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1
author, Limbu Amrita joint, and Centre for the Study of Labour and Mobility (Kathmandu, Nepal), eds. Governing labour migration in Nepal: An analysis of existing policies and institutional mechanisms. Kathmandu: Published by Himal Books for the Centre for the Study of Labour and Mobility, 2012.
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Centre, Economic Policy Research, ed. Governing health service delivery in Uganda: A tracking study of drug delivery mechanisms : research report. Kampala: Economic Policy Research Centre, 2009.
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Nakabo-Ssewanyana, Sarah. Governing health service delivery in Uganda: A tracking study of drug delivery mechanisms : research report. Kampala: Economic Policy Research Centre, 2009.
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Acharya, N. K. Alternate dispute settlement mechanisms: Arbitration, settlement, conciliation, pre-arbitral proceedings in civil works, international law governing commercial arbitration & lok adalat. Hyderabad: N.K. Acharya, 1999.
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Miller, Ronald E. (Ronald Earle) and Elliott Ryan S, eds. Continuum mechanics and thermodynamics: From fundamental concepts to governing equations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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CHyernyavskiy, Alyeksandr, Dmitriy Pashentsev, Nina Ladnushkina, and Sergey Feklin. The monograph reveals the history of formation of the sources of law governing state supervision of quality of education, defining the mechanism of legal regulation of the Federal state quality control of education and the practice of law in this area currently. It is intended for employees of educational organizations, teachers, postgraduates, law students. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1031494.
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The monograph reveals the history of formation of the sources of law governing state supervision of quality of education, defining the mechanism of legal regulation of the Federal state quality control of education and the practice of law in this area currently.
It is intended for employees of educational organizations, teachers, postgraduates, law students.
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van, José. Governing a Responsible Platform Society. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190889760.003.0008.
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This chapter shifts the focus from the analytical and the descriptive to the normative and the reflective. A key issue is how public values can be forced upon the ecosystem’s architecture—an architecture whose core is overwhelmingly controlled by (US) tech giants pushing economic values and corporate interests, often at the expense of a (European) focus on social values and collective interests. The mechanisms of datafication, commodification, and selection seem to afford tech companies unprecedented infrastructural, sectoral, and intersectoral powers. However, the ecosystem’s architecture is adaptable to changing societal norms and awareness about potential harms. This book’s search for underlying patterns and systemic mechanisms prompts a final reflection on the “what,” “how,” and “who” of governance: what kind of public values do we want to incorporate into the design of the platform society, how do we do that, and who is responsible for doing so?
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Parker, Leslie. International Law and the Renewable Energy Sector. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0017.
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This chapter examines key legal instruments and mechanisms relevant to international renewable energy regulation. These play an important role in governing unified action and enhancing collaboration and information-sharing on effective policies and investment frameworks aimed at reducing barriers and risks to investments in renewable energy. The mechanisms that are analysed are the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Statute, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol and related international climate change negotiations and declarations, the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), and various sector-specific treaties. The chapter also turns its attention to the primary international organizations that influence present and future directions in international renewable energy policy, such as the Nairobi Programme of Action for the Development and Utilization of New and Renewable Sources of Energy, International Energy Agency, Development Banks, and the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership.
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Stojnić, Una. Discourse, Context, and Coherence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791492.003.0006.
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On the received view, the resolution of context-sensitivity is at least partly determined by non-linguistic features of utterance situation. If I say ‘He’s happy’, what ‘he’ picks out is underspecified by its linguistic meaning, and is only fixed through extra-linguistic supplementation: the speaker’s intention, and/or some objective, non-linguistic feature of the utterance situation. This underspecification is exhibited by most context-sensitive expressions, with the exception of pure indexicals, like ‘I.’ While this received view is prima facie appealing, I argue it is deeply mistaken. I defend an account according to which context-sensitivity resolution is governed by linguistic mechanisms determining prominence of candidate resolutions of context-sensitive items. Thus, on this account, the linguistic meaning of a context-sensitive expression fully specifies its resolution in a context, automatically selecting the resolution antecedently set by the prominence-governing linguistic mechanisms.
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Ando, Clifford. Legal Pluralism in Practice. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.22.
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The Roman Empire systematically recognised alien polities in provincial landscapes and allowed them local powers of jurisdiction and legislation. It also created conditions of heightened human mobility and regularly endowed aliens with Roman citizenship. This chapter explores the procedural and theoretical resources developed by Roman authorities to deal with the conflicts of law that resulted from these processes. It explores principles governing choice of law, to wit, those of personality and territoriality. It also investigates procedural mechanisms that temporarily bracketed distinctions that rendered actions non-justiciable, for example, the legal fiction that assimilated aliens to citizens for the purposes of dispute resolution.
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Atesmen, M. Kemal. Case Studies in Fluid Mechanics with Sensitivities to Governing Variables. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2018.
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Gaeta, Paola, Jorge E. Viñuales, and Salvatore Zappalá. Cassese's International Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199231287.001.0001.
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This book provides an authoritative account of international law. It preserves and extends Antonio Cassese’s exceptional combination of a historically informed, conceptually strong, and practice-infused analysis of international law, comparing the treatment of most issues in classical international law with the main subsequent developments of this constantly evolving field. Part I of the book covers the origins and foundations of the international community. Part II is about the subjects of the international community, including States, international organizations, individuals, and other international legal subjects. Part III examines the main processes of international law-making and the normative interactions between different norms, of both domestic and international law. Part IV studies the mechanisms of implementation of international law, including State responsibility, diplomatic and judicial means of dispute settlement, and enforcement mechanisms. Part V covers a number of areas which have undergone particular development and reached a high level of specialization, namely, UN law, the law governing the use of force, international humanitarian law, international human rights law, international criminal law, international environmental law, and international economic law (trade and investment).
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Langland-Hassan, Peter, and Agustin Vicente, eds. Inner Speech. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796640.001.0001.
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Inner speech lies at the chaotic intersection of numerous difficult questions in contemporary philosophy and psychology. On the one hand, inner speech utterances are private mental events of a kind. On the other, they resemble speech acts of the sort used in interpersonal communication. Thought and its linguistic expression appear to overlap. Further, inner speech is at once imagistic in nature, having a characteristic auditory-verbal phenomenology; yet it also appears suitable to carrying complex linguistic contents. In another apparent clash, inner speech episodes seem to constitute or express sophisticated trains of conceptual thought; yet, at the same time, they are deeply motoric in nature, drawing on mechanisms for speech production and perception more generally. Also, in using inner speech, we seem able both to regulate our bodily actions and, arguably, to gain a unique kind of access to our own beliefs and desires. Finally, disorders as “thought insertion” and auditory verbal hallucinations are plausibly explicable in terms of the malfunctioning of mechanisms governing speech production and perception. But there is still little on what those mechanisms are, nor in how they might be involved. This interdisciplinary volume—comprising twelve chapters by philosophers, psychologists, and neuroscientists—capitalizes on growing interest in the many questions surrounding inner speech and presents a range of new theories concerning both its nature and location within these important debates.
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Huffaker, Ray, Marco Bittelli, and Rodolfo Rosa. Empirically Detecting Causality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782933.003.0008.
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Phenomenological models mathematically describe relationships among empirically observed phenomena without attempting to explain underlying mechanisms. Within the context of NLTS, phenomenological modeling goes beyond phase space reconstruction to extract equations governing real-world system dynamics from a single or multiple observed time series. Phenomenological models provide several benefits. They can be used to characterize the dynamics of variable interactions; for example, whether an incremental increase in one variable drives a marginal increase/decrease in the growth rate of another, and whether these dynamic interactions follow systematic patterns over time. They provide an analytical framework for data driven science still searching for credible theoretical explanation. They set a descriptive standard for how the real world operates so that theory is not misdirected in explaining fanciful behavior. The success of phenomenological modeling depends critically on selection of governing parameters. Model dimensionality, and the time delays used to synthesize dynamic variables, are guided by statistical tests run for phase space reconstruction. Other regression and numerical integration parameters can be set on a trial and error basis within ranges providing numerical stability and successful reproduction of empirically-detected dynamics. We illustrate phenomenological modeling with solutions of the Lorenz model so that we can recognize the dynamics that need to be reproduced.
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Sugden, Robert. Psychological Stability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825142.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 asks what properties a market economy must have if it is to be psychologically stable—that is, if it is to reproduce a general belief that its governing principles are fair. I argue that, because of the division of knowledge and because the opportunities open to each person depend on how other people choose to use their opportunities, full equality of opportunity is not compatible with a market economy. Psychological stability has to rest on continuing expectations of mutual benefit, defined relative to a baseline that evolves over time and that cannot be justified in terms of abstract principles of fairness. However, if the market is to be recommended to each individual separately, each individual must be able to expect to share in the benefits that markets create. Maintaining such expectations typically requires redistributive mechanisms.
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Le Pelley, Mike E., Oren Griffiths, and Tom Beesley. Associative Accounts of Causal Cognition. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.2.
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Humans are clearly sensitive to causal structures—we can describe and understand causal mechanisms and make predictions based on them. But this chapter asks: Is causal learning always causal? Or might seemingly causal behavior sometimes be based on associations that merely encode the information that two events “go together,” not that one causes the other? This associative view supposes that people often (mis)interpret associations as supporting the existence of a causal relationship between events; they make the everyday mistake of confusing correlation with causation. To assess the validity of this view, one must move away from considering specific implementations of associative models and instead focus on the general principle embodied by the associative approach—that the rules governing learning are general-purpose, and so do not differentiate between situations involving cause–effect relationships and those involving signaling relationships that are non-causal.
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Cannizzaro, Enzo. Common Interests of Humankind and the International Regulation of the Use of Force. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825210.003.0022.
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The chapter discusses the philosophical foundations of the current regulation of the use of force. The chapter argues that, in correspondence with the emergence of a sphere of substantive rules protecting common interests of humankind, international law is also gradually developing a system of protection against egregious breaches of these interests. This conclusion is reached through an analysis of the law and practice governing the action of the UN Security Council as well as the law of state responsibility concerning individual and collective reactions to serious breaches of common interests. This system is based on positive obligations imposed upon individual states as well as UN organs, and it appears to be still rudimentary and inefficient. However, the chapter suggests that the mere existence of this system, these shortcomings notwithstanding, has the effect of promoting the further development of the law in search for more appropriate mechanisms of protection.
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Albonetti, Celesta A. Sentencing of White-Collar Offenders in U.S. Federal Courts. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935383.013.52.
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This paper begins by discussing variables influencing sentence severity imposed in white-collar cases in federal courts. Sentence outcomes imposed under indeterminate, presumptive, and advisory federal sentencing policies are discussed in terms of the effect of defendant characteristics, legally relevant case characteristics, and process-related variables on the probability of imprisonment, length of imprisonment, and probability of receiving a suspended sentence. Federal sentencing guidelines legalities are presented, with attention to white-collar crimes of larceny, embezzlement, counterfeiting, fraud and deceit, and forgery. Attention shifts to legal issues relevant to the adjudication and sentencing of white-collar offenders. The blurring of criminal and civil law in statutory law governing criminal prosecution and sentencing of white-collar offenders is dicussed. In addition, attention is given to both the offense-specific features of the federal sentencing guidelines, to mechanisms of discretion, and guideline departures, as they apply to sentencing in economic crimes.
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Bucher, Taina. Life at the Top. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190493028.003.0004.
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Algorithms play a fundamental role in governing the conditions of the intelligible and the sensible online. If users provide the data, the techniques, and procedures to make sense of it, to navigate, assemble, and make meaningful connections among individual pieces of data is increasingly being delegated to various forms of algorithms. In the case of the world’s biggest and most used social media platform, Facebook, algorithmic mechanisms shape the concerted distribution of people, information, actions, and ways of seeing and being seen. The chapter investigates how this kind of algorithmic intervention into people’s information-sharing practices takes place and what are the principles and logics of Facebook’s algorithmic governance. Through an analysis of the algorithmic logics structuring the flow of information and communication on Facebook’s news feed, the argument is made that the regime of visibility constructed imposes a perceived threat of invisibility on the part of the participatory subject.
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Akyüz, Yilmaz. Crisis Management and Resolution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797173.003.0005.
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This chapter argues that the conventional approach to the management and resolution of external financial crises in emerging economies is inefficient and inequitable and needs to be reformed. Such reforms need to account for increased complexities arising from deepened integration, notably the difficulties in differentiating between external and domestic debt in terms of their holders, currency denomination, and governing laws. Effective debt resolution mechanisms would be needed to bail-in creditors whether the crisis is one of liquidity or solvency, or due to private or sovereign debt, or locally or internationally issued external debt, particularly since crises caused by excessive private borrowing lead to large increases in public debt. Debt workouts should include temporary standstills, protection against creditor litigation, lending into arrears and debt restructuring and combine statutory and voluntary elements, including collective action clauses, duly reformed to avoid the kind of predicaments encountered during the Argentinian restructuring.
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Nirvikar, Singh. Part V Federalism, Ch.29 Fiscal Federalism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704898.003.0029.
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This chapter examines the fiscal aspects of federalism as enshrined in the Indian Constitution. It gives an overview of the original structures of fiscal federalism in India, including assignments of spending and revenue and mechanisms and institutions for making transfers across different government levels. It reviews constitutional amendments that have occurred since the adoption of the Constitution, from changes in expenditure and revenue authorities to the creation of a tier of local governments. It also considers the process of amending the Constitution, with particular emphasis on the intellectual and political drivers of change, and proceeds with a discussion of how the various constitutional provisions and amendments have been implemented in practice. Finally, it looks at legal cases concerning the constitutionality of fiscal federalism in India at various times, paying attention to institutions governing intergovernmental transfers, the distinction between taxes and fees, and the scope of authority of different levels of government.
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Butt, Daniel. Law, Governance, and the Ecological Ethos. Edited by Stephen M. Gardiner and Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.5.
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This chapter examines the limitations of both command-and-control and market-based legal mechanisms in the pursuit of environmental justice. If the environment is to be protected to at least a minimally acceptable degree, approaches that focus on the coercive force of the state must be complemented by the development of an “ecological ethos,” whereby groups and individuals are motivated to act with non-self-interested concern for the environment. The need for this ethos means that the state is dependent on the cooperation of a wide range of non-state actors. Recent work on environmental governance emphasizes the delegation of aspects of governing to such actors and supports efforts to increase popular participation in governmental processes. The chapter therefore advocates a governance approach that seeks to rectify some of the limitations of state-led environmental law, while encouraging popular participation in a way that can encourage the development of an ecological ethos among the citizenry.
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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. 24. Leasehold covenants. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198722847.003.0024.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter explores the concept of a leasehold covenant. It investigates the mechanisms by which both negative and positive leasehold covenants bind subsequent purchasers of the lease from the original tenant and subsequent purchasers of the freehold reversion from the landlord. It also considers the law governing the enforcement of leasehold covenants and the process of forfeiture by which a landlord can bring the lease to an end for a failure by the tenant to perform the tenant's covenants. In addition, it focuses on forfeiture, as the most common measure with which to compel the performance of the tenant's covenants. Forfeiture is the process by which a landlord can extinguish a lease by exercising a right to re-enter the premises. It provides ‘an essential management tool, particularly in relation to commercial and long residential leases’, but it can also be a heavy-handed response.
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Bunn, James H. Natural Law of Cycles: Governing the Mobile Symmetries of Animals and Machines. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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The Natural Law of Cycles: Governing the Mobile Symmetries of Animals and Machines. Transaction Publishers, 2014.
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Jeswald W, Salacuse. 3 The Foundations of International Investment Law. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703976.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the state of customary international law governing international investments, that is, the law that exists in the absence of an applicable treaty. Following World War II, such law for most investors was incomplete, vague, contested, and without an effective enforcement mechanism, meaning that investors and their home governments needed to find another way to protect investments of their nationals. This would lie in negotiating investment treaties. Topics covered include state and investor interests shaping international investment law; the sources of international law; customary international law and general principles of law governing international investment; customary international law on expropriation and breach of state contracts; challenges to Western views on international investment law; and deficiencies of customary international law on investment.
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Newman, Abraham L., and Elliot Posner. Voluntary Disruptions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818380.001.0001.
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From home mortgages to iPhones, basic elements of our daily lives depend on international markets. The astonishing complexity of these exchanges may seem ungoverned. Yet the global economy remains deeply bound by rules. Far from the staid world of treaties and state-to-state diplomacy, governance increasingly relies on a different class of international market regulation—soft law—composed of voluntary standards, best practices, and recommended guidance created by a motley assortment of organizations. Voluntary Disruptions argues that international soft law is deeply political, shaping the winners and losers of globalization. Some observers focus on soft law’s potential to solve problems and coordinate market participants. Voluntary Disruptions widens the discussion, shifting attention to the ways soft law provides new political resources to some groups while not to others and alters the sites of contestation and the actors who participate in them. Highlighting two mechanisms—legitimacy claims and arena expansion—the book explains how soft law, typically viewed as limited by its voluntary nature, disrupts and transforms the politics of economic governance. Using financial regulation as its laboratory, Voluntary Disruptions explains the remarkable pre-crisis alignment of US and European approaches to governing markets, the rise and prominence of transnational industry associations in the 1990s and 2000s, and the ambivalence of US reforms toward international market cooperation in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. Rethinking scholarly and policy approaches to international soft law, Voluntary Disruptions answers enduring and pressing questions about global finance, international relations, and power.
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Bergman, Torbjörn, Hanna Back, and Johan Hellström, eds. Coalition Governance in Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868484.001.0001.
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Coalition government is the most frequent form of government in Western Europe, but there is relatively little systematic knowledge about how this form of government has developed in recent decades. This volume analyses governments that have formed in the Western European countries since the Second World War and covers the full life cycle of coalition governments from the formation of party alliances before elections to coalition formation after elections, governing and policy-making when parties work together in office, and the stages that eventually lead to governments terminating. Since the early 1990s, many coalition governments form in a context of increased fragmentation of party systems, increased polarization, and the rise of populist parties. The volume captures these changes and examines their implications for the different stages of the coalition life cycle. A particular emphasis of the volume is on the study of how coalitions govern together even when they have different agendas. Do individual ministers decide, or the prime minister, or are the policy outputs of a government a result of a process of coalition compromise? Focusing on the coalition governance stage, we analyse the variation in the use of various control mechanisms across countries, for example showing that many coalition governments draft extensive contracts to control their partners in cabinet. The volume covers 16 West European countries and introduces the case of Croatia. Systematic cross-national data is available in an online appendix.
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Cabrera, Luis. The Humble Cosmopolitan. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869502.001.0001.
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Cosmopolitanism is said by many critics to be arrogant. In emphasizing universal moral principles and granting no fundamental significance to national or other group belonging, it is held to wrongly treat those making non-universalist claims as not authorized to speak, while at the same time implicitly treating those in non-Western societies as not qualified. This book works to address such objections. It does so in part by engaging the work of B.R. Ambedkar, architect of India’s 1950 Constitution and revered champion of the country’s Dalits (formerly “untouchables”). Ambedkar cited universal principles of equality and rights in confronting domestic exclusions and the “arrogance” of caste. He sought to advance forms of political humility, or the affirmation of equal standing within political institutions and openness to input and challenge within them. This book examines how an “institutional global citizenship” approach to cosmopolitanism could similarly advance political humility, in supporting the development of democratic input, exchange, and challenge mechanisms beyond the state. It employs grounded normative theory methods, taking insights for the model from field research among Dalit activists pressing for domestic reforms through the UN human rights regime, and from their critics in the governing Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party. Insights also are taken from Turkish protesters challenging a rising domestic authoritarianism, and from UK Independence Party members supporting “Brexit” from the European Union—in part because of possibilities that predominantly Muslim Turkey will join. Overall, it is shown, an appropriately configured institutional cosmopolitanism should orient fundamentally to political humility rather than arrogance, while holding significant potential for advancing global rights protections.
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Benjamin, Geva, and Peari Sagi. International Negotiable Instruments. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198828686.001.0001.
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This book marries two fields of law: negotiable instruments and choice-of-law. Bills of exchange, cheques, and promissory notes are the main classical negotiable instruments. For centuries, these have played a vital role in the smooth operation of domestic and international commerce. The rapid technological progress of payment mechanisms has embraced the traditional institution of negotiable instruments leading to their adaptation in order to meet the challenges of the frequent mobility of people, goods, and high volumes of cross-border transactions. While the principles governing negotiable instruments tend to be based on a common set of ideas, detailed rules vary from place to place, which requires knowledge of the national law that should govern an international negotiable instrument. The book offers a thorough analysis of the choice-of-law rules applicable to negotiable instruments. The internal structure of negotiable instruments law is complex, which has given rise to a popular view favouring the exclusion of negotiable instruments from the scope of general contract and property law doctrines, and their subsequent exclusion from ordinary choice-of-law analysis. The book contests this view. Indeed, the complex structure of negotiable instruments creates a significant challenge for traditional contract and property doctrines and the choice-of-law analysis applicable to them. Nevertheless, the book contends that the complex case of international negotiable instruments should be analysed through the lens of traditional contract and property choice-of-law doctrines. It concludes that choice-of-law rules in the area of international negotiable instruments need to be dramatically revised and harmonized.
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Moore, Scott M. Subnational Hydropolitics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864101.001.0001.
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The prospect of international conflict over water has long been the subject of academic and popular concern, but subnational political conflict is considerably more common, and almost certainly imposes greater economic and environmental costs. Indeed, subnational hydropolitics are an important feature of several large countries, including the United States, India, and China. Moreover, disputes between water users in shared river basins have often persisted despite repeated attempts by central governments to resolve them through both persuasion and coercion. Yet despite the growing threat of water scarcity around the world, little research exists on sub-national politics of shared water resources. This book attempts to fill the gap by explaining how and why hydropolitics play out within countries, as well as between them. Subnational Hydropolitics re-examines the issue of water conflict by examining conflicts at the subnational rather than international level. By examining several in-depth case studies of both conflict and cooperation, Scott Moore argues that increasing sub-national water conflict is driven by two inter-linked forces, identity politics, which gives subnational politicians a reason to compete over shared water resources; and political decentralization, which provides them with the tools to do so. To understand politics at the subnational level, the book blends insights from both the environmental governance and comparative politics literatures. By examining the challenges many countries face in achieving cooperation over shared water resources, the book helps to shed light on different mechanisms and processes for solving cooperation problems at the regional scale lessons relevant to tackling a wide range of transboundary environmental problems, including air pollution, urbanization, and ecosystem protection. But at its core, this book promises a definitive contribution to the growing sub-field of environmental politics, centered on understanding how different countries attempt to solve the problems inherent in governing water resources in shared river basins.
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Steiner, Eva. Legislation and the Constitutional Framework. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790884.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the main constitutional institutions and mechanism governing France, taking into account the major overhaul of the 1958 Constitution in 2008. It also shows that legislation is the primary source of law in France, that there are different types of legislation, and that legislative sources are organised hierarchically. Moreover, the chapter also considers, within the constitutional framework, the legislative process and examines the way in which bills are drafted. It also seeks to familiarise readers with the layout of a French statute. In addition, this chapter shows that much of French law though not all of it is codified. Codification is a particular legislative technique common to most civil law systems.
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Stone, H. A. Fundamentals of fluid dynamics with an introduction to the importance of interfaces. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789352.003.0001.
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The topics discussed are all related to basic fluid mechanics. In these introductory notes I highlight some of the main features of fluid flows and their mathematical characterization. There is much physical intuition encapsulated in the differential equations, and one of our goals is to gain more experience (i) understanding the governing equations and various related principles of kinematics, (ii) developing intuition with approximating the equations, (iii) applying the principles to a wide range of problems, which includes (iv) being able to rationalize scaling laws and quantitative trends, often without having a detailed solution in hand. Where possible we provide examples of the ideas with ‘soft interfaces’ in mind.
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Tancredi, Antonello. Enforcing WTO Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.003.0021.
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This chapter provides a brief analysis of the enforcement tools foreseen in the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. It focuses in particular on some of the peculiarities which differentiate them from the EU legal system. As the analysis shows, the relevance of reciprocity and post-litigation negotiations between States influences the legal nature of the WTO dispute settlement system, which today remains to a large extent a mixed or hybrid system. This contrasts one of the mantras diffused in the legal scholarship immediately after the entry into force of the Uruguay Round Agreements. It also represents a vehicle for the potential fragmentation of the multilateral legal framework governing international trade, which contributes to undermining the idea of uniformity of the obligations arising under the WTO Agreements for all Members.
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T. Michaltsos, George, and Ioannis G. Raftoyiannis, eds. Bridges’ Dynamics. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97816080522021120101.
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Bridges’ Dynamics covers the historical review of research and introductory mathematical concepts related to the structural dynamics of bridges. The e-book explains the theory behind engineering aspects such as 1) dynamic loadings, 2) mathematical concepts (calculus elements of variations, the d’ Alembert principle, Lagrange’s equation, the Hamilton principle, the equations of Heilig, and the δ and H functions), 3) moving loads, 4) bridge support mechanics (one, two and three span beams), 5) Static systems under dynamic loading 6) aero-elasticity, 7) space problems (2D and 3D) and 8) absorb systems (equations governing the behavior of the bridge-absorber system). The e-book is a useful introductory textbook for civil engineers interested in the theory of bridge structures.
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Succi, Sauro. Why a Kinetic Theory of Fluids? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0001.
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Fluid flows are a pervasive presence across most branches of human activity, including daily life. Although the basic equations governing the motion of fluid flows are known for two centuries (1822), since the work of Claude–Louis Navier (1785–1836) and Gabriel Stokes (1819–1903), these equations still set a formidable challenge to the quantitative, and sometimes even qualitative, understanding of the way fluid matter flows in space and time. Meteorological phenomena are among the most popular examples in point, but the challenge extends to many otherinstances of collective fluid motion, both in classical and quantum physics. This Chapter presents the Navier–Stokes equations of fluid mechanics and discuss the main motivations behind the kinetic approach to computational fluid dynamics.
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Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. Physics in anaesthesia. Edited by Antony R. Wilkes and Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0023.
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This chapter covers the basic science of physics relevant to anaesthetic practice. Equipment and measurement devices are covered elsewhere. Starting with fundamentals, atomic structure is introduced, followed by dimensions and units as used in science. Basic mechanics are then discussed, focusing on mass and density, force, pressure, energy, and power. The concept of linearity, hysteresis, and frequency response in physical systems is then introduced, using relevant examples, which are easy to understand. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow is then described, using flow measurement devices as applications of this theory. The concept of pressure and its measurement is then discussed in some detail, including partial pressure. Starting with the kinetic theory of gases, heat and temperature are described, along with the gas laws, critical temperature, sublimation, latent heat, vapour pressure and vaporization illustrated by the function of anaesthetic vaporizers, humidity, solubility, diffusion, osmosis, and osmotic pressure. Ultrasound and its medical applications are discussed in some detail, including Doppler and its use to measure flow. This is followed by an introduction to lasers and their medical uses. The final subject covered is electricity, starting with concepts of charge and current, voltage, energy, and power, and the role of magnetism. This is followed by a discussion of electrical circuits and the rules governing them, and bridge circuits used in measurement. The function of capacitors and inductors is then introduced, and alternating current and transformers are described.
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Tunaru, Radu S. Real-Estate Derivatives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198742920.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book brings together the latest concepts and models in real-estate derivatives, the new frontier in financial markets. The importance of real-estate derivatives in managing property price risk that has destabilized economies frequently in the last hundred years has been brought into the limelight by Robert Shiller over the last three decades. In spite of his masterful campaign for the introduction of real-estate derivatives, these financial instruments are still in a state of infancy. This book aims to provide a state-of-the-art overview of real-estate derivatives at this moment in time, covering the description of these financial products, their applications, and the most important models proposed in the literature in this area. In order to facilitate a better understanding of the situations when these products can be successfully used, ancillary topics such as real-estate indices, mortgages, securitization, and equity release mortgages are also discussed. The book is designed to pay attention to the econometric aspects of realestate index prices, time series, and also to financial engineering no-arbitrage principles governing pricing of derivatives. The emphasis is on understanding the financial instruments through their mechanics and comparative description. The examples are based on real-world data from exchanges or frommajor investment banks or financial houses in London. The numerical analysis is easily replicable with Excel and Matlab. This is the most advanced published book in this area, combining practical relevance with intellectual rigour. Real-estate derivatives will become important for managing macro risks in order to pass stress tests imposed by regulators.