Journal articles on the topic 'Mechanism of cost formation'
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Li, Cuihong, Shuchi Chawla, Uday Rajan, and Katia Sycara. "Mechanism design for coalition formation and cost sharing in group-buying markets." Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 3, no. 4 (December 2004): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2004.06.004.
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Wang, Qiuzhen, Xinjun Mao, Shuo Yang, Yin Chen, and Xinwang Liu. "Grouping-based adaptive spatial formation of swarm robots in a dynamic environment." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 15, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 172988141878235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881418782359.
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Spatial formations of swarm robots are increasingly applied in many domains in which the environments are dynamic and unpredictable. The autonomy of the individual robots and decentralization of the entire system increase the complexity of the response to environmental changes, which could prolong the formation convergence and significantly increase the communication cost. To address these issues, we propose an adaptive mechanism with three basic behaviours for each individual robot and design a grouping-based spatial formation algorithm for swarm robots to respond to changes and accomplish shape formation. Specifically, the robots are automatically partitioned into several groups based on their spatial neighbours. In this manner, the interactions and self-organization of robots are primarily performed at the intra-group rather than inter-group level, leading to decreased communication costs. Furthermore, this grouping mechanism naturally supports parallel formation and therefore improves the convergence speed. Our simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the convergence speed and decreases the communication cost, thus validating the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive mechanism.
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Sekisov, Aleksandr N., Olga G. Degtyareva, Natalia V. Samsonova, and Marina N. Grigoryan. "Development of the Methods Improving the Production Costs Formation Process." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 1210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.1210.
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On the basis of the developed model and the basic scheme for improving the process of formation of production costs, a technique allowing to optimise the operation of the construction complex enterprises cost mechanism by selecting the best option for the ratio of the influence of production cost factors levels to cost indicators and their manageability levels is being proposed.
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Kotliarova, V. G., Y. M. Derenska, and O. V. Hladkova. "Formation of an Approach to Cost Management of Industrial Enterprise." Business Inform 11, no. 514 (2020): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-198-204.
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The article analyzes existing approaches to cost management; system and process approaches are defined as the most applicable. It is determined that with both of these approaches the object of cost management is managerial actions and relationships arising in the process of formation of certain characteristics of the status of costs (compliance with the limits of the remuneration fund, consumption of raw materials etc.); the subject of management are structural subdivisions of the enterprise and responsible persons who carry out cost management procedures. The system approach considers cost management as a system in which a set of interconnected elements is allocated, there are links, mechanisms of interaction between individual elements, which help to achieve a certain goal, are determined. The process approach proposes to apply a management cycle to manage costs. Therefore, to improve the efficiency of cost management, it is advisable to apply dualism of approaches, for which it is proposed to combine system and process approaches. It is proved that the cost management system should consist of two subsystems: 1) the formation of a cost management system and 2) the functioning of the cost management system. These subsystems differ in such features as: purpose, tasks, functions, elements, mechanism of interaction. Two subsystems of the cost management system are connected as follows: the purpose of the subsystem of the cost management system formation is to develop methodological support for the functioning of the cost management subsystem. At the same time, the functioning of the subsystem of the cost management system is the management cycle: planning, accounting, control, analysis. This shows the implementation of the process approach to cost management.
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Kotliarova, V. G., Y. M. Derenska, and O. V. Hladkova. "Formation of an Approach to Cost Management of Industrial Enterprise." Business Inform 11, no. 514 (2020): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-198-204.
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The article analyzes existing approaches to cost management; system and process approaches are defined as the most applicable. It is determined that with both of these approaches the object of cost management is managerial actions and relationships arising in the process of formation of certain characteristics of the status of costs (compliance with the limits of the remuneration fund, consumption of raw materials etc.); the subject of management are structural subdivisions of the enterprise and responsible persons who carry out cost management procedures. The system approach considers cost management as a system in which a set of interconnected elements is allocated, there are links, mechanisms of interaction between individual elements, which help to achieve a certain goal, are determined. The process approach proposes to apply a management cycle to manage costs. Therefore, to improve the efficiency of cost management, it is advisable to apply dualism of approaches, for which it is proposed to combine system and process approaches. It is proved that the cost management system should consist of two subsystems: 1) the formation of a cost management system and 2) the functioning of the cost management system. These subsystems differ in such features as: purpose, tasks, functions, elements, mechanism of interaction. Two subsystems of the cost management system are connected as follows: the purpose of the subsystem of the cost management system formation is to develop methodological support for the functioning of the cost management subsystem. At the same time, the functioning of the subsystem of the cost management system is the management cycle: planning, accounting, control, analysis. This shows the implementation of the process approach to cost management.
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Ліхоносова, Ганна Сергіївна, and Катерина Михайлівна Лисікова. "ФІНАНСОВИЙ ІНСТРУМЕНТАРІЙ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ВИТРАТНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ СФЕРИ ТЕПЛОПОСТАЧАННЯ." TIME DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC REFORMS, no. 4 (January 27, 2020): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/cher.2019.4.07.
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Formulation of the problem. The current state of development of the Ukrainian economy requires new approaches to cost management and tariff policy formulation at utilities. The purpose of the article is to develop theoretical and methodological provisions for identifying the financial mechanism for optimizing the cost policy of heat supply companies, and to develop practical recommendations for the use of methods and tools that can optimize the cost policy of enterprises. The subject of the study is the regularity of the occurrence and course of the cost policy of heat supply companies. Methods used in the study: analysis, synthesis, abstract-logical, comparative and statistical, generalization and grouping; system-structural, functional, integral method and the like. Research hypothesis. Presence of necessity of differentiation of mechanism of formation of full cost of realization of thermal energy. Presenting main material. It is established that the current system of cost management in the housing and communal services industry is not able to contain the growth of costs, reduce the unproductive costs of material, labor and energy resources, ensure the efficiency of production of housing and communal services, break-even activities of enterprises of the industry, achieve their stable development. The originality and practical significance of the study are to develop a comprehensive mechanism for the formation of the cost of heat released, based on the separate formation of costs for the production of heat energy source heat and transport it through thermal networks. Conclusions of the study. The mechanism of formation of the full cost of the released thermal energy is developed, based on the separate formation of costs for the production of thermal energy by the source of heat supply and its transportation through thermal networks. Due to the high degree of wear and tear of fixed assets, it is suggested to include the costs of disaster recovery in the direct production costs for the production and transportation of heat. The proposed measures make it possible to fully calculate the cost of producing and transporting heat.
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Gao, Qing He, Bao Hui Wang, Chun Hui Guo, Fan Kun Meng, and Yi Can Wang. "Formation Mechanism and the Solving Measures of Sediments in Surface Pipelines of ASP Flooding." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2981–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2981.
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As a result of the base-rock corrosion effects and the suspension-carrying capability of polymer in the system of strong base ASP flooding, the concentration of silicon ions in reservoir liquid increases. As the liquid flows into the surface pipelines with tracer heating water injecting, thermodynamics and kinetics conditions change. Suspending power and pH value also decrease. Heavy oil (which content is more than 25%), silts, carbonates and silicates co-deposite, which can cause surface pipelines jamming and even production stopping. Physical or chemistry methods can prolong the rinsing cycles of surface pipelines. Pilot tests indicated that injecting resistance sedimentation agents cost little which had a long rinsing cycle above one year. Hot washing technology had a low cost but with a short rinsing cycle about 2-4 months and the treatment efficiency was easy influenced by the content of oil in blockages. Cavitating water jets technology had good effects and its rinsing cycle were 6 months but cost was high.
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Li, Juan, Yanxin Zhang, and Wenbo Li. "Formation Control of a Multi-Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Event-Triggered Mechanism Based on the Hungarian Algorithm." Machines 9, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9120346.
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Among the key technologies of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) leader–follower formations control, formation reconfiguration technology is one of the main technologies to ensure that multiple AUVs successfully complete their tasks in a complex operating environment. The biggest drawback of the leader–follower formations technology is the failure of the leader and the excessive communication pressure of the leader. Aiming at the problem of leader failure in multi- AUV leader–follower formations, the Hungarian algorithm is used to reconstruct the failed formation with a minimum cost, and the improvement of the Hungarian algorithm can solve the problem of a non-standard assignment. In order to solve the problem of an increased leader communication task after formation reconfiguration, the application of an event-triggered mechanism (ETM) can reduce unnecessary and useless communication, while the efficiency of the ETM can be improved through increasing the event-triggered conditions of the sampling error threshold. The simulation results of multi-AUV formation control show that the Hungarian algorithm proposed in this paper can deal with the leader failure in the multi-AUV leader–follower formation, and the ETM designed in this paper can reduce about 90% of the communication traffic of the formation which also proves the highly efficient performance of the improved ETM in the paper.
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Portan, Diana, Gabriela Strnad, Andrei Marian Feier, and Octav Marius Russu. "Highly Self-Organized Materials: Formation Mechanism and Electrochemical Synthesis." Materiale Plastice 55, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 398–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.3.5037.
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A class of intensively studied materials with application in areas where complex structures with precise geometry are needed (i.e. electronics), are the self-organized nanomaterials. Polymer, metallic and composite self-organized nanomaterials have been in researchers� attention the last decades. They are not only appealing scientifically, by revealing the intrinsic atomic and molecular interactions that might be difficult to detect otherwise but may also hold the key for the development of novel functional structures and devices. The different mechanisms and forces involved in the self-formation of organized nanostructures are discussed in the present manuscript. Further on, key formation fundamentals involved in the fabrication of self-organized nanostructures are described. Between the known manufacturing methods, the electrochemical synthesis is considered extremely simple and cost effective. On the other hand, it involves a wide range of synthesis parameters (e.g. voltage, electrolyte type, temperature, experiment duration, pH etc.) that may lead to the formation of ingenious structures with complex geometries at different length scales. Finally, some representative scientific investigations are mentioned together with applications of self-organized nanomaterials in different engineering and life areas.
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Golda, N., O. Burlitska, and O. Krause. "Investigation and formation of the sales mechanism." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 68, no. 1 (2021): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2021.01.166.
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The features of the mechanism of using the tools of the marketing complex in the sales process are investigated in this paper. It is proved that in market economy, the given concept of «4P» does not completely reveal the essence of marketing activities and should be supplemented by several components. This approach promotes the use of three more components that form appropriate standards for service enterprises. The concept of «sale», which is considered as oral exchange between the buyer and the seller, during which the seller makes the presentation of the goods for the purpose of concluding transaction is considered and supplemented. It is analyzed that the interpretation of the sales process only as a sphere of personal communication between seller and buyer does not take into account the preparation and organization of sales, physical movement of goods to the point of sale, but only establishes and maintains contacts with consumers. In this case, sales act as one of the tools of communication with the consumer and is aimed to find a buyer, convince him to buy the product and provide necessary sales. It is proved that it is the communication component of the sales process that distinguishes it from other concepts – sales and distribution and expands the scope, focusing on the end result and taking care of meeting the needs of consumers. Communication in this case plays the role of the tool by which the sales process is performed. In addition, it is also one of the sources for collecting information about the target consumer and formation of the company’s image, which aims to increase the number of loyal customers. It is proved that the purpose of formation of sales complex at the enterprise is the delivery of finished goods to the consumer and its effective realization for balance establishment between market demand and goods offer. The effectiveness of sales in this case is that the cost of relevant marketing activities of the enterprise must be recouped and give a direct and indirect effects, presented in the form of meeting consumer needs and increasing their loyalty to the company and its products, or in the form of profit growth per hryvnia of sales budget.
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IVANOV, M. "THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE MECHANISM OF COST FORMATION IN THE ACTIVITY OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES." HERALD of Khmelnytskyi national university 264, no. 6(1) (November 2018): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2018-264-6(1)-253-255.
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Long, Jiangyou, Zuo Cao, Chaohui Lin, Caixia Zhou, Zhijian He, and Xiaozhu Xie. "Formation mechanism of hierarchical Micro- and nanostructures on copper induced by low-cost nanosecond lasers." Applied Surface Science 464 (January 2019): 412–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.09.055.
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Olga Maslak, Natalya Grishko, Mariya Maslak, and Maksym Skliar. "Quality costs of machine-building enterprises in Ukraine: a control mechanism." Technium Social Sciences Journal 9 (July 8, 2020): 326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v9i1.1163.
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This article deals with the mechanism of quality costs management of machine-building enterprises and the assessment of the impact of these costs on the economic performance of enterprises. The analysis of literature sources on the issue of quality costs analysis has helped to identify the need to determine the determinants of quality cost items for machine-building enterprises, especially within Ukraine. The authors select national machine-building enterprises for the research. The researchers analyze the impact of the cost of sales and other types of costs on the net income from the sale of products, which is the basis for the formation of the enterprise's profits. To identify the determining quality cost items, the researchers investigate the effect of the quality cost items on the cost of sales. The article deals with making mathematical models for the studied enterprises, as well as the algorithm for performing the analysis. The results of the study indicate the impact of the cost of sales on the net income from the sale of products of enterprises, which is the most significant factor among the studied ones. The results also indicate the significant impact of certain quality cost items on the cost of sales. The results of this study can be applied at the practical level in the analysis and management of quality costs of machine-building enterprises and other industries.
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Sakovich, Igor. "Evaluation of the formation mechanism for economically sound expenses in suburban passenger transportation." Bulletin of scientific research results, no. 2 (August 10, 2016): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2016-2-17-28.
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Objective: To evaluate the economic consequences for state activity regulation of suburban passenger railway companies. Methods: The research employed the methods for calculating economically sound expenses considered in price (rate) formation for services provided by natural monopoly entities in public railway passenger transportation in suburban areas of the Russian Federation subjects. Results: Economic consequences were determined for the use of this state regulation tool for the suburban passenger complex, including its influence on the financial results of overall company activity as well as costs distribution for suburban passenger transportation between the Russian Federation subjects included in the company service range. Main factors influencing the net cost of transport operation and unit cost of transportation service were determined. Their influence over the economic factors of company operation in regions differing in passenger flow intensity and transport operation volumes was analyzed. The differences in reaction of the full-rate and discount passenger turnover to modification of service price and quality were determined. It was concluded that the current mechanism of income shortfall compensation does not provide the company with economic stimuli to reduce its operational costs. Practical importance: The research results can be used in forming an efficient mechanism for managing a suburban passenger transportation company, aimed at increasing its profitability and ensuring competitiveness on the suburban passenger transportation market.
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Chen, Kui, Baohong Hou, Hao Wu, Xin Huang, Fei Li, Yan Xiao, Jing Li, Ying Bao, and Hongxun Hao. "Hollow and Solid Spherical Azithromycin Particles Prepared by Different Spherical Crystallization Technologies for Direct Tableting." Processes 7, no. 5 (May 10, 2019): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7050276.
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Many drugs have a propensity for agglomeration, resulting in poor flowability. Spherical crystallization can be used to improve product properties including flowability and particle size. In this work, two methods were developed and utilized to successfully make two kinds of azithromycin spherical particles, namely solid and hollow spheres. The resultant product exhibited regular spherical shape, large particle size, narrow particle size distribution and excellent flowability. The formation mechanism of these different spherical crystals was investigated with the help of a particle vision microscope (PVM). The immersion mechanism and the counter diffusion mechanism were proposed as the formation mechanisms for solid and hollow spheres, respectively. The effects of crystallization parameters on the spherical crystallization processes were investigated systematically. Furthermore, the tablet properties were evaluated to verify that the spherical particles obtained in this work can be directly used for tableting, thus avoiding granulation processes and reducing cost.
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Kudryashova, Yu N., T. G. Lazareva, T. N. Makushina, and Yu V. Chernova. "The organization of management accounting as a mechanism to improve the efficiency of agricultural enterprises." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700028.
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The article discusses a comparative analysis of full cost systems, “direct cost” and “standard cost”. A comparative characteristic and features of using the accrual method and the cash basis method in management accounting are given. A practical example illustrates the advantages of using the cash method and the accrual method in calculating marginal income. The necessity of reflecting the marginal profit on a separate account 92 “Marginal profit (loss)” is substantiated and, in accordance with this, correspondence of accounts on the formation of marginal income using various methods is proposed. A new methodology for calculating CVP analysis indicators is proposed.
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Gadzhiev, Nazirkhan, Sergey Konovalenko, Mikhail Trofimov, Jamila Leontieva, and Khamida Akhmedova. "Management mechanism of human capital formation under a postindustrial economy." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 10005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016410005.
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The article is devoted to the study of unsolved problems of the human capital theory, as follows the determination of the mechanism of human capital formation, methods of economic analysis of its effectiveness and accounting costs for its formation. The authors rely on the approach to the definition of “human capital” generally accepted in the economic theory, in terms of which it is a complex of knowledge and the most important resource for sustainable development of the economy, as well as on the structural and systematic approaches, according to which the components of human contribute to the sustainable development of the economy capital acting in concert with each other. In this setting, the main unit of human capital is the member of the creative class. The authors consider a cost approach as the methodological basis for accounting and evaluating human capital in practice. As the main research methods, the authors use the model-building technique for the formation and accumulation of human capital, special methods of economic analysis and statistics. The theoretical and practical significance of the study lies in identifying the management mechanism of human capital formation and validation of the integrated assessment methods and the methods of accounting the effectiveness of the costs of developing human capital in the enterprise management system, which were tested when measuring the effectiveness of the particular enterprise’s investments in human capital.
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Kwilinski, Aleksy. "Mechanism of formation of industrial enterprise development strategy in the information economy." Virtual Economics 1, no. 1 (October 17, 2018): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34021/ve.2018.01.01(1).
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The article establishes that under the conditions of the information economy, industrial enterprises need a development strategy that takes into account the peculiarities of world changes in the spheres of production, marketing, management, etc. To solve this problem, a mechanism has been developed for forming a strategy for the development of an industrial enterprise in the information economy, based on the model of harmonization of specialized business processes with business process management, integration of management systems of specialized business processes into the general system of management of an industrial enterprise, as well as informatization and automation of business process management of the enterprise. Implementation of the developed mechanism into the practice of managing the development of an industrial enterprise provides an opportunity to increase its competitiveness, increase sales and reduce the cost of production.
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KORYTNYK, Liliya. "Accounting aspect of public finance management in the field of science." Fìnansi Ukraïni 2022, no. 1 (May 9, 2022): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2022.01.103.
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The article is devoted to the study of key approaches to the creation of a modern mechanism of public finance management in the field of science in Ukraine on the basis of accounting information about the real cost of research and development. The state of financing the sphere of science is analyzed, and negative trends are shown in the structure of public expenditures that do not contribute to the development of the scientific potential of our state. It has been determined that financing of subjects of scientific - technical activities should be carried out on the basis of a reliably determined cost of public services provided by them. It has been substantiated that the cost price as an indicator of the volumes, directions and quality of the use of budgetary funds should become the basis for determining the amount of government funding and establishing a contractual price for research and development. It has been shown that in the conditions of the declared European integration direction of the development of domestic science, Ukrainian subjects of scientific and scientific-technical activities function in the absence of a sectoral normative legal act on the formation of the cost price of scientific research and scientific-technical (experimental) developments. It is shown that in order to implement state policy to enhance domestic scientific and scientific -technical activities and integration into the European Research Area, it is necessary to agree on approaches to mechanisms for the distribution of budgetary funding and develop a unified regulatory framework for planning, accounting for research and development and calculating thе cost price. This will contribute to the formation of unified principles for determining the cost of scientific re and scientific - technical (experimental) developments to create a modern effective mechanism for managing public finances in the field of science.
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Chen, Hongli, and Xiuli Liu. "The Formation Mechanism of Green Dairy Industry Chain from the Perspective of Green Sustainable Development." Complexity 2020 (May 11, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2927153.
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By constructing an evolutionary game model of green dairy industry chain from the perspective of green sustainable development, this paper analyzed the evolution process of strategy selection of dairy farmers and dairy enterprises under the supervision of the government. The study found the following. (1) In the absence of supervision, even if the initial cooperation willingness of dairy farmers and dairy enterprises is strong, once the additional cost of their input of “green production” is less than the additional benefit, they will eventually choose noncooperative strategy. (2) In the case of government supervision, when the government punishment or subsidy is not strong enough, the strategic choice of dairy farmers and dairy enterprises will fluctuate repeatedly, and the game equilibrium cannot be reached. However, when the government punishments and subsidies are strong enough, dairy farmers and dairy enterprises will choose to cooperate in their own interests. At this time, government subsidies have a greater impact on the evolution of bilateral cooperation than government punishments. (3) The reduction of green production cost can promote the formation of the green dairy industry chain, which is conducive to the green dairy industry chain system to achieve an ideal equilibrium state.
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Riley, Parand R., Pratik Joshi, Hristo Penchev, Jagdish Narayan, and Roger J. Narayan. "One-Step Formation of Reduced Graphene Oxide from Insulating Polymers Induced by Laser Writing Method." Crystals 11, no. 11 (October 27, 2021): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111308.
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Finding a low-cost and effective method at low temperatures for producing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been the focus of many efforts in the research community for almost two decades. Overall, rGO is a promising candidate for use in supercapacitors, batteries, biosensors, photovoltaic devices, corrosion inhibitors, and optical devices. Herein, we report the formation of rGO from two electrically insulating polymers, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and meta-polybenzimidazole fiber (m-PBI), using an excimer pulsed laser annealing (PLA) method. The results from X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirm the successful generation of rGO with the formation of a multilayered structure. We investigated the mechanisms for the transformation of PTFE and PBI into rGO. The PTFE transition occurs by both a photochemical mechanism and a photothermal mechanism. The transition of PBI is dominated by a photo-oxidation mechanism and stepwise thermal degradation. After degradation and degassing procedures, both the polymers leave behind free molten carbon with some oxygen and hydrogen content. The free molten carbon undergoes an undercooling process with a regrowth velocity (<4 m·s−1) that is necessary for the formation of rGO structures. This approach has the potential for use in creating future selective polymer-written electronics.
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Hertaeg, Michael J., Rico F. Tabor, Alexander F. Routh, and Gil Garnier. "Pattern formation in drying blood drops." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2203 (June 21, 2021): 20200391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0391.
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Patterns in dried droplets are commonly observed as rings left after spills of dirty water or coffee have evaporated. Patterns are also seen in dried blood droplets and the patterns have been shown to differ from patients afflicted with different medical conditions. This has been proposed as the basis for a new generation of low-cost blood diagnostics. Before these diagnostics can be widely used, the underlying mechanisms leading to pattern formation in these systems must be understood. We analyse the height profile and appearance of dispersions prepared with red blood cells (RBCs) from healthy donors. The red cell concentrations and diluent were varied and compared with simple polystyrene particle systems to identify the dominant mechanistic variables. Typically, a high concentration of non-volatile components suppresses ring formation. However, RBC suspensions display a greater volume of edge deposition when the red cell concentration is higher. This discrepancy is caused by the consolidation front halting during drying for most blood suspensions. This prevents the standard horizontal drying mechanism and leads to two clearly defined regions in final crack patterns and height profile. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction’.
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ILNITSKA-GYKAVCHUK, GALINA. "FORMATION OF MECHANISM OF MANAGEMENT OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY OF HOTEL ECONOMY." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University 292, no. 2 (May 2021): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-292-2-15.
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Successful operation of the enterprise is practically impossible without innovations that allow to attract new consumers, improve product quality, competitiveness. The article considers the essence and main types of innovations in the hotel industry. Prerequisites for the introduction of innovations in the hospitality industry are: increasing competition; increasing consumer requirements; growing demand for goods and services; the desire of enterprises to increase market share, attract new customers, improve the image, technological processes of providing services, reduce costs and more. Obstacles to the introduction of innovations are identified: high cost of investment, lack of financial resources, unwillingness of management staff to innovate, high risk, lack of experience. Organizational and economic mechanism of management of innovative activity of hotel industry is a system of principles, functions, methods, tools, strategies, and also normative-legal maintenance which purpose is effective carrying out of innovative policy of the enterprise for improvement of its competitiveness in the market and quality of services. The structure of this mechanism is revealed. The principles of innovation management in the hotel industry are defined: assessment of innovation efficiency, continuity, complexity, sustainability, security, system, compliance with the needs of stakeholders. Methods of innovation management are given: economic incentives, socio-psychological and organizational-legal. The following instruments are defined: laws, regulations, loans, taxes, tax benefits, state and regional programs, plans, financing, rent, franchising and others. Each company chooses its innovation strategy depending on its capabilities. Innovative strategies of hotel management are revealed.
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Kuai, Ji Cai, Cheng Ran Jiang, Jiang Wei Wang, and Dmitrii V. Ardashev. "The ELID Grinding of CoCrMo Alloy Bioprosthesis and the Formation Mechanism of its Corrosion-Resistant Oxide Layer." Materials Science Forum 934 (October 2018): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.934.140.
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CoCrMo alloy is widely used in the medical field to make Biomedical prosthesis,But it is difficult to process resulting in the high cost of Biomedical prosthesis, Find an efficient and low-cost processing method has become a problem to be solved. In this paper, CoCrMo alloy Biomedical prosthesis were fabricated by Electrolytic In-process Dressing grinding. We studied the ELID grinding performance, grinding force, surface quality and the formation mechanism of Corrosion-resistant oxide layer of CoCrMo alloy by using dynamometer, roughness tester, XRD and SEM. It is proposed that the ELID grinding method forms an oxide layer on the surface of the prosthesis, which increases the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of the prosthesis so that it can be better adapt to the biological environment in vivo. It was further confirmed that the ELID grinding method is an effective method for manufacturing CoCrMo Alloy Bioprosthesis.
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Monajemi, Hadieh, Mohammad Noh Daud, Sharifuddin Mohd. Zain, and Wan Ahmad Tajuddin Wan Abdullah. "ONIOM and ab-initio calculations on the mechanism of uncatalyzed peptide bond formation." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 90, no. 6 (December 2012): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o2012-027.
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Finding a proper transition structure for the peptide bond formation process can lead one to a better understanding of the role of ribosome in catalyzing this reaction. Using computer simulations, we performed the potential energy surface scan on the ester bond dissociation of P-site aminoacyl-tRNA and the peptide bond formation of P-site and A-site amino acids. The full fragments of initiator tRNAimet and elongator tRNAphe are attached to both cognate and non-cognate amino acids as the P-site substrate. The A-site amino acid for all four calculations is methionine. We used ONIOM calculations to reduce the computational cost. Our study illustrates the reduced rate of peptide bond formation for misacylated tRNAimet in the absence of ribosomal bases. The misacylated elongator tRNAphe, however, did not show any difference in its PES compared with that for the phe-tRNAphe. This demonstrates the structural specification of initiator tRNAimet for the amino acids side chain.
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Yang, Mei, Qing Shen Zeng, Hong Yu Wang, and Wei Xing Zhang. "Research Development in Void Formation Mechanism and Elimination Method during RTM Process." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 2315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.2315.
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Resin transfer molding (RTM) is a very important category of low cost fibre reinforcement composite material manufacturing technique. But void which mainly formed at the process of filling and infiltration is able to reduce the performance of products. This paper first introduced how harmful the void is, and then formation theory, finally focus on the technical feature and resent evolution. Numerical simulation is always a mature and efficient research method for this field of investigation. Formerly, scientists also attribute their effort to such investigation, but, at that time, their simulation was 1D or 2D which can not represent the process accurately enough. Therefore the results are not so significant. Recently most studies pay attention to 3D simulation and how factors (such as injection pressure, structure of preform and so on) work. With the development of mathematic theory and simulation software some new numerical simulation methods present itself. Researchers may copy the course of resin’s filling in RTM more integrity to make their relation close to reality. Based on their achievement, the technique of RTM also improved to eliminate void’s emergence. However the real flow of resin is more than complex, more work should be done to avoid it and then set up a controllable industrial production system.
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Bruening, Benjamin. "Ditransitive Asymmetries and a Theory of Idiom Formation." Linguistic Inquiry 41, no. 4 (October 2010): 519–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00012.
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This article discusses three asymmetries in ditransitives—quantifier scope, nominalizations, and idioms—and argues that an asymmetric theory like that advocated by Marantz (1993) and Bruening (2001) is correct. A symmetric theory like that proposed by Harley (1997, 2002) cannot account for the asymmetries. The article also proposes a complete theory of idiom formation based on selection. It also proposes a formal semantics for double object constructions that includes a mechanism for composing complex predicates. This semantics can account for the different readings of again and other modifiers, and can also be extended to nonalternating verbs like deny, spare, envy, and cost, with correct predictions about their behavior.
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Морозова, Анна, and Anna Morozova. "PROBLEMS AND MECHANISM OF STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION IN THE ORGANIZATION SYSTEM "ENTERPRISE-COLLEGE"." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2016, no. 5 (December 30, 2016): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_58f9c4d9d6d365.59961511.
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The purpose of this work consists in the presenta-tion of the results in the theoretical generalization of management problem in the organization system of "enterprise-college" and also in solving a problem of retraining cost minimization and adaptation of young specialists in organizational system of this kind. In the paper the general approaches to solving a problem of managing the structure in the organization system "enterprise-college" are considered, and allow-ing to realize its purpose - ensuring staff quality of the industrial enterprises established by professional quali-ty standards to perform the job functions depending on a type of professional activity by means of development and realization of assessment mechanisms of formation level of competence system of university graduates and competitive selection of young specialists according to their system for replacement of the vacant positions which are available on the enterprises. In the course of the investigation the methods of a system analysis, comparison, target setting and objects modeling were used. As a result of the research the classification of management tasks of the structure in the organizational system "enterprise-college" is developed; mathematical model of retraining cost minimization and adaptation of young specialists hired to fill vacant engineering posts; prerequisites and limitations for the formation and subsequent growth of the organizational system "enterprise-college" are identified. Conclusions. The search for solutions to manage-ment problem in the organization system "enterprise-college" offers such options of its formation and subse-quent optimization which allow not only to minimize average specific costs for retraining and adaptation of young specialists hired by the enterprise to fill vacant posts but also to solve more complicated task - to re-duce costs for retraining and adaptation of each young specialist having an individual structural and level con-figuration of professional competences system and hired to fill a vacant engineering post of a certain type meeting the requirements of professional standards, manufacturing process management and priorities in the system of professional competences of the expert. The implementation of such "personalized" approach makes a significant contribution to the general decrease in product cost at the enterprise.
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Jiang, Bing, Wen Qin Wang, Yu Song Liu, and Zhi Meng Guo. "Preparation of FePO4•2H2O with Flower-like Microstructure by a Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.550.
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FePO4·2H2O with orthorhombic flower-like microstructure was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal process which was of low-cost and easy processing in large area. The formation mechanism of the flower-like FePO4·2H2O was discussed in details by investigating the different concentration of reactants and reaction time. The results show that the morphology of FePO4·2H2O changed from microsphere to flower-like structure, which possess an unique morphology with six petals and the angle of each petal being 60o. The formation mechanism of FePO4·2H2O flowers can be explained by the dissolution-recrystallization and crystal splitting.
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Sakai, Mana, Tatsuya Sasaki, and Yasuyuki Miyazawa. "Mechanism of Void Formation during Brazing of Ni Paste Brazing Filler Metal." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1218.
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Automobiles are equipped with EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) coolers to improve fuel economy and exhaust gas suppression performance. Inside the EGR cooler, the moisture in the gas is condensed by cooling the hot exhaust gas. This condensed water is highly corrosive because sulfur oxides dissolve. Therefore, stainless steel and Ni-based brazing metal having excellent corrosion resistance are used for the EGR cooler.Until now, stainless steel has been brazed under a vacuum atmosphere. However, there are increasing opportunities to braze stainless steel in an inert atmosphere gas at atmosphere for cost reduction and mass production. In this case, a paste-type brazing filler metal consisted of a powder brazing filler metal and a binder is used. As is well known, a debinding process that volatilizes the binder is needed. From previous research in this laboratory, it is clarified that the binder causes voids. In addition, it is said that the size and location of voids generated at the brazed joint affect the product performance. On the other hand, the detailed investigation about the influence which the installation position of a paste type brazing filler metal on the void formation process has not yet been made. Therefore, in this study, the arrangement method and influence on heating rate and debinder temperature on void formation were investigated by X-ray CT.
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Грачева, Наталья, and Natalya Gracheva. "MANAGEMENT MECHANISM FORMATION OF INNOVATIVE INDUSTRY INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT ADEQUATE TO MODERN CONDITIONS." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2016, no. 5 (December 30, 2016): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_58f9c4d958c3c0.30211767.
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Recommendations for using venture capital as an investment of innovative programs and projects of industrial enterprises structures are made. The use of its and extra means is optimized at stages of innovation life cycle. The economic-mathematical model of a possible risk capital appreciation and extra means de-pending on security level of innovative programs and projects by own resources in the form of profit got from released innovations is developed. Options of profit formation depending on the cost of innovations and market demand are considered. The economic-mathematical model reflecting this dependence is of-fered. The economic-mathematical model of receiving profit is developed by option of short-term and long-term turnover of innovations and also methodical ap-proach to distribution of profit on innovative processes between beneficiaries is offered. The economic-mathematical model of determination of innovative efficiency of the enterprise at execution of functions by its structures on production and initiative subject. The options of their work in the conditions of openness for the external environment are investigated. Investment sources of their activity are shown. Recommendations on partnerships formation between industrial enterprises and financial-credit institutions as the bases of innovative industry structures inclusion in this cooperation are made. The principles of their relationship are defined: systemacity, common interests, mutual benefit, stability, knowledge.
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Wang, Da Wei, and Hua Liang Chen. "Highway Linear Drainage Design Concept and Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 2490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.2490.
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This article discuss the hydrological and hydraulic calculation of the highway drainage, analyzing the formation mechanism and status of the highway stagnant water, by the analyzing of the functionality and the cost of engineering of linear drainage system, Pointing out the advantages of linear drainage.
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Gura, Dmitry A., Aleksandr N. Sekisov, Oksana A. Kuznetsova, Victoria I. Kalombo Mulamba, and Evgeniya S. Tishchenko. "Assessment of the role and significance of the cost formation process in the activities of organizations." Laplage em Revista 6, Extra-C (December 30, 2020): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020206extra-c664p.314-319.
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The article presents a comparative analysis of various approaches to the formation of production costs. The study estimates the role of costs in the production and economic activities of companies in a market environment. At the same time, the assessment considered the impact of the problem of limited resources on the activities of production systems, which is possible to solve only with the active use of alternative ways in organizing the functioning of the cost-effective mechanism of enterprises.
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Leonas, Liudas, and Stepas Janušonis. "Simulation of Self Formation in Solar Cell Technology." Solid State Phenomena 97-98 (April 2004): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.97-98.103.
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Relatively high cost of energy produced by solar cells prevents them from being used widely. One of the ways to address this problem is to create new, cost efficient solar cell production technologies. This presentation analyzes how, by applying self-formation principles it is possible to decrease number of photolithography processes used in high efficiency solar cell production, thus significantly reducing the cost of solar cell itself. All known planar technologies can be described based on self-formation principles; new microchip and integrated circuit technologies were created using self-formation as well. It is therefore natural to extend self-formation to solar cell technology. This presentation provides specific aspects of self-formation simulation as related to solar-cell technology. The object of the simulation is a cross-section of solar cell in two-dimensional Euclidean space and it.s evolution over time. Such kind of solar cell approximation simplifies the model, yet keeps all essential characteristics of the solar cell. The cross-section contains geometrical figures which approximate objects in the solar cell. Each figure is assigned with an integer parameter, approximating physical material. According to self-formation principles, evolution of each figure depends only on geometrical configuration of the figure itself, the parameter and interaction rules. Interaction rules define change of neighbouring points and approximate technological processes (etching, oxidation, coating etc). Combination of such processes enables construction of required solar cell configuration, with only minimum use of photolithography processes. Self-formation is simulated by two-dimensional 8-neighbour cellular automata based mechanism.
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Подрезов Ю. М., Романко П. М., Холявко В. В., and Марченко Н. М. "ВПЛИВ УМОВ ІЗОТЕРМІЧНОГО ГАРТУВАННЯ НА ПСЕВДОПРУЖНУ ПОВЕДІНКУ БЕЙНІТНОГО ЧАВУНУ." World Science 1, no. 1(41) (January 31, 2019): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/31012019/6293.
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Application of ductile cast iron ADI is feasible and cost-effective, provided that there is a clear understanding of the mechanisms for the formation of their high complex mechanical properties. The use of such materials for the production of variable parts of machinery, or in other units of automobile and machine building will significantly extend the life of the equipment. It is established that the level of mechanical characteristics of the ADI cast iron varies in full accordance with the theoretical concepts of the influence of the tempering temperature on the formation of mechanical properties of such materials. The previous plastic deformation does not affect the mechanism of formation of pseudo-elasticity. The tendency to dampening increases with an increase in the temperature of isothermal quenching. The damping behavior of a material is a consequence of the formation of pseudo-elastic twins in the structure of the transformed martensite.
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Levchenko, T. P., M. B. Moldazhanov, V. V. Purichi, and I. V. Strishkina. "METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO CREATING A MODEL OF COST-EFFECTIVE MECHANISM FOR MANAGING INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY OF HOTEL ORGANIZATIONS." Economics Profession Business, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb202124.
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The transition of hotel organizations to a qualitatively new level of development can be ensured by the formation and use of a cost-effective innovation management mechanism. The article attempts to create a model of a cost-effective management mechanism that could take into account the multifaceted relationships of indicators and indicators of innovative activity. The operation of this mechanism implies the use of indicative control tools, as well as factor and scenario modeling. The author considers the mechanism from the perspective of implementing five interconnected blocks: subjects, goals and tasks, objects, processes and resulting effects. The content of the resulting effects of the implementation of innovative processes based on the calculation of integral indicators of innovative activity and its elements. Based on the proposed model of a cost-effective mechanism for managing the innovative activity of hotel organizations, an analysis of trends in the level of innovative activity was carried out at using the example of three hotel in Sochi, their graphical interpretation is presented. As part of the presented model, scenario modeling of innovative activity management was carried out as one of its tools, a graph of the ratio of indicators of innovative activity of hotel organizations in Sochi was built.
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Huang, Fei, Ai Hua Yan, Zheng Yi Fu, Fan Zhang, Ying Huai Qiang, and Shi Bin Yin. "Template-Free Synthesis of Hierarchical m-ZrO2 Nanorods and its Formation Mechanism." Advanced Materials Research 662 (February 2013): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.76.
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Hierarchical ZrO2 nanorods have recently received considerable attention due to their special physical and chemical properties. However, traditional preparation methods are involved in expensive equipment, complicated process and high production cost. Here we report a simple hydrothermal approach to prepare hierarchical ZrO2 nanorod. The results show that as-synthesized products are composed of many nanorods with 80~150 nm in diameter and 15~20 μm in length. After annealing, the final product was involved into hierarchical monoclinic ZrO2 (m-ZrO2) nanorods, namely, the big nanorod was made up of many small nanorods with 20~30 nm in diameter and 300~500 nm in length. The possible formation mechanism was proposed based on a series of chemical reactions and the natural properties of zirconium.
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Vakulenko, I. A., and T. A. Vasilyeva. "PRICING IN THE NATURAL GAS MARKET OF UKRAINE IN TERMS OF ENERGY INTEGRATION OF UKRAINE AND THE EU." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 3 (2020): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.3-4.
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The article examines the formation of natural gas prices in the Ukrainian and world energy markets. The role of energy as a driver of economic development of national and international economy due to the penetration of energy into other sectors of the economy and the formation of close relationships that promote mutual development, innovation, and competitive environment. The paper identifies the legal framework through which the natural gas market regulation in the European Union (in particular directives of the European Parliament and of the Council and guidance note on directives) and Ukraine and legislates the vector of development of the energy sector following strategic economic and environmental goals (in particular Treaty establishing the Energy Community, Association Agreement between Ukraine, of the one part, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the other part, and laws of Ukraine). Based on the analysis of natural gas prices in the world energy market, the attractiveness of using natural gas as a substitute for energy products of oil refining is substantiated. To identify the pricing mechanisms used to form natural gas prices in the natural gas market in Ukraine pricing approaches used in different countries of the world are defined and described, in particular, gason-gas competition (GOG)), oil price escalation (OPE), regulated prices (including regulation: cost of service (RCS)), regulation: social and political (RSP), regulation below cost (RBC), bilateral monopoly (BIM)), free use of natural gas (No price (NP)). Based on the study of natural gas price formation mechanisms, it is established that at the present stage of development of Ukraine's energy sector is characterized by the transition from a regulated pricing mechanism in the natural gas market to gas and gas competitive prices. However, the transition phase is characterized by the partial use of the mechanism of bilateral monopoly prices. Simultaneously, it was determined that the formation of costs according to the oil formula is not typical for Ukraine's natural gas market.
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Sborschikov, S. B., and N. V. Lazareva. "Formation of additional effect at management of the investment project cost at the expense of reengineering measures." Вестник гражданских инженеров 17, no. 2 (2020): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2020-17-2-252-263.
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The processes of design, construction and operation of the capital construction project take place in a constantly changing environment, both internal and external. Such fluctuations require a quick and adequate response, which indicates the need to use a new organizational and economic mechanism, which is project management. The above mentioned factors have a significant impact on the final performance indicators of the investment project. Special attention is paid to considering the reengineering measures.
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Song, Yang, Yong Huang, and Zheng He Han. "Texture Development of Dip-Coated Bi-2223 Thick Films on Ag Substrate." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.557.
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Preparing Superconducting Bi-2223 films by dip-coating method is innovative and valuable. The advantages of this technique are low cost and precise stoichiometric. Controlling the evaporation of Pb efficiently can improve the formation of Bi-2223 phase. Textured BSCCO superconductors are studied and a mechanism for alignment of BSCCO grains addressed.
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Zvieriakov, M. I., and D. V. Zavadska. "Formation of institutional model of project financing in Ukraine." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 3 (2021): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-3/155.
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Purpose. Substantiation of the formation of the mechanism of project financing for solving issues of financial maintenance of infrastructural projects of innovative development in Ukraine. Methodology. The information base of the research is legislative and normative documents and results of scientific achievements of leading foreign and domestic scientists. The following methods, such as analysis and synthesis; comparison and systematization; observation; graphic, tabular; logical generalization are used. Findings. According to the results of the research, it is proved that to ensure sustainable economic growth and diversification of Ukraines economy, the importance of institutions for development and use of such a multi-instrumental form of reproduction of real investments as project financing, becomes actual. Based on the system approach, the features, elemental composition and subsystems of the project financing mechanism are determined. It is established that the current legislative basis for the formation of the project financing mechanism in Ukraine is fragmentary and needs further development. It is proved that the implementation of measures of state stimulation of the processes of financing the innovative development of Ukraines economy will be facilitated by the adoption of the Laws of Ukraine On The Bank of Development, On Syndicated Loan and the proposals for the formation of project financing developed in the research. Originality. For the first time, a comprehensive theoretical approach to the formation of the project financing mechanism in Ukraine has been implemented. The need is substantiated for highlighting such subsystems of the mechanism as providing subsystem (institutional environment of which is legislative support and regulatory bodies), transforming subsystem (financial instruments and participants of which are the Bank of Development, international financial organizations, banks, institutional investors, development institutions, project sponsors) and performance subsystem (financial resources in the required amounts, currencies and terms). The effective operation of the proposed mechanism helps to overcome the shortage of long-term financial resources needed for lending support of innovative enterprises that implement large-scale and capital-intensive investment projects and programs of national importance. Practical value. Introduction of the mechanism of implementation of the program for supporting the project financing development will allow accumulating considerable amounts of financial resources from various sources on a long-term target basis; increasing the level of investment and the number of innovative projects; reducing the total cost of funding and risks through their redistribution among participants of the project.
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Muraleedharan, K. R., P. K. Dinesh Kumar, S. Prasanna Kumar, Sebin John, B. Srijith, K. Anil Kumar, K. Naveen Kumar, S. Gautham, and V. Samiksha. "Formation Mechanism of Mud Bank Along the Southwest Coast of India." Estuaries and Coasts 41, no. 4 (October 31, 2017): 1021–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-017-0340-0.
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Tatarczak, Anna. "A Framework to Support Coalition Formation in the Fourth Party Logistics Supply Chain Coalition." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 5, no. 338 (September 28, 2018): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.338.12.
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The growing diversity of programmes concerning the solutions associated with the fourth party supply chain operations, the increasing pressure to optimise all resources and capabilities, as well as the continually increasing integration of different types of technologies are the driving force in the establishment of fourth party logistics supply chain coalition. Choosing the most rational and practical cost allocation mechanism in the fourth party logistics supply chain coalition, with the aim of reducing the overall operating costs, is the main condition ensuring companies’ motivation to participate in collaboration. This paper addresses the concepts from the game theory combined with multi‑criteria problems in order to introduce a realisable profit distribution mechanism, with the potential to establish practical collaborations among companies. The aim is to achieve the best conditions for collaboration. Case studies are used to demonstrate the utility of the framework.
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Guo, Jun Qing, and Shan Sheng Dong. "Study on the Design Methods Based on Beam Hinge Mechanism of Frame Beams in Seismic Zones." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 1091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.1091.
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With the calculation methods for the sectional curvature ductility of reinforced concrete flexural components, analysis was conducted on the factors affecting the formation of plastic hinges at the ends of RC frame beams and their rotational capacities; on the basis of which, singly-doubly reinforced rectangular section method for flexural design calculation was put forth, which is favorable to the realization of beam hinge mechanism. The analysis of a practical design case shows that the method proposed is not only beneficial to the formation of plastic hinges at the beam ends and their rotational capacities, but also results in considerable reduction of longitudinal reinforcement, hence lowering of cost, ease of construction, so that it is worthy of popularization and application in design practice.
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Klychova, Guzaliya Salikhovna, and Albert Tagirovich Iskhakov. "The cost formation mechanism of milk and animal yield in dairy cattle-breeding in conditions of costs grouping by physiological classification." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 5, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2011): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2011/3-4/17.
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This articles crutinizes the cost formation mechanism of milk and animal yield in dairy cattle-breeding in costs grouping conditions by physiological classification, it’s analysis allows to reveal "weak points " in production process of the enterprise and to direct point efforts to overcome negative consequences, and also enables to optimize and more exact prognosis of the company’s financial results.
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Das, Sanjeev, Nilam S. Barekar, and Zhong Yun Fan. "Solidification Mechanism of the Melt Conditioned Twin Roll Cast Magnesium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 790-791 (May 2014): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.790-791.291.
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Twin roll casting (TRC) has been demonstrated to be a process capable of producing Mg sheets at a significantly reduced cost. However, the quality of the Mg sheets produced by the TRC process is limited due to the formation of coarse columnar grains and severe centreline segregation, which reduces both the strength and ductility of Mg-alloys. In this paper, melt conditioned (MC) has been employed prior to twin roll casting (TRC) of AZ31 alloy to understand its effect on the solidification mechanism. For comparison, AZ31 alloy strips were also produced through conventional TRC process. The results showed that the solidification mechanism can be completely altered by introducing MC in TRC process.
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Gibadullin, Artur A., Valentina V. Pulyaeva, and Yuriy V. Erygin. "Functioning and Integration of Regional Electric Power Complexes." World of Economics and Management 19, no. 3 (2019): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0429-2019-19-3-73-85.
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Over the recent years the Russian Federation has been actively promoting the idea of establishing supranational economic unions such as the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The paper presents the short review of the Union formation, the prospects of development and studies the possibility to converge national types of economic activity into a general mechanism. The aim of the research is to analyze operating conditions of national electric power complexes and to reveal the factors interfering the formation of common power market of the Eurasian Economic Union. The research was carried out on the basis of historical, economic, statistical, comparative, logical, factorial, and system analysis methods, which has made it possible to reveal the main obstacles impacted on the formation of the common market. As a result of the analysis, the potential of national economies, the volumes of development and consumption of electric energy, the structure of generating capacities, the cost of electric power of the states and the principles of functioning of the national power markets were presented. In course of the research it has been established that the formation of common electric power market will face the following challenges: the scale of separate national industries in relation to other national electric power complexes; divergent national industry structures influencing the final cost of electric energy tariffs; lack of technical capacity to converge national electric power complexes into a common electric power market, etc. The paper presents the mechanisms for the solution of the specified problems.
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Chen, Yan, Jeffery Yong, Antonio Martínez-Sánchez, Yang Yang, Yumei Wu, Pietro De Camilli, Rubén Fernández-Busnadiego, and Min Wu. "Dynamic instability of clathrin assembly provides proofreading control for endocytosis." Journal of Cell Biology 218, no. 10 (August 26, 2019): 3200–3211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201804136.
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Clathrin-mediated endocytosis depends on the formation of functional clathrin-coated pits that recruit cargos and mediate the uptake of those cargos into the cell. However, it remains unclear whether the cargos in the growing clathrin-coated pits are actively monitored by the coat assembly machinery. Using a cell-free reconstitution system, we report that clathrin coat formation and cargo sorting can be uncoupled, indicating that a checkpoint is required for functional cargo incorporation. We demonstrate that the ATPase Hsc70 and a dynamic exchange of clathrin during assembly are required for this checkpoint. In the absence of Hsc70 function, clathrin assembles into pits but fails to enrich cargo. Using single-molecule imaging, we further show that uncoating takes place throughout the lifetime of the growing clathrin-coated pits. Our results suggest that the dynamic exchange of clathrin, at the cost of the reduced overall assembly rates, primarily serves as a proofreading mechanism for quality control of endocytosis.
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Шендрикова, О. О., А. В. Красникова, and И. Ф. Елфимова. "FEATURES OF COST MANAGEMENT IN REGIME ENTERPRISES." Organizer of Production, no. 4 (March 10, 2021): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.23.83.009.
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Введение. Условия функционирования промышленных режимных предприятий характеризуются ограниченностью ресурсов, усложнением конструктивных особенностей выпускаемой продукции, быстроменяющимися предпочтениями потребителей и высокой конкуренцией со стороны импортных аналогов. Вследствие чего удержание лидирующих позиций достигается путем снижения себестоимости производимой продукции при сохранении надлежащего качества выпускаемых изделий. Эти вопросы решаются путем организации эффективного управления затратами на режимных предприятиях. Формирование затрат режимных объектов имеет ряд особенностей, для понимания которых в статье дается определение терминам «режимное предприятие», «управление затратами», рассматриваются особенности статей калькуляции для режимных предприятий. Данные и методы. Авторами рассматривается понятие управления затратами, уточняется понятие затрат применительно к выбранной теме исследования. Выделяется ряд особенностей затрат режимного предприятия, которые должны быть учтены при формировании системы управления затратами. Предлагаются инструменты и механизм уменьшения затрат, образующие в совокупности предпосылки формирования системы управления затратами на режимных промышленных предприятиях. Рассматриваются результаты применения метода анализа иерархий для выявления резервов сокращения затрат на производство продукции, в рамках функционирования предложенного в работе организационно-экономического механизма снижения затрат на исследуемом в статье режимном предприятии. Полученные результаты. Для эффективного функционирования организационно-экономического механизма снижения затрат на режимном предприятии должна быть создана система ключевых инструментов, позволяющих своевременно принимать обоснованные решения по снижению затрат на производство продукции. Перечисленные в работе инструменты снижения затрат эффективны в комплексном применении. В свою очередь, их использование в совокупности с принципами бережливого производства способствует повышению конкурентоспособности и финансовых результатов. Комплексное применение рассмотренного в статье организационно-экономического механизма, инструментов управления затратами и методов бережливого производства открывает перспективы для разработки системы управления затратами на режимном промышленном предприятии. Заключение. Необходимость разработки системы управления затратами является закономерным процессом на фоне обострения международной конкуренции, в особенности, учитывая переход данной конкуренции в военно-политическую плоскость. Эффективное управление затратами на режимных предприятиях будет способствовать решению актуальных в настоящее время задач повышения конкурентоспособности отечественной продукции и создания импортозамещающих производств. Introduction The conditions of the design features of the products, the rapidly changing preferences of consumers and high competition from imported analogs. As a result, maintaining a leading position is achieved by reducing the cost of manufactured products while maintaining the proper quality of products. These issues are addressed through the organization of effective cost management at secure enterprises. The formation of the costs of secure facilities has a number of features, for the understanding of which the article defines the terms “secure enterprise”, “cost management”, considers the features of calculation items for secure enterprises. Data and methods. The authors consider the concept of cost management, clarify the concept of costs in relation to the selected research topic. A number of features of the costs of a regime enterprise are highlighted, which must be taken into account when forming a cost management system. Instruments and a mechanism for reducing costs are proposed, which together form the prerequisites for the formation of a cost management system at secure industrial enterprises. The article discusses the results of applying the method of analysis of hierarchies to identify reserves for reducing the costs of manufacturing products, within the framework of the functioning of the organizational and economic mechanism of cost reduction proposed in the work at the regime enterprise investigated in the article. Results. For the effective functioning of the organizational and economic mechanism for reducing costs at a regime enterprise, a system of key tools should be created that allow making timely informed decisions to reduce the costs of manufacturing products. The cost reduction tools listed in the work are effective in complex application. In turn, their use in conjunction with the principles of lean production contributes to increased competitiveness and financial results. The complex application of the organizational and economic mechanism considered in the article, cost management tools and lean production methods opens up prospects for the development of a cost management system at a regime industrial enterprise. Conclusion. The need to develop a cost management system is a natural process against the background of heightened international competition, especially given the transition of this competition to the military-political plane. Effective cost management at secure enterprises will contribute to solving the currently urgent tasks of increasing the competitiveness of domestic products and creating import-substituting industries.
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Hu, Yong Xiang, Heng Zhang, and Zheng Qiang Yao. "Formation of Periodical Sub-Micron Sized Structures on Silicon by Interfered Nanosecond Laser Pulses." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 3803–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.3803.
Full textAbstract:
Laser interference micro-structuring is a relatively efficient and cost-effective technique for fabricating periodical micro-nano-structuring surfaces. The direct fabrication of sub-micron sized dot array on silicon was performed by four interfering nanosecond laser beams with a diffractive beam splitter. The mechanism to form the dot array was analyzed and it was found that the obtained conical dot array had a negative shape of the interference pattern of four laser beams. A second-order peak between two first-order peaks also occurred due to the liquid-solid expansion.