Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Media and communication studies'

Syfte och frågeställningar

Syftet med uppsatsen är att göra en komparativ studie av två svenska nyhetstidningars förmedling av de inledande skeendena i Jacksonrättegången. Jag analyserar om rättegången är en medieskandal enligt James Lull och Stephen Hinermans kriterier. Följande frågeställningar besvaras: Är Jacksonrättegången en medieskandal enligt James Lull och Stephen Hinermans kriterier? Om det är en skandal, hur förhåller sig den till Tomlinsons teori om den

globaliserande skandalen? Hur har media konstruerat berättelsen kring Jacksonrättegången och hur förbereds publiken inför rättegången? Hur förhåller sig förmedlingen av Jacksonrättegången till det offentliga och det privata? Vad finns det för nyhetsvärderingar i förmedlingen av Jacksonrättegången? Vad finns det för likheter och skillnader mellan de utvalda nyhetstidningarnas sätt att förmedla Jacksonrättegången?

Teori

I teoridelen används Lull och Hinermans kriterier på vad en medieskandal är samt teorier om medieskandaler enligt Thompson och Tomlinson. I narratologiavsnittet ligger fokus på berättarteknik med språk, dramaturgi och vinkling samt ett avsnitt om nyheter som berättelser där Bird och Dardennes beskrivning används. Ett avsnitt handlar om teorin offentligt/privat enligt Habermas och Thompson. Kriterier på nyhetsvärdering är även en del av teoriavsnittet.

Material och metod

Materialet utgörs av artiklar hämtade från Dagens Nyheter och Aftonbladet under perioden 1 december 2004 till 1 mars 2005. Metoden är en kvalitativ analys av utvalda artiklar rörande Jacksonrättegången. Metoden har sin utgångspunkt i de teoretiska analysverktygen som presenteras i teorikapitlet. I material- och metodkapitlet finns ett avsnitt om prestigepress kontra tabloidpress samt ett avsnitt om källkritik.

Sammanfattande konklusioner

Enligt Lull och Hinermans kriterier har jag kommit fram till att Dagens Nyheter inte är med och skapar en medieskandal. De befinner sig istället på metanivå och rapporterar om rättegången som en medieskandal till skillnad från Aftonbladet som deltar i medieskandalen. Jacksonrättegången är en lokal händelse som förflyttats till de svenska nyhetstidningarna. Resultatet av analysen visar även att förmedlingen av Jacksonrättegången skiljer sig åt i de båda nyhetstidningarna då Aftonbladet lägger större fokus vid händelsen och den får en följetongskaraktär. Aftonbladet bygger upp förmedlingen av Jacksonrättegången som ett narrativ med en början och en mitt. Eftersom rättegången pågår går det inte att uttala sig om slutet. De förbereder därmed läsarna på att rättegången ska äga rum genom att publicera artiklar innan rättegången vilket Dagens Nyheter inte gör. Dagens Nyheters förmedling sker oftast i form av korta rapporter. Dramaturgi används i båda nyhetstidningarna även om

Aftonbladet lägger större fokus på det. Aftonbladet använder sig i större utsträckning av vinkling i form av personifiering. Förmedlingen av Jacksonrättegången rör sig främst inom den privata sfären eftersom det Jackson anklagas för begåtts i intimsfären. Dagens Nyheter uttrycker sig mer försiktigt medan Aftonbladet gräver sig djupt ner i intimsfären. Jacksonrättegången uppfyller kraven för nyhetsvärdering bl.a. genom att vara en färsk nyhet som handlar om ett eventuellt brott begått av en känd person, men Aftonbladet cirkulerar nyheten i större omfattning än Dagens Nyheter.

Abstract

Title:A study of the internal communication at The Swedish Department of Taxes (En studie av den interna kommunikationen på Skatteverket)

Number of pages: 36 (52 including enclosures)

Author: Emma Kreü

Tutor: Peder Hård af Segerstad

Course: Media and Communication Studies C

Period: Atumn 2006

University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Sciense,Uppsala University

Purpose/Aim: To resarch the internal communication within The Swedish Department of Taxes and the relationship between information sender and reciver.

Material/Method: By contedning critical discourse analysis on The Swedish Department of Taxes’ policy for internal communication and accomplish interviews with co-wokers in position of reciving information, in position of sending information and section managers.

Main Results: The co-workers in position of reciving information felt they had a good communicational relastionship with their closest section manager, but not with the upper management.

Keywords: Internal communication, communicational leadership, organizational communication.

Fear has found its latest instrument in the news media. The discourse of fear in news presentations produces gasping meanings, which we can compellingly indulge in. Fear not just being entertaining, but one of the ways in which we relate to reality, is used as a protection mechanism of our status quo. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the extent to which Fox News tends to use, and further reproduce, the fear discourse to form identities and meaning. The method utilized in this thesis is frame analysis, which is a form of discourse analysis. The primary results indicate that Fox News undeniably uses the fear discourse, for entertainment and the proliferation of the status quo - meaning system. In addition, Fox News applies fear blatantly in the news presentations, as acts of courage and virtuous loyalty to reporting.

Key words: Fear, Frame analysis, Meaning, News media, Infotainment.

This guide was created to serve as a tool for crisis communications to assist in crafting ethical responses to crises using social media as the primary communications channel. The guide combines Stakeholder Theory (Freeman, 1984)—a management theory that focuses on the importance of different groups of people, not just shareholders—with Situational Crisis Communication (Coombs, 2007). The guide also adheres to two of Kant’s Categorical Imperatives as the ethical basis and marker. To create the guide, the author relied on archival, or documentary, research to provide the background information and theory to inform the creation of the guide. The guide is broken up into four parts—an overview of crisis communication, pre-crisis planning, active crisis communication, and post-crisis communication/reputation rebuilding. The guide is meant to be used as a tool, and is not an exhaustive how-to for handling a crisis.

ABSTRACT

Purpose/aim: Are there any differences between how “old” and “young” groups within social movements in Sweden view (value) and use alternative and mainstream media?

Material/method: The answer to the research problem is sought by conducting qualitative research interviews with representatives of four different groups: Alternativ Stad, Folkkampanjen mot Kärnkraft-Kärnvapen, Attac Sverige and Ingen Människa är Illegal. The theoretical framework consists of research on social movements, especially on their relation to media, and on alternative media.

Main results: There exist some, but not great, differences between how “old” and “young” groups view and use mainstream and alternative media. The differences are relatively small when it comes to views on media and somewhat larger concerning media use. These differences in media use stem mostly from the differences in organizational structure.

Keywords: Social movements, alternative media, mainstream media, media views, media usage.

After the bloody Tiananmen crackdown in 1989, the legitimacy of the Communist Party of China (CCP) suffered a devastating blow among the overseas Chinese (OC). The CCP responded to the challenge by implementing transnational outreach policy in the OC community, which includes substantial efforts to increase the Party’s influence in the overseas Chinese-language media (OCLM). By conducting a qualitative analysis of the evolution of the CCP's OC policy, this thesis finds that the Party has made tremendous progress in achieving the policy’s strategic goals: modernization and transnational legitimacy. The CCP’s increased influence in the OCLM has made crucial contributions to the Party's success in restoring transnational legitimacy in the OC community. This thesis finds that the China News Service (CNS), China's second-largest news agency operating under the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council, plays a major role in the CCP's attempt to influence the OCLM and centralize the production of Chinese-language news.

This research used a series of qualitative measurements of media coverage to investigate how differences in characteristics of a terrorist related event correlate with qualitative differences in media coverage. The first part of this study determined that there were tools to measure differences in the quality of coverage. Three variables showed significant differences in coverage. Coverage differed in the structure of the news account- in whose shoes the reader enters the story. The differences between entering through the perspective of the victim, the perpetrator or the context have been correlated by Cerulo (1998) with different messages of the legitimacy of the actors. Victim sequences signal deviant (illegitimate) violence, perpetrator sequences signal legitimate violence and contextual sequences signal ambiguous violence. Coverage also differed in the extent to which an article provided contextual information or focused strictly on the details of the event. Providing contextual information is important for terrorist groups because it includes information on the grievances of the group as well as the history of the conflict. This variable was measured as an episodic or thematic frame. Explanations of motivation for participation in terrorism also differed based on characteristics of an event. As with contextual coverage, presenting themes of causation or motivation for the account is a way for terrorist groups to present grievances and history of the conflict. Combining these three variables into a favorable coverage variable helped makes sense of competing trends in the data. This first section set up a system for evaluating the qualitative impact on media coverage of choices that terrorist groups and governments make. What stands out is a paradox for a terrorist group around the use of violence. Both here and in other studies, violence has been shown to be an effective means of getting through the media gatekeeping and achieving coverage, but it is also associated with a decrease in favorable coverage. Number of casualties is also negatively associated with favorable coverage. Hence the paradox that, in order to achieve coverage, based on criteria of newsworthiness, violence may often be necessary, but violent action actually decreases the number of articles presenting the kind of information terrorist groups want to get across. Looking at the paired cases, what was most significant was the lack of change in the favorability of coverage before and after events. The implication is that while terrorist groups may have some control over whether or not their actions get covered, media organizations develop fairly resilient patterns for covering those actions, irrespective of the nature of the action. Terrorist groups essentially have less capacity to actually manipulate the type of coverage they receive than is commonly believed. While there were some very small effects, the favorability of coverage immediately following an event is essentially the same as before it. The difference lies in the actual amount of coverage. While short-term impacts were slight, there are substantial differences both in quantity and quality over the life of the conflict, a longer term view may allow for better understanding of changes in media coverage.

This study examines how conflict between public assumptions and media framing of a political candidate’s gender performance impacts public trust in the candidate, building upon prior research concluding that the Republican and the Democratic Parties are linked cognitively with ideas about gender, with people often associating the Republican Party with masculine characteristics and the Democratic Party with feminine characteristics. This study operates under the theory that conflict between media representation and participant assumptions will lead to lower levels of trust in a candidate whose gender is framed as conflicting with the underlying gendered assumptions of their party. In an experiment, subjects read one of six news articles describing a hypothetical presidential candidate and answered a questionnaire to measure their trust in the candidate. The results indicate that participants have a higher level of trust in the feminine-framed candidate and a lower level of trust in the masculine-framed candidate – in comparison to the baseline of a gender-neutral framed candidate – in both the Democrat and the Republican condition. Further analysis of the results suggest that while participants assume all candidates possess certain masculine traits often associated with leadership, the presence of feminine traits may increase a candidate’s perceived likeability, which in turn leads to the perception that the candidate has a higher degree of integrity, is more responsive to public concerns, and is ultimately more trustworthy. Additionally, the presence of masculine traits may threaten the candidate’s perceived trustworthiness without the presence of feminine traits to increase the candidate’s likeability. This study expands the current conversation about media and gender to look beyond a candidate’s sex and consider the media’s role in constructing and reinforcing a candidate’s gender performance. It also provides a foundation for future research about the media’s power to shape public perception of candidates and, by extension, the electoral process.

Media framing analysis has developed in theory and application as a subset of political communication theory for the past several decades. Recent efforts among its scholars have sought to identify and create generalizable frames that can be applied across numerous social and political issues for the purposes of further examining the impact media coverage has on public opinion and policy development. This study utilizes previously established frames to examine media coverage of military spouse employment over the past twenty years, in order to better identify what role media coverage has played in the development of employment policy and support programs for military spouses.

Convergence implies that previously unalike areas come together, approaching a common goal. A subordinate concept of convergence, i.e., media convergence, is a concept that has become common when denoting a range of processes within the production of media content, its distribution and consumption. The concept of media convergence has achieved buzzword status in many contexts due to its widespread use.

The concept is not new and has been discussed by researchers in many academic fields and from several different points of views. This thesis will discuss media convergence as an ongoing process and not an end state.

Newspapers are one of many so-called publishing channels that provide information and entertainment. They have traditionally been printed on paper, but today’s digital technology makes it possible to provide newspapers through a number of different channels. The current strategy used by newspaper companies involves a process of convergence mainly regarding multiple publishing. A newspaper company interested in publishing content through multiple channels has to adapt its production workflow to produce content not only for the traditional printed edition, but also for the other channels.

In this thesis, a generalized value chain involving four main stages illustrates the production workflow at a newspaper company in relation to the convergence processes. The four stages are creation, packaging, distribution and consumption of content.

The findings of the thesis are based on studies of the newspaper industry in Sweden and reflect specific newspaper companies, their strategies, production workflow and ventures from 2002 to 2005. The methods used have been case studies, literature studies and scenarios.

Some of the conclusions of the thesis indicate that convergence processes have steered the newspaper companies’ development towards multiple channel publishing. Advancing technology and mergers between companies have contributed to the processes of convergence. However, the new publishing channels have been described as threatening to the traditional printed editions since they compete for consumers’ time and advertising revenues. Convergence of technology has made it possible to store, edit and publish material over many different networks using the same tools and the same database system. If the content is stored in a neutral format, it can be packaged and used in many different types of publishing channels. However, according to the studied newspapers, a fully automated workflow for all publishing channels is undesirable and impossible to achieve with the existing technology, standards and organizational structure.

This licentiate thesis will discuss some of the strategies behind multiple channel publishing, production workflows and market conditions to detect how the newspaper industry is coping with media convergence.

The purpose of this qualitative, descriptive study was to determine how Simple Rules emerged on the Social Media sites Twitter and YouTube in the context of the 2014 South Napa, California earthquake. The conceptual theory underpinning the study was the Eoyang CDE (containers, differences, and exchanges) model. The overarching research question was How did Simple Rules emerge on the Social Media sites Twitter and YouTube in the context of the 2014 South Napa Valley, California earthquake? The sample consisted of 138,177 microblogging Tweets from Twitter and 10 videos from YouTube. Each data set was investigated using research questions designed after the Eoyang CDE model. The study method was qualitative, and the design descriptive, since the approach was the most appropriate for creating a full description of the phenomenon. A previously collected, big, Social Media data set was used to perform qualitative data analysis. The analysis included descriptive statistics, qualitative content analysis, as well as a thematic analysis based on the conceptual model. A significant finding of this study reveals Simple Rules did emerge on Social Media resulting from multi-agent communication. Practical implications from the findings indicate leaders of disaster recovery efforts should focus Social Media efforts on the platform users, and use short statements shaped like Simple Rules to communicate messages of adaptive change and adaptive support. Finally, recommendations for further research applying complex adaptive systems theory to Social Media data sets may lead to better insights into how network-based systems self-organize in the context of disaster events.

Abstract

Purpose/Aim: The aim of this essay is to map out how the communication is organized at the Bällstabergs School in Vallentuna. The purpose with the essay is to illuminate the pros and cons with their system so that a communicationstrategy could be worked out from the basis of the results. The aim is devided into three different questions at issue: What does the organizational structure look like and how does it concide with the communication? What does the present communicative work look like? Which communicative needs can be identified?

Method: The methodology contains two parts. The first part is an analysis of the present organization. The analysis could be used to map out the communication in an organization convex and see how it coincide with the organizational structure. The material comes from the webpage of the Bällstaberg school, different documents, the schools communication plan and from conversations. To complete the analysis there are interviewes that show the present communicative work and identifyable needs.

Main results: The structure of the communication is formal and coincides with the structure of the organization. The information goes from the principal to the managementgroup and then through the supervisor to the workgroups. The intranet is mentioned in the communication plan as a channel but hasen´t been applied more than usage of e-mail. The results show that the persons interviewed are pleased with the formal communication system, but point out minor shortages and problems. The system takes time and can not handle information that must reach members quickly. The interviewed persons inquire about an alternative channel that gives a general view and is accessible. The meetings play an essental part in the communicative work but there is a wish for formality and a more distinct structure in these. The management plays a great role and wishes for a more developed cooperation between each other to be able to make their work easier. The intranet is used limited where the only function that is used is the e-mail. All together is a need of a communication plan that works as direction in the communicative work.

Keywords: communication, organization, organizational communication,research traditions, internal communication, formal and informal systems, qualitative interviews, formal systems

In this reflexive report I detail my process for creating effective documentation for computer game design. I begin by explaining the background of my work, the goals and limitations I had during this thesis, my goal being to find good practices about writing effective design documents. One chapter is dedicated to the methods I used while writing both the documentation, as found in appendix A, and this report. I then document and discuss my work process and the choices I made as well as the basis of those choices, I also reflect on the effects of my changes. My analysis is based on my iterative work, external sources and private experiences. Based on my work I conclude that creating documents that are easily searched and that only document the information crucial for implementation leads to effective abstract design documents.

Purpose/Aim: The aim of the paper is to find out if there is a correlation between playing MMORPGs and having better skills in using multi-channel communication.

Material/Method: A media-skill test was conducted in the internet testing the participants’ ability to respond to targets in three different channels and media at the same time. The results of the study where used for statistical comparisons of the different groups of participants sorted according to their media use.

Main results: People who use the internet more and who play computer games, especially MMORPGs, have a better Multi-Media Multi-Channel Communication Literacy. There is fast learning visible for people with a use of the respective medium of up to five hours a week. Playing makes you better, not playing a lot.

Ett livligt debatterat ämne är huruvida det var på grund av media som USA förlorade Vietnamkriget. Denna diskussion har skapat ett förhållningssätt mellan försvarsmakter och media världen över. Ett förhållande där journalisterna hävdar att medborgarna har rätt att veta och militären hävdar att soldaten har rätt att leva. Vidare tar de stora världsledarna stora mått och steg i syfte att säkerställa att hemmaopinionen är positivt inställd till deras gärningar. När Saddam Hussein planerade att anfalla Kuwait och i dennes bedömning av omvärldens reaktion, lägger han stor vikt vid hur eventuella intervenerande nationers hemmaopinion skulle inverka på deras deltagande. Mitt syfte med detta arbete är att studera mediarapporteringen i två konflikter, Vietnamkriget och Gulkriget, diskutera kring frågeställningen om vilken påverkan medias rapporteringskaraktär hade på den amerikanska hemmaopinionen i samband med dessa två konflikter. Under arbetets gång kommer jag att använda mig Westley och MacLeans kommunikationsteori samt Daniel C Hallin teori avseende rapporteringssfärer för att studera tre variabler: Presidentpåverkan, TV-påverkan och slutligen Journalistpåverkan.

I de båda fallstudierna hittar man likheter och olikheter. Tillvägagångssätten har varit olika men inte sällan har liknande resultat uppnåtts. Skillnaden är egentligen graden av beredskap inför hanteringen av medieuppgiften. I Vietnamkriget är den något trevande hanteringen i del framgångsrik men kan inte mäta sig med den grad av framgång som koalitionens mediehantering uppvisade. Två fundamentalt grundläggande beteenden kan identifieras. Mediehanteringen under Vietnamkriget är att anse som reaktiv i sin hantering samtidigt som densamma under Gulfkriget var att anse som proaktiv. Denna skillnad resulterar i att opinionen på den egna arenan under Gulfkriget blir långt mer hanterbar och generellt mycket mer positiv inställd. Rapporteringskaraktären har en stor inverkan på opinionsbildningen. Där den militärpolitiska intressenten har absolut mest att förlora på en ofördelaktig rapporteringskaraktär. Analysen om journalistpåverkan under Vietnamkriget styrker otvivelaktigt detta. Av de två fallstudierna är resultatet av en förändrad rapporteringskaraktär tydligast här.

One of the most important issues debated in retrospect of the Vietnam war is whether media is to be blamed for the defeat. However, the debate has created a form of antagonistic fellowship between armed forces and media around the world. A fellowship where the media claims the people’s right to know and the military claims the soldiers’ right to live. The arguments importance increases further in view of the steps taken by world leaders in order to keep the home front opinions in favour of their actions. When Saddam Hussein planned to invade Kuwait he took into account how the home opinions of possible nations, who would be likely to intervene, would hamper its leader’s actions on Kuwait’s behalf. The purpose of this work is to study two conflicts, the Vietnam War and the Gulf War, in order to discuss the possible impact media might have had on the home opinion in the USA. During the work I will study the conflict by using the communication theory developed by Westley and McLean and Daniel C Hallin theory of spheres of reporting. These to theories will be used to study the three conceptual factors. These factors have been constructed in order to be able to study conflict by analysing the impact three variables; the President, TV and journalists.

In both case studies you find both differences and similarities. The methods of approach have been different, but results not seldom coherent. There is difference is the degree of preparation in handling the media assignment. In the Vietnam War the methods of approach were occasionally successful but nowhere near the degree of success presented in the coalitions way of approach. Two rudimentary methods can be identified. The method of approach in handling media in the Vietnam War is to be labeled as reactive whilst the same during the Gulf War is to be labeled as progressive. This fundamental difference result in the opinion being far more positive and far easier handled during the Gulf War. The character of reporting has an impact on opinion. The military political part is the one with absolutely most at stake in losing favorable public opinion. The analysis on impact of journalism, during the Vietnam War, undoubtedly supports this. Of the two case studies, the result on opinion because of change in reporting character is most easily supported here. 

Abstract

The purpose and vision for the municipality of Torsby are to connect with a younger population in the municipality by the year of 2012.

This study is a qualitative survey of the target group “the young ones” within the municipality of Torsby, which is the population between 17–35 years old.

Because of the size and the different intrests between the individuals in this group it has been divided into three smaller groups.

• High school students, 17-19 years old.

• Returning seasonal workers, 20-26 years old.

• People who has moved to Torsby and are now living in the municipality, 27-35 years old.

The results of the study show that all the respondents believes that with the right communication channels a positive and strong communication between the municipality and the target groups can be reached. The message and the significance of the message are as important as the communication channels and all the target groups together would like to see a wider range of leisure pursuits that will suit the respective target group.

The analysis and the results also show that the communication with the target groups should come about in different ways to be successful, both when it comes to fundemental reasons and choices of communication channels.

The two youngest target groups has an adjacent and a similar need of well-founded and entertaining communication and information to rach a long-term result.

The older group needs communication that will give them opportunity to reflect and concider the message, which means that the municipality of Torsby needs to adjust both the message and the communication channel for a quicker respons. This target group is also in need of further studies so the municipality of Torsby succesfully can plan a more detailed communication, this because the target group is a less homogeneous group than the two other target groups.

Sammanfattning

Med anledning av Torsby kommuns arbete att nå de mål och visioner de har formulerat för framtiden, nämligen att år 2012 ha en yngre befolkning i kommunen, påvisas i föreliggande uppsats en kvalitativ undersökning av en av kommunens målgrupper, nämligen ”de unga”. ”De unga” består av personer mellan 17-35 år. Eftersom denna målgrupp är stor och består av åtskilliga individer med olika intressen är den uppdelad i tre mindre grupper:

• Gymnasieelever i kommunen, 17-19 år

• Återkommande säsongsanställda i kommunen, 20–26 år

• Inflyttade och numera boende i kommunen, 27-35 år.

Syftet med undersökningen är att lära känna målgruppen och därmed anpassa kommunens kommunikation med dem därefter.

Resultatet visar att samtliga respondenter menar att man med hjälp av rätt kommunikationskanaler kan uppnå en positiv och genomslagskraftig kommunikation med målgruppen i stort. Samtliga grupper är vidare överens om att innebörden och budskapet är minst lika viktigt som kanalerna och efterlyser unisont ett rikare utbud på fritidsaktiviteter, anpassat till respektive grupp.

Av analysen och uppsatsens slutsats kan man utläsa att kommunikationen med de tre grupperna bör ske på olika sätt, för att vinna framgång, både när det gäller grundläggande motiv och val av kommunikationskanaler.

De två yngsta grupperna har närliggande och ett likartat behov av underbyggande och underhållande kommunikation och information för resultat på längre sikt. Den äldre gruppen kräver andra grepp. Kommunikationen med dem bör i stora drag handla om att ge dem möjlighet att reflektera och överväga budskapet, vilket handlar om att anpassa både budskap och kanal för en snabbare respons. Den äldre gruppen är dessutom i behov av ytterligare undersökningar för att kommunen framgångsrikt ska kunna planera kommunikationen mer detaljerat, detta eftersom den äldre gruppen i sig är en mindre homogen grupp än de två övriga grupperna.

Abstract

Örebro University

Department of Humanities

Media and Communication Studies

Bachelor Thesis, Spring 2007

Title: Bajen is the name – The study of the information business of a professional soccer club

By: Erik Johansson and Markus Welin

Supervisor: Göran Eriksson

Purpose

The purpose of this essay was to examine how a professional and multinational sport organisation works to present a positive image of it. The object of our study was Hammarby, one of the by media most intensive covered Swedish clubs. We have also investigated the relation between the sport communication strategies and the media.

Theories

We have used prior research in the areas of sport and media, Sport Management, journalism and Public Relations. We have also applied Public Relations and Marketing theories.

Method

We chose to use the methods of qualitative interviews, and participant observations. Our interview targets were Urban Rybrink, the information director of Hammarby, and Robert Laul, prominent sport journalist. On the top of that, we expanded the study with observations of two press conferences connected to Hammarby’s matches. We also gathered together two weeks of press releases from the club along with online media material about Hammarby at the websites of two of the biggest newspapers in Sweden.

Results

The communication work at Swedish soccer clubs is still under development, and Hammarby need to continue to expand it further to reach the level of business companies and government institutions. The crisis communication strategies have to become more developed. In relation to other Swedish soccer clubs, however, Hammarby is rather well developed in the communications area since they actually have hired an information director. The relation between Hammarby’s communications director and media is defined as good by both parts, even if they do not agree on everything we have examined.

Keywords

Sport, Public Relations, Sport Promotion, Media, Journalism, Qualitative interviews

Abstract

Aim: The purpose of this thesis is to research how women think about fashion in relation to their self and to others. Can clothes be an expression of who we are who we want to be and how we look at others? What are the main characteristics in this type of communication and what kind of information can be distributed using this tool?

Method/Material: Interviews

Main results: Clothes can work as a tool to show who we are and what we are, mainly on short term. We use clothes for different purposes, sometimes we what to be seen and really show who we are and what we stand for and sometimes we just what to go with the flow and not be seen at all. We will always have a physical need for clothes but it is also a natural and important part of our individual expression and our identity.

Keywords: Fashion, Clothes, Identity, Lifestyle

Sammanfattning

Författare Viktor Mars

Titel ”Videospel – mellan fantasi och verklighet”

Lärosäte

Växjö universitet

Institutionen för Samhällsvetenskap

Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap C-kurs, 61-90p

Projekt

C-Uppsats

MK531P

Höstterminen 2007

Innehåll

Hur tolkas och förstås det innehåll som TV- och datorspel förmedlar? Vilka behov finns och hur tolkar spelarna dessa?

Detta är de centrala frågorna i denna kandidatuppsats. Med hjälp av teorier och fakta har en explorativ studie utförts. Detta med tonvikt på ökad förståelse för en ständigt växande företeelse i vår moderna tid; nämligen videospel (i denna studie betydande både TV- och datorspel). Tillsammans med så kallade receptionsanalyser har värdefull information analyserats med hjälp av en liten grupp människor med intresse för olika videospelsgenrer. Detta perspektiv är delvis ämnat att vara en generaliserande faktor, som kan tillföras till även en större grupp människor och förstås i vidare mening.

Gällande resultat utföll det till stor del i enlighet med uppsatsens grundläggande mål; att förstå de behov som skapas och vad spelare gör med spelen de fördjupar sig i. Många behov hos spelarna lyfts fram där segerkänsla, empati, behovet av att lyckas och identitet är några exempel. Det har i uppsatsen också påvisats att spel handlar om mer än våld och detta har gjorts med hjälp av förklaringar och utvärderingar, där fokus lagts på innehåll och form istället för på påverkan. Även om många spel kan vara våldsamma är detta ingen indikator på att spelarna blir våldsamma. Med utgångspunkt i mina resultat påvisas som alternativ till våldsspel dock en mängd spel där helt andra värderingar står i centrum.