Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Médecine des arts'
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Gucciardo, Alfonso Gianluca. "La médecine des arts du spectacle vivant : Histoire, diffusion internationale, pensée, éthique et pratiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier 3, 2022. https://ged.scdi-montpellier.fr/florabium/jsp/nnt.jsp?nnt=2022MON30057.
Full textPerforming Arts (PA) Medicine, meant as a "medicine for the art of living entertainment", is still not known and not well understood and framed and recognized, in Europe as well as in the other Continents. Starting from a discussion on the philosophical and epistemological meaning of this branch of medicine, we have arrived at a personal ethical and bioethical reading in order to understand its limits and strengths for doctors, rehab professionals, teachers of the arts of voice, music, dance and circus, philosophers and, obviously, artists. PA Medicine (whose name we also dealt about) is far from that medicine today called "complementary"/"not-Evidence Based", and is a branch of medical and philosophical and pedagogical knowledge useful to the artist's and art's physical, psychic and emotional health. PA Medicine is a Medicine not only for the artist but for the PA themselves which, at times, also need to be cured. We have deepened this last topic also starting from an historical and ethic study of the phenomenon of the “care and curing” of arts and of performers, from the origins to today
Prot, Bénédicte. "La représentation de la nudité dans la littérature du XVIIIe siècle." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0095.
Full textThis doctoral thesis is an interdisciplinary study on the question of the representation of nudity in French literature, medicine and artistic discourse in the second half of the eighteenth century. Considering that the naked body is inseparable from the sense of sight, we reveal the idea that the elaboration of a gaze determine a plurality of representations of the undressed body. By the study of texts of different types, this thesis presents a process demonstrating the link between the looking and the nudities in the Enlightenment. From technical words revealing the anatomical detail to descriptions in veiled terms, the writing and the reading of the undressed body are such as a textual and visual interaction (Chapter I). The second chapter is devoted to the effects attributed to the nude in the eighteenth century and presents, through the study of anatomical plates, how the gaze on the bare body can be constructed. The following chapters examine successively the nudities according to different ways of seeing. Voyeurism (Chapter III) and observation (Chapter IV) promote the representation of anatomical detail, the creation of topical figures and the staging of the naked body. The following chapters show that the body can also be mentally undressed. Clothes and draperies, proportions and colors guide a trajectory allowing to see, to touch, to feel and to imagine the nudity (Chapter V). From “costume” to skin, from muscles to bones, the body appears as a set of superimposed layers offering the possibility of a penetrating eye. Clothes and integument once removed, nakedness becomes the image of a physical and moral interiority explored by doctors and writers (Chapter VI). The seventh and final chapter shows that nudity is a way of thinking through decentered or focused gazes. The naked body reflects to the dressed man of the Enlightenment his own image. The fashions, the exhibition of "savages" and the auscultation are also situations in which the physician's figure is drawn in relation to the naked female body.The representations of the undressed body in the eighteenth century are created between sight and touch, between the whole body and its parts, between the clothed and the naked, between the surface and the depth. They proceed from the fragmentation, the magnification, the stripping and the reification of the body and its parts. They involve textual processes, generic and disciplinary contaminations, creations of figures such as bathers, athletes, men of letters, Venus of all kinds, allegories and anatomies. Based on the construction of the gaze and the interactions between arts, literature and medicine, this thesis invites us to discover the nudities of the Enlightenment
Stentz, Barbara. "Les représentations de la douleur dans les arts graphiques en France au XVIIIè siècle." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAG032.
Full textThis study aims to examine the forms and the issues of pain in graphic arts during the 18th century, as drawings and engravings take on an experimental aspect and constitute precious evidence of patterns diffusion. It considers the conventions, the debates and the codifications determining its figurative representations, in relation to aesthetic, médical, social and political matters. In a time when pain tends to be obscured by people who are supposed to be in charge of it, it seemed important to appraise its occurrences and its past depictions. Seen from this perspective, the French figurative arts through the second half of the 18th century offer a remarkable field of study. The aesthetic debates about the sculpted group of Laocoon and the veil of Timanthes, or, on a medical level, concenring pain persistence in persons convicted and decapitated, reveal that this passion was of great interest for the theorists at that time
Bellegarde, Alexandra. "Récits d'un processus d'accompagnement par l'art en soins palliatifs." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26904.
Full textOpinel, Annick. "Médecine et pathologie dans la peinture du XIXème siècle en France (1789-1914)." Paris 10, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA100127.
Full textFavraud, Georges. "La communauté villageoise de Litang, et ses transmissions généalogiques et rituelles dans la construction de la modernité chinoise (du XIXe siècle à nos jours)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100014.
Full textHow does a local Chinese community, structured on the basis of both patrilineal and Daoist transmissions, participate in the building of “modernity”? This dissertation describes the way in which these two fundamental communal social structures are articulatedwith respect to each other, and the way in which they transform themselves in order to adapt to, and participate in, the social changes of their time. This monographic work also proposes, on a larger scale, an anthropological analysis of the society and history of the Xiang basin and Hunan province: from Confucian and patrilineal cults to agnatic kinship, as well as from ancient ritual, martial and medical Daoist traditions (Chunyang and Quanzhen), to their actual rearrangements in the “Chinese market socialism”, after having undergonethe first Communist peasant movements (1927) lead by Mao Zedong in his native region, and the Cultural Revolution (1966-76). The study of the contemporary mutations of the Chen lineage of Litang - an institution at the center of local power struggles, the hierarchization of sexual roles, and the village economy and ecology – leads us to reassert the very basison which Chinese parenthood groups elaborate themselves today. The analysisof the changes and the intermixturebetween parenthood and rituals, whichtake place in the local sanctuary of Increasing Transformations (Zenghua Guan) – an institution in charge of the local ritual life – shows that cult communitiesare one of the more fluid and sustainable structures of Chinese society
Raingeval, Emmanuelle. "Parures : résection, réparation et résilience : l'art et la médecine pour soigner les expériences traumatiques contemporaines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AMIE0036.
Full textThe close and underrated relationship between art and medicine plays a central role in the most resounding manifestations of the avant-garde. It emerged from a particularly hard historical context and imbricate itself in the painful experiences of the two world conflicts, totalitarianisms, genocides, and the atomic bomb that shaped a painful century of unprecedented violence. History, thought primarily as "the history of the pain of the world", keeps to record the processes of destruction. It therefore calls another story that would be an immediate corollary and that would record and analyze the efforts made to provide a restorative response and which would consider artists, doctors, and philosophers who have faced traumatic events as its main protagonists.The study highlights the work of contemporary artists who invest medical knowledge, particularly in the specialties of reconstructive surgery, orthopedics, psychiatry and psychoanalysis. They deliver critical diagnoses, appropriate instruments and operative techniques, and offer alternative therapies to deal with acts of destruction. From bodily mutilation to psychic injury, from individual distress to collective trauma, from the artistic technique that moves into medical practice, the thesis wants to highlight the link that exists between art and medicine to heal trauma of recent history
Simard, Benoît-Luc. "Randolph Stone et la Thérapie par polarité. Analyse d'une médecine holistique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25275/25275.pdf.
Full textLévy, Jean-Marc. "Médecins et malades dans la peinture européenne du XVIIe siècle." Strasbourg 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR20014.
Full textThe Patients and the physicians were often depicted by artists during the "golden age" of European art : the seventeenth century. After a brief reminder of the evolution of medical opinions of that time, pictures of diseases are analysed. Those concerning the plague, which was so feared and so lethal, will be the subject of a special chapter ; then examples of sick persons are considered in the historical paintings in the portraiture and in the genre paintings. .
Dravasa-Marq, Anne-Dominique. "La bande dessinée, reflet d'une société : le cas du médecin." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2MO74.
Full textNakache, Didier. ""C'est ma vie, après tout" : étude des rapports entre la médecine et le cinéma à partir de l'analyse d'un film." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR25022.
Full textCheminaud, Julie. "Les évadés de la médecine : physiologie et philosophie de l'art dans la France de la seconde moitié du XIXème siècle." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040162.
Full textIn the second half of 19th century, specific bonds are forged between art and medicine: the modern medicine turns towards artworks and discovers there a clinic. In return, some painters and writers feed themselves on new knowledges to revitalize their practices. But as physiology takes art as its object, analyzes artworks, creation and reception, art can be praised, or conversely condemned. Thus, the figures of the artist and of the physician tend to join or to oppose themselves. Our work deals with what make this union and these conflicts possible. We address the idea of visibility, common to art and clinic, the concept of pathology, and the problem of norm. Thus, it appears that the figure of the abnormal artist, the “sick artist’’, is a legacy of the traditional melancholy: its value, positive or negative, is always understood in a specific context and changes according to a set of transfers. As we analyse discourses and some representative artworks, we intend not only to give an account of physiology of art as it appears in France at this time, but also to show that it is a privileged prism to understand a certain kind of artwork
Giraudeau, Nathalie. "Le sida à l'écran : représentations de la séropositivité et du sida dans les fictions filmiques." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR2M033.
Full textAbastado, Philippe. "Visages et corps d'hier : vieillissement et pathologies depuis le XV siècle à travers l'autoportrait." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA070084.
Full textOur study cares about the face of human alive being since the 15th century. Self portraits will be our tools for exploration. Both ageing and disease allow us to ensure that the painter reproduces a human reality more than following stereotypes. This approach by the self-portrait allows homogeneity of the sources and a continuum of the material. But this method supposes the analysis of distortions due to the method itself or due to the conservation of the works, basis of this study. Our analyzes are both quantitative and qualitative. It reveals, with some reserves, that since the XVth to the dawn of the XXth, the speed of ageing seems homogeneous. The XVIIIth century is marked by a cult of youth in the age bracket 40-50 years. Moreover it appears a lengthening of the lifespan at the XVIIIth century and longer lifespan for the sculptors than for the painters. Details of self-portraits take a value of symptoms with their critical analysis and by their confrontation with the complete works of the artist This clinical study makes possible to affirm that the portrait is the representation of a face and not the illustration of an ideal, of a history or a statistical series. This method finds its limits. For example, the frequency of a pathological diagnosis in the self-portrait is low compared to its incidence in the portrait itself. Other tools of individualization such as social references and even ugliness can be used. At the end of the inspection, the fabric becomes more explicit; it delivers the invisible, speaks about human and expresses the artist's inner self
Vollaire, Christiane. "L'exercice médical comme tension entre esthétique et politique." Thesis, Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA080065/document.
Full textThis work aims at opening to the esthetics field the biopolitics issues’ complex as defined by Michel Foucault. Links are settled between three research fields originally dissociated : medical exercise (point of articulation between theory and practise), esthetics, and politics. The approach will be based on a critical statement of fact : the dis-esthetization of medical process, bound to esthetics thought as the basis of the subjectivation process. Hannah Arendt, in Juger, established in Kant’s thought the deeply political function of esthetic judgement as a base for the establishment of a community. Starting from a critical approach of medecine, we aim to found this political function of esthetics. We shall, in this way, work out what Brecht used to call a montage, in a both conceptual and esthetic acceptance : not a simple pasting, but what aims at cropping up echoes between broken levels, and between thresholds. We will first designate as dis-esthetization what strives, in the medical exercise, to take away from the subject his own representations in the name of a so-called rationality. We will then establish the concept of non-assignable, starting from our connection to death, then considering addictive behaviours and esthetic patterns. And we will at last show, while crossing Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Michel Foucault, Edward Saïd and Simone Weil’s thoughts, the need for a re-esthetic commitment of the thinker with his subject by turning to a field philosophy, opposed to the feigned scientific nature produced by the positivist side of medical discourse
Hauret, Geneviève. "Réflexions sur la douleur dans l'art pictural : à propos de onze œuvres de peinture." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR2M130.
Full textHasbani-Villard, Monique. "Imagerie médicale et création artistique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010571.
Full text« Medical imaging and artistic relation » is concerned by the relationship forged between art and medicine, since prehistoric representations of the body, till modern medical imaging. My double experience of radiologist and visual artist was the starting point of this reflection for this research. I aimed to understand how medical imaging contributed, over history, to the artistic representation of the human body, be it as subject or as material, as well as it is a way of cognitive investigation in the process of creating and adapting an artwork. Artistic creation is both a subject and an object. I look up at the corpus of current techniques and the artworks incorporating medical imaging based of the anatomical knowledge available at a given period. The rapid development of medical imaging techniques contributed to the development of neurosciences and to the understanding of the cognitive areas related to artistic creation. The neurosciences are allowing to analyze the most intimate processes of artistic creation, and to describe the different brain mechanisms, used while developing and implementing artistic artifacts. I will therefore look at neurocogniticians scientists who were particularly interested in the process of artistic creation, such Semir Zeki, Jean-Pierre Changeux, Antonio R. Damasio, aiming to clarify how the artistic process is generated, and how it could, at times, be associated with various pathologies. Medical imaging has evolved considerably in recent years and is still progressing very quickly. Functional imaging has therefore enabled considerably the development of neurosciences
Chardeau, Xavier. "Henri Bellery-Desfontaines (1867-1909) : peintre – Illustrateur – Décorateur, caractéristique de l'Art Nouveau." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040016.
Full textIn Paris around 1900, a generation of young artists, influenced by a variety of currents, such as Gothic Revival or Symbolism, shared a similar artistic outlook. Henri Bellery-Desfontaines (1867-1909) was part of that generation of artists who began their careers as painters, often aiming for careers in mural painting, and quickly showed an interest in the decorative arts, seduced by the idea of a total art. He started in Pierre-Victor Galland’s workshop, where he learned decoration; then in 1890, he entered Jean-Pierre Laurens’ one at the Ecole Nationale des Beaux Arts in Paris. At the same time, he started decorating the staff room at the Hôpital de la Charité where he befriended a group of young doctors who would subsequently follow his entire career. Then, he illustrated artistic magazines and somes books. But his artistic preferences gradually shifted from painting to the decorative arts. He started designing carpets and a few pieces of furniture. Then, with the support of a few wealthy patrons, Bellery-Desfontaines began designing increasingly ambitious complete interiors, focus on the notion of total art. Towards the end of his life he took a more active part in the debate over the decorative arts, which was a hallmark of the period. His vast artistic legacy is both influential and eclectic, yet remains little known. Bellery-Desfontaines was a complete artist, as were many of the artists at the time. An idealist, whose ambition was to make art for every day life, he died abruptly at the age of forty two, far too young to complete his career and achieve fame, for many of his project remained unfinished
Rabbi-Bernard, Chiara. "De la fabrique du corps à l'art du vivant : de la connaissance et de la représentation du corps humain à travers l'évolution du savoir anatomique et son rapport avec l'art à la Renaissance." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040316.
Full textRoger, Jérôme. "Henri Michaux : poésie pour savoir, ou la voix de l'essayiste." Paris 8, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA081120.
Full textThis dissertation purports to demonstrate that the notion of a "work" for michaud puts to the test most of the knowledge concerning literature and consequently the very nature of the poetic fact : as a questioning of the workings of language, poetry becomes inseparable from the investigation of the sciences in our century, particularly so anthropology in the broad sense of the term. The hypothesis positing michaux's writing as "essay-writing" rests on both the acknowledging of the reception of the work and michaux's own theoretical reflexion; hence such an assumption acquires a critical and a heuristic function, inasmuch as the notion of "essay writing" persistently puts to the test aesthetic categories and discourse practices. The aim of this dissertation consists in exploring the specificity of michaux's text opening heretofore unknown perspectives concerning the understanding of the relationship between conceptual thought and experience of the self, between writing systems and pictorial creation, between the written word and the voice. The analysis of orality in michaux's writing, heretofore neglected by criticism on the whole, reveals that not only is there no heterogeneity between the oral and the visual, but that this orality participates of the global significance of the work envisaged as a reconstruction of a scattered body. The myth of orpheus turns out to be solidary, in michaux's work, of a voyage through encyclopedia
Mascaux, Céline. "Etude de la genèse du carcinome épidermoïde bronchique: évolution de l'expression des protéines, des ARNs messagers et des microARNs à tous les stades du processus de cancérisation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210516.
Full textAvec plus de 7000 cas diagnostiqués par an en Belgique, le cancer bronchique est l’un des cancers les plus fréquents chez l'homme. Son pronostic est très réservé, la survie à 5 ans tous stades confondus étant inférieure à 15 %. Ce faible taux de guérison s’explique en grande partie par le fait que le diagnostic se réalise généralement à un stade avancé de la maladie. Une méthode de détection précoce, l’endoscopie en autofluorescence, exploite des variations de la fluorescence bronchique sous l'effet d'un laser et permet ainsi de dévoiler des lésions précancéreuses invisibles en lumière blanche. Réalisée à l’Institut Jules Bordet depuis 1996, la photodétection nous a permis de constituer une banque de biopsies d’épithélium bronchique à tous les stades de la carcinogenèse bronchique, conservées initialement en blocs paraffinés et, depuis 2003, par congélation.
Hypothèse
Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la compréhension de la genèse du carcinome épidermoïde bronchique par la caractérisation de l’évolution des anomalies moléculaires dans les lésions précancéreuses et cancéreuses de l'arbre bronchique nous permettrait d’identifier de nouvelles cibles de détection et éventuellement de chimioprévention pour le cancer bronchique. L'objectif de nos travaux a donc été de caractériser les modifications moléculaires successives et/ou cumulatives sous-jacentes à la transition entre les différents stades histologiques de la carcinogenèse épidermoïde bronchique (épithélium bronchique normal du fumeur, hyperplasie, métaplasie, dysplasies légère, modérée et sévère, CIS et les carcinomes invasifs). Différentes techniques complémentaires ont été successivement utilisées à cet effet :1) étude de l’expression protéique par immunohistochimie (IHC) et immunofluorescence (IF), 2) étude de l’expression des ARNs messagers par microdamiers, 3) étude de l’expression des microARNs par RT-PCR quantitative.
Travaux réalisés
Afin de sélectionner les protéines à étudier aux différents stades de la carcinogenèse épidermoïde bronchique, nous avons réalisé une étude méthodologique de la littérature chez les patients atteints de cancer bronchique non à petites cellules (CBNPC). En effet, d’une part, la petite taille des biopsies bronchiques que nous projetions d’étudier et, d’autre part, le faible taux de découvertes de lésions de haut grade lors de la réalisation de bronchoscopies en fluorescence limitent le nombre d’analyses réalisables. Les revues systématiques de la littérature, intégrant une analyse méthodologique des études publiées et une méta-analyse de leur impact pronostique en terme de survie, ont permis de choisir une série de marqueurs sur base de leur intérêt potentiel grâce à la puissance apportée par l’agrégation de grands nombres de cas.
La mutation de KRAS identifiée par PCR constitue un facteur péjoratif pour la survie des patients atteints de CBNPC et plus spécifiquement des adénocarcinomes (ADC). Etant donné que notre projet est consacré à la genèse du carcinome épidermoïde bronchique (CEB), nous n’avons pas étudié ce facteur dans nos biopsies.
Par contre, les revues systématiques ont montré un impact en terme de survie dans les CBNPC, y compris dans les CEB, pour l’angiogenèse, des récepteurs de facteurs de croissance épithéliale (EGFR et c-erbB-2) et des marqueurs de la prolifération cellulaire (Ki-67). Nous avons donc étudié l’expression de ces protéines par IHC dans les lésions précurseurs de CEB et dans les CEB. L’expression de Ki-67 est augmentée aux stades de dysplasie sévère et de CIS par rapport à ceux de dysplasies légère et modérée. La mesure de l’expression de Ki-67 dans ces biopsies aide donc à les classifier en lésions de bas et de haut grade. L’étude de la corrélation de l’expression de plusieurs protéines (EGFR, c-erbB-2 et Ki-67) dans les mêmes lésions bronchiques a montré que la majorité des biopsies de haut grade (dysplasies sévères et CIS) expriment anormalement EGFR et/ou Ki-67. Par contre, l’homologue d’EGFR, c-erbB-2, n’apparaît que plus tardivement, dans les carcinomes invasifs.
Nous avons également caractérisé l’expression de protéines impliquées dans les voies de l'apoptose dans les lésions précurseurs de CEB. L’expression du facteur suppresseur de tumeurs p53 s’est avérée être un marqueur pronostique péjoratif important pour la survie des patients atteints de CNBPC et augmente dès les premières étapes de la tumorigenèse bronchique et même déjà dans l’épithélium morphologiquement normal du fumeur. L'altération de l'expression de p53 est donc un événement très précoce dans la genèse du CEB et la positivité de p53 augmente ensuite avec la sévérité des lésions. Dans le but de caractériser les voies de contrôle de p53 au cours de la carcinogenèse épidermoïde bronchique, nous avons analysé l'expression de 3 autres protéines, MDM2, p14arf et la nucléophosmine (NPM), dans une série de 200 biopsies. L’expression de MDM2, NPM et p14arf est respectivement altérée aux stades de dysplasie légère, modérée et sévère. Au stade de dysplasie sévère, l’expression de p14arf, inhibiteur de MDM2, peut soit disparaître, soit se concentrer dans les nucléoles. Tant la perte de p14arf que sa concentration dans les nucléoles sont associées à une augmentation de l’expression de MDM2. Nous avons également observé que la délocalisation de NPM depuis le nucléoplasme vers le nucléole est hautement corrélée à celle de p14arf. En IF, NPM et p14arf colocalisent dans le nucléoplasme dans les échantillons de bas grade ou dans les nucléoles dans les lésions de haut grade. Par contre, la protéine MDM2 n’est détectée dans les nucléoles quelles que soient les localisations de p14arf ou de NPM et quel que soit le stade. Ces données sont en faveur de l’hypothèse selon laquelle la localisation de p14arf dans les nucléoles empêcherait la formation des complexes p14arf–MDM2 et pourrait ainsi faciliter la carcinogenèse pulmonaire. Nos résultats suggèrent également que la présence de NPM dans le nucléoplasme pourrait jouer un rôle protecteur contre le dommage cellulaire et la transformation maligne tandis que sa délocalisation vers les nucléoles et ce, peut-être par la délocalisation de p14arf, favoriserait la carcinogenèse bronchique. Enfin, suite à la réalisation d’une méta-analyse montrant le rôle de la cyclooxygénase 2 (COX-2) en tant que facteur pronostique dans les CBNPC de stade précoce, l’expression de la protéine COX-2 a été analysée par IHC dans 106 biopsies. Cette étude montre que cette protéine s’accumule exclusivement à partir du stade de dysplasie sévère, permettant ainsi de séparer les lésions bronchiques de bas et de haut grade. Avec une haute valeur prédictive positive (100 %) et une bonne valeur prédictive négative (82,35 %), COX-2 apparaît donc comme un marqueur précoce potentiel à tester pour le dépistage du cancer bronchique.
En parallèle à ces travaux, nous avons collecté des biopsies fraîchement congelées aux différents stades de la carcinogenèse épidermoïde pour une analyse du transcriptome. La première étape a consisté à définir le profil d’expression génique par la technique des microdamiers. Après son extraction et sa rétrotranscription, l’ARN a été marqué et hybridé sur des lames commercialisées par Agilent Technologies. Au total, 122 échantillons, dont minimum 12 de chaque catégorie, ont été hybridés avec un contrôle commun (issu d’un mélange de biopsies bronchiques normales de non-fumeurs). Une analyse en composante principale a montré que la hiérarchie de la classification histologique était bien représentée par les profils d’expression génique des biospies aux différents stades. Quelle que soit la liste de gènes de départ sélectionnée pour réaliser le regroupement hiérarchisé, nous avons observé, de manière constante et robuste, une différence majeure de profil d’expression génique entre, d’une part, les tissus bronchiques les plus « normaux » (normal normofluorescent, histologiquement normal mais hypofluorescent et hyperplasie) et, d’autre part, toutes les autres catégories histologiques dites « anormales ou modifiées » à partir de la métaplasie jusqu’au carcinome invasif. Parmi les épithéliums bronchiques « modifiés », deux grands groupes se distinguent :d’un côté, les métaplasies et dysplasies légères, qui sont très souvent bénignes et réversibles pour la plupart, et de l’autre côté, les dysplasies sévères, les CIS et les carcinomes invasifs, lésions à risque beaucoup plus élevé d’évoluer vers un cancer ou déjà malignes. Les échantillons au stade de dysplasie modérée se classent tantôt dans le deuxième groupe avec les dysplasies légères tantôt dans le troisième avec les dysplasies sévères. Il semble donc que le stade histologique de la dysplasie modérée soit un groupe hétérogène n’ayant pas de réalité biologique et qu’il serait plus adéquat de les reclasser dans un des 2 autres groupes sur base des arguments moléculaires. Nous avons obtenu les listes de gènes dont l’expression varie de manière statistiquement significative entre les différentes étapes de la carcinogenèse épidermoïde bronchique. Par ailleurs, nous avons pu mettre en évidence un profil d’expression génique permettant de discriminer les lésions bronchiques de mauvais pronostic (dysplasies sévères ou plus) de celles de meilleur pronostic (tissu normal et anomalies morphologiques de bas grade). Les gènes qui constituent ce profil permettant d’identifier les lésions de mauvais pronostic sont des candidats pour la détection précoce du cancer bronchique. De plus, nos données de génomique confirment la surexpression de certains ARNs messagers correspondant à des protéines dont la surexpression a été rapportée dans les études d’IHC comme COX-2, MDM2, Ki-67, les cytokératines, les métallopeptidases, les cyclines. Par ailleurs, certaines protéines dont le rôle dans les cancers pulmonaires invasifs a déjà été décrit mais pas aux stades pré-invasifs, parmi lesquelles la protéine PTH-like, des protéines liées à TNF ou d’autres liées à IGF, E2F ou à Wnt, semblent impliquées aux stades précoces de la carcinogenèse épidermoïde bronchique. Enfin, de nouveaux acteurs possibles de ce processus ont été mis en évidence.
Nous avons également étudié l’évolution de l’expression des microARNs au cours de la carcinogenèse bronchique par des RT-PCR quantitatives (LDA) sur 60 des biopsies dont nous avons étudié le transcriptome (6 par catégorie) et en utilisant la classification en 3 groupes issue des analyses des microdamiers d’expression génique. Cette étude montre que plusieurs miARNs sont différentiellement exprimés durant la carcinogenèse bronchique. De plus, deux étapes successives et distinctes ont été mises en évidence pour l’évolution de l’expression des miARNs au cours de la carcinogenèse bronchique. Aux stades les plus précoces, correspondant à la progression de l’épithélium normal du non-fumeur vers l’épithélium histologiquement normal du fumeur et l’hyperplasie jusqu’au groupe des anomalies morphologiques relativement bénignes (métaplasie, dysplasies légère et modérée), on observe une réduction significative de l’expression de la grande majorité des miARNs. Aux stades plus tardifs de la carcinogenèse (dysplasie sévère, CIS et CEB), même si 74 % des miARNs altérés restent encore régulés négativement par rapport à leur niveau d’expression dans l’épithélium normal du non-fumeur, la proportion de miARNs dont l’expression est augmentée (43 %) s’accroît par rapport à leur niveau d’expression dans les stades qui les précèdent (métaplasie, dysplasies légère et modérée). En outre, lorsque l’on compare ce dernier groupe à celui des lésions plus sévères (dysplasie sévère et CIS), qui progressent fréquemment vers des carcinomes invasifs, 80 % des miARNs augmentent leur niveau d’expression. Par ailleurs, l’expression de certains microARNs évolue de manière linéaire. En particulier, l’expression de miR 34c, cible transcriptionnelle de p53, et celle de miR 15a, inhibiteur de Bcl2, diminuent progressivement entre les différents stades à partir du tissu bronchique normal du non-fumeur jusqu’au CEB. Enfin, les profils d’expression des miARNs permettent de prédire avec précision la classification histologique non seulement entre les lésions de bas grade (métaplasie, dysplasies légère et modérée) et de haut grade (dysplasie sévère et CIS) mais également entre les CIS et les carcinomes invasifs. Les miARNs qui constituent ces signatures sont donc des candidats potentiels pour la détection précoce du cancer bronchique.
Conclusions
Nos travaux montrent que les anomalies moléculaires apparaissent aux stades les plus précoces de la transformation maligne de l’épithélium bronchique. L’expression protéique des marqueurs étudiés -p53, MDM2, p14arf, NPM, Ki-67, COX-2, c-erbB-2, et EGFR- permet d’affiner la classification des lésions bronchiques précancéreuses et de mieux comprendre les voies de la carcinogenèse précoce. Les profils d'expression des gènes et des microARNs apportent une approche originale des étapes successives du processus de carcinogenèse épidermoïde bronchique et ont mis en évidence des signatures permettant de discriminer les lésions qui sont à très haut risque de progression vers un cancer invasif ou qui sont déjà néoplasiques de celles de meilleur pronostic. Les marqueurs qui constituent ces profils sont des candidats potentiels pour la détection précoce du cancer bronchique.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Andres, Roxane Virginie. "Ars proteus. Fables et pratiques d’un design organoplastique." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STET2169.
Full textPorosity highlighted by the contemporary design makes of this one an open field where issues ofother areas, dominated by science, are intertwined. Placed at the crossroads of different territories, thedesigner creates a protean art- an ars proteus- revealing by the objects, the metamorphosis andproblematics elicited by science- and more particularly by medicine and its impact on our bodyconception.Could the design have the power to detect the most imperceptible issues which are plotted beyondhuman measure? The contemporary design questions the scale of the body in the objects: can itcontribute to show or materialize a body imaginary that our time would have secretly create?The organoplastie in design is a word which could express a sliding that occurs between the bodyand objects, between genesis and technè. The organoplastie, either real (like François Azambourg orTobie Kerridge's spontaneous growth objects) or metaphorical, generates new designs of the objectand, moreover, new ways of production and creation, while supporting the advent of a biologicalimaginary of our artifacts. Could the designer be the purveyor of a second genesis, or a neogenesiswhose autonomous organic forms would be based on the natural growth mode!, giving a newconsistencv in the development of an artificial world?
Li, Si. "Data acquisition modeling and hybrid coronary tree 3D reconstruction in C-arm CBCT imaging." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S133/document.
Full textThe rotational angiography RX of the coronaries is a standard modality to determine the degree and the number of the coronaries stenosis. The objective of this dissertation aims at improving the 3D reconstruction of the coronary arteries, which can improve the diagnosis, the security and the precision of the minimal invasive interventions.For the first part, the major contribution is improving the calibration procedure of the rotational R-X imaging system. First, we propose a new calibration algorithm based on the classical helical phantom on the Artis-Zeego system. Second, we transfer the geometries to the C-arm coordinate system. Last, we propose the movement models of the projection geometries objectively and systematically at 3 representative work positions. The movement models simplify the clinical procedures. The experiment results indicate that the proposed movement models have an acceptable precision to estimate the acquisition parameters.For the second part work, the major contribution is proposing a new reconstruction method by motion compensation. The steps of the reconstruction method include: the forward projection, the segmentation of the acquired projection, registration, the initial and motion compensated reconstruction. We adopt the advanced Simplified Distance Driven projector to generate the forward projection. We use the mutual information (MI) and rigidity penalty (RP) to be the similarity measure. We adopt the advanced Adaptive Stochastic Gradient Descent (ASGD) to realize the optimization. The initial and the compensated reconstruction are based on the MAP iterative reconstruction. The experiment results indicate that the proposed method improves the quality of the 3D reconstruction. The contrast and the details of the coronary arteries are improved by the proposed motion compensation reconstruction method
Zhao, An. "Etude des petits ARNs extracellulaires pour le diagnostic de cancer du rein à cellules claires." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00999237.
Full textLoustalot, Bernard. "Desgenettes : 1762-1837 : un homme de réseau dans la transformation de l'art de guérir." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0041.
Full textRené Nicolas Dufriche des Genettes, known as Desgenettes, is a doctor who lived between two centuries. He had been through a tumultuous period, both on the political levels and on the military issues. Thus, he had the opportunity to meet several historic characters: Benjamin Franklin, Madam Rolland. . . And above ail Napoléon Bonaparte. Familiar with the salons of the period, he had been a witness of the transformation of the French society more than the political events, and as chief doctor of Bonaparte army's then Napoléon, he followed several campaign of the great gênerai of the time. His career survived to the Empire, tormented by the political vicissitudes. Historical character himself, he first of ail played a rôle in the military medicine in Egypt and in the Great Army after 1807. Two "prowess" are generally at his crédit: his inoculation of the plague, and his opposition to Bonaparte about the poisoning of the sick people of Jaffa. On a routine basis, he had managed health service that had to be adapted on the daily movement and the situation of an army more and more numerous and uncoordinated, often in foreign territories and with frequent and deadly epidemics. Nevertheless, Desgenettes had also had a significant civil activity, first a scientific activity with some publications about the absorbing system (lymphatic), about education (anatomy defence), spreading of knowledge by taking part of the edition of several revues, second, as a Professor of Hygiene at the school subsequently university of medicine of Paris. Besides, it is as mayor of the 10th district of Paris and Professor of Hygiene that he will faced in 1832 the first modern plague epidemic: the cholera-morbus. Born in a family part of the bourgeoisie that pretended to be aristocratic, Desgenettes is a remarkable image of this ambitious people that embraced the Enlightenment ideas (intellectual cosmopolitanism, operative freemasonry), and managed to get through the revolutionary turmoil to compose the Napoleonic meritocracy. Very cultivated but sceptical about religious, medical (friend of Broussais but fighting his doctrines) or politic (loyal but not docile to the Emperor), his strong character and his independent spirit (opposition to Bonaparte and resignation of the Academy of Medicine) ostracised him
Ben, Messaoud Khaoula. "Etude du recours, de l’accès et de l’abandon des traitements de l’infertilité à partir des données du Système National des Données de Santé Infertility Treatment in France, 2008–2017: A Challenge of Growing Treatment Needs at Older Ages." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASR014.
Full textMore than 50 million couples suffer from infertility worldwide. The increase of infertility in developed countries is mainly due to postponing the age of parenthood. Two main stages in the infertility care pathway can be identified: ovulation induction treatments and assisted reproductive technology (ART), which are respectively the first and second-line treatments. ART is relatively well-known, while ovulation induction remains unexplored due to the lack of available data sources. This dissertation explores infertility treatments by considering both ovulation induction and ART, using. the French National Health Insurance Database, recently opened to research. In particular, we used the general sample of beneficiaries (EGB) and the Inter-Regime Consumption Datamart (DCIR). We achieved our objective by focusing on three axes. Axis 1: In France, one in four couples fails to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of trying, but what is the proportion of women treated for infertility? The overall use of infertility treatment is unknown in France and around the world. Among women aged 20–49, 1.25% were treated for infertility between 2008 and 2017. The stability of infertility treatment use over the decade conceals an increase of 24% in use among women aged 34 and over. Axis 2: In France, infertility treatment costs are fully covered by the national health insurance. However, international publications have suggested the existence of barriers to accessing ART, even in context of free treatment. In our study, we estimated that 70% of women for whom ovulation induction treatment was not successful did not have access to IVF. We show that social disadvantage, deprivation in the area of residence, young ages and advanced ages increase the risk of non-access to IVF. Axis 3: The final axis deals with the early discontinuation of ovulation induction (in the first semester following initiation of ovulation induction). The rate of early discontinuation was estimated to be 30%. A stratified analysis of the type of, the ovulation inductors used and the prescriber showed that good management or monitoring of infertility care reduces the risk of early discontinuation, while advanced age increases this risk. There is also a strong interaction between the type of ovulation inductors and prescriber and management or monitoring of infertility care. The issue of social inequalities is often a blind spot in infertility care that appears essential to investigate in future research
Leturque, Anne. "Sensim per partes discuntur quaelibet artes... Chaque art s'apprend lentement, pas à pas... : mise en regard d'un savoir écrit sur l'art de peindre au Moyen Âge (le Liber diversarum artium - Ms H277 - Bibliothèque inter-universitaire de Montpellier – Faculté de Médecine) et d'un savoir-faire pratique (les oeuvres peintes sur murs et surpanneaux de bois en Catalogne aux XII et XIII siècles)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MON30064/document.
Full textThe Liber diversarum artium, second copy of a treatise on artistic technology probably written in the 1350s, is held at the Inter-university Library of Medicine of Montpellier, in a fifteenth century manuscript, Ms H277 (1470). The innovative structure of this text, the pre-1300s sources it draws on, and their dissemination, enabled us to compare it with works painted on wood and walls in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries preserved in Catalonia, as with any other coherent corpus. By virtue of the "historical" territory it covers in the Middle Ages, the number of works conserved and their wide aesthetic and technical variety, Catalonia provided this coherence. The selected paintings were considered from the perspective of materiality. The methodology developed for the task was structured as a constant dialectic between written and theoretical knowledge contained in the Liber or other treatises, and the practical knowledge applied by painters in Catalonia in the Romanesque period. Macroscopic observation of the works, the collection of physicochemical data concerning some of them, and our own experience, provided us with material that was conducive to understanding the painter's craft. This comparison produced a singular reading, in which thinking is focused on the painter in the learning and the exercise of his craft
Blanchard, Lyse. "L'homme désespécé - tête et corps - : ensemble d'une picturalité organique." Thesis, Amiens, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AMIE0003.
Full textThis doctoral dissertation aims at renewing the exploration of the major questions in the history of our representations. It adopts an evolutionary perspective on topics such as art and anatomy.The art of the body and the art of the face of men and animals, having both lost any resemblance to their species are perceived only through their painful and fragile skins: they have become “désespécé”, to quote Beckett; a reference that takes on its meaning from a plastic perspective.My work consists in a puzzle of organs and bones, "heaps" that come alive through organology, an irrational or unreasonable science under my brush that has no preconceived idea of what it will ultimately become. What best expresses the fate of a body, its limits, its modulations? Only the raw material can provide an answer. The only means of creating a tension between the written and the painted things to make them come to life.The path of the “désespécé” man goes through these warlike lands whose pictorial echoes the artist was able to capture. Men and animals left footprints which were then printed in the canvas to keep alive that memory. From howling popes to grieving choirboys, the next step were these broken faces. A universal human being bringing together such disciplines as history, art and surgery
Lecoutre, Matthieu. "Ivresse et ivrognerie dans la France moderne (XVIème - XVIIIème siècles)." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00562667.
Full textHuger, Sandrine. "Adaptation interactive d'un traitement de radiothérapie par imagerie volumique : développement et validation d'outils pour sa mise en oeuvre en routine clinique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0231.
Full textChanging anatomy during radiotherapy can lead to significant dosimetric consequences for organs at risk (OARs) and/or target volumes. Adaptive radiotherapy can compensate for these variations however its deployment for clinical work is hampered by the increased workload for the medical staff and there is still no commercialized software available for clinical use. We developed a simple in vivo dosimetric alert tool allowing rapid identification of patients who might benefit from an adaptive radiotherapy. Dosimetric evaluation of delivered treatment has been conducted onto 3D on board imaging (CBCT) whose dose calculation accuracy has been evaluated. The tool does not require a new volume of interest delineation. Tool alert is based on objectives and quantifiable criteria defined by the exceeding volumes of interest dose thresholds. Tool precision and detectability have been validated and applied in a retrospective study on 10 head and neck patients. The tool allows detecting patients where an adaptive treatment could have been considered. In its clinical implementation, adaptive radiotherapy process requires deformable matching algorithms to follow patient local's deformations occurring during treatment. Nevertheless, their use has not been validated. We conducted an evaluation of the Block Matching deformable algorithm, suitable for multimodality imaging (CT/CBCT), in comparison to rigid algorithm. A study has been conducted for 10 head and neck patients based on volume of interest contours comparison for 76 CBCT. Similarity parameters used consisted on Dice Similarity Index, Robust Hausdorff Distance (in mm) and the absolute volume difference (in cc)
Barak, medina Eran. "Dramatizing Human Enhancement : how to turn a moral and social debate about a futuristic technology into a TV series screenplay." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASE007.
Full textThis PhD dissertation is a “research-through-creation” project, which set out to explore and gain insights from the process of writing a science fiction TV series pilot screenplay, that deals with the morally charged subject of human enhancement.Science fiction is a very important genre in today's rapidly changing world, with its continuously advancing technology. Science fiction novels, movies and TV series play a major role in creating a social, moral and cultural discourse about how we, as humanity, can and should deal with current and future technologies and lead the way we evolve. Human enhancement is one of the major technologies which' potential evolvement could disrupt and change society and humanity in a significant way by offering humankind the possibility to transcend natural selection and control how it will develop. The science fiction writer is in a unique position in which he/she needs to mediate science, technology and their psychological, moral and social possibilities in the form of story and drama. When done so successfully, the science fiction writer's work can offer value by contributing to the social discourse. Researching this unique position, between science, social relevance and storytelling, is at the heart of this work. Its objective is to articulate insights and conceptualizations for the considerations, actions and creative decisions required to accomplish this kind of a challenge.To do so I have written two science fiction TV pilot screenplays, an earlier version and a later version. In parallel, I have studied the subject of human enhancement both for its scientific aspect and its philosophical and social aspect, and also studied about the theory and practice of science fiction writing, with an emphasis on stories that deal with human enhancement and current science fiction TV series. The two lines of work inter-related and complement each other.The study of human enhancement and science fiction took part in the progression of the writing from the initial screenplay to the final one, which is considered by me to be more satisfactory in achieving both a good representation of the social and moral issues of human enhancement, and in fulfilling the dramatic potential of the subject.This dissertation includes the screenplays and other creative materials, preceded by a critical essay which describes the study of human enhancement and science fiction, and analyzes the development of the writing process leading up to the final screenplay. The insights gained from the research highlight the importance of the science fiction writer's understanding of the technology he writes about (or the “novum” – the technological/scientific difference-maker); creating a story premise which as a derivative of the technology; exploring the different moral, psychological and social aspects of the chosen technology and translating those to story conflicts and character motivations; and making story-world decisions that best serve the thematic issues the writer wants to convey
Heinry, Hervé. "L’élève empêché : comment les qualifications médicosociales forgent les trajectoires sur un territoire." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0029.
Full textThe aim of this research is to analyse how the health care needs of disabled children are covered under the French health care system.The research follows the trajectory in educational and therapeutic institutions and in children’s homes, revealing a system founded on academic policies, practices and interactions between schools and their local care services.The research reveals a system based on territorial cohesive requirements set forth by the Social Action and Family Code, lacking in territorial cohesion and varying largely from one locality to another. In addition to the paradigm of children in the sociology of health, this research highlights the complexity of choice faced by the majority of working class families’ in a system piloted by choice
Dellamonica, Jean. "Variations du volume pulmonaire au cours de la ventilation mécanique : modes ventilatoires et manœuvres positionnelles." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00905744.
Full textGros, Gilles. "Histoire et épistémiologie de l'art dentaire." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30007.
Full textThe epistemologisation of the dentistry is based on the evolution of two concept-keys of sciences of nature : matter, object of physics and chemistry, and life, object of biology. It is marked by two great discontinuities which delimit the three great periods of its history. The first discontinuity is at the beginning of the 18th century when Fauchard, influenced by the ideas of Galileo and Descartes, makes dentistry engineering and introduces it into modernity. The second discontinuity takes place at the end of the 19th century, after the dentistry integrated concept-keys stated by C. Bernard, Virchow and Pasteur who accentuate his biologisation and whom revolutionary technological discoveries lead it to institute a durable alliance between science and technology. At the 20th century, the technical invention leads to the technical panic and the biologisation accelerates. Then the dentistry becomes aware of the need for attenuating the discordance between organic values and mechanical values. What leads it to renew its disciplinary landscape, to specialize and adhere to the complex thought. At the end of the 20th century, it reaches the mechanisms of the life and is interfered tissue engineering, from where strong presumptions of a vast reform of its epistemological and therapeutic program to the 21th century
GUCCIARDO, ALFONSO GIANLUCA. "La médecine des arts du spectacle vivant. Histoire, diffusion internationale, pensée, éthique et pratiques. La medicina delle arti e dello spettacolo vivente. Storia, diffusione internazionale, pensiero, etica e prassi." Doctoral thesis, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11570/3244413.
Full textPerforming Arts (PA) Medicine, meant as a "medicine for the art of living entertainment", is still not known and not well understood and framed and recognized, in Europe as well as in the other Continents. Starting from a discussion on the philosophical and epistemological meaning of this branch of medicine, we have arrived at a personal ethical and bioethical reading in order to understand its limits and strengths for doctors, rehab professionals, teachers of the arts of voice, music, dance and circus, philosophers and, obviously, artists. PA Medicine (whose name we also dealt about) is far from that medicine today called "complementary"/"not-Evidence Based", and is a branch of medical and philosophical and pedagogical knowledge useful to the artist's and art's physical, psychic and emotional health. PA Medicine is a Medicine not only for the artist but for the PA themselves which, at times, also need to be cured. We have deepened this last topic also starting from an historical and ethic study of the phenomenon of the “care and curing” of arts and of performers, from the origins to today.
Notre travail a pour objectif de traiter de la médecine des arts de la scène, et plus largement de la médecine des arts du spectacle vivant. En Europe et dans le monde, ce domaine médical n'est en effet pas toujours connu, compris, organisé ou reconnu. À partir d'une discussion sur la signification philosophique et épistémologique de ce sujet, et en nous appuyant sur notre pratique de médecin phoniâtre depuis vingt deux ans, notamment dans le domaine de la bioéthique et de la médecine de la voix, nous avons entrepris une lecture éthique et bioéthique visant à comprendre ses limites et ses possibilités, ainsi que ce qui est partageable et compréhensible par les professionnels susceptibles de l’exercer: médecins, rééducateurs, enseignants en art (de la voix, de la musique, de la danse ou du cirque), philosophes et, évidemment, artistes. Il nous est apparu que, loin d’appartenir aux thérapeutiques "complémentaires" ou "non fondées sur des preuves", la médecine des arts et du spectacle ne doit pas être comprise uniquement comme une médecine multidisciplinaire, mais comme une branche interdisciplinaire reposant sur des connaissances philosophiques et pédagogiques utiles à la santé physique, psychique et émotionnelle des artistes. En analysant plusieurs modèles internationaux, dont plusieurs auxquels nous contribuons, nous avons pu faire le constat que cette interdisciplinarité n'est pas toujours évidente. Nous avons enfin émis l’hypothèse que la médecine des arts et du spectacle vivant est une médecine non seulement pour l'artiste mais aussi et avant tout pour les arts du spectacle eux-mêmes qui, parfois, doivent également être soignés. Nous avons approfondi ce dernier sujet en conduisant une étude historique et éthique du phénomène du soin et de la cure de l'art et de l'interprète, des origines à nos jours.
Ouangré, Zoé Aubierge. "Le comportement dans la recherche d’information des étudiants au doctorat en médecine au Burkina Faso." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23397.
Full textIn northern countries, students have access to a wide range of digital and printed sources as well as search tools to support their academic work. The situation is quite different in African universities, particularly in Burkina Faso, where students’ access to library resources remains limited. This study, the first of its kind in French-speaking West Africa, aims to contribute to a better understanding of the information-seeking behaviour of doctoral students in medicine at Joseph Ki-Zerbo University in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). The objectives are the following: 1) to identify the information sources and tools these students use in their information search process and the criteria that govern this selection; 2) to identify the persons (professors, students, librarians, etc.) who assist these students in their information search process and understand what type(s) of assistance they provide; 3) to identify the barriers these students face during their information search process, and the measures they take to overcome them. This study is based on Kuhlthau’s Information Search Process model (1991, 2004), supplemented by the intervening variables included in Wilson’s Information Behaviour model (1996). A mixed-methods design was adopted. It consisted of two phases: 1) a quantitative component consisting in a survey conducted among students of the Training and research unit in health science to which 269 students have responded, and 2) a quantitative component consisting in semi-structured in-depth interviews with 25 students, selected among respondents from phase I. Data analysis showed that these medical students use various search tools in their information search process but expressed a preference for Web search engines and open access databases. These choices are influenced by factors such as the tools’ ease of use and ease of access, as well as the information sources to which they have access. In terms of document formats, digital sources are more heavily used than printed ones, for they are easier to access, more portable and more user friendly. Data analysis also showed that several persons assist doctoral students in medicine in their information search process. Among them are faculty members, student peers, relatives, and, to a lesser extent, librarians. Additionally, the analysis revealed that “elders” (i.e., physicians and students from previous cohorts) play an especially important role: they provide students with documents, often from their own personal collection, and they orient students towards promising research topics and relevant information sources. vi The study also reveals that these students face different types of barriers in their information search process. The main barriers are direct information access costs—i.e., fees charged for ordering scientific papers (economic barriers); load sheddings, unreliable Internet connection, and limited resources of academic libraries (environmental barriers); time constraints (situational barriers); the scarcity of medical scientific information in French and reporting studies conducted in African setting (barriers related to information sources characteristics). Moreover, results suggest that many do not possess the information literacy skills needed to conduct information searching at the doctoral level. However, despite these difficulties, these students find alternative strategies to overcome or circumvent the barriers that impede information access.
Paredes, Laurie. "Transhumanisme et Cellules Souches : travail à la frontière de la gériatrie biomédicale." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11642.
Full textBiomedical research in the field of stem cells and regenerative medicine promise a wide array of revolutionary therapeutic applications for many diseases. Yet for some those advances could serve other purposes, particularly in regards to the biological improvement of humans, means of control and even the reversing of aging process. Many of those who share these ideas belong to a movement called transhumanism. Some of these actors are actively involved in scientific research and steer it in accord with their personal values. Up to a point were they reach the outer limits of science into what we can only describe as pseudoscience. Based on the concepts of confined research / research in the wild, hybrid forum and boundary work, this master thesis explores the role of transhumanist researchers involved in institutional scientific research by questioning their ways and means. For this analysis, we produced a transhumanist documentary corpus on stem cells and studied the relations of transhumanist researchers as a network. This study provides a new perspective on the transhumanist movement. We agrue that transhumanist researchers are not confined to the representations of their ideas and values through discourse, but actively partake in the achievement of transhumanist’s objectives by conducting research within institutional scientific research structures.
Matte, Frédérik. "Figures, tensions et intensités organisationnelles à Médecins sans frontières : une approche ethnographique." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9079.
Full textThis thesis illustrates the ways by which some tensions enbody and expresses themselves in the daily activities of a humanitarian organization, Doctors without borders (MSF). To do so, we mobilize a "constitutive" approach to communication, an approach that allows us to show that organizational tensions faced by (humanitarian) actors can be analyzed from the figures that animate their conversations and activities on a daily basis. By tension, we mean every practices of inconsistency, contradiction or opposition experienced or perceived between two or more logics of action, while the notion of figure refers to what drives these logics of action, that is, any concern, value or interest on behalf of which an actor comes to speak or act. In this thesis, we thus identified and analyzed, through an ethnographic approach, five figures, three tensions and three "communicative scenes" that we believe illustrate quite faithfully the humanitarian activities of MSF. This thesis is therefore an empirical demonstration, via the communication practices of actors, of these figures and tensions that have to be managed on a daily basis. Consequently, we were able to fill some “gaps” in the literature on organizational tensions and humanitarian aid. These gaps correspond with a lack of interest for the actual practices of organizational actors as such, and secondly, as well as for an approach to communication conceived as being constitutive of an organization, that is to say, an approach that reflects and expresses what drives or guides organizational actors on a daily basis. As we show, what seem to animate or preoccupy MSF (and its actors) are, on one side, some principles and values such as independence of practice, neutrality or experience and scruples. Thus, these ideals that actors cultivate in their conversations and activities are constantly taken in account when missions are planned and carried out for this famous organization. On the other side, another source of animation lies in the complex environments in which medical care is provided to populations in distress. Through our constitutive approach to communication, we were thus able to draw a realistic picture of these practices - the "sources" of what animates humanitarian action - reflecting both the mode of being and acting of MSF, in all its intensities and tensions.
Ellouk, Jessica. "La construction identitaire d'une ONG par la communication : le cas de Médecins sans frontières." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10201.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to examine the co-construction and the negotiation of organizational identity through speech in everyday interactions. This study focused on a humanitarian organization, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), and more specifically on a mission carried out in the North-Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Data were collected by using shadowing, that is, by filming MSF actors in their daily interactions, particularly in our case, a head of mission. These data were analyzed, in turn, by using conversation analysis. The methodology used to analyze the video recordings was inspired by conversation analysis and ethnomethodology. The key concepts of this research are « ventriloquism » and « presentification », both developed by François Cooren of the Montreal School of Organizational Communication. Specifically, our analyses show how MSF actors cultivate the identity and image of their organization through « identity conversations ». In other words, it is through these conversations that MSF actors construct and establish the identity of their organization, as well as their own identity.
Eng, Davy. "Recherche de facteurs spécifiques influençant l'observance aux traitements antirétroviraux ches les patients âgés de 18-49 ans dans la cohorte de Médecins du Monde à Phnom Penh, au Cambodge." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8100.
Full textMénard, Sophie. ""Les guenilles humaines", ou, Les aveux du corps : poétique de la révélation psychophysiologique dans l'oeuvre d'Émile Zola." Thèse, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4391/1/D2155.pdf.
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