentazione. Tra queste iniziative, le più importanti sono state il programma Safer Internet e le due direttive rispettivamente dedicate alla protezione dei minori rispetto ai Servizi dei media audiovisivi (2010/13/UE) e la lotta contro l'abuso e lo sfruttamento sessuale dei bambini, così come la pornografia minorile (2011/92/UE). Sul piano metodologico, la tesi è basata sull'analisi di 45 dibattiti del Parlamento europeo che hanno trattato queste questioni tra il 2001 e il 2016. Il corpus è stato esaminato mediante un protocollo quali-quantitativo originale, con un'analisi del contenuto e il metodo Alceste, applicati mediante i programmi ATLAS.ti e IRaMuTeQ. La tesi desidera contribuire alla ricerca sui media audiovisivi, i contenuti sessuali online, gli adolescenti e i bambini, proponendo un punto di vista originale sulle questioni politiche europee. L'ipotesi principale è stata che i dibattiti parlamentari europei siano limitati in termini di rappresentatività delle culture nazionali ; a partire da questo presupposto, abbiamo indagato diversi livelli implicati : giuridico, scientifico, etico e politico. I principali risultati si riferiscono rispettivamente a questi diversi elementi : 1. la varietà delle interpretazioni politico-giuridiche di alcuni concetti e delle definizioni di alcuni termini, oltre che lo studio dei principi giuridici implicati (quarto capitolo) ; 2. le descrizioni dei rischi audiovisivi sessuali online e le difficoltà della politica europea rilevati nei dibattiti parlamentari (quinto capitolo) ; 3. i limiti del sapere scientifico europeo in termini di rappresentatività delle culture nazionali, attraverso l'analisi dei dati statistici e degli studi citati (sesto capitolo) ; 4. la molteplicità delle considerazioni etiche, anche sulla base delle diverse culture nazionali degli oratori (settimo capitolo) ; 5. la scelta di privilegiare delle misure auto-regolamentarie (ottavo capitolo)
Béasse, Muriel. "Conditions d'énonciations et stratégies d'écriture des narrations journalistiques du web : les renouvellements d’un contrat de véridicité." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67963.
Full textCette thèse s’intéresse à la compréhension des transformations contemporaines de l’écriture journalistique à l’aune de la mission de vérité traditionnellement associée à cette activité. Ce mandat social idéalisé fait partie de l’imaginaire de la profession et participe à la légitimité de la pratique journalistique. Il trouve une résonance contemporaine, dans un espace public en mutation où les entreprises médiatiques et les journalistes expérimentent de nouvelles façons d’informer. La recherche porte sur des narrations journalistiques multimédias exploitant les spécificités de l’écriture numérique (webdocumentaire, scrollytelling, long format…). Notre hypothèse est que les renouvellements en jeu dans ces dispositifs d’information se négocient dans la dimension coopérative du web. La recherche s’appuie sur l’analyse d’un corpus de cinq récits produits dans les médias d’information français dans la décennie 2009-2019. Elle est complétée par des entretiens avec leurs auteurs et des acteurs de la production. En documentant une pratique émergente du webjournalisme, ce travail rend compte d’expériences d’écriture entre narrativité et numérique qui contribuent à une reformulation du contrat de véridicité du journalisme.
This thesis focuses on seeking to understand the tension between transformations in contemporary journalistic writing and the obligation of truth traditionally associated with this activity. This idealised social mandate speaks to the appeal and to the legitimacy of journalistic practice and has a strong echo in the shifting public spaces where media companies and journalists are experimenting with new ways to inform. The research focuses on multimedia journalistic narratives exploiting the specificities of digital writing (webdocumentary, scrollytelling, long format, etc.). Our hypothesis is that the changes at play in these informative devices are negotiated in the cooperative dimension of the web. The research is based on the analysis of a corpus of five stories produced in the French news media in the decade 2009-2019. It is complemented by interviews with their authors and producers. This work investigates the emergent practice of webjournalism as acts of writing in which narrative and digital modalities contribute to a reformulation of veridicity as a journalistic contract.
Nakládal, Michal. "Monitoring a efektivnost reklamních výdajů do on-line komunikace." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-1326.
Full textJevičová, Katarína. "On-line komunikácia a nové stratégie značky Rimmel." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-136230.
Full textStella, Elie. "L’adaptation du droit pénal aux réseaux sociaux en ligne." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0344.
Full textOnline social networks demonstrate the transcription, as well as the intensification, of human relationships on a digital level. More generally, the apparition and widespread use of these sites reveal a profound evolution of social relationships that began in the mid-2000s. Consequently, criminal law, as a “mirror of civilisation” has necessarily been impacted to the extent of warranting its adaptation.These websites undeniably constitute a new legal arena within which delinquent online behaviour is present. For the most part, online social networks are merely a new medium for infringements, to which pre-existing criminal offences are perfectly designed to apply, should they arise. However, new forms of infringements have emerged from these places of exchange, highlighting the structural shortcomings within criminal law, that manifest as the inability of pre-existing criminal offences to cover these new forms of infringements. Criminal law has therefore adapted through the creation of new criminal offences, demonstrating the profound evolution of the protection of privacy, identity and more generally, private life, under criminal law.Social networks also raise criminal law issues with regard to the suppression of delinquent online behaviour that can be found on them. In this case, the regimes of criminal responsibility applicable to different social network players, users and operators, demonstrate a certain unsuitability which manifests itself as the ineffectiveness of criminal law on social networks. The solution therefore consists of developing, or rather diversifying the response to emerging offences and providing a framework for the regulation of content in collaboration with the administrative authorities. A new regime of responsibility thus emerges, applicable to the main digital sharing platforms, that progressively promotes a principle of compliance within them. Ultimately, criminal law adapts to online social networks as much as social networks adapt to criminal law
Simard, Anne-Marie. "L'utilisation des stratégies de diffusion dans le journalisme numérique québécois : le cas du piège à clic." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66825.
Full textThis study aims to analyze Facebook editorial strategies by Quebec media companies and their eventual use of clickbait strategies. Marked by technological and socioeconomic shifts within the media landscape for almost two decades, media companies must adapt their publication strategies to new media platforms, including those of social network sites such as Facebook and infomediaries. This research evaluates the presence of indicators of a clickbait derived from existing literature (Chen, Conroy et Rubin , 2015)) and its use by three different Quebec media companies: Radio-Canada/CBC (ICI Québec), Groupe Capitales Médias (Le Soleil) and Quebecor (le Journal de Québec). Based on a mixed methods qualitative research, which combines content analysis of Facebook publications to quantify the use of clickbait within these three companies, and open interviews with content managers to further understand the broadcast strategies put in place, we find that there is no significant use of clickbait strategies within these media companies. However, the analysis shows that certain indicators are definitely more present, as media companies try to get attention on Facebook while trying to work on a long-term reader retention based on trust, rather than count on short-lived viral attention.
Alava, Seraphin. "Médias, médiatisation et processus de formation." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653164.
Full textHodboď, Radek. "Analýza on-line komunikačního mixu společnosti Danone a návrh na jeho zefektivnění." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-136225.
Full textLeite, Maria Teresa Meirelles [UNIFESP]. "Cursos em educação médica continuada on-line na América Latina: um olhar pedagógico." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2008. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/9286.
Full textLeite, Maria Teresa Meirelles. Cursos em educação médica continuada on-line na América Latina: um olhar pedagógico. [Online Continuing Medical Education Courses in Latina America: a pedagogical approach]. Orientador: Daniel Sigulem. São Paulo: s.n., 2008. [146]. Dissertação(Mestrado em Ciências)-Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Resumo: Introdução: A educação médica continuada on-line oferecida por universidades parece priorizar os conteúdos transmitidos, a qualidade estética e a sofisticação tecnológica, dedicando pouca atenção aos aspectos pedagógicos. Os objetivos desta pesquisa são: sistematizar aspectos teóricos de educação, de educação a distância e de educação médica continuada (EMC) e identificar as abordagens pedagógicas prevalentes nos cursos em EMC on-line no Brasil e América Latina, por meio de artigos publicados. Metodologia: Após a elaboração do quadro teórico e do estabelecimento do escopo da pesquisa foram conduzidas buscas bibliográficas em bases de dados eletrônicas internacionais em saúde, medicina e humanidades. A seguir, foram realizadas pesquisas complementares, em websites de universidades da América do Sul. Resultados: Apenas quatro relatos obedeciam plenamente aos critérios estabelecidos para a investigação, sendo que três (3) parecem obedecer à abordagem cognitivista e um (1) à abordagem tradicional. Após a busca complementar, constatou-se que de um total de duzentas e vinte e seis (226) escolas médicas presentes em treze (13) países da América do Sul, estão disponíveis para consulta na Internet treze (13) experiências de EMC on-line. Entre elas, houve referência a concepções de educação em apenas oito (8). Discussão: Foram discriminados os limites impostos a esta pesquisa, observaram-se as características de uma busca bibliográfica envolvendo a área de humanas, estabeleceu-se que os resultados não constituem um referencial para avaliar os cursos quanto à concepção de educação, considerou-se a legitimidade dos resultados como amostragem significativa para ilustrar o volume de artigos disponíveis sobre o tema. Foram analisados os artigos incluídos, assim como diversos achados relevantes. Foram discutidos outros aspectos relacionados ao quadro teórico inicial, como perfil do docente e pós-modernidade. Conclusões: 1. Praticamente inexiste, na comunidade acadêmica latino-americana que desenvolve estudos pedagógicos nesta área, um envolvimento com a publicação científica nas bases de dados pesquisadas. 2. A falta de informações sobre aspectos pedagógicos pode revelar a ausência de um especialista em educação no planejamento dos cursos e pode apontar para a necessidade dos cursos de Pedagogia brasileiros investirem na formação do profissional capaz de atender essa demanda. 3. Há grande tendência das instituições privadas oferecerem educação continuada a distância, o que ficou evidente a partir da pesquisa complementar nos sites das universidades. 4. A partir dos resultados, foi possível constatar também que vários autores concordam que, com as recentes mudanças sociais, muitas transformações são esperadas da Educação. 5. O quadro teórico desenvolvido pode auxiliar a estabelecer fundamentos para reconhecer onde o conhecimento pedagógico se insere no contexto da EaD. 6. Além da pesquisa sobre o número de cursos oferecidos na América Latina e suas características, pode ser relevante utilizar o mesmo referencial teórico para estabelecer critérios de análise qualitativa dos cursos oferecidos por uma instituição específica, indicando possibilidade de novas pesquisas..
Introduction: Continuing medical education online offered by universities in Brazil seems to prioritize aesthetic quality and technological sophistication, paying little attention to pedagogical aspects. The objectives of this research are: to systematize theoretical aspects to the concepts of education, distance learning and continuing medical education (CME) and to identify the pedagogical approaches adopted in CME online courses in Brazil and Latin America by means of published articles. Method: After the construction of the theoretical basis and the establishment of the research limits, bibliographical queries in international electronic databases in health, medicine and humanities were carried through. Following, complementary research was performed in South American universities websites. Results: Only four articles obeyed the established criteria, from which three (3) seem to hold a cognitivist pedagogical approach and one (1) held a traditional approach of education. After the complementary search, it was found that, from a total of two hundred and twenty and six (226) medical schools in thirteen (13) South American countries, there were thirteen (13) online CME courses available for consultation in the Internet. Among them, only eight (8) referred to the education conceptions. Discussion: The limits for the query were discriminated, the characteristics of a bibliographical query involving the humanities was observed, it was established that the present results cannot constitute a referential tool to evaluate the courses, the legitimacy of the results as a significant sampling to illustrate the volume of available articles on the subject was discussed, the four articles were deeply analyzed, as well as diverse other findings that were not included. Besides, other aspects were discussed, as teacher profile and post modernity. Conclusions: 1. There is practically no involvement with scientific publication in the searched databases by the Latin American researchers in educational approaches for online continuing medical education. 2. The lack of information on pedagogical aspects may reveal the absence of an education specialist in the courses design and may suggest for the necessity for Brazilian Pedagogy courses to form a professional who is capable of answering this demand. 3. The trend of private institutions to offer online CME was evidenced from the complementary research. 4. From the results, it was possible to see that some authors agree that with the recent social changes, many transformations are expected from Education. 5. The developed theoretical basis may be able to contribute to establish connections to understand how the pedagogical knowledge inserts in the context of distance learning. 6. Beyond the research on the number of courses offered in Latin America and its characteristics, it is desirable to use the same theoretical referential to establish criteria for qualitative analysis for the courses offered by a specific institution, indicating a possibility of continuing this research.
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
Santos, Genivaldo de Souza. "O conceito de humanismo nas diretrizes curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio /." Marília : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96328.
Full textBanca: Divino José da Silva
Banca: Maria Silvia Simões Bueno
Resumo: A filosofia nos leva em sua radicalidade ao questionamento do que à primeira vista parece pueril, como criança que frente ao "óbvio" pergunta: o que é isto?! Partindo do pensamento filosófico colocamos a questão: O que é o humanismo? Tocar na questão do humanismo é, ao mesmo tempo, tocar naquilo que confere humanidade ao homem. Como duvidar do homem? Como duvidar da possibilidade humana? Indagações que não fazem sentido para o senso comum - ainda. Nietzsche (1987) ao anunciar a "morte de deus" "abriu" o caminho para que depois Foucault (1966) anunciasse a "morte do homem" e consigo a negação do humanismo e do sujeito. As crises que abalam a estrutura da sociedade contemporânea: crise da família, crise da escola, crise da educação, entre outras, adquire a forma de uma fórmula comum: "crise do homem". Não afirmamos que a educação deva se alinhar ao humanismo ou ao anti-humanismo, mas questionamos a postura do legislador que, de antemão, ao afirmar um humanismo, estabelece "verdades" sem a necessidade de justificativas por se tratar de um assunto óbvio. Mas qual a "obviedade" do humanismo? Assim, a centralidade de nossa pesquisa, repousou sobre a inquietante questão: qual o sentido do humanismo para as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio? A volta ao texto das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio na tentativa de delinear definições do humanismo e de conceitos próximos a ele, como pessoa humana, sujeito, formação moral foi necessária, bem como o estabelecimento de ligações entre o documento analisado com as Leis de Diretrizes e Bases Nº 9394/96 com a Constituição Federativa do Brasil (1988). Para em seguida percebemos, então, que, quando confrontado com o humanismo da tradição filosófica, via Existencialismo ateu sartreano, a hermenêutica do discurso do humanismo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: La Philosophie nous amène à le radicalisme dans leur interrogatoire que, à première vue, sembler puéril, comme les enfants qui face à la 'évidente' question: qu'est-ce que c'est? sur la base de la philosophie de poser la question: qu'est-ce que l'humanisme? Portant sur la question de l'humanisme est à la fois, jouant dans ce qui donne à l'humanité de l'homme. comme l'ombre d'un doute l'homme? comme douter de la possibilité de l'homme? questions qui ne font pas de sens au sens commun - pour le moment. Nietzsche (1987) d'annoncer la «mort de Dieu' ouvert 'le chemin vers ce après Foucault (1966) a annoncé la mort de l'homme' et à la négation de l'humanisme et de l'objet. les crises qui minent la structure de la société contemporaine: la crise familiale, la crise scolaire, crise de l'éducation, entre autres, prend la forme d'une formule commune: «crise de l'humanité». ne pas dire que l'éducation doit être aligné sur celui de l'anti-humanisme ou humanitaire, mais la question de l'attitude du législateur qui, à l'avance, dire à un humanisme, en baisse de 'vérités' sans la nécessité de justifier parce que c'est une question de cours. mais ce que les 'évidence' de l'humanisme? ainsi, la centralité de notre recherche, reste préoccupante sur la question: quel est le sens de l'humanisme à la Curriculum Lignes Directrices pour l'Ecole Secondaire Nationale? Le texte renvoie à la commission nationale des lignes directrices pour la haute école dans une tentative de délimiter les définitions de l'humanisme et de concepts proches de lui, en tant qu'êtres humains, sous réserve, la formation morale est nécessaire, et l'établissement de liens entre le document discuté avec les lois d'orientations et de bases n ° 9394/96 de la Constitution du Brésil (1988). pour se rend alors compte alors que face à l'humanisme de la tradition philosophique, par le... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Bastard, Irène. "De proches en pages, de pages en proches : Exploration et réception des informations en ligne." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENST0064/document.
Full textWhy do people post news on Facebook? What does a post mean compared to other forms ofexpression? And how does this activity contribute to media appropriation? This research focuses on sharing news, meaning an online interaction which uses information. This activity seems to be the social solution to supporting a person's online exploration. “Who shares what with whom?” is the question asked in this research through multiple approaches, both qualitative and quantitative. The first part is an exploration of online artefacts, counts of what media was shared online, and a few interviews. These diverse points of view show that sharing news enhances public expression of information, but only for some users. Sharing news is a limited part of online media consumption and online interaction. The second part of the research looks in detail at teenagers’ practices on Facebook. For young people on Facebook, all expression has to be social and online artefacts are a way to tell somebody one's position on an issue or on a relationship. News may be there to open interactions. The last part of the research deals with a large dataset of individual Facebook data, available thanks to Algopol Application. Analysis of the diversity of publications shows that the news people share online takes into account their offline media preferences and social activities. Sharing news is an online way of expression based on informations’ reception
Borrego, Daniel Alexandre Bourdain dos Santos. "Efficient frontier and capital market line on PSI 20." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10462.
Full textEste trabalho faz a estimativa da Fronteira Eficiente de Markowitz e da Linha de Mercados de Capital para o mercado bolsista Português, considerando dois diferentes períodos, antes e depois da crise financeira de 2008. Os resultados mostram um forte impacto no GMV portfólio e no portfólio de mercado, com conclusões surpreendentes. A sensibilidade dos resultados perante a dimensão do período é também considerável.
This work estimates the efficient frontier of Markowitz and the capital market line for the Portuguese stock market, considering two different periods, before and after the 2008 financial crisis. The results show the strong impact on the global minimum variance portfolio and the market portfolio, with surprising conclusions. The sensitivity of the results to the period?s length is also considered and remarkable.
Santos, Genivaldo de Souza [UNESP]. "O conceito de humanismo nas diretrizes curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96328.
Full textA filosofia nos leva em sua radicalidade ao questionamento do que à primeira vista parece pueril, como criança que frente ao “óbvio” pergunta: o que é isto?! Partindo do pensamento filosófico colocamos a questão: O que é o humanismo? Tocar na questão do humanismo é, ao mesmo tempo, tocar naquilo que confere humanidade ao homem. Como duvidar do homem? Como duvidar da possibilidade humana? Indagações que não fazem sentido para o senso comum – ainda. Nietzsche (1987) ao anunciar a “morte de deus” “abriu” o caminho para que depois Foucault (1966) anunciasse a “morte do homem” e consigo a negação do humanismo e do sujeito. As crises que abalam a estrutura da sociedade contemporânea: crise da família, crise da escola, crise da educação, entre outras, adquire a forma de uma fórmula comum: “crise do homem”. Não afirmamos que a educação deva se alinhar ao humanismo ou ao anti-humanismo, mas questionamos a postura do legislador que, de antemão, ao afirmar um humanismo, estabelece “verdades” sem a necessidade de justificativas por se tratar de um assunto óbvio. Mas qual a “obviedade” do humanismo? Assim, a centralidade de nossa pesquisa, repousou sobre a inquietante questão: qual o sentido do humanismo para as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio? A volta ao texto das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio na tentativa de delinear definições do humanismo e de conceitos próximos a ele, como pessoa humana, sujeito, formação moral foi necessária, bem como o estabelecimento de ligações entre o documento analisado com as Leis de Diretrizes e Bases Nº 9394/96 com a Constituição Federativa do Brasil (1988). Para em seguida percebemos, então, que, quando confrontado com o humanismo da tradição filosófica, via Existencialismo ateu sartreano, a hermenêutica do discurso do humanismo...
La Philosophie nous amène à le radicalisme dans leur interrogatoire que, à première vue, sembler puéril, comme les enfants qui face à la 'évidente' question: qu'est-ce que c'est? sur la base de la philosophie de poser la question: qu'est-ce que l'humanisme? Portant sur la question de l'humanisme est à la fois, jouant dans ce qui donne à l'humanité de l'homme. comme l'ombre d'un doute l'homme? comme douter de la possibilité de l'homme? questions qui ne font pas de sens au sens commun - pour le moment. Nietzsche (1987) d'annoncer la «mort de Dieu' ouvert 'le chemin vers ce après Foucault (1966) a annoncé la mort de l'homme' et à la négation de l'humanisme et de l'objet. les crises qui minent la structure de la société contemporaine: la crise familiale, la crise scolaire, crise de l'éducation, entre autres, prend la forme d'une formule commune: «crise de l'humanité». ne pas dire que l'éducation doit être aligné sur celui de l'anti-humanisme ou humanitaire, mais la question de l'attitude du législateur qui, à l'avance, dire à un humanisme, en baisse de 'vérités' sans la nécessité de justifier parce que c'est une question de cours. mais ce que les 'évidence' de l'humanisme? ainsi, la centralité de notre recherche, reste préoccupante sur la question: quel est le sens de l'humanisme à la Curriculum Lignes Directrices pour l'Ecole Secondaire Nationale? Le texte renvoie à la commission nationale des lignes directrices pour la haute école dans une tentative de délimiter les définitions de l'humanisme et de concepts proches de lui, en tant qu'êtres humains, sous réserve, la formation morale est nécessaire, et l'établissement de liens entre le document discuté avec les lois d'orientations et de bases n ° 9394/96 de la Constitution du Brésil (1988). pour se rend alors compte alors que face à l'humanisme de la tradition philosophique, par le... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Niu, Jing. "An investigation of marketing communication facilitated by social media platforms." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023EHEC0009.
Full textThis thesis predominantly delves into what motivates social media users' interactions (the antecedents), what determines patterns of different users' activities (the content), what influences the effectiveness of social media activities (the implementation), and what determines the outcomes of those activities (the consequences)
Melchioretto, Albio Fabian 1980, Celso 1965 Kraemer, and Universidade Regional de Blumenau Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação. "Uma-aula-que-quer-ser-rizoma filosofia e redes sociais na escola /." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações FURB, 2016. http://www.bc.furb.br/docs/DS/2016/361518_1_1.pdf.
Full textVörös, Florian. "Les usages sociaux de la pornographie en ligne et les constructions de la masculinité : une sociologie matérialiste de la réception des médias." Paris, EHESS, 2015. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01318004.
Full textFrom 19th century erotic postcards to 21th century online browsing, sexually explicit viewing practices have become everyday life practices. Based on an audience reception study conducted in Paris, this PhD dissertation investigates the material and cultural contexts through which gay and heterosexual male uses of digital pornography operate. The study consists in in-depth interviews with 34 viewers, combined with the replication of their online sexual meanderings. It examines the cultural practices of browsing and clicking, watching and listening, saving and archiving, sharing and expressing, reimagining and reflecting upon. These practices shape homosocial sociability, domestic space-time and, most importantly, sexual subjectivity. Affective intensities and cultural representations at work in domestic autosexual practices are situated within larger patterns of masculinity and gender relations. Comparison between expressions of sexual manliness in gay and heterosexual contexts is a way of getting hold of current reconfigurations within hegemonic masculinity
Roth, Catherine. "La Nation entre les lignes. Médias invisibles, discours implicites et invention de tradition chez les Saxons de Transylvanie." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020056.
Full textCommunities imagine themselves (Anderson, Hobsbawm, Gellner), but how is the invention spread and transformed into collective identity? This communication theory of nation clarifies the blurred concept of invention of tradition by distinguishing invention, transmission by a media (F. d’Almedia, J. Assmann), and transformation of invention into tradition, of present into past. The hypothesis is that the most important is not being said: the message is implicit and the media is invisible as such. Implicit meaning allows a naturalization that appeals in part to the unconscious – the guarantor of the nation’s intangibility (C. Kerbrat-Orecchioni, M. Douglas). Transylvanian Saxons, a German minority in Romania, chose collective emigration to Germany in 1990. With a beginning in the 12th century, an end in the 21st century, and identity transformations in a world first multicultural, then tending to monoculturality, and today to transculturality, they are a particularly relevant field observation. Studies of their historiography, museum, church and mountain club show that they have between the lines reinvented time, public space and territory, while the implicit froze time, sanctified society and ‘‘geologyzed’’ the territory. According to Karl W. Deutsch, a population is a community of communication who exchanges intensively more to the inside than the outside. Thus, a bridge is being built between the theories of nations and nationalism and communication studies. The different forms of implicit steer invisibly the national construction, the maintain of Nation-states and also of dictatorships with disturbing similarities between nations and eras
Washha, Mahdi. "Information quality in online social media and big data collection : an example of Twitter spam detection." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30080/document.
Full textThe popularity of OSM is mainly conditioned by the integrity and the quality of UGC as well as the protection of users' privacy. Based on the definition of information quality as fitness for use, the high usability and accessibility of OSM have exposed many information quality (IQ) problems which consequently decrease the performance of OSM dependent applications. Such problems are caused by ill-intentioned individuals who misuse OSM services to spread different kinds of noisy information, including fake information, illegal commercial content, drug sales, mal- ware downloads, and phishing links. The propagation and spreading of noisy information cause enormous drawbacks related to resources consumptions, decreasing quality of service of OSM-based applications, and spending human efforts. The majority of popular social networks (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, etc) over the Web 2.0 is daily attacked by an enormous number of ill-intentioned users. However, those popular social networks are ineffective in handling the noisy information, requiring several weeks or months to detect them. Moreover, different challenges stand in front of building a complete OSM-based noisy information filtering methods that can overcome the shortcomings of OSM information filters. These challenges are summarized in: (i) big data; (ii) privacy and security; (iii) structure heterogeneity; (iv) UGC format diversity; (v) subjectivity and objectivity; (vi) and service limitations In this thesis, we focus on increasing the quality of social UGC that are published and publicly accessible in forms of posts and profiles over OSNs through addressing in-depth the stated serious challenges. As the social spam is the most common IQ problem appearing over the OSM, we introduce a design of two generic approaches for detecting and filtering out the spam content. The first approach is for detecting the spam posts (e.g., spam tweets) in a real-time stream, while the other approach is dedicated for handling a big data collection of social profiles (e.g., Twitter accounts)
Le, Caroff Coralie. "Les usages sociopolitiques de l'actualité en ligne. S'informer, partager et commenter sur Facebook." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020080/document.
Full textThe thesis focuses on the socio-political uses of online news for laymen, specifically on Facebook. Originally designed for the private exchange, this social network has also become a place to access, share and comment the news. These practices are analysed through three inputs: the specifics of the technical device, the relation to politics by participants, and, finally, the role of gender in speaking out on Facebook.This work is based on a comparative analysis of participation around political events on selected Facebook media pages and on personal profiles of the social network. The methodology is based on an online ethnographic observation and on qualitative interviews.The main results show that political events lead to reactions based more on emotion than on rationality and on opinion camps clashes. These debates mainly take place on the media public pages while the timelines are rather dissemination areas, by sharing news. Women manifest as much as men their interest for public issues and Facebook is a common area to express indignation. Despite asserted opinions, women get involved in more moderate forms of interaction unlike men who are more invested in conflictual exchanges. In a sense, if Facebook contributes to an extension of the public space, participation remains limited and does not akin to discussions that are likely to revive democracy
Bilgici, Ceren. "L'évolution de la relation de l'usager avec l'information en ligne sur l'ordinateur et le téléphone portable en Turquie : les médias traditionnels face aux réseaux sociaux." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA063.
Full textIn this thesis, the experiences of the users with regard to the development of new technologies (of telecommunication, internet and mobile phones) in Turkey on the internet are analyzed. The objective is to demonstrate the effects of the new technologies on the practices of the internet users reaching the news via computer and mobile phone. The purpose is to observe the transformation of the daily practices on the internet due to the evolution of the broadcast, the development of the telecommunication market, the development of the adapted interface to the Website ergonomics and the invention of the new technological devices (such as smartphones). The presentation of this process consists of three different parts. The first part is about the historical evolution of internet as a new news media, the usage of new information and communication technologies and the adaptation of the society. The second part analyzes the properties of the news sites. It concerns the new ways of searching news via mobile phones. The third and last part is about the analysis of the relation between turkish users and new information and communication technologies and the transformation of the habits of searching news.According to our studies, the digitalization of the news, evolution of smart phones and the development of social media affects the mode and manners of reading. Nowadays, the practices of online news consumption is more multiple. The ergonomics of interface of websites and applications has a significant role on their media preferences
Busseau, Frédéric. "Les médias, les sources et le contrôle de la production du discours véhiculé dans les médias dans un conflit de travail : le cas du lock-out de la Ligue nationale de hockey 2004-2005." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23997/23997.pdf.
Full textAlawad, Abd Elkarim. "Histoire de la presse arabe en ligne en comparaison avec la presse européenne numérique." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0074.
Full textThis study deals with an issue of great importance in shedding light on Arabic electronic media and makes the comparison with European and American digital press, through the knowledge of the phenomenon of electronic media, its features, its negative aspects and the situation of Journalists and their unions, their commitment to professional ethics through their work in the electronic media.The study discusses the weaknesses of the Arab electronic media, its inability to compete with European and American digital newspapers.It sheds light on the reasons for these weaknesses, the negative aspects of Arab electronic media because of the weakness of the Internet networks and the few number of its users in the Arab world because of the domination of Arab regimes consider electronic media as an enemy of its rule on freedom of expression
Cho, Ju-eun. "Impact de l'internet sur le cinéma : avec des exemples de trois pays : la France, les Etats-Unis et la Corée du Sud." Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080002.
Full textSince the nineties, the spread of the internet and its devices has enabled many producers, distributors and moviegoers to change their attitudes towards movies. Our work has focused on demonstrating that the technical characteristics of the internet like the easy access, the hypertextuality and the interactivity can explain the changes noticed in the activities linked to the cinematographic field and the film itself.Although the reception of the internet by the public is extraordinarily fast, the market share of online film is still not really significant. Nevertheless, the growth of the digital generation and the simplification of techniques encourage us to believe in the potential of the internet.The distribution sector is the most influenced by the internet. The increased competition and the evolution of media chronology were inevitable. Despite the threat of easy piracy and the formation of the internal network of mega-media, it seems obvious that the internet will be a useful channel for independent films.Concerning the production area, all stages become participatory. The interaction between filmmakers and the audience and between the future audience and the works created new modes of movies as multi-stories movie, game movies, relay movies and movies with subsidiary texts.Glimpsed with the evocation of the technical features of the internet, the production and the distribution and the viewing of films are influenced by the internet in the sense of a popularization – which can result in public participation – and of immediacy. These two main effects were not synonym with a radical change in the area but, according to us, with a significant transformation in the cinematographic field
De, Maeyer Juliette. "L'usage journalistique des liens hypertextes: étude des représentations, contenus et pratiques à partir des sites d'information de la presse belge francophone." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209443.
Full textIl convient donc de l'examiner attentivement, pour mieux comprendre ce que les journalistes font des liens, et ce que le lien fait au journalisme. Cette recherche poursuit trois objectifs, et opère donc en trois temps :(1) appréhender le lien hypertexte dans l'imaginaire journalistique, (2) décrire les liens contenus sur les sites d'information de la presse francophone belge dans leur contexte d'énonciation, et (3) replacer les liens dans leur contexte de production.
Afin d'expliciter d'abord, du point de vue des acteurs eux-mêmes, la diversité des rôles que peut avoir le lien dans le contexte du journalisme, ce travail remonte le fil de conversations métajournalistiques au sujet du lien hypertexte. Sur le mode de la cartographie des controverses, celles-ci sont l’objet (1) d’un compte-rendu chronologique qui cherche à recontextualiser précisément chacune des controverses, puis, (2) d’une analyse thématique qui explicite tous les registres d'argument que les journalistes associent aux liens.
Ensuite, les liens hypertextes présents sur six sites web d’information d'organes de presse belge francophone sont décrits, dans leur contexte d’énonciation. Les résultats de l'analyse mettent en évidence que les sites d'information ne sont pas homogènes en matière de liens, chacun d'entre eux en faisant des usages spécifiques. Ils dévoilent également plusieurs pistes de questionnement sur les raisons d'être des liens, notamment sur le caractère structurant de la technique ou le caractère déterminant des enjeux économiques.
Enfin, tous ces éléments sont éclairés par une enquête sur le contexte de production des sites d'information. Une observation directe dans deux rédactions met en évidence les configurations spécifiques qui, en entremêlant la culture des journalistes, des inscriptions socio-techniques, et leurs relations avec les intérêts économiques de l'organisation médiatique, structurent l’usage journalistique des liens.
Au final, cette triple démarche aboutit à mettre en évidence que la configuration des interrelations qui caractérisent le journalisme (c'est-à-dire les relations entre les journalistes, leurs pairs, leurs sources, leurs publics, les produits d’information et la règle) se manifeste assez clairement dans les usages journalistiques du lien hypertexte. Mais elle montre aussi qu’il faut également tenir compte de la matérialité pour véritablement comprendre ce réseau d’interrelations.
Doctorat en Information et communication
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Demers, Érika. "La perception des jeunes des effets de la vie sociale en ligne sur la socialisation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27217.
Full textThis exploratory study focuses on young people and their use of social platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instragram and many others. This new generation of social context allows young people to communicate and build relationships regardless of time and space. In order to answer the question "How do young people perceive the effects that social life online has on their socialization? ", 12 young people from 18 to 24 years of age from Cégep de Sainte-Foy were interviewed individually. In a perspective of constructivism and interactionism, this approach as been applied to learn more about how the youth perspective and interpretation of their use of social networks. Knowledge development surrounding this issue helps to understand how young people perceive the impact of social life online on their personal and social construction.
Montanvert, Annick. "Contribution au traitement de formes discrètes : squelettes et codage par graphe de la ligne médiane." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00325209.
Full textCorriveau, Isabelle. "CBC/Radio-Canada sans les droits de diffusion de hockey : un désavantage numérique ou politique?" Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32996.
Full textAlmar, Nathalie. "Du journal papier au journal en ligne : diversité et mutations des pratiques journalistiques : analyse comparative : La Réunion, Maurice et Madagascar." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00457711.
Full textKoester-Gobbo, Sabrina. "Padrão de distribuição e abundância de aves e mamíferos de médio e grande porte em Ilhabela, SP, Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-31072007-092932/.
Full textThe present study had the following goals: review the literature on the history of human occupation of Ilhabela (nearly to 348 km2), survey wildlife species (mid- to large-sized mammals and birds) from São Sebastião Island by linear transects, test the validity of such method when animal counting is performed both ways on the trail, and check the possible relationship between wildlife abundance and phytophysionomic variables. Ilhabela has a history of three and half centuries of agriculture such as sugar-cane and coffee plantations. Possibly, before European colonization Ilhabela was already inhabited by native Americans. Nowadays, Ilhabela has 26.000 inhabitants plus a great number of tourists all along the year. The impact of such dramatic population increase on the island natural resources is possibly greater than the agricultural impact from the former centuries. From May 2004 to Jun 2005 surveys have been conducted on 11 trails distributed thought São Sebastião Island. The number of animal sights was smaller during trail return, what suggests that forward and backward countings in the same trail are not independent. Considering only forward counting 192, 95 km have been walked resulting in the detection of seven species of birds and three species of mammals on the total of 138 animal sights. The birds were: solitary tinamou Tinamus solitarius (3,31 individuls/10 km), guan Aburria jacutinga (1,50 indivíduos/10 km), tucan Ramphastus dicolorus (0,31 individuls/10 km), spot-winged wood-quail Odonthophorus capueira (0,10 individuls/10 km), tawny-browed owl Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana (0,10 individuls/10 km), red-ruffed fruitcrow Pyroderus scutatus (0,10 individuls/10 km) and white-necked hawk Leucopternis lacernulatus (0,31 individuls/10 km). The mammals were: squirrel Sciurus aestuans (1,03 individuls/10 km), capuchin monkey Cebus nigritus (0,25 individuls/10 km) and nine-banded long-nosed armadillo Dasypus novencinctus (0,05 individuls/10 km). There was a marginally significant relationship between palm trees density and wildlife abundance. Other phytophysionomic variables such as trees densities and thickness and canopy height suggest that there are currently two forest environments at the island, one pristine and another altered. The observed species did not show any diel (i.e., morning vs. afternoon) nor seasonal (i.e., winter 2004 vs. summer 2004/2005) variation in their activity patterns. This study might be useful for future wildlife monitoring and conservation research in Ilhabela.
Groff, Sybele Guedes de Paulo. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema on-line para a avaliação de doses fetais em radiologia diagnóstica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-10092008-145015/.
Full textIn this work, an online system called Dose Fetal Web was developed for the evaluation of fetal doses in diagnostic radiology. The methodology used in this system estimates the fetal dose from data related to radiologic diagnostic examinations of a pregnant patient, or from the routine individual monitoring dosimetry of a pregnant worker. The input data of this program are associated to the conversion-coefficients tables of uterine to fetal dose, NUD, generated by means of Monte Carlo simulations. This system incorporates operational information of equipment in hospitals and radiological facilities which are attended by a quality assurance program, as well as real maternal and fetal parameter data collected during obstetric ultrasound.The fetal dose from both medical and occupational exposures of the pregnant woman, as well as the risks associated with these exposures, were evaluated by means of simulated case studies using the on-line system. In the hypothetical case of an occupationally-exposed pregnant worker, a real database regarding routine individual monitoring dosimetry in Cath Lab facilities was evaluated. Moreover, the workload spectrum of a cardiac angiographic room was incorporated into the mathematical model. These two methodologies were used in the evaluation of the occupational fetal dose, in order to evaluate these particular cases of exposure, which offer higher occupational dose levels to the exposed staff.
Diblíková, Kateřina. "Nové trendy v internetovém marketingu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-74721.
Full textBenabid, Mohamed. "Pratiques de consommation et processus de changement organisationnel : cas du marché de l'information en ligne." Thesis, Paris 8, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA080044.
Full textThe literature on change does not adequately capture the influence of micro-organizational determinants such as consumption practices. By mobilizing two theoretical frameworks, the neo-institutional theory (NIT) and technology acceptance model, and relying on the online information market in Morocco, our thesis aims to better take into account this perspective. Our research is comprehensive and explanatory and uses a mixed qualitative-quantitative methodology through a pragmatic epistemological positioning. Our results show that consumer-driven change in online information is not motivated by an institutional agenda or, to put it another way, by shifting the course of events. It seems to be only a collateral effect of his activities. Our research also highlights the institutional status of consumer practices, which are driven by regulatory, normative and cognitive institutional pillars. While the cognitive pillar of free information provides organizational opportunities for change in the context of the electronic press, it continues to challenge the issue of monetization. The results of our quantitative analysis also suggest the existence of significant relationships between the intention to purchase online news and cognitive constructs: the free mentality, perceived fairness, perceived credibility. We show that monetization is a question of both technical and psychosocial factors that continue to be a barrier to the challenges of the economic model
Matos, Leozart da Silva. "Compreensões sobre derivada e integral com o uso de um cas on line: um estudo com alunos do terceiro ano do ensino médio." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2013. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/949.
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O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar compreensões dos conceitos de Derivadas e Integral construído por um grupo de alunos de terceiro ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola particular brasileira em um ambiente informatizado com o CAS on-line WolframAlpha e applets gerados pelo Geogebra. Embora a literatura sobre o ensino e aprendizagem de Cálculo seja bastante extensa, por outro lado, particularmente no Brasil, ela é quase sempre restrita a cenários do Ensino Superior. O estudo propôs uma nova abordagem para a compreensão dos conceitos de Derivada e de Integral, enfraquecendo manipulações algébricas procedurais, típicas das aulas de Cálculo em nível de graduação. Para este fim, nós exploramos o conceito de derivada como taxa instantânea de variação e a integral como função acumulação e área líquida sob uma curva. Os participantes trabalharam em pares com o CAS on-line WolframAlpha como uma ferramenta para toda a manipulação algébrica e algorítmica considerado necessário durante as atividades propostas. Metodologicamente, o estudo foi realizado como um experimento de ensino com o quadro teórico baseado nas ideias de Imagem de Conceito e Definição de Conceito. Os dados sugeriram que os participantes foram capazes de lidar com a CAS WolframAlpha com relativa facilidade, em parte devido à sua sintaxe bastante flexível. Também tiveram uma dificuldade inicial em termos de pensamento comparativo, o que levou a outra dificuldade inicial com a ideia de taxa instantânea de variação. Os participantes tiveram uma boa compreensão da integral como a área líquida sob uma curva, mas detectamos algumas dificuldades com a função de acumulação. Apesar destes problemas iniciais, os dados sugerem que a taxa de variação funcionou como raiz cognitiva para o conceito de derivada. Finalmente, a pesquisa sugere que ambos os conceitos de derivada e integral, bem como a sua conexão via Teorema Fundamental do Cálculo podem ser explorados conceitualmente de forma significativa para estudantes do ensino médio em contextos similares sob a abordagem proposta.
The present study aimed to investigate understandings of the concepts of Derivative and Integral constructed by a group of third-year students of a Brazilian private high school in digital environment with the CAS online WolframAlpha and applets generated by the Geogebra. Although the literature on teaching and learning Calculus is quite extensive, on the other hand, particularly in Brazil, it is almost always restricted to Higher Education settings. The study proposed a new approach to the concepts of Derivative and Integral with focus on conceptual understanding as well as weakening procedural algebraic manipulations typical in Calculus classes in undergraduate level. For this reason, we explored the concept of derivative as instantaneous rate of change and the integral as accumulation function and net area under a curve. Participants worked in pairs with the CAS online WolframAlpha as a tool for all algebraic and algorithmic manipulations deemed as necessary during the proposed activities. Methodologically, the study was conducted as a teaching experiment with the theoretical framework based on the ideas of Concept Image and Concept Definition. Data have suggested that the participants were able to deal the CAS WolframAlpha to some extent with ease, partially due to its quite flexible syntax. They also had an initial difficulty in terms of comparative thinking, which led to an initial difficulty with the idea of instantaneous rate of change. The participants had a good understanding of the integral as the net area under a curve, but we detected some difficulties with the accumulation function. Despite these initial problems, data suggest that the rate of change had a role as a cognitive root for the concept of derivative. Finally, the research suggests that both concepts of derivative and integral, as well as their connection via Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, can be explored conceptually in a significant way for high school students in similar settings under the proposed approach.
Godinho, Leandro Machado. "Cálculo no ensino médio: uma proposta para o ensino de derivada na primeira série." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7877.
Full textThis paper presents a proposal of activities to be developed in the classroom, with the goal of introducing the concept of derivative for students in the first grade of secondary school. Before the activities, some brief researches are presented. The historical presence of the topics of Differential and Integral Calculus in brazilian High Schools, as well as the analysis of some textbooks, serves to show how it has been and is being treated in the country. Aspects of the High School are also shown in Germany and the United States, countries where the calculus is present in High School, though in quite different ways. A chapter about the proper preparation for these classes was also included, since the simple insertion of the derivative could cause problems for meeting the schedule and could not bring the expected results. Some degree of adequacy of the contents and cooperation with Physics teachers are needed. The activities aiming at teaching the initial concepts of derivatives are motivated by a physical problem of motion. The focus is given on intuition and visualization of graphs, so there is a better understanding of the concepts involved. The use of a dynamic geometry software is required for much of the time, as an important tool for pedagogical support
Deccache, Carole. "Forum de santé en ligne dédié au diabète : caractérisation des apprentissages des internautes à travers les théories de l'autoformation. Contribution à l’étude du champ de l’éducation thérapeutique." Thesis, Paris 13, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA131040.
Full textThe last years have seen the development of online health forums, virtual places for information exchange on the theme of health or disease. Considered as an informal learning medium, some have the particularity of being independent of the healthcare system because they are moderated by patients. The exchanges are less subject to social desirability and therefore, more genuine. Currently, regarding their formative properties, self-directed learning seems relevant to the analysis regarding the learning process on forums.To better understand the operation and interest of these forums, this research aims to identify the circumstances and conditions of use in relation to these forums by Internet users; and to characterize learning through these forums. In a retrospective and qualitative approach, the author chose mixed methods of collection and analysis. Indeed, the qualitative analysis of 30 interviews conducted with Internet users completes the quantitative analysis of 1319 messages posted by 40 users from the same forum. The exploration focuses on the users profiles, the reasons why, the time and the ways they use the forum, the contents discussed, the use of information exchanged, and also the forms and learning process. This media is a complete tool for users that respects their pace and their learning needs. The results show traces of intentional learning as well as several levels of simultaneous learning, despite the absence of carers and the fact that the forum is not specifically designed for learning.This observation supports the hypothesis that part of the learning is related to its use and that it is a place favourable to self-training. It is complementary to therapeutic patient education programs and could relate to follow-up and reinforcement therapeutic education.The results highlight the importance of developing critical thinking about information as an adaptive skill in patients. They invite to think about the roles and means of the moderators of these forums in this process of cognitive evolution
Dolbeau-Bandin, Cécile. "Les noces de Chypre du Monde et du Monde. Fr ? : "lecture communicationnelle" de la mise en ligne sous pages web d'un quotidien national d'actualité générale et politique en 2001." Montpellier 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON30052.
Full textWe are interested in the organisational and informational models in identity, brought about by the coexistence of paper and electronic media in the domain of daily newspapers. We define these changes through a specific case: placing the daily newspaper Le Monde on the Internet as Web pages. Our concern is how the organisational and informational models in identity, related to placing a daily newspaper on-line, are understood by a “communicational reading”. We explore the on-line newspaper industry using l'“approche communicationnelle” (Alex Mucchielli, 1997, 1998, 2000). This approach pays particular attention to the communication processes which define the on-line newspaper industry. Our objective is to research how the nature of journalism arises, sets itself up and evolves with the help of information and communication technologies
López, Díaz Ricardo Augusto. "Les discours en interaction de la presse en ligne. Propositions pour une théorisation de la coproduction journalistique." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030050/document.
Full textThe aim of this paper is to present the characteristics of the discourses in interaction generated by the online press. Our hypothetical matrix justifies, in one hand, that a semiolinguistic analysis of the online press can redefine, from a current perspective, the contract of the mass media communication, and, in other hand, that the semiolinguistic analysis of the online press can lead the introduction of the theoretical components of the journalistic coproduction. As a general conclusion, after conducting an analysis of the selected corpus, consisting of digital information published by four reference headers (TheNewYorkTimes.com, DerSpiegel.de, ElPaís.com and LeMonde.fr), we argue that online press intends to promote (controversial) discussions among its readers in order to strengthen the foundations of its economic logic as a sense-making machine. The so-called citizen or participatory journalism is, for now, an advertising and marketing strategy that appeals to readers, and plunges them into a wave of changing situations in which, it is true, everyone can now be a journalist, but never with the same technical resources, communication devices, and, above all, the same range in the vast and invisible audience of such networks
Laubie, Raphaëlle. "Les Déterminants de l’Action Collective en Ligne dans les Communautés Virtuelles de Patients : une Approche Multi-Méthodes." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED036/document.
Full textOver the last few years, virtual patients’communities have been developing tremendously over the Internet. These Web 2.0 communities allow frequent interactions among patients, who can share health-related information within an interactive environment. While many agree on the opportunity represented by those communities for its users, we know very little about what determines patients’ online collective action, specifically on virtual communities as well as the fundamentals of online collective action in these virtual spaces. Accordingly, this doctoral work examines why patients interact with others and how they interact on topics related to their disease through these virtual communities. Drawing on the goal-directed behavior (MGB), the expectancy-value (EVT) theories, the field force theory, gift concepts and field interviews, we have developed a model for examining patients’ online interactions and identified gift-giving behaviors in the context of online collective action. A multi-method, qualitative and quantitative approaches, enables us to explore patients’ interactions and measures the determinants of online collective action on these virtual spaces. The qualitative analysis of 54 interviews conducted with patients, patient’s relatives, Health 2.0 professionals, doctors and caregivers allows refining the research model, which has then been tested through a survey handled with 269 patients, members of patient’s communities. This research contributes to IS research by increasing our knowledge regarding the individual dynamics and interactions that surround online patients’ communities
Inghilterra, Xavier. "L’apprenance collective entre pairs à l’aune du modèle transmissif : Impact des dispositifs de partage social sur les communautés d’apprentissage en ligne." Thesis, Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0002/document.
Full textThis research is interested in the effects led by the digital devices plans of social sharing on the pratices of collaboration, communication and mediation of students in context of distance learning. The goal is the understand the origin of the collaborative process of collective apprenance which is illustrated in the communities of apprenticeship outside the academic institution. A netnographic observation is conducted whith Bachelor and Master's degree in a private training center ; our corpus is made of 1405 messages taken in the forums of the institutional platform and on Facebook or Google +. We assume the information and communication sociotechnical devices participate in the horizontalisation of student's practices. We highlight the paradox of these learning communities which are, unwittingly, in a process of social domination by having choosing a priori a decentralized structure
Depauw, Jeremy. "Qualité de l'information et vigilance collective sur le web: étude des stratégies d'évaluation des sources en ligne par les professionnels de la gestion de l'information dans les organisations." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210263.
Full textCette thèse examine la remise en cause des processus habituels de vigilance collective, et en particulier celle de l'adaptation, chez les spécialistes de l'information, des stratégies d'évaluation de la qualité de l'information provenant des sources en ligne. La question de recherche mobilise trois éléments principaux :les professionnels de la gestion de l'information, l'évaluation de la qualité de l'information et l'évolution du paysage informationnel, qu'on appelle communément le Web 2.0. Pour répondre à cette question, une enquête de terrain a été menée auprès de 53 professionnels de la gestion de l'information en Belgique, entre novembre 2007 et juillet 2008. En l'absence de bases théoriques stables et largement acceptées, un cadre conceptuel spécifique a été développé pour assurer l'adéquation entre les éléments de la question de recherche et le dispositif. Ce cadre conceptuel a permis de faire la lumière sur ces éléments. Le recours à une approche sociopsychologique a permis de les articuler, notamment par emprunt aux travaux de Karl Weick et au concept de sensemaking.
La gestion de l'information (GI), considérée comme un processus de vigilance collective, est un concept générique, comprenant les activités de surveillance, de veille ou encore d'intelligence (économique, stratégique, compétitive, etc.).
Sa conceptualisation, construite par une analyse de définitions des principaux termes qui lui sont associés, a mis en évidence l'importance de son rôle de médiateur d'information dans l'organisation, qui s'articule autour des étapes récurrentes de collecte, de traitement et de distribution de l'information. Le recours au concept d'organizational learning a permis de dépasser les approches purement mécaniques, mettant en évidence sa capacité à créer du de sens.
C'est au coeur de cette médiation, à l'intersection de la collecte et du traitement de l'information, qu'intervient un autre type de sensemaking: l'évaluation de la qualité de l'information. Elle est envisagée comme un processus de réduction de l'ambiguïté, dont l'action permet la sélection (ou non) d'une source ou d'une information dans la suite de la médiation. La qualité de l'information est abordée sous l'angle de l'information seeking qui permet de faire la lumière sur cette création de sens. Elle est généralement traitée dans la littérature en termes de pertinence, de crédibilité ou de fitness for use. Des études de terrain et des contributions émanant des praticiens ont permis de mettre en évidence les attributs et les critères de la qualité qui peuvent être mobilisés pour construire un jugement de qualité des sources en ligne. Dans le cadre de l'enquête de terrain, une check-list composée de 72 critères renvoyant à 9 attributs a été choisie comme cadre de référence pour l'observer: les objectifs de la source, sa couverture, son autorité et sa réputation, sa précision, sa mise à jour, son accessibilité, sa présentation, sa facilité d'utilisation et sa comparaison avec d'autres sources.
Pour pouvoir mettre en évidence de manière concrète les aspects du paysage informationnel en transformation, une analyse des définitions et descriptions du Web 2.0 a permis de construire une description morphologique qui reprend ses caractéristiques principales. Il peut ainsi être considéré comme un ensemble d'outils, de pratiques et de tendances. Les outils permettent d'identifier cinq types de sources qui lui sont spécifiques: les blogs, les wikis, les podcasts, les plates-formes de partage de fichiers et les sites de réseaux sociaux. Ces types de sources sont éclairés dans cette recherche sous l'angle du concept de genre et, ensemble, sont positionnés en tant que répertoire, qu'il est nécessaire de comparer avec celui des genres "classiques" de sources en ligne.
L'examen du changement des stratégies d'évaluation de la qualité de l'information a été concrétisé à l'aide d'un questionnaire administré par téléphone, qui visait à croiser les critères de qualité de la liste choisie comme référence avec les cinq genres typiques du Web 2.0. C'est l'importance relative accordée à un critère pour évaluer une information qui a été choisie comme indicateur à observer. Les répondants ont été invités à indiquer s'ils considèrent que l'importance des critères "change" ("≠") ou "ne change pas" ("=") quand ils évaluent un de ces genres, en comparaison de celle qu'ils accorderaient à un genre classique de source en ligne. En cas de changement, le questionnaire a prévu la possibilité de noter s'il s'agissait d'une hausse (">") ou d'une baisse ("<") d'importance. Pour compléter ce dispositif, 14 entretiens semi-dirigés en face à face ont été menés avec des répondants à ce questionnaire, de manière à pouvoir saisir les éléments explicatifs de leurs réponses.
L'analyse des données a montré qu'une majorité des réponses (57% de "=") indiquent que l'importance des critères d'évaluation ne change pas quand une information est mise à disposition par l'intermédiaire d'un genre Web 2.0, plutôt que par celui d'un genre classique de source en ligne. Pourtant, cela implique que 43% des critères changent d'une manière ou d'une autre. C'est sur base de ce constat que cette recherche soutient l'existence d'un changement perçu qui, s'il ne remet pas fondamentalement en cause le processus de jugement de qualité, suscite néanmoins une adaptation de ce dernier par les professionnels de la GI interrogés. La lecture des données à l'aide de variables secondaires a montré notamment une forte disparité des distributions de réponses entre les répondants; ce qui plaide en faveur du caractère subjectif, personnel et dépendant du contexte du processus d'évaluation. De même, elle a permis de déterminer l'existence de deux groupes d'attributs qui se différencient par le fait que le premier comporte des attributs liés au contenu de la source (les objectifs, l'autorité, la précision, etc.) alors que le second est composé d'attributs liés à la forme (présentation, facilité, etc.).
Les entretiens de la seconde phase de l'enquête ont permis d'affiner l'analyse en éclairant, d'une part, sur la nature du changement et, d'autre part, sur les raisons de celui-ci. Les répondants ont indiqué que fondamentalement le processus d'évaluation est identique quel que soit le répertoire envisagé. Ils admettent toutefois que les genres typiques du Web 2.0 peuvent être à l'origine d'une perte de repères. Elle s'explique par la perception d'une familiarité moins grande à l'égard des sources et se traduit par une perte de la confiance qu'ils accordent aux sources et à leur jugement. Le changement perçu se manifeste donc par une hausse d'importance de certains attributs, qui aide les répondants à restaurer cette confiance. L'élément explicatif de ce changement peut être considéré comme un flou dans les modalités de création de contenu. Ce flou comporte trois dimensions: la façon dont est créé le contenu (How?), l'identité de celui qui le crée (Who?) et sa nature (What?). Ces dimensions peuvent être synthétisées par l'idée selon laquelle n'importe qui peut publier n'importe quoi.
Les entretiens approfondis confirment que les groupes d'attributs liés au contenu d'une part, et ceux liés à la forme d'autre part, sont bien des éléments explicatifs de la manière dont se manifeste le changement. Dans le cas des attributs qui augmentent d'importance, les raisons invoquées renvoient au fait que la facilité de création de contenu à l'aide de ces genres permet à "n'importe qui" de créer du contenu. C'est pour cette raison que l'autorité et les objectifs de la source peuvent faire l'objet d'une attention plus forte que sur les genres classiques de sources en ligne. Le fait que n'importe qui puisse publier "n'importe quoi" renvoie à la nature du contenu créé par ces genres. Il est considéré comme dynamique, personnel, indicateur de tendances, source de signaux faibles, subjectifs, etc. Cela pousse les répondants qui sont sensibles à ces questions à remettre plus sérieusement en cause la précision par exemple. C'est aussi en raison de la facilité de création de contenu, et du fait que les outils du Web 2.0 réduisent la responsabilité de l'auteur dans la qualité de la conception de sa source, que des attributs de forme, quand ils changent d'importance, voient leur niveau baisser. Le second groupe a été signalé par les répondants comme étant davantage des indicateurs de sérieux et des arbitres dans leur processus d'évaluation.
Que ce soit pour discuter des divergences de vue entre répondants ou pour déterminer les spécificités des genres, il apparaît qu'un aspect capital de la qualité de l'information tient à sa capacité à répondre aux besoins du moment, le fitness for use. Cette notion est intimement liée à celle de pertinence et toutes deux ont été résolument présentées comme déterminantes dans les stratégies, à la fois du point de vue du jugement d'une information ponctuelle, que dans l'attitude face à aux sources en général. Dans tous les cas, c'est d'abord les besoins d'information qui guident le choix. Toutes observations permettent d'apporter une réponse claire, riche et nuancée à la question de recherche.
Doctorat en Information et communication
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Ravatua-Smith, William Samuel. "The Art of Binding Communications : From Face to Face to Computer Mediated Communication in the Domain of Humanitarian Actions." Thesis, Toulon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUL0017/document.
Full textThis research is in the field of binding communications. A number of previous studies have focused on the practice of binding communications in the face-to-face setting. This research provides a contribution to the field with novel experiments of binding communication in the context of computer mediated communications. It is a true interdisciplinary research with foundations in social psychology, information communication sciences and information communication technology. The research question is to examine the implementation of binding communication techniques in the computer mediated setting. To answer this question, fieldwork was carried out on the theme of humanitarianism on the Web. The online communication strategies of popular humanitarian organizations have been extensively studied. Subsequently, fieldwork was structured around several experiments conducted in the face-to-face and online settings in a humanitarian context. The choice was made to focus our experimental studies in real world conditions as opposed to developing laboratory setting tests. If the effectiveness of binding communication strategies is undeniable in the face-to-face setting, the results are less convincing in our experiments conducted in the computer mediated environment. This research paves the way for future critical analyses needed in order to better understand the results obtained from our experimentations
Valencia-Payán, Juan David. "In-home and low-voltage channel characterization of non-cooperative and cooperative power line communication." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2014. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/700.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Esta contribuição descreve uma caracterização estatística da rede de baixa tensão Brasileira residencial como meio de comunicação. As discussões são baseadas em canais estimados obtidos em uma campanha de medição realizada em quatro apartamentos diferentes, com tamanhos que variam de 50 até 90 metros quadrados. Os parâmetros considerados para esta análise são o Root Mean Square Delay Spread, o ganho médio do canal e a capacidade do canal. Para efeitos de comparação com a rede de potencia dos Estados Unidos, a banda de frequência utilizada foi de 1:705 até 30 MHz. A análise relatada mostra que o Root Mean Square Delay Spread e o ganho médio do canal não podem ser modelados como variáveis log-normal. Os resultados obtidos geram dúvidas em relação aos atuais encontrados na literatura, em que se afirma que tanto o Root Mean Square Delay Spread quanto o ganho médio do canal seguem uma distribuição log-normal. Foram medidos também a impedância de acesso e o ruído do canal de comunicação via rede elétrica. Além disso, os conceitos de cooperação para melhorar o desempenho dos sistemas de comunicação via rede elétrica foram analisados, mais especificamente na rede de baixa tensão Brasileira residencial. Para isso, foram analisados a performance dos protocolos de Amplify-and-Forward e Decode-and-Forward, em conjunto com as técnicas de combinação Equal-Gain Combining, Selection-Combining e Maximal-Ratio Combining. A análise sobre os dados medidos cobriram uma faixa de frequência de 1:705 a 100 MHz. Os dados medidos abordam quatro cenários para possíveis localizações do nó Relay. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o Amplify-and- Forward é de aplicabilidade limitada no contexto de comunicação via rede elétrica e o oposto é válido para o protocolo de Decode-and-Forward, principalmente se a probabilidade de erro de detecção de símbolos no nó Relay tende a zero.
This thesis outlines a statistical characterization of the Brazilian In-Home Low-Voltage Electric Power Grid as a communication medium. The discussions are based on estimated channels obtained in a measurement campaign carried out in four different apartments with sizes ranging from 50 up to 90 square meters. The parameters considered for this analysis are the Root Mean Square Delay Spread, the average channel gain, and the channel capacity. For the sake of comparison with the Electric Power Grid in United States, the frequency band ranging from 1:705 up to 30 MHz was set. The reported analysis shows that the Root Mean Square Delay Spread and the average channel gain cannot be modeled as log-normal variables, this cast doubt the current results found in the literature, in which is stated that both the Root Mean Square Delay Spread and the average channel gain follow a log-normal distribution. This was followed by the Power Line Communication access impedance and noise measurements in the In-Home Low-Voltage Electric Power Grid. Additionally, the suitability of cooperation concepts for improving the performance of Power Line Communication systems was analyzed, more specifically in the Brazilian In-Home Low-Voltage Electric Power Grid. For this purpose, the performance of the Amplify-and-Forward and Decode-and- Forward protocols, together with the Equal-Gain Combining, Selection Combining, and Maximal-Ratio Combining techniques were analyzed. The analysis was carried out on the measured data covering a frequency band from 1:705 up to 100 MHz. The measured data addresses four scenarios for possible relay node locations. The attained results show that the Amplify-and-Forward is of limited applicability in the Power Line Communication context and the opposite is valid to the Decode-and-Forward protocol, mainly if the error probability of detecting symbols at the relay node is zero.