Journal articles: 'Mechanism of scuffing'

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Ye, Zhaokuan, Chao Zhang, Yucong Wang, H. S. Cheng, Simon Tung, Q. Jane Wang, and Xiaozhou He. "An experimental investigation of piston skirt scuffing: a piston scuffing apparatus, experiments, and scuffing mechanism analyses." Wear 257, no. 1-2 (July 2004): 8–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(03)00538-6.

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Ajayi, O. O., J. G. Hersberger, J. Zhang, H. Yoon, and G. R. Fenske. "Microstructural evolution during scuffing of hardened 4340 steel—implication for scuffing mechanism." Tribology International 38, no. 3 (March 2005): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2004.08.011.

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Horng, Jeng Haur. "True Friction Power Intensity and Scuffing in Sliding Contacts." Journal of Tribology 120, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2833786.

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Scuffing failure phenomenon in sliding lubricated contacts is studied experimentally in this work. Factors influencing the scuffing resistance of rough surfaces, including contact temperature, surface pitting, specific film thickness, and frictional heating, are investigated. A new criterion (the TFPI criterion) that takes into account the effect of oil in surface roughness valleys, microcontact characteristics, and the protective film formation mechanism is proposed to predict onset of scuffing failure. Good agreement is found between experimental scuffing data and predicted failure criterion. The results show that the modified TFPI value can be considered as a performance parameter that represents the scuffing failure resistance capacity and the effectiveness of the running-in process. A low modified TFPI value has a high scuffing resistance in lubricated systems.

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Kaczor, Grzegorz, and Magdalena Machno. "A Study on the Effect of Adhesive Cavities on the Scuffing Initiation in a Sliding Contact." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 4296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154296.

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Scuffing is a particularly problematic wear phenomenon in sliding contact that has not yet been fully elucidated. The complicated mechanism of the development of this phenomenon results from the simultaneous influence of many factors. There is a continuous need for new research to gain a deeper understanding of the complex frictional processes that scuffing is. Components such as cams, tappets, piston rings and gears are extremely susceptible to scuffing. The idea of the research on the scuffing wear development is the study of the formation of adhesive cavities as the effects of the destruction of adhesive bonds at various operating parameters. The goal of the presented work is the analysis of the influence of the oscillation frequency on the formation of adhesive cavities leading to scuffing. The tests carried out with the use of S235 steel showed that the adhesive cavities on the surfaces of the tested components appear regardless of the adopted values of the oscillation frequency. The surfaces of the specimen and counter-specimen were analyzed before and after wear tests on the block-on-ring test stand at the different values of the oscillation frequency. The conducted research revealed that the greatest change in the values of the friction coefficient occurs with an increase in frequency from 2 to 5 Hz, and the largest change in the number of scuffing initiating cycles occurs with an increase in the oscillation frequency from 1 to 2 Hz.

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Xu, Jie Lin, Zeng Xiong Peng, Nan Wang, and Shan Lin Xu. "Experimental Research of Scuffing of Friction Pair." Applied Mechanics and Materials 697 (November 2014): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.697.254.

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The scuffing of friction pair is a common phenomenon in conditions of high speed and pressure. It was researched on scuffing characteristics in this paper. By using UMT-3 friction and wear tester, the friction and wear characteristics of slipper pair material in hydraulic component were investigated, and the friction coeficient-speed curves in the different pressures were got, as well as the wear rate-speed curves. The worn surface morphology of pin specimen was photographed by SEM, and the formation mechanism of the worn surface was analyzed. The results suggested that: friction coefficient and wear rate would have a jump when the scuffing occurred, the friction and wear characteristics would be affected by the interaction of pressure (P) and speed (V) . The PV characteristic restricted the correlation between working pressure and speed.

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ZHANG, CHAO, H. S. CHENG, and Q. JANE WANG. "Scuffing Behavior of Piston-Pin/Bore Bearing in Mixed Lubrication—Part II: Scuffing Mechanism and Failure Criterion." Tribology Transactions 47, no. 1 (January 2004): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05698190490279100.

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Bian, Xin Xiao, and Jin Xing Lu. "Electrical Erosion Failure Analysis of Speed Increasing Gearbox Gear." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 720–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.720.

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This article mainly discusses the mechanism of electrical erosion and the macro and micro appearance of electrical erosion failure tooth surface. By observing the similarity of the two groups of tooth surface morphology, we can determine the possibility of gear electrical erosion failure. Through the calculation of gear contact strength and anti scuffing ability, we can rule out the possibility of tooth scuffing and pitting. So we can identify that the failure form of gear is electrical erosion .Finally, according to the calculation of the content, we get some conclusions.

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Iordache, C. R., F. C. Ciornei, and C. Bujoreanu. "Scuffing analysis of roller-shoe mechanism after an aggressive test." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 591 (August 14, 2019): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/591/1/012020.

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Jihua, Chang, Liu Shaojun, and Hu Xiaozhou. "A temperature measurement method for testing lubrication system or revealing scuffing failure mechanism of spur gear." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 233, no. 6 (September 11, 2018): 831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650118799927.

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In order to meet the needs of temperature measurement for testing lubrication system or revealing scuffing failure mechanism of spur gear, a temperature measurement method analysis is carried out. This method shifts the high temperature region to a position convenient for measurement. And the measurement target including the highest temperature of gear and its location are also shifted to the new position. Considering the change of gear temperature field caused by thermal barrier covering the end face, the temperature difference of the target measurement position and the direct measurement position is analyzed by finite element method. Taking a spur gear pair as an example, its temperature field is obtained in the thermal steady state before and after shifting of temperature. The results show that temperature of the target measurement position and the direct measurement position is same in distribution, and temperature of the direct measurement position is higher than the temperature in the target measurement position. The highest temperature of the direct measurement position increases by 2.5%. As a result, considering the increment as the safety margin, it is not conservative to estimate the temperature in the target measurement position by the measured temperature data in the direct measurement position. And the measured temperature data also will help to find out the location of the highest temperature of gear in the target measurement position. Meanwhile, the accidental risk of scuffing failure can be avoided during experimental research in testing lubrication system or revealing scuffing failure mechanism by this temperature measurement method. And the comparison of the analytical results with the experimental measurement data shows good agreement.

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Ajayi, O. O., C. Lorenzo-Martin, R. A. Erck, and G. R. Fenske. "Scuffing mechanism of near-surface material during lubricated severe sliding contact." Wear 271, no. 9-10 (July 2011): 1750–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.12.086.

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Rudd, L. M., C. G. Barnes, and D. A. Kelly. "Aspects of thrust cone tribology: Part 2: Surface failure in thrust cones and the influence of rolling and sliding speeds in concentrated contacts." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 212, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1350650981541903.

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This paper outlines relevant aspects of the operation of thrust cones and describes salient features of an unexpected form of failure encountered in small-scale thrust cone simulation tests. Interpretation of the thrust cone simulation test results in the light of related twin-disc tests at the relevant low slide-roll ratio leads to two conclusions. Rather than scuffing, the limiting surface failure mechanism in small-scale thrust cone tests was general plastic deformation with cold pressure welding promoted by the lack of support at the cone edges and the prolate epicycloidal path followed by the contact. The limiting surface failure mechanism in full-scale thrust cone bearings, which have markedly lower curvature and higher rolling speed than used in small-scale simulation tests, was predicted to be scuffing delayed to relatively severe operating conditions by prior running-in. Further development of the insights gained from the related twin-disc work results in two recommendations. Future work should be directed to assessing the surface modification that follows transition from EHL to mixed lubrication and redefining the conditions in which transition to micro-EHL occurs in order to quantify the potential enhancement of scuffing resistance offered by controlled running-in. It should also concentrate on evaluating the combined effects of microgeometry conducive to lubricant film formation and material properties resistant to weld formation in order to obviate the difficulty of assigning a representative value to the operating friction coefficient that is common to a number of proposed failure criteria.

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12

Jiang, Jihai, Cunran Zhao, and Geqiang Li. "Tribological Properties of Polyether–Ether–Ketone-Based Coating under Mixed and Boundary Aviation Kerosene-Lubrication Condition." Coatings 10, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010001.

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Because of its excellent tribological performance, polyether–ether–ketone (PEEK)-based coatings have been used extensively under mixed and boundary water-lubrication conditions. To verify that the PEEK-based coating is applicable to aviation kerosene, one advanced coating was proposed and two typical metals, namely, alloy steel 38CrMoAlA and tin bronze ZQPb17-4-4, were selected as counterparts. Four sets of experiments that involved a scuffing (step load) and Stribeck curve (step speed), constant load, and strengthened load were carried out, which showed that the counterpart material’s properties, such as its hardness, thermal conductivity, and composition, had an important effect on the tribological performance of the PEEK-based coating. Scuffing experiments showed that the PEEK-based coating against ZQPb17-4-4 exhibited better scuffing performance. Stribeck curve experiments showed that the PEEK-based coating against 38CrMoAlA was under the mixed lubrication condition over a wider range of speeds, and wear experiments (constant load and strengthened load) showed that the PEEK-based coating against 38CrMoAlA exhibited a relatively low coefficient of friction and low wear rate. The formation and appearance of the tribofilm on the surface of the counterparts influenced the wear mechanism of the PEEK-based coating. The PEEK-based coating showed excellent properties, especially when rubbed against 38CrMoAlA.

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Yan, Yu Tao, Yu Qiu Huo, Zhi Li Sun, and Zhen Xing Xu. "Preparation of Electroless Ni-P Composite Coating and its Tribological Properties." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 696–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.696.

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The Ni-P composite coatings onto 4043 aluminum alloy were prepared by electroless plating with nickel sulfate and sodium hypoposphite as raw material. The Ni-P composite coatings were heat-treated for 1 hour at 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, 500°C and 600°C, respectively. The tribological behaviour of the coatings was investigated on a vertical universal friction/wear tester under dry friction. The morphology and phase structure of the composite coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the microhardness of the composite coatings were measured by Vickers diamond indenter. The results showed that the as-deposited coatings had smooth cellular pattern and amorphous structure, and the microhardness of the coatings reached the maximum at 400°C heat treatment, the reason is the formation of Ni3P alloy phase with increasing of the heat treatment temperature. The friction coefficient of coatings annealed at 400°C is the lowest. The wear loss was found to increase with corresponding increase in load and sliding speed. It was found that the wear mechanism of the as-deposited Ni-P composite coatings was dominated by adhesive wear and scuffing under the experimental conditions, but the wear mechanism of the coatings annealed at 400°C was scuffing.

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14

Evans, H. P., and R. W. Snidle. "A Model for Elastohydrodynamic Film Failure in Contacts Between Rough Surfaces Having Transverse Finish." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831618.

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The paper describes an elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) model for collapse of the film in a contact of finite width between surfaces which have roughness aligned transverse to that of lubricant entrainment. The failure mechanism proposed is that of sideways leakage of the lubricant in the gaps that are present between the surfaces due to the valley features of the surface roughness. Under typical high temperature conditions with surfaces finished by conventional grinding, it is shown that the gap between the surfaces when lubricated is almost identical to that between the same dry surfaces in contact with the addition of a small land clearance equivalent to the nominal EHL film thickness. Analysis of idealized valley geometries leads to criteria for complete cavitation or significant loss of pressure between asperity contacts, but application of these criteria to a real contact suggests that scuffing occurs under conditions which are less severe than predicted by either of these simple failure models. Detailed analysis of leakage from the valley features in the transverse direction at the edges of a real elliptical contact shows that this can explain the complete loss of the film in a real contact, and this suggests a physical mechanism of scuffing.

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Chu, Hsiao Yeh, Wen Chen Hsu, and Jen Fin Lin. "Scuffing mechanism during oil-lubricated block-on-ring test with diamond nanoparticles as oil additive." Wear 268, no. 11-12 (May 2010): 1423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.02.016.

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16

Baglin, K. P. "Micro-Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication and its Relationship with Running-in." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 200, no. 6 (November 1986): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1986_200_150_02.

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The paper determines the conditions under which sinusoidal asperities with a circumferential lay become elastically deformed by hydrodynamic pressure ripples within an elastohydrodynamic conjunction. The information is presented on a non-dimensional plot and it is found that such micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication (micro-EHL) occurs at relatively low loads and/or with thin macroelastohydrodynamic films. Consideration is given to the way in which the plot may be extended to deal with real surfaces. Its use is demonstrated by the presentation of the lubrication histories of two scuffing tests, one of which ‘ran-in’ prior to failure. It is shown that the test which ‘ran-in’ operated throughout under micro-EHL conditions; in contrast, the second test, which started at a high load and with a thick EHL film, failed practically as soon as there was nominal contact between the surfaces. It is suggested that micro-EHL is a necessary prerequisite for ‘running-in’ and a mechanism is outlined.

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Wang, Xigui, Hui Huang, Jingyu Song, Yongmei Wang, and Jiafu Ruan. "Numerical Analysis of Friction Reduction and ATSLB Capacity of Lubricated MTS with Textured Micro-Elements." Lubricants 11, no. 2 (February 11, 2023): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11020078.

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The simulation analysis numerically investigates the thermoelastic lubricated interfacial Textured Micro-Element (TME) load-bearing contact, a theoretical model is proposed, and the effective friction reduction and Anti-Thermoelastic Scuffing Load bearing (ATSLB) capacity between random rough Meshing Teeth Surfaces (MTS) are presented, the mechanism linking interfacial thermoelastic lubrication, TME meshing friction reduction and ATSLB is revealed. The real contact domain area between MTS with multi-scale Micro-Element Textures (MET) is obtained for the numerical calculation of the three-dimensional equivalent TME contact volume, which is the correlation bridge between friction reduction and ATSLB of the thermoelastic lubrication interface. The proposed theoretical model predicts the time-varying behaviour of the textured meshing interface friction reduction with TME contact load under thermoelastic lubrication conditions. Numerical simulations show that the textured interface meshing volume is the key to solving the load-bearing problem of line contact between randomly rough teeth surfaces. The friction coefficients of the MTS are reduced by 13–24%. The lubricated load-bearing and friction reduction behaviour between the textured MTS is quantified by the thermoelastic voids of TME interface and actual meshing volume ratio, which provides a new perspective for further insight into the lubrication and friction reduction behaviour between the MTS with multi-scale MET-ATSLB coupling mechanism.

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Wang, Xiaoming, Boen Tang, Linlin Wang, Dongyun Wang, Weiping Dong, and Xiping Li. "Microstructure, Microhardness and Tribological Properties of Bronze–Steel Bimetallic Composite Produced by Vacuum Diffusion Welding." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 20, 2022): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041588.

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In this paper, a lead–bronze/steel bimetal composite was produced by vacuum diffusion welding technology. The microstructure, hardness and tribological properties under the dry sliding condition of the bimetal structured material were investigated and compared with two reference samples, i.e., lead–bronze and Mn/Si–brass. The wear mechanism of the three materials was also analyzed in detail. It was found that the bimetallic structure possessed the best wear resistance among the three samples. When paired with the ball bearing steel, the wear rates of the lead–bronze and Mn/Si–brass were 13 and 54 times higher than that of the bimetal composite. When paired with bearing steel, the wear rates of the two materials were 13 and 54 times higher than the bimetallic composite, respectively. This is because the steel layer served as a bearing layer to decrease the plastic deformation of the bronze layer. Furthermore, the lead can accelerate the formation of a dense hardened layer at the sliding interfaces to avoid subsequent wear of the bronze surface. Nevertheless, this hardened layer caused severe scuffing on the steel balls. Therefore, lead–bronze/steel structured material is recommended to match with hard counterface material, such as cemented carbide.

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Taha-Tijerina, Jaime, Ruben Calderón, and Bárbara Rodriguez. "Optimization and Nanoreinforcements of Lubricant Concentration for Steel Sheet Forming Process." International Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technologies 13, no. 2 (December 20, 2021): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54684/ijmmt.2021.13.2.137.

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In metal-mechanic industry, lubricants are applied to improve products’ quality and tools useful life, while reducing friction and wear, also removing the generated heat during the material processing. Tribological evaluations are performed varying the water content of two widely used lubricants in automotive metal-forming operations. Evaluations are first performed to determine the optimal lubricant dilutions, followed by reinforcement of 2D-nanostructures of hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN). Tribological characterization under extreme pressures (EP) are performed with a four-ball tribometer according to the Institute for Sustainable Technologies –National Research Institute (ITeE-PIB) Polish method under scuffing conditions. The optimized concentrations are determined for Ecodraw and Montgomery lubricants, representing a 28% and 3% improvement in pressure loss limit at 1:8 and 1:6 concentrations, respectively. Block-on-ring tribotest is used to determine the coefficient of friction (COF) of the optimized lubricant dilutions and h-BN nanolubricants, which represent ~10% improvement. These results could be attributed to diverse factors such as a layering mechanism of the 2D nanostructures, soft van der Waals forces between 2D h-BN layers, and the deposition of h-BN on the worn surface, decreasing the shearing stress and COF. Finally, thermal conductivity evaluations showed an enhancement by 30% and 15% with addition of h-BN, demonstrating the potential of 2D nanostructures for improving the efficiency on antiwear and thermal transport.

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Kumar, Paras, Harish Hirani, and Atul Kumar Agrawal. "Online condition monitoring of misaligned meshing gears using wear debris and oil quality sensors." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 4 (May 8, 2018): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-05-2016-0106.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the effect of misalignment on wear of spur gears and on oil degradation using online sensors. Design/methodology/approach The misalignment effect on gears is created through a self-alignment bearing, and is measured using laser alignment system. Several online sensors such as Fe-concentration sensor, moisture sensor, oil condition sensor, oil temperature sensor and metallic particle sensor are installed in the gear test rig to monitor lubricant quality and wear debris in real time to assess gearbox failure. Findings Offset and angular misalignments are detected in both vertical and horizontal planes. The failure of misaligned gear is observed at both the ends and on both the surfaces of the gear teeth. Larger-size ferrous and non-ferrous particles are traced by metallic particle sensor due to gear and seal wear caused by misalignment. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images examine chuck, spherical and flat platelet particles, and confirm the presence of fatigue (pitting) and adhesion (scuffing) wear mechanism. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of SEM particles traces carbon (C) and iron (Fe) elements due to gear failure. Originality/value Gear misalignment is one of the major causes of gearbox failure and the lubricant analysis is as important as wear debris analysis. A reliable online gearbox condition monitoring system is developed by integrating wear and oil analyses for misaligned spur gear pair in contact.

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Kravtsov, A. "Evaluation of tribological characteristics of technical oils with fullerene compositions." Problems of tribology 98, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2020-98-4-6-12.

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The paper presents experimental studies of the tribological characteristics of liquid lubricants of various viscosity classes and various groups of operation when using fullerene compositions. Tribological characteristics were evaluated on a four-ball friction machine according to GOST 9490. The use of fullerene compositions in the form of a finely dispersed fullerene powder, pre-dispersed (dissolved) in vegetable high oleic oils, for example, rapeseed, with the subsequent addition of the resulting composition to technical oils of various viscosity classes and various groups of operation, leads to the following positive effect. The anti-wear properties of oils, which are assessed by the wear indicator, increase by 20,0…30,7 %, and the critical load on 18,8…25,0%. These indicators significantly exceed similar indicators when using fullerene fine powders without preliminary dispersion in vegetable oils, where the effect is on the border 11,1…15 %. Fullerene additives do not affect the extreme pressure properties of base oils, which are assessed by the scuffing load. This result makes it possible to state that the way to improve the tribological properties of lubricants by introducing a fine powder of fullerenes into base technical oils is ineffective. The experimental results obtained confirm the hypothesis about the possibility of the micelle formation mechanism in the lubricant under the action of the electrostatic field of the friction surface. The presence of a surfactant solvent (vegetable oil) allows you to "start" the micelle formation process at lower fullerene concentrations and to obtain the effect of increasing anti-wear properties.

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Putintsev, S. V., and A. G. Ageev. "Experimental research of conditions of cylinder oil supply in high-speed four-stroke internal-combustion engine." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 83, no. 10 (October 15, 2016): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66240.

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The research is relevant because oil supply processes in the cylinders of four-stroke piston engines with traditional cranking mechanism and combined lubricating system are understudied. The research aims to receive the experimental data on pattern of motor oil distribution by circumference of cylinder for the specified type of internal-combustion engine. The measurement method is based on organization of drainage and following quantity control of oil that is removed by piston rings from internal surface of the cylinder. Experimental device corresponding to this method represents the low-sized high-speed four-stroke air-cooled TMZ-450D diesel engine having a cylinder with six oil-catch through holes executed in its bottom support belt and supplied with thin-walled tubes. Tests were performed under rotation of crankshaft by means of outside source (balanced engine) with nominal speed. The oil filling of any first of six tubes was considered as a moment of ending for each experience. The quantity of oil in tubes was controlled by measuring of oil column length in every tube. During cranking both with air compression and without it, experiments show that quantity of motor oil removed by piston rings from non-loaded cylinder wall side in all cases is more by 15-18% than from the loaded one. Such pattern of oil distribution by circumference of a cylinder at which non-loaded side receives more oil than the loaded one, points to the infringement of principle of coordination between lubricating and loading conditions. That increases the risk of wear and bore scuffing in cylinder-piston unit. In spite of limitation by only one method and one object, the received results show the expediency of following studies of features of cylinder oil supply for the specified type of engines to increase their work reliability.

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Slinko, Dmitriy B., Vyacheslav A. Denisov, Sergey A. Sidorov, and Valeriy P. Murzayev. "Improvement of restoration method of camshaft by gas-powder surfacing." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-58-3-146-153.

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Wear is most susceptible to parts of the cylinder-piston group and the gas distribution mechanism, in particular, camshafts, the main defect of which is the wear of the cams in height. It is important to identify the nature of wear and choose a rational method for restoring camshafts. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in increasing the reliability and durability of the restored camshafts by including an additional running-in operation with the introduction in the cam-pusher zone of a molybdenum disulfide modifier, which has antifriction, extreme-pressure and wear-resistant properties. (Materials and methods) Camshafts are made of low-carbon, medium-carbon steels and high-strength cast iron and are classified as parts of a complex configuration with high accuracy parameters; in their operation, the prevailing defect is the wear of the cams in height. For their recovery, a gas-thermal method of surfacing the cams was implemented with a GN-2 burner using self-fluxing Nickel-based alloys of the PG-CP2,3,4. (Results and discussion) The determining factors for the performance of restored gas-powder surfacing camshafts of diesel engines are not only physical characteristics (strength of adhesion of the coating to the base - adhesion, hardness, density), but also friction compatibility with the counterbody, workability and burr-proof. The article proposes to include in the technological process the operation of pre-run with the introduction of dry molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) into the run-in zone. (Conclusions) The use of dry friction with the help of molybdenum disulfide in the first stage of running-in prepares the friction surface for further engine running-in with the use of appropriate tribopreparations. Molybdenum disulfide in the friction surfaces accelerates the running-in of the surfaces, eliminates the possibility of scuffing, reduces the friction force and increases the service life of the repaired engine.

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Shen, M. C., H. S. Cheng, and P. C. Stair. "Scuffing Failure in Heavily Loaded Slow Speed Conformal Sliding Contacts." Journal of Tribology 113, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920585.

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Scuffing failure phenomenon is studied experimentally in heavily loaded slow speed conformal sliding contacts of two flat thrust washers in a regime close to boundary lubricated condition. Lubricants used are base oils of pure mineral oil and poly-α-olefin (PAO). Speed range is 0.76–33.0 cm/s. Material studied is hardened 52100 steel for both washers in contact. Scuffing threshold load at failure, friction, and surface bulk temperature are major data measured. The surface total temperature is determined with the measure bulk temperature in addition to the surface flash temperature calculated using Jaeger’s theory. Characteristic scuffing failure mechanisms are categorized in terms of various speed ranges. A simple model is proposed to predict scuffing failure based on theories in adsorption/desorption dominated lubricated wear and metal oxide formation kinetics. Good agreement is found between experimental data and theoretical prediction in terms of threshold load in certain speed range.

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Michalczewski, Remigiusz, Witold Piekoszewski, Waldemar Tuszynski, and Marian Szczerek. "The problems of resistance to scuffing of heavily loaded lubricated friction joints with WC/C-coated parts." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 66, no. 3 (April 8, 2014): 434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-01-2012-0001.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to explore the mechanisms of scuffing propagation of heavily loaded lubricated friction pair elements coated with low-friction WC/C coating for various material combinations. Design/methodology/approach – The investigations were performed for low-friction coatings WC/C (a-C:H:W) deposited by the reactive sputtering physical vapour deposition (PVD) process. Experiments were carried out using a four-ball tester with continuously increasing loads. Tests were conducted for the following four material combinations: steel/steel tribosystem (all balls uncoated); steel/coating tribosystem (one upper ball uncoated/three lower balls WC/C-coated); coating/steel tribosystem (one upper ball WC/C-coated/three lower balls uncoated); and coating/coating tribosystem (all balls WC/C-coated). Findings – The better scuffing resistance is achieved by coating only one element (coating/steel tribosystem) than all elements (coating/coating tribosystem). The description of scuffing propagation for all investigated tribosystems was done. The high scuffing resistance of the coating/steel tribosystem resulted from reducing the adhesion between rubbing surfaces due to low chemical affinity (similarities) between the steel and the coating material and the presence of solid lubricant in the friction zone. Practical implications – In all cases, when a coating is applied, an increase in scuffing resistance is observed. However, it is better to coat only one element than all. Furthermore, the scuffing resistance for the coating/steel tribosystem is significantly higher than for the steel/coating tribosystem. Originality/value – The main value of this paper is description of scuffing propagation and revealing the new aspects in application of low-friction WC/C coating for heavily loaded lubricated friction pair elements. The overlapping ratio has been defined as an important factor influencing the scuffing resistance of the coated tribosystems.

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Kelly, D. A., C. G. Barnes, and L. M. Rudd. "Aspects of thrust cone tribology: Part 1: Effects of slide to roll ratio on surface failure mechanisms in twin-disc tests." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 212, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1350650981541895.

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This paper describes mineral oil lubricated twin-disc tests with nominal point or line contact at rolling (mean surface) speeds in the range 3-23 m/s and slide-roll ratios in the range 15-80 per cent. The results identify a regime in the sliding/rolling speed domain in which failure of EN36A (750 DPN) and EN24U (350 DPN) is predominantly by scuffing preceded by running-in, which delays scuffing to relatively severe operating conditions. At speed combinations above the identified regime, the steels fail by scuffing in, or close to, mixed lubrication conditions with little or no running-in, so that the conventional failure criterion based on a film thickness to r.m.s. surface roughness value of three is appropriate. At speed combinations below the identified regime, load intensity becomes sufficient so that general plastic deformation intervenes before failure by scuffing can occur and a shakedown-based criterion becomes appropriate. Observations of contact frequency variations suggest that with steel surfaces at 650 and 750 DPN running-in is produced by rubbing of asperity tips and that with steel surfaces at 350 and 450 DPN it is produced by hydrodynamic ripple pressures. For the latter materials at low slide-roll ratios, macro- and micropitting are likely concomitants of plastic deformation.

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Ramprasad, M., and M. M. Mayuram. "Some Studies on Scuffing Performance of Surface Treated AISI 4340 Steels." Journal of Tribology 125, no. 1 (December 31, 2002): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1504089.

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Scuffing or scoring is an important form of damage leading to component replacements in lubricated mechanical systems such as power drives, gears, bearings, cams and followers, piston rings etc. Since scuffing necessarily involves localized welding of asperities, suitable surface modifications or coating can impart a good resistance to scuffing. A new class of low temperature salt bath nitriding process provides good resistance to scuffing. The current work is on evaluation of the scuffing resistance of AISI 4340 steels imparted with two such treatments. Experimental investigations were conducted on Sursulf and Arcor treated AISI 4340 steel specimen using a pin on ring test system under boundary lubrication condition. Continuous monitoring of friction records and (near surface) bulk temperature were done under step loading. Limiting loads and load velocity relations were evaluated and using the data generated and a thermo-mechanical wear model, performance is indexed. Off line studies on surface finish, hardness variations and surface transformations were also accomplished. Some salient aspects of the investigation and data generated are presented here. Onset of scuffing was observed to be far delayed with pin specimen imparted with these treatments compared to hardening.

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Lee, S. C., and H. S. Cheng. "Scuffing Theory Modeling and Experimental Correlations." Journal of Tribology 113, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920624.

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The scuffing behavior for contacts operating in the partial elastohydrodynamic lubrication regime is shown to be greatly affected by the asperity contact temperatures and the lubricant pressures inside the elastohydrodynamic lubrication conjunction. A scuffing model which takes into account the temperature and pressure effects for predicting the onset of scuffing failure has been developed. This model is based on the lubricant molecule physisorption theory and is capable of predicting the scuffing failures for general contact conditions including the boundary lubrication contacts and the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (ehl) contacts. A preliminary investigation into this model showed a good correlation existing between the theory and some scuffing experiment results conducted on a twin disk machine. However, more experimentation is necessary to further ascertain the validity of this new model. To validate the new scuffing theory, a method for calculating the asperity flash temperatures is formulated. The flash temperature calculations were performed using the actual digitized run-in surface profiles of the mating bodies. The necessary informations for calculating the flash temperatures such as, the real areas of contact and the asperity contact pressures were all determined using a recently developed rough surface contact simulation model.

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Morris, S., R. J. K. Wood, T. J. Harvey, and H. E. G. Powrie. "Use of Electrostatic Charge Monitoring for Early Detection of Adhesive Wear in Oil Lubricated Contacts." Journal of Tribology 124, no. 2 (June 19, 2001): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1398293.

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Electrostatic charge sensing technology has been used to monitor adhesive wear in oil lubricated contacts. Previous work in this area demonstrated that “precursor” charge events may be detected prior to the onset of scuffing. Possible charging mechanisms associated with the precursor events were identified as tribocharging, surface charge variation, exo-emissions and debris generation. This paper discusses the proposed charging mechanisms and details a series of investigative tests using an adapted pin-on-disc (PoD) rig. The PoD tests focused on surface charge variation effects and were of two types, non-contact, where different materials were inserted in the disc, and controlled scuffing tests.

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Zantopulos, Harry. "Some Observations on Scuffing in Tapered Roller Bearings." Journal of Tribology 120, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2834566.

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Tests were run on tapered roller bearings under severe operating conditions to promote the incidence of scuffing. This resulted in varying degrees of scuffing damage on the cone (inner race) ribs and/or spherical roller ends of some of the bearings. These were then examined using both the optical microscope and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, metallographic examinations were conducted on some of the damaged areas. On the basis of these observations, a qualitative model for the onset of scuffing is outlined. The quantitative data obtained from these tests was then analyzed in terms of Blok’s critical temperature criterion and also the scuffing criterion of the form WVx = constant.

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Enthoven, J. C., P. M. Cann, and H. A. Spikes. "Temperature and Scuffing." Tribology Transactions 36, no. 2 (January 1993): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402009308983157.

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32

Escobar-Jaramillo, Enrique F. "The Additive Ep-Condition and the Critical Scuffing Limit for Rolling-Sliding." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2837066.

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This paper introduces a new model for the scuffing load capacity in heavily loaded contacts, concerned specifically with the effects of EP-additive oils. The scuffing limit for the additive condition will be closely related to the initial additive-free case, using the calculation method of Blok, solely on a referential level. The process thermodynamics involved at a friction contact will be related to a phenomenological integral relation, containing the necessary internal coordinate to describe the implicit dependence of the friction coefficient with time. The experimental response of the friction contact depends on a relaxant friction coefficient due to the additive effect. The simple calculation method requires only three input parameters for the prediction of the scuffing limit, and these can be obtained from a few experimental scuffing tests. All the tribology of the present scuffing model can be considered to be contained in a simple linear relationship, with the sliding speed as the dominant variable. The calculation criterion has shown to have predictive capability which agrees well with experiments.

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Edachery, Vimal, V. Swamybabu, H. Rajneesh, and Satish V. Kailas. "Friction, Scuffing and Transfer Layer Formation in Lubricated Sliding of EN31 Steel and Tungsten Carbide (WC): Surface Topography Effects." Key Engineering Materials 901 (October 8, 2021): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.901.182.

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Surface topographies play a critical role in controlling friction, surface damage and transfer layer formation in engineering applications; hence understanding this is of great importance. In this work, experimental studies were carried out to understand the influence of surface topography on friction, scuffing and transfer layer formation in completely immersed lubricated sliding interactions. For this, sliding experiments were carried out in sphere on flat configuration using EN31 steel flats and Tungsten Carbide pin countersurface. Perpendicular and parallel surface topographies were induced onto the steel flats. Experiments were conducted at high normal loads of 1000N, 2000N and 3000N. The results show that Surface topography has a significant influence on the frictional response. When the topography directionality was perpendicular to the sliding direction, scuffing was observed only at a high load of 3000N. A ‘peak friction’ was also observed during the occurrence of scuffing. When the directionality in topography was parallel to sliding direction, scuffing and surface damage occurred from 2000N itself, accompanied by a high amount of transfer layer formation. This can be attributed to the directionality of parallel topography, which displaces away the lubricant during sliding interaction, creating metal-to-metal contact and hence leading to scuffing and higher transfer layer formation.

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Horng, Jeng Haur, Jen Fin Lin, and Ke Yang Li. "Scuffing as Evaluated From the Viewpoint of Surface Roughness and Friction Energy." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831590.

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The surface scuffing occurring in line-contact lubrication is related to the roller’s roughness pattern and asperity height. For surfaces with same contact asperity height, the magnitudes of friction power (Pf = fWVs) relevant to various roughness patterns are found to have the same sequence as the critical local temperatures. Instead of using the nominal contact area, the real contact area (At) is used to obtain the true friction power intensity (Ptfi = Pf/At). A new scuffing failure model (Ptfi · σ−0.317 = C, where σ denote rms roughness) shows that the scuffing resistance of surfaces with transverse roughness pattern is higher than that of surfaces with longitudinal and oblique patterns. For certain roughness patterns, a high root mean square roughness height a is always associated with the high Ptfi value just before scuffing.

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GUZOWSKI, Stanisław, Grzegorz ZAJĄC, and Grzegorz KACZOR. "SCUFFING WEAR OF THE TRIBOLOGICAL PAIRS UNDER OSCILLATORY MOTION." Tribologia 269, no. 5 (October 31, 2016): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6580.

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The surfaces of the friction pairs in oscillatory motion are exposed to the complex wear processes. Scuffing is a specific wear process, which comprises abrasive and adhesive wear. This paper presents the results of the preliminary scuffing tests, conducted on the T-05 test machine under oscillatory motion in the line contact. The results obtained from the tests confirmed the high probability of the scuffing occurrence under the assumed tests conditions. This is the basis for the planning of further research in this area.

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TRZOS, Magdalena, and Marian SZCZEREK. "FORMING USAGE PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS BY THE FUNCTIONAL ADDITIVES." Tribologia 267, no. 3 (June 30, 2016): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7304.

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The article presents the results of analysis of improvement possibilities of lubricating properties by the modification of lubricants with the use of functional additives that improve resistance to the wear and scuffing of frictional couple. The research encompasses different base oils. Mineral oil and the synthetic oils, i.e. ester oil and hydrocarbon oil, were investigated. Tribological investigations were conducted with the use of a four ball apparatus. The research results were analysed with particular consideration of simultaneous effects of two types of additives, i.e. anti-wear and anti-scuffing. As the result of research, the possibilities of forming a lubricant’s anti-wear and anti-scuffing properties have been demonstrated through the selection of the percentage of additives. The limitation of simultaneous improvement of both resistance to wear and scuffing was also demonstrated. This limitation is due to the additives’ interactions.

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37

Enthoven, J., and H. A. Spikes. "Infrared and Visual Study of the Mechanisms of Scuffing." Tribology Transactions 39, no. 2 (January 1996): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402009608983550.

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38

Johnson, R. R., T. A. Dow, and Y. Y. Zhang. "Thermoelastic Instability in Elliptic Contact Between Two Sliding Surfaces." Journal of Tribology 110, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261580.

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The scuffing failure of a sliding contact is a complicated process, involving physics, chemistry, and mechanical science. No comprehensive theory has yet been formulated; the published work consists of studying each aspect independently. The objective of this paper is to present a thermoelastic instability theory of scuffing for elliptic contact between sliding surfaces. From this analylsis, the condition for which instability occurs is obtained. The approximate equation includes the effects of load, speed, coefficient of friction and material properties and can be used as an estimate to prevent scuffing failure. The results calculated from this equation are shown to provide satisfactory agreement with available experimental data.

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39

Patching, M. J., C. C. Kweh, H. P. Evans, and R. W. Snidle. "Conditions for Scuffing Failure of Ground and Superfinished Steel Disks at High Sliding Speeds Using a Gas Turbine Engine Oil." Journal of Tribology 117, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831279.

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This paper describes the results of an experimental investigation to compare the scuffing performance of conventionally ground and superfinished hardened steel disks operating at sliding speeds of up to 26 m/s and lubricated with a gas turbine engine oil at a temperature of 100° C. The ground disks were finished in the axial direction to simulate the orientation of surface finish found on involute gears. Superfinishing was found to give a significant increase in the load at which scuffing occurred. Frictional traction was also measured in the experiments and was found to be significantly lower for the superfinished disks in the loading stages preceding scuffing failure.

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40

Rhatigan, J. L., R. R. Johnson, and T. A. Dow. "An Experimental Study of Thermoelastic Effects in Scuffing Failure of Sliding Lubricated Contacts." Journal of Tribology 111, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261874.

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The thermoelastic instability theory of scuffing failure in elliptic contact between two sliding surfaces, developed by Johnson, Dow, and Zhang, was tested experimentally on a disk machine. The theoretical model predicts a boundary, beyond which scuffing failure is expected to occur, that depends upon contact load, sliding speed, coefficient of friction, geometrical parameters, and thermal and material properties of the contact surfaces. Experiments were performed using three contact lubricants of different viscosity, and two steels with different thermal and material properties. Results correlate with the model in the regime of high calculated specific film thickness (λ≥4) and for the two steels tested. The model as stated fails to predict scuffing failure in a regime of low calculated specific film thickness (λ≤1.3). The experimental results did not answer the question of whether there is a difference in the scuffing boundaries of the two steels tested. A time dependency to failure was observed in the regime of high specific film thickness and some indication of moving ‘hot spots’ was observed.

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41

McCool, J. I., and J. John. "Flash Temperature on the Asperity Scale and Scuffing." Journal of Tribology 110, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261709.

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A simulation model is described for determining the distribution of asperity flash temperatures when rough surfaces undergo relative sliding. The asperities are assumed to deform elastically and to have coulomb friction at their tips. The spherical asperity model of Greenwood-Williamson is joined with the flash temperature approximation formulas developed by Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf. Two example applications illustrate the effect of sliding speed and material role reversal on mean flash temperature. The model is applied to scuffing tests on ground and polished roller specimens reported in the literature. The predicted flash temperature is found to vary inversely with the experimentally observed scuffing loads within each finish type. For the same rolling and sliding speeds, the ground specimens had a lower observed scuffing load and a higher predicted mean flash temperature than the smoother polished specimens.

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42

Aramaki, H., H. S. Cheng, and D. Zhu. "Film Thickness, Friction, and Scuffing Failure of Rib/Roller End Contacts in Cylindrical Roller Bearings." Journal of Tribology 114, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920889.

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The lubrication performance of rib/roller end contacts of cylindrical roller bearings was studied both theoretically and experimentally for end-crowned rollers and inclined ribs. A partial EHL program was used to calculate the film thickness and the friction in the rib/roller end contact. Calculated minimum film thickness shows a strong load dependence although the central film thickness is still a weak function of the load. The influence of the contact position on the film thickness was also investigated for roller skewness and design tolerance. It was found that the contact location affects the minimum film thickness strongly in spite of a weak influence on the central film thickness. Friction and scuffing experiments were conducted on a special rig, which can achieve arbitrary slide/roll ratio to simulate the rib/roller end contacts. Good agreements were found between measured and calculated friction based on the assumption that the lubricant was Newtonian. In scuffing experiments, scuffing propagation was observed on the rib contact surface. The critical load for scuffing is strongly correlated with the sliding velocity. The critical load at high speeds is lower than that at low speeds although the friction at high speeds is lower. These data imply the importance of the contact location and the wear process for film breakdown.

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43

Piekoszezuski, W., M. Szczerek, and W. Tuszynski. "Method for scuffing propagation assessment." Tribotest 7, no. 3 (March 2001): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tt.3020070304.

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44

Bowman, W. F., and G. W. Stachowiak. "A review of scuffing models." Tribology Letters 2, no. 2 (June 1996): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00160970.

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45

Chandrasekaran, S., M. V. Khemchandani, and J. P. Sharma. "Effect of abrasive contaminants on scuffing." Tribology International 18, no. 4 (August 1985): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-679x(85)90065-9.

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46

Li, Sheng, and Ahmet Kahraman. "A scuffing model for spur gear contacts." Mechanism and Machine Theory 156 (February 2021): 104161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2020.104161.

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47

Jackson, A., M. N. Webster, and J. C. Enthoven. "The Effect of Lubricant Traction on Scuffing." Tribology Transactions 37, no. 2 (January 1994): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402009408983307.

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KOZDRACH, Rafał. "THE TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LUBRICATING GREASES BASED ON RENEWABLE OILS." Tribologia 266, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7565.

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The paper discusses the influence of vegetable oil basis on lubricating properties of their selected compositions. Four vegetable oils were used for production of lubricating greases: rapeseed, sunflower, soybean, and castor, all thickened with modified silica of Aerosil® type. The tribological properties of lubricating greases based on vegetable oils were investigated. On their basis, the most beneficial compositions were selected. The tribological properties of greases were estimated via measurements of limiting load of wear (Goz/40), welding load (Pz), scuffing load (Pt), limiting load of scuffing (Poz), and the limiting pressure of seizure (Poz). Based on the obtained results, it may be concluded that the best antiwear properties were shown by the lubricating compositions based on rapeseed oil, whereas the best antiscuffing properties have compositions using castor oil as a disperse phase.

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Raddatz, Karl Jakob, Thomas Tobie, Klaus Michaelis, and Karsten Stahl. "Scintific Evaluation of Investigations on the Load Carrying Capacity of Carbide Cylindrical Gears Lubricated with Water." Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik 69, eOnly Sonderausgabe 2 (2022): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24053/tus-2022-0035.

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In this paper, the material-lubricant-systems of water lubrication combined with gears made from different tungsten carbide compositions are investigated regarding their behavior concerning wear as well as further gear failures such as scuffing, pitting and tooth root breakage.

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Yoon, Hyung, Todor Sheiretov, and Cris Cusano. "Scuffing of Area Contacts Under Starved Lubrication Conditions." Tribology Transactions 43, no. 4 (January 2000): 722–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402000008982401.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mechanism of scuffing'

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