Journal articles: 'Mechanisms of psychological defence'

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Seager, C. P. "Psychological Defence Mechanisms (UK, 1984, 22 mins)." Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 10, no. 6 (June 1986): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.10.6.157.

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Tauschke, Elisabeth, Harold Merskey, and Edward Helmes. "Psychological defence mechanisms in patients with pain." Pain 40, no. 2 (February 1990): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(90)90067-n.

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Cabarkapa, Milanko, and Gordana Dedic. "The onset, development, basic patterns and empirical norms of DSQ-40 psychological test." Vojnosanitetski pregled 59, no. 5 (2002): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0205507c.

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Psychological defence mechanisms represent relatively stable aspect of personality, while character and frequency of defence mechanisms which a person uses, points to the character structure of personality. Measuring psychological defence mechanisms is very difficult and very unreliable, so that only several instruments have been developed for the estimation of such characteristics. The most notable instrument of this kind in the world is DSQ-40 (Defense Style Questionnaire), which has lately been more often used in our country. As DSQ-40 is still not widely known in our environment, the aim of this study was to represent the onset and the development of this test, its basic characteristics and empirical norms acquired on our population. Examination included two examined groups in military population of male sex only: soldiers of adolescent age (n=400) and officers of the adult age (n=165). Statistical analysis and the comparison of the results with corresponding standards obtained in foreign researches showed that defence style and structure of psychological defence mechanisms were connected with socio-demographic and cultural characteristics of examinees. It was concluded that norms of the test DSQ-40 must be adjusted to the concrete population, which hasn't diminished its practical values and employment in diagnostic and selection purposes.

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Golenishenko, A., and O. Kulikova. "Inpatient schizophrenics compensation gain in remission, influenced by complex psychotherapy." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73013-9.

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Due to personality disorders recovery being paid much attention, we observe psychotherapy obtaining great importance in schizophrenics combination therapy. Successful adaptation to social functioning various conditions depends largely on psychological defence. An adequate reaction to disease and realistic attitude to treatment promote life upgrading.The objectives of the research is to define the effectiveness of psychotherapy in connection of adaptive mechanism of the psychological defence.The aims include the study of the correction possibilities of unadapted psychological mechanism with the help of psychotherapy.We examined 53 patients with schizophrenic spectrum disorders. Used Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) to estimate patients clinical state, a test method TOBOL to diagnose attitude to disease. Psychological defence mechanisms were investigated by the help of enquirers FKBS, SBAKWe discovered that disease syntonic attitude increased noticeably (p < 0,05). Also we registered anxious, dysphoric and sensitive attitudes decrease (p < 0,041; p < 0,036; p < 0,05). There is a tendency to reduce anosognosic and anergic relationship towards disease (p < 0,053; p < 0,06).These data indicate patients intention to estimate realistically their condition without over- or under- statements. We observe less anxiety, suspicion and dismay concerning catadromes, complications, ineffective treatment and mental activity increase.After psychotherapy being applied, the maximum indices reduction was fixed in defence mechanisms such as: “against object”, “denial” (p < 0,05), “against the self’ appeal (p < 0,05), “social contacts avoidance” (p < 0,01). The symptoms investigation results prove that schizophrenics subjected to psychotherapy observe primitive defences tension decrease. All the validation, anxiety and self-aggression decrease.

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Panchuk, Ekaterina, and Veronika Loginova. "MECHANISMS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROTECTION." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 2022, no. 1 (May 16, 2022): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2022-1-359-360.

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The concept and causes of self-deception are considered The "Barnum Effect" and the main defense mechanisms are described. A mechanism that does not cause distortion of reality is identified – sublimation

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Menkes, David B. "Psychological defence mechanisms and the nuclear arms race: An interactive model." Medicine and War 5, no. 2 (April 1989): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07488008908408851.

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Walker, G., and T. McCabe. "Psychological defence mechanisms during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case series." European Journal of Psychiatry 35, no. 1 (January 2021): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpsy.2020.10.005.

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Schaab, Peter, Kristian Beckers, and Sebastian Pape. "Social engineering defence mechanisms and counteracting training strategies." Information & Computer Security 25, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 206–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ics-04-2017-0022.

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Purpose This paper aims to outline strategies for defence against social engineering that are missing in the current best practices of information technology (IT) security. Reason for the incomplete training techniques in IT security is the interdisciplinary of the field. Social engineering is focusing on exploiting human behaviour, and this is not sufficiently addressed in IT security. Instead, most defence strategies are devised by IT security experts with a background in information systems rather than human behaviour. The authors aim to outline this gap and point out strategies to fill the gaps. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a literature review from viewpoint IT security and viewpoint of social psychology. In addition, they mapped the results to outline gaps and analysed how these gaps could be filled using established methods from social psychology and discussed the findings. Findings The authors analysed gaps in social engineering defences and mapped them to underlying psychological principles of social engineering attacks, for example, social proof. Furthermore, the authors discuss which type of countermeasure proposed in social psychology should be applied to counteract which principle. The authors derived two training strategies from these results that go beyond the state-of-the-art trainings in IT security and allow security professionals to raise companies’ bars against social engineering attacks. Originality/value The training strategies outline how interdisciplinary research between computer science and social psychology can lead to a more complete defence against social engineering by providing reference points for researchers and IT security professionals with advice on how to improve training.

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Pilyugina, Elena R. "Two-dimensional classification of psychological defense mechanisms." Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология, no. 2 (2020): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2020-2-270-280.

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The paper proposes the author’s classification of psychological defense mechanisms, consisting of 20 mechanisms and representing a two-dimensional model. The idea of this model is that these mechanisms have a cross-relationship between 4 levels of the hierarchy (psychotic, infantile, neurotic, and adaptive groups) and 5 types of overcoming frustration which are the basis for the formation and functioning of the defense mechanism. The novelty of the article is the idea that each of the 20 defense mechanisms belongs to one of the 5 types of overcoming frustration — distracting type (mechanisms of regression, action out, compensation, sublimation), «guilty» type (mechanisms of hypochondria, passive-aggressive behavior, reactive formation, altruism), avoiding type (mechanisms of repression, denial, avoidance, suppression), rationalizing type (mechanisms of dissociation, displacement/transfer, rationalization, humor), controlling type (mechanisms of isolation, projection, omnipotence, anticipation). The paper provides description of the defense mechanisms, examples of their manifestation, and possible reasons for their formation. The substantiation of the defense mechanisms’ belonging to the particular groups and types of classification is given. The classification is proposed as a convenient diagnostic tool for counseling psychologists, because it has an optimal number of defense mechanisms, fairly clear criteria for their determination, their location in the structure of psychological defense and the basis for their functioning. The article also provides an overview of current classifications of defense mechanisms and voices problems related to the identification and streamlining of defense mechanisms. These problems are the subtlety of semantic difference and blurring of borders between defense mechanisms, different interpretations in terminology due to difficulties in translation from foreign languages, differences in approaches to hierarchy of defense mechanisms.

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Podolsky, Vl V., and V. V. Podolsky. "Psychosomatic characteristic of realization of mechanisms of psychological defence in women of fertile age." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 3(129) (April 30, 2018): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2018.129.114.

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The article describes the characteristics of the basic mechanisms of psychological defence and the possibility of implementation of the diagnosis of the implementation of these mechanisms in the practice of a doctor obstetrician-gynecologist. Given the presence of distress in many Ukrainian women and the lack of regular contact with a physician, the problem of the relationship between a doctor and a patient is becoming more and more relevant. At the time of the visit to the doctor, and most often before such a visit - a patient who is in contact with the onset of obstetric and gynecological diseases or with the aggravation of chronic conditions, mechanisms of psychological protection, aimed at reducing the level of general stress and rational use of internal reserves of the body, are triggered. The first patient contract with a physician is substantially complicated by the implementation of protective mechanisms of the psyche, which extends the time a physician has to spend on communicating with the patient, and moral and intellectual efforts aimed at collecting the history, diagnosis and appointment of treatment. Key words: women of fertile age, mechanisms of psychological defence, psychosomatics.

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Friedhoff, Arnold J., and Philip Simkowitz. "A New Conception of the Relationship Between Psychological Coping Mechanisms and Biological Stress Buffering Systems." British Journal of Psychiatry 154, S4 (May 1989): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000295809.

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Coping strategies to adapt to environmental and psychological contingencies have been well studied in the human subject. The typical individual is known to have response patterns that permit automatic, and often unconscious adjustment to changing conditions. Psychological (defence) mechanisms facilitate adaptation to new situations or interactions, and when successful, no additional coping mechanisms need to be invoked. However, situations may arise when such mechanisms are insufficient: this may result from developmental failure, personality factors, inordinate levels of stress, or combinations thereof.

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Gromova, Zlata. "PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENCE MECHANISMS AND EMOTIONAL STABILITY AS INDIVIDUAL ANTECEDENTS OF RESISTANCE TO CHANGES." Psychological journal 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/1.2020.6.1.5.

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ERIKSEN, HEGE R., MIRANDA OLFF, CHRIS MANN, MAURICE B. STERMAN, and HOLGER URSIN. "Psychological defense mechanisms and electroencephalographic arousal." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 37, no. 4 (December 1996): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.1996.tb00668.x.

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Bowins, Brad. "Psychological Defense Mechanisms: A New Perspective." American Journal of Psychoanalysis 64, no. 1 (March 2004): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:tajp.0000017989.72521.26.

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Kabakov, Vitaliy V., Andrey E. Sorokin, and Anatoly V. Ryapukhin. "Relations between typological personality traits and mechanisms of psychological defense." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-D (July 22, 2021): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-d1132p.517-527.

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Research object is the typological personality traits. Subject of research is the relation of temperament and the mechanism of psychological defense. Purpose of the research is to reveal the relation between the typological characteristics of the personality and the mechanisms of psychological defense. The hypothesis of the research is the assumption that there is a relation between the typological characteristics of the personality and the mechanisms of psychological defense. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results obtained can become the basis for the development of a program for the correction or optimization of psychological defense mechanisms based on the typological characteristics of the individual.

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Sterman, M. B., C. A. Mann, H. R. Eriksen, M. Olff, and H. Ursin. "Electroencephalographic Correlates of Psychological Defense." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 1 (October 1992): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203600119.

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The Kragh tachistoscopic method for measuring psychological defense mechanisms (“Defense Mechanism Test” - DMT) has been claimed to be valid for selection of personnel for really dangerous tasks. The method consists of presenting a stimulus picture at initial exposure times that are too short for perception. To test whether this perceptual disturbance arises from an aberrant cognitive response to the situation, we studied the magnitude, topographic distribution, and temporal modulation of spectral density in the 8–12 Hz EEG frequency band during DMT testing in 22 male and 2 female active duty US Air Force personnel. Personnel with high defense mechanisms had significantly more attenuation of the 8–12 Hz activity during stimulus exposure than low defenders, implying an increased level of cortical activation. Personnel with low defense scores relax faster than those with high scores. The differences seem to occur even before threat is reported. High defense seems to require more and longer lasting data processing which may be too costly in dangerous situations.

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Kuftyak, Elena Vladimirovna. "PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSES AND COPING STRATEGIES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN: SEX DIFFERENCES AND RELATIONSHIP WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH." SOCIAL WELFARE: INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH 1, no. 10 (December 18, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21277/sw.v1i10.502.

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<p>The article represents the research, analysed the reviewing of defensive mechanisms and coping strategies in the context of the mental health of pre-school children of different gender. The results obtained through study point to differentiation of psychological defence and coping strategies mechanisms based on gender and the condition of mental health. It is revealed that mentally healthy pre-school age children prefer to use effective and socially upheld coping-strategies, which reduce the pressure through socially upheld behaviour patterns (e.g., through the decent “children’s activity” – play, walk and etc.). Mentally healthy girls more often focus on overcome the difficulties within themselves. Boys, who have emotional symptoms, as usual prefer the destructive emotional expression strategy, that lets to ease the tension. Boys with the low level of anxiety are oriented to the passive distraction, while girls focus on the social contacts. Received results can be used for development of psychological prevention of mental health offences programmes</p>

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Mirucka, Beata. "Exploring the relationship between the body self and personality defence mechanisms in women with bulimia nervosa." Polish Psychological Bulletin 44, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ppb-2013-0012.

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Abstract This study investigated the relationship between disorders of the body self and personality defence mechanisms of women with bulimia nervosa. It was hypothesized that women with bulimia nervosa would not form a homogeneous group in terms of the body self disorder and that the extent of this disorder would be significantly related to personality functioning in terms of the defence styles adopted. The hypothesis was investigated with the aid of two questionnaires: the Body Self Questionnaire (Mirucka, 2005) and the Defence Style Questionnaire by Andrews, Singh and Bond (1993). 36 women aged between 15 and 25 years, who fulfilled the DSM IV criteria for bulimia nervosa participated in the study. Conclusions from the study were that: (1) the body self of bulimic women is differentially disordered at three levels: profound, moderate and minimal. (2) the degree to which the body self was found to be disordered is significant in psychological terms as it is related to the defence style adopted by the bulimic personality. The profound and moderate levels of body self disorder related to immature defence styles, while minimal levels of disruption to body self were associated with neurotic and mature styles.

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Alečković-Bataj, Mila. "Artistic creation and psychological personality defense mechanisms." Zbornik Akademije umetnosti, no. 8 (2020): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zbaku2008273a.

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Sandstrom, Marlene J., and Phebe Cramer. "Defense Mechanisms and Psychological Adjustment in Childhood." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 191, no. 8 (August 2003): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000082214.19699.6f.

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Pilyugin, E. R., and R. F. Suleimanov. "Method of Measuring Psychological Defense." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 13, no. 2 (2020): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2020130213.

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The authors suggests a psychodiagnostic method for measuring 20 defense mechanisms. The advantages of this method are the simplicity of the research process, the independence of the result from the researcher personality, and the wide range of measured defense mechanisms. The psychometric characteristics of the method are given: validity, discriminativity, reliability, represenativeness. The age and gender statistical limits of norms are determined.

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Shabaeva, Antonina Vladimirovna, Galina Vladimirovna Mitina, and Ramilya Magadievna Davletshina. "Peculiarities of the mechanisms of psychological defense and coping strategies among teenagers with different types of parenting." Психолог, no. 4 (April 2020): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8701.2020.4.33564.

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The goal of this article is to examine the psychological defense mechanisms and coping strategies of teenagers with different types of parenting. The subject of this research is the mechanisms of psychological defense and coping strategies of teenagers with different types of ubpringing. The empirical object of the research became the sample of 72 teenagers (36 girls and 28 boys), aged 14 to 15, as well as 72 parents (mothers). Based on the results of empirical research, the author acquired scientific facts on specificity of using psychological defense mechanisms and coping strategies by teenagers with different types of parenting. The research program contains diagnostic techniques of parenting strategies, family relationship, mechanism of psychological defense of personality, and coping strategies. The statistical analysis was carried out using the parametric student's T-test. The scientific facts obtained in the course of study broaden the perspective on teenagers and possibilities of rendering them psychological assistance within the framework of non-constructive forms of coping strategies and coping behavior. The following conclusions were made: 1) teenagers raised by authoritarian parents try to avoid contact with reality and solution of the arising problems, they usually use the psychological defense mechanism “compensation”; 2) teenagers from the families with democratic parenting often use the psychological defense mechanism “intellectualization” and coping the strategy for solving problems; 3) the peculiarity of hyperprotective parenting forms the psychological defense mechanism “substitution” and coping strategy of avoiding problems; 4) pandering type of parenting results in manifestation of the desire to avoid contact with surrounding reality and solution of the problems, the most widespread strategy of coping behavior among such teenagers is “avoidance”.

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Krylova, Marina A. "Influence of cognitive styles on coping behaviour and protective mechanisms of personality." Vestnik of Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics 27, no. 3 (December 23, 2021): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2073-1426-2021-27-3-126-133.

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The article presents theoretical and empirical studies of cognitive styles, mental representation, coping behaviour and mechanisms of psychological defence. The influence of cognitive styles is described: rigid/flexible cognitive control, narrow/wide range of equivalence, cognitive simplicity/complexity on coping behaviour and defence mechanisms. The tendency of respondents with flexible cognitive control to assess a difficult life situation through time characteristics, to associate it with solvability and safety is revealed. In coping behaviour, they choose Self-control, Social support, Acceptance of responsibility. Cognitive simplicity/complexity is characterised by predictability, solvability and the possibility of changing the situation. Respondents belonging to a narrow range of equivalence assess the situation in terms of completeness and saturation. It is revealed that the protective and coping behaviour in a difficult life situation depends on the specifics of the mental representation of those possessing cognitive-style characteristics. It is concluded that mental representation can be a link between cognitive styles and coping behaviour.

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Cramer, Phebe. "Psychological maturity and change in adult defense mechanisms." Journal of Research in Personality 46, no. 3 (June 2012): 306–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.02.011.

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Savelyuk, Natalia. "Religious Activity and Mechanisms of Personality’s Psychological Defense." Psychological Prospects Journal, no. 30 (2017): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2227-1376-2017-30-184-198.

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Bowins, Brad. "HOW PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENTS CAN ENHANCE PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS." American Journal of Psychoanalysis 66, no. 2 (July 11, 2006): 173–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11231-006-9014-6.

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SeyedTabaee, Seyed Reza, Parvin Rahmatinejad, Seyed Davood Mohammadi, Seyed Davood Mohammadi, and Valiollah Akbari. "Psychological Defense Mechanisms and Alexithymia in Cancer Patients." Alborz University Medical Journal 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/aums.7.2.141.

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Pervichko, E., and Y. Zinchenko. "Psychological Defense Mechanisms in Patients with Different Forms of Essential Hypertension." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.063.

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IntroductionEssential hypertension (EH) is one of the most common diseases of the cardiovascular system. Today scientists discover more and more patients whose blood pressure values during work appear to be higher than those values during free time. This form of EH is called “hypertension at work”.ObjectivesTo indicate psychological defense mechanisms in patients with “hypertension at work”, as compared with ‘classical’ EH and healthy individuals.Materials and methodsDefense mechanisms were evaluated by the survey “The Life Style Index”. Eighty-five patients with ‘Hypertension at work’ (mean age was 45.9 ± 2.8) and 85 patients with ‘classical’ EH (mean age was 47.4 ± 4.5 years) took part in the study.ResultsThe results showed the dominance of low level psychological defences. The most common mechanisms were denial, projection and regression. More mature defense processes included reaction formation and rationalization. The patients with ‘Hypertension at work’ significantly (P < 0.05) differs from second group by more frequent representation of displacement, denial, projection and reaction formation. Comprehensive interpretation of our findings suggested that affection of EH patients (specifically ‘Hypertension at work’) can be characterized by dominance of negative emotions and aggressive tendencies which would be projected, denied or suppressed. Such a complex of defense mechanisms is typical for those, who knows, based on own experience, that uncontrolled negative emotional reactions could be unsafe in social environment.ConclusionsOur findings can be considered as a basis to define a “risk group” amongst EH patients by an attribute of “emotional well-being” disorder and to develop psychological recommendations for them.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Amoretti, Guido. "Psychological obstacles to multiculturalism: how stereotypes and mechanisms of defence may cause adverse behaviours to multiculturalism." Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2018-0003.

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Abstract Migration flows are part of human history. The process of globalization, if on the one hand it seems to favour the movement of human beings, on the other hand it is creating the conditions for the recovery of migratory flows, especially within some areas of the world and, in part, directed towards advanced development countries. This creates problems of acceptance on the part of the host with respect to the customs and habits of the guest. Resistance to reception, used for political ends by populist parties, has deep roots that have to do with psychological and social factors: defence mechanisms, stereotypes and prejudices. The article stresses the importance of training in overcoming these obstacles to building a society that is first multicultural and then intercultural.

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Rampling, Jeremy. "Waltz with Bashir (2008; director/writer: Ari Folman)." British Journal of Psychiatry 207, no. 3 (September 2015): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.163022.

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Ari Folman's Waltz with Bashir is an animated documentary about the 1982 Lebanon War through the eyes of Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) veterans. The narrative, which follows Folman on a quest to uncover his lost memories of the War through interviews with his peers, plays out like psychotherapeutic intervention; Folman questions his own responsibilities, his hereditary scars and, ultimately, his guilt as he ‘unwillingly [takes on] the role of the Nazi’. While it would be disingenuous to call the film apolitical, it is not as political as one might expect from such evocative history. Rather, it is a treatise on memory and psychological survival through predominantly neurotic defence mechanisms.

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Белугина, О. С., and О. А. Скугаревский. "Association of Psychological Defense Mechanisms with Stress Resistance Degree and Disease Duration in Patients with Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis." Психиатрия, психотерапия и клиническая психология, no. 4 (December 6, 2021): 612–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2021.12.4.004.

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Введение. Стресс является одним из этиологических факторов для развития псориаза и атопического дерматита. Механизмы психологической защиты направлены на снижение тревожности и защиту психики от неприятных чувств в стрессовых ситуациях. Несостоятельность механизмов психологической защиты рассматривается в качестве возможного фактора провокации расстройств и их хронизации.Цель. Изучить механизмы психологической защиты и уровень стрессоустойчивости и социальной адаптации у пациентов с псориазом и атопическим дерматитом.Материалы и методы. Нами обследованы 59 пациентов с атопическим дерматитом и 67 с псориазом. Группу контроля составили 65 человек. Механизмы психологической защиты оценивались по методу «Индекс жизненного стиля». Уровень стрессоустойчивости и социальной адаптации оценивался по методу Холмса – Раге.Результаты. Чем длительнее заболевание в группе пациентов с псориазом, тем сильнее выражен механизм защиты «отрицание». При низкой сопротивляемости стрессу общая напряженность использования механизмов психологических защит возрастает в группах пациентов с псориазом и атопическим дерматитом. Пациенты с псориазом, у которых была выявлена низкая сопротивляемость стрессу, преимущественно используют механизмы психологической защиты «регрессия», «замещение» и «вытеснение». Пациенты с атопическим дерматитом при пороговой и низкой сопротивляемости стрессу чаще используют механизмы защиты «замещение» и «гиперкомпенсация».Заключение. Результаты исследования говорят о том, что пациенты с псориазом и атопическим дерматитом, имеющие низкую и пороговую сопротивляемость стрессу, а также длительно болеющие пациенты с псориазом нуждаются в психодиагностике механизмов психологических защит и обучении эффективному поведению для преодоления стресса. Это можно объяснить тем, что высокая напряженность и длительное использование механизмов психологических защит может приводить к дезадаптивному поведению, которое усугубляет существующие трудности в жизни пациента при наличии стресса. Introduction. Stress is one of the etiological factors of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Psychological defense mechanisms are reducing anxiety and protecting mind from unpleasant feelings in stressful situations. Psychological defense mechanisms failure is considered as a possible factor of disorders and their chronicity.Objective. To assess psychological defense mechanisms, the level of stress resistance and social adaptation in patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.Materials and methods. Patients with atopic dermatitis n=59, psoriasis n=67 and control group n=65 were included in the study. Psychological defense mechanisms were assessed by using «The Life Style Index». The level of stress resistance and social adaptation were assessed by using The Holmes & Rahe Stress Scale.Results. «Denial» as a psychological defense mechanism more expressed in long-term ill patients with psoriasis. The intensity of psychological defense mechanisms increases in patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis with low stress resistance. Patients with psoriasis and with low stress resistance predominantly use psychological defense mechanisms «regression», «displacement» and«repression». Patients with atopic dermatitis, with low and borderline stress resistance, more often use defense mechanisms «displacement» and «hypercompensation».Conclusions. Long-term ill patients with psoriasis, patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis with low and borderline stress resistance require psychological defense mechanisms evaluation. These patients needed to be trained effective stress management because excessive and prolonged use of psychological defense mechanisms can lead to maladaptive behavior that can enhance stress impact.

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Krylova, Marina A. "NARROW VS WIDE RANGE OF EQUIVALENCE AND REGULATION OF ACTIVITY IN DIFFICULT LIFE SITUATIONS." Vestnik Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics, no. 2 (2020): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2073-1426-2020-26-2-141-146.

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The article presents theoretical and empirical studies of cognitive and stylistic characteristics of a person and their connection with the regulation of activity (coping behaviour, mechanisms of psychological protection). The problem of mental representation of a difficult life situation is raised. It is said that the link between the cognitive and stylistic characteristics of the individual and coping, protective mechanisms, is the assessment of the situation, its mental representation. The paper describes the results of a study of a narrow vs wide range of equivalence, assessment by representatives of different cognitive poles of difficult life situations, the relationship with coping and psychological defences. Significant differences in the regulation of personal activity in a problem situation are revealed. Thus, respondents with a wide range of equivalence (n=32) are more likely to resort to coping strategies such as Escape-Avoidance, Distancing and Confrontational coping. In defence mechanisms, they prefer Substitution, Reactive formations, and Displacement. In assessments of the situation, they are less likely to give such characteristics: Good, Full, Bright. It is also statistically proven that there are a small number of relationships in this group between the assessment of the situation and the regulation of activity. It is concluded that respondents with a narrow range of equivalence (n=38) give a more diverse assessment of a difficult life situation, which does not always contribute to a quick solution of the problem.

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Wilson, J. "Notes on the Dynamics of Medical Student Teaching and Implications for Future Medical Practice." Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 11, no. 6 (June 1987): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.11.6.194.

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I have recently addressed myself to the problems of teaching medical students. In my case it is that of teaching the principles of psychotherapy. It is difficult to teach about the doctor–patient relationship in the normally accepted lecture form. Definitions of transference, psychological defence mechanisms or empathy can be given, but this gives no impression of what is meant at an experiential level.

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Dakal, N., O. Cherevichko, and K. Smirnov. "Features of psychological protection of students of IHE who are engaged in swimming." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 4(134) (April 16, 2021): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.4(134).09.

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The purpose of psychological protection is to maintain the integrity of the "self-concept" of the individual by protecting his consciousness from negative traumatic experiences, fear of failure, anxiety or uncertainty in their actions. The authors who studied this phenomenon in sports note that the psychological protection of the athlete - is a system of mechanisms and methods of mental self-regulation of consciousness and behavior of the individual in extreme mental conditions. Psychological defense mechanisms are manifested in students as a regulatory system that is activated in a situation of internal or external conflict. Based on it, students often show such a defense mechanism as substitution, regression, and compensation. Considering the manifestation of protective mechanisms in boys and girls, we obtained the following indicators: reactive formations (73% in girls and 51% in boys) and projection (73% in girls and 54% in boys) (p <0.05); in boys prevails: suppression (65% in boys and 45% in girls) and intellectualization (69% in boys and 56.1% in girls) (p <0.05). We found differences in the choice of the dominant mechanism of psychological protection by swimming students. The leading mechanism in the studied contingent is substitution, and the least preferred is suppression. The study identified the manifestation of the main mechanisms of psychological protection in students who swim and analyzed certain types of protection with a description of the specific features of the system of protective mechanisms and the level of their impact depending on gender differences.

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Rohaeni, Rohaeni, Fatma Hetami, and Bambang Purwanto. "Anxiety and Defense Mechanism as A Means of Constructing Psychological Thriller in Hawkins’ “The Girl on The Train”." Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 8, no. 1 (July 29, 2019): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/rainbow.v8i1.27917.

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The topic of this study is Anxiety and Defense Mechanism as A Means of Constructing Psychological Thriller in Hawkins’ The Girl on the Train. The objectives of this study are to describe how anxiety and defense mechanism are described in Hawkins’ The Girl on the Train and to explain how anxiety and defense mechanism construct psychological thriller as represented in Hawkins’ The Girl on the Train. The object of the study is a novel entitled The Girl on the Train written by Paula Hawkins. This study is descriptive qualitative study by applying Freudian psychoanalytic theory. The data of the study were collected by reading, identifying, interpreting, and inventorying citations from the novel. Further, the data were analyzed based on Freudian psychoanalytic theory by describing anxiety and defense mechanism described in the novel. The data were also analysed by explaining how anxiety and defense mechanism construct psychological thriller. The results show there are three kinds of anxiety and six kinds of defense mechanism. Moreover, the results prove that those anxieties and defense mechanisms become a means of constructing psychological thriller since they make the characters suffer from psychological problem and become unreliable narrator, create plot twist, and make the novel become thrilling. Keywords: Psychological thriller; Freudian psychoanalysis; Anxiety; Defense Mechanism.

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Кокоріна Ю. Є. and Соколова В. Г. "МЕХАНІЗМИ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОГО ЗАХИСТУ ТА ЇХ ВЗАЄМОЗВ'ЯЗОК З ГЕНДЕРНОЮ ІДЕНТИЧНІСТЮ У ЮНАЦЬКОМУ ВІЦІ." World Science 2, no. 10(38) (October 31, 2018): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/31102018/6206.

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The article the features of the manifestations of the defense mechanisms of the psyche and their relation to gender identity in adolescence were considered. We have examined that in the manifestation of mechanisms of psychological defense there is a clear gender differentiation. It was found that the psychological defense mechanisms that are typical for men positively correlate with the defense mechanisms that are specific to feminine gender. Consequently, we can assume that men who are at socially-cultural, namely at the gender level, show more women's personality features, which appear unconsciously, as indicated by mechanisms of psychological defense, are use conditional women's strategies.

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Leone, Daniela, Daniela Gilardi, Bianca E. Corrò, Julia Menichetti, Elena Vegni, Carmen Correale, Allocca Mariangela, et al. "Psychological Characteristics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Comparison Between Active and Nonactive Patients." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 25, no. 8 (January 28, 2019): 1399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izy400.

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Abstract Background and aims The role of new psychological factors such as psychopathological patterns and defense mechanisms in the care of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been poorly investigated. We aimed to assess the psychological characteristics and defense mechanisms of IBD patients. Methods This was a single-center, observational, cross-sectional study. Consecutive adult IBD patients were enrolled and stratified according to disease activity. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, and validated questionnaires (Symptom Checklist-90-R [SCL-90-R]) for psychological distress, Defense Mechanism Inventory (DMI) for psychological defense mechanisms, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) for quality of life (QoL) were administered. Results Two hundred one patients were enrolled: 101 in remission and 100 with active disease. The mean score for IBDQ was below the cutoff level (156.8 ± 37.8), with a significantly greater impairment of QoL in subjects with flares (136.5 vs 177.5, P < 0.001). Lower scores were associated with female gender. No patients had psychological scores above the cutoff for normality. Statistically higher SCL-90-R scores were found in active patients for obsessive-compulsive disorder (P = 0.026), depression (P = 0.013), anxiety (P = 0.013), phobic anxiety (P = 0.002), psychoticism (P = 0.007), global severity index (GSI) (P = 0.005) and positive symptom total (PST) (P = 0.001). A significantly increased probability of higher global indexes was associated with Crohn’s disease and disease flares. None of the defensive Defense Mechanism Inventory (DMI) styles resulted above the cutoff in our cohort. Conclusions Further data are needed to demonstrate the potential key role of psychological intervention in the therapeutic strategies utilized for IBD patients, and the identification of specific psychological patterns based on the patients profile is necessary to optimize psychological intervention.

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Altwaijri, Nouf, Turki Abualait, Mohammed Aljumaan, Raidah Albaradie, Zahid Arain, and Shahid Bashir. "Defense mechanism responses to COVID-19." PeerJ 10 (February 11, 2022): e12811. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12811.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a wide range of negative physical and mental impacts. This review begins with a theoretical explanation of the psychological defense mechanisms used to deal with the pandemic. It then discusses different categories of defense mechanisms and their roles in managing the impacts of psychological distress. The aim of this review is to highlight the various psychological defense mechanisms individuals use to deal with the pandemic and to discuss how adjustment mechanisms can protect individuals from internal and external threats by shielding the integrity of the ego (the mind) and helping individuals maintain their self-schema.

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Romeo, Annunziata, Agata Benfante, Giuliano Carlo Geminiani, and Lorys Castelli. "Personality, Defense Mechanisms and Psychological Distress in Women with Fibromyalgia." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12010010.

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Background: Previous studies have shown that many personality traits are associated with fibromyalgia (FM), worsening both the quality of life and psychological distress of patients. Despite the high comorbidity of psychopathological disorders in this syndrome and their association with immature defense styles, few studies have examined the defense mechanisms used by FM patients. The main aim of our study was to investigate personality traits and defense mechanisms in FM patients compared to in a healthy control group (HC). Moreover, we investigated the effect of personality traits and defense mechanisms on psychological distress in both FM and HC groups. Methods: A total of 54 women with FM and 54 healthy women completed the (1) Temperament and Character Inventory—Revised; (2) the Toronto Alexithymia Scale; (3) the Defense Style Questionnaire; and (4) the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results: The results indicated that FM patients display higher alexithymia, higher harm avoidance, lower self-directedness, lower persistence, and the higher use of a maladaptive defense style compared to HC. We found that alexithymia, harm avoidance, and maladaptive defense style are significant predictors of patients’ psychological distress. Moreover, harm avoidance and adaptive defense style significantly predicted psychological distress in the HC group. Conclusion: The present study is the first to explore the contribution of both defense mechanisms and personality characteristics on the psychological distress of FM patients. Our findings have important clinical implications and may help diagnose and treat FM patients more in depth.

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Schaller, Mark. "The behavioural immune system and the psychology of human sociality." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1583 (December 12, 2011): 3418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0029.

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Because immunological defence against pathogens is costly and merely reactive, human anti-pathogen defence is also characterized by proactive behavioural mechanisms that inhibit contact with pathogens in the first place. This behavioural immune system comprises psychological processes that infer infection risk from perceptual cues, and that respond to these perceptual cues through the activation of aversive emotions, cognitions and behavioural impulses. These processes are engaged flexibly, producing context–contingent variation in the nature and magnitude of aversive responses. These processes have important implications for human social cognition and social behaviour—including implications for social gregariousness, person perception, intergroup prejudice, mate preferences, sexual behaviour and conformity. Empirical evidence bearing on these many implications is reviewed and discussed. This review also identifies important directions for future research on the human behavioural immune system—including the need for enquiry into underlying mechanisms, additional behavioural consequences and implications for human health and well-being.

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Havrylkevych, V. K. "THE STRUCTURE OF THE STUDENTS-PSYCHOLOGISTS’ PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS." Theory and practice of modern psychology 3, no. 1 (2020): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/2663-6026.2020.1-1.30.

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Spielberger, Charles D., and Eric C. Reheiser. "Psychological defense mechanisms, motivation and the use of tobacco." Personality and Individual Differences 41, no. 6 (October 2006): 1033–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.009.

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Lileikis, Saulius. "Maritime Transport Employees’ Psychological Defense Mechanisms and Self-management." TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation 16, no. 1 (2022): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12716/1001.16.01.12.

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Kuznetsova, O. V., and I. V. Petrushova. "Interrelation of Psychological Defense Mechanisms and Time Perspective during Middle Adulthood." Psychological-Educational Studies 10, no. 1 (2018): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psyedu.2018100103.

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The article discloses the problem of connection of psychological defense mechanisms and time perspective during middle adulthood. The research was conducted considering the modern ideas of psychological defense mechanisms and time perspective of the personality. As a result of the stating experiment the data confirming existence of correlation between defense mechanisms, temporal orientation, extent of future perspective and event saturation of the different temporal periods have been obtained. High tension psychological defenses and some primitive psychological defenses are associated with a focus on the negative past and fatalistic present; this combination characterizes the personality as insufficiently mature. More primitive defenses are connected with adverse temporal orientation (the negative past and the fatalistic present), more mature - with favorable orientation (future). Results of the study can be used in psychological counseling in order to enhance personal development and social adaptation.

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Dodds, Joseph. "The psychology of climate anxiety." BJPsych Bulletin 45, no. 4 (May 19, 2021): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjb.2021.18.

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This paper focuses on climate anxiety and its role in the psychology of climate change, compared with responses to the COVID-19 global pandemic. Four psychological hypotheses for why we do not act on climate change will be reviewed, and the role of anxiety for each, as well as potential solutions. Different types of climate anxiety both inside and outside the clinic will be explored, along with associated defence mechanisms and treatment.

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Ukhanova, Erkeley. "Cybersecurity and cyber defence strategies of Japan." SHS Web of Conferences 134 (2022): 00159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213400159.

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Modern national security strategies of many states attempt at covering risks and threats rising in nontraditional domains of outer space, electromagnetic and cyberspaces. Cyberattacks aim at inflicting financial, psychological, technological and physical damage at various goals from individuals and corporations to states and international organisations. One of the specific features of a cyberattack is uncertainty of its source: it is sometimes impossible to identify the attacker. All these provide incentives for states to qualify cyberthreats as threats to their national security, thus pushing them towards establishing mechanisms of dealing with these threats. As a result, more states attempt at formulating their strategies of cyber security and cyber defence. Japan, as one of the developed countries, relies heavily on its information infrastructure and telecommunication networks, and the military realm is not an exception. Since the early 2000s, the Japanese government has been elaborating its cybersecurity and cyber defence strategies, steadily unfolding its strategic vision of the new security environment. Japan has come up with a complex strategy of information security, cybersecurity and cyber defence. A key approach of the cybersecurity strategy for Japan is acting in a proactive manner while enhancing its reactive capabilities, meaning containment and sustainability capabilities accordingly.

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Ovchinnikova, Y. V., and A. V. Gychev. "STRUCTURE OF VALUES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS AMONG UNEMPLOYED BURYATS." Pedagogical Review, no. 6 (2019): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6127-2019-6-227-233.

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Taylor, John B. "Psychological Adaptive Mechanisms: Ego Defense Recognition in Practice and Research." Psychosomatics 55, no. 2 (March 2014): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2013.08.002.

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Yazdanshenas Ghazwin, Manijeh, Seyed Amir Hossein Tavakoli, Sahar Latifi, Hooshang Saberi, Nazi Derakhshanrad, Mir Saeed Yekaninejad, Majid Sadeghi, Seyed-Hassan Emami Razavi, Abbas Norouzi Javidan, and Seyed-Mohammad Ghodsi. "Psychological defense mechanisms among individuals with SCI with adjustment disorder." Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 40, no. 5 (March 4, 2016): 538–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2016.1140389.

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Kinney, Andrew. "Disturbed Children's and Adolescents' Comprehension of Psychological Mechanisms of Defense." Journal of Genetic Psychology 151, no. 4 (December 1990): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1990.9914628.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mechanisms of psychological defence'

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