Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mechanism of cathodic reactions'

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第16947号
人博第590号
新制||人||141(附属図書館)
23||人博||590(吉田南総合図書館)
29622
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻
(主査)教授 内本 喜晴, 教授 杉山 雅人, 教授 田部 勢津久, 准教授 藤原 直樹, 准教授 雨澤 浩史
学位規則第4条第1項該当

In this study, we have developed a dense La0.85Sr0.15MnO3-δ (LSM) Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (GDC) composite electrode system for studying the surface modification of cathodes. The LSM and GDC grains in the composite were well defined and distinguished using energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. The specific three-phase boundary (TPB) length per unit electrode surface area was systematically controlled by adjusting the LSM to GDC volume ratio of the composite from 40% up to 70%. The TPB length for each tested sample was determined through stereological techniques and used to correlate the cell performance and degradation with the specific TPB length per unit surface area. An overlapping spheres percolation model was developed to estimate the activity of the TPB lines on the surface of the dense composite electrodes developed. The model suggested that the majority of the TPB lines would be active and the length of those lines maximized if the volume percent of the electrolyte material was kept in the range of 47 57%. Additionally, other insights into the processing conditions to maximize the amount of active TPB length were garnered from both the stereology calculations and the percolation simulations. Steady-state current voltage measurements as well as electrochemical impedance measurements on numerous samples under various environmental conditions were completed. The apparent activation energy for the reduction reaction was found to lie somewhere between 31 kJ/mol and 41 kJ/mol depending upon the experimental conditions. The exchange current density was found to vary with the partial pressure of oxygen differently over two separate regions. At relatively low partial pressures, i0 had an approximately dependence and at relatively high partial pressures, i0 had an approximately dependence. This led to the conclusion that a change in the rate limiting step occurs over this range. A method for deriving the electrochemical properties from proposed reaction mechanisms was also presented. State-space modeling was used as it is a robust approach to addressing these particular types of problems due to its relative ease of implementation and ability to efficiently handle large systems of differential algebraic equations. This method combined theoretical development with experimental results obtained previously to predict the electrochemical performance data. The simulations agreed well the experimental data and allowed for testing of operating conditions not easily reproducible in the lab (e.g. precise control and differentiation of low oxygen partial pressures).

Cyclopropyl-containing substrates have been frequently utilized as "probes" for the detection of SET pathways in organic and biorganic systems. These reactions are based on the cyclorpropylcarbinyl - homoallyl rearrangement, which is fast and essentially irreversible. The implicit assumption in such studies is that if a "radical" species is produced, it will undergo ring opening. We have found that there are two important factors to consider in the design of SET probes: 1) ring strain, the thermodynamic driving force for the rearrangement, and 2) resonance energy, which may help or hinder rearrangement, depending on the specific system. Delocalization of spin and charge were found to be important factors pertaining to substituent effects on the rates of radical anion rearrangements. Previous studies from our lab have centered on highly conjugated phenyl cyclopropyl ketones. This work considers a series of compounds varying in their conjugative components from a highly conjugated spiro[2.5]octa-4,7-dien-6-one and derivatives to simple aliphatic ketones. Utilizing cyclic, linear sweep voltammetry, and preparative electrolysis techniques, it was discovered that all substrates yielded ring opened products with rates and selectivities that will prove useful and informative in the design of mechanistic probes based on the cyclorpropylcarbinyl - homoallyl rearrangement. Rates of homogeneous electron transfer from a series of hydrocarbon mediators to substrates were measured using homogeneous catalysis techniques. Standard reduction potentials and reorganization energies of substrates were derived using Marcus theory. Conjugative interactions with the cyclopropyl group are discussed.
Ph. D.

In this work, I aim to clarify the mechanism that allows steel to attain higher chloride threshold as it is cathodically polarized. Specifically, I seek to provide empirical information on whether an intrinsic (predominantly interfacial effects of polarization) or an extrinsic (predominantly concentration changes due to polarization) mechanism may be dominant in the beneficial effect of polarization. I carried out this experiment with 12 identical concrete specimens, each with a cast-in steel plate, constantly exposed them to high-chloride environment. The specimens were divided into 4 triplicates and polarized at 4 different level from OCP, -200, -300 to -400 mVSCE The specimens were closely monitored for signs of corrosion. When corrosion was detected in a specimen, it was demolished to gain access to steel-concrete interface. Measurements of pH using a novel procedure and chloride ion concentration were done on the interface using an adapted in-situ pH measurement and a Florida Department of Transportation procedure respectively. The pH and chloride ion concentrations obtained in this study favor to some extent a dominant intrinsic mechanism interpretation, while the evidence in support of a dominant extrinsic mechanism interpretation remains elusive.

京都大学
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第23286号
人博第1001号
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻
(主査)教授 内本 喜晴, 教授 田部 勢津久, 教授 高木 紀明
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies
Kyoto University
DFAM

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.03 – технічна електрохімія. – Національний технічний університет “Харківський політехнічний інститут”, Харків, 2015 р. Дисертацію присвячено розробці технології електрохімічного формування функціональних покриттів сплавами заліза з молібденом і вольфрамом із цитратних електролітів для одержання матеріалів з високою корозійною стійкістю, фізико-механічними та трибологічними характеристиками. На підставі аналізу кінетичних закономірностей встановлено механізм електрохімічного одержання сплавів Fe-Mo і Fe-Mo-W, за яким співосадження заліза з молібденом і вольфрамом із цитратного електроліту в інтервалі pH 3,0–4,0 відбувається за двома маршрутами: перший – стадійне відновлення металів із гетероядерних комплексів складу [FeHCitMO₄]⁻, (М = Mo, W), розряд яких супроводжується хімічною реакцією вивільнення ліганду, а другий – стадійне відновлення феруму (ІІІ) із цитратних електролітів переважно з адсорбованих комплексів складу [FeHCit]⁺, й частково – з FeOH²⁺, та супроводжується хімічною стадією вивільнення ліганду. Експериментальні дослідження функціональних властивостей електролітичних сплавів довели, що покриття Fe-Mo і Fe-Mo-W володіють підвищеною корозійною стійкістю у кислому середовищі, що зумовлене кислотним характером оксидів тугоплавких компонентів, у нейтральному – опором пітинговій корозії, що загалом перевищує хімічний опір сталі та чавуна. Запропоновані електролітичні сплави переважають за мікротвердістю основу зі сталі у 2–3 рази, а чавуну – у 4–5 рази, причому вміст вольфраму забезпечує зростання механічних та триботехнічних характеристик. Мікротвердість, антифрикційні властивості та зносостійкість електролітичних сплавів Fe-Mo і Fe-Mo-W зростають за рахунок утворення аморфної структури. Запропоновано технологічну схему електрохімічного формування функціональних покриттів сплавами заліза з молібденом і вольфрамом та розроблено технологічні інструкції для процесів їх осадження.
Thesis for granting the Degree of Candidate of Technical sciences in speciality 05.17.03 – Technical Electrochemistry. – National Technical University “Kharkiv Politechnical Institute”, 2015. The thesis is devoted to the development of technology for iron alloys electrochemical functional coatings with molybdenum and tungsten electrodeposition from citrate electrolyte to produce materials with high corrosion resistance, physical, mechanical and tribological properties. On the basis of kinetic regularities the mechanism of Fe-Mo, Fe-Mo-W alloys’ formation was established as co-precipitation of iron with molybdenum and tungsten in the range pH 3,0–4,0 happening on two routes, one-alloying metals reduction from heteronuclear complexes [FeHCitMO₄]⁻ is accompanied by chemical reaction of ligand releasing, and the second-reduction of iron (III) from the adsorbed complexes [FeHCit]⁺ and in part – from FeOH²⁺ accompanied by the chemical stage of ligand release. Experimental study of the electrolytic alloys functional properties have shown the high corrosion resistance of FeMo and Fe-Mo-W coatings in acidic and neutral media stimulated by acidic nature of refractory oxide components which exceeds the resistance of steel and cast iron. Proposed electrolytic alloys dominated by microhardness steel substrates in 2–3 times, and cast iron – in 4–5 times, the increasing tungsten content provides increasing in physical, mechanical and tribological properties of electrolytic alloys due to the formation of amorphous structure. A technological scheme for electrochemical synthesis of iron alloys functional coatings with molybdenum and tungsten was designed and technological instructions were prepared for implementation.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.03 – Технічна електрохімія. – Національний технічний уні-верситет “Харківський політехнічний інститут”, Харків, 2019. Дисертаційну роботу присвячено розробці технології електроосадження функціональних покривів сплавами заліза з кобальтом і молібденом з комплек-сних цитратних електролітів. За результатами аналізу іонних рівноваг і кінетичних закономірностей встановлено, що молібден відновлюється у сплав з ферумом та кобальтом до металевого стану з гетероядерних комплексів через утворення проміжних сполук як внаслідок катодної поляризації, так і ад-атомами водню за рахунок реалізації спілловер-ефекту. Варіювання режимів і параметрів електролізу дозволяє формувати композитні металоксидні покриви в системі ферум-кобальт-молібден інкорпорацію до складу металевої матриці оксидів молібдену, як інтермедіатів електродних реакцій. Обґрунтовано кількісний склад електроліту та режими нанесення покривів із заданим вмістом компонентів, морфологією, структурою та експлуатаційними характеристиками. Визначено оптимальні режими поляризації, застосування яких дозволяє отримувати бездефектні покриви. Корозійний опір покривів системи Fe–Co–Mo(МоОₓ) перевищує значення для сплавотвірних компонентів, а мікротвердість майже втричі вища за мікротвердість матеріалу основи та індивідуальних компонентів тернарної системи. Високу електрокаталітичну активність покривів виявлено в катодних реакціях виділення водню, яка внаслідок реалізації синергетичного ефекту вища порівняно із індивідуальними металами і зростає з вмістом молібдену, а активність покривів Fe–Co–Mo(МоОₓ) в анодних реакціях окиснення низькомолекулярних спиртів за густиною струмів анодних і катодних піків навіть вища, ніж на платині. Покриви є “магнітом’якими матеріали”, які можна застосовувати у виробництві магніто-оптичних інформаційних накопичувачів, а сенсорні властивості щодо окремих компонентів газових середовищ використано для створення чутливого елемента сенсора. Запропоновано технологічну схему електроосадження покривів Fe–Co–Mo(МоОₓ) залежно від їх практичного призначення.
Thesis for the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in the speciality 05.17.03 – Technical еlectrochemistry. – National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute” Kharkiv, 2019. The dissertation is devoted to the development of technology for electrodeposition of functional coatings by alloys of iron with cobalt and molybdenum from complex citrate electrolytes. Based on the analysis of ionic equilibria and kinetic laws, it was found that molybdenum is converted into an alloy with iron and cobalt to a metallic state from heteronuclear complexes through the formation of intermediate spokes both as a result of cathodic polarization and as a result of the formation of hydrogen and hydrogen atoms. realize overflow effect. Changing the modes and parameters of electrolysis allows the formation of composite metal oxide coatings in iron-cobalt-molybdenum system by including a metal matrix of molybdenum oxide as an intermediate link of electrode reactions. The quantitative composition of the electrolyte and the modes of coating with a given content of components, morphology, structure and operational characteristics are justified. The optimal polarization modes are determined, the use of which allows one to obtain defect-free coatings. The corrosion resistance of the coatings of the Fe-Co-Mo(MoOₓ) system exceeds the value for the alloy components, and the microhardness is three times higher than the microhardness for steel and individual components of the ternary system. High electrocatalytic activity of the coatings was found in cathodic hydrogen evolution reactions, which, as a result of the synergistic effect, is higher than for individual metals, and grows with the molybdenum content and the activity of Fe-Co-Mo (MoOₓ). Coatings in the reactions of anodic oxidation of low molecular weight alcohols at a current density of the anodic and cathodic peaks are even higher than on a platinum electrode. The coatings turned out to be "soft magnetic materials" that can be used in the manufacture of magneto-optical information storage devices, and the sensory properties of individual components of gaseous media were used to create a sensitive element of the sensor. The technological scheme of electrodeposition of Fe-Co-Mo (MoOₓ) coatings is proposed, depending on their practical purpose.

京都大学
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第23288号
人博第1003号
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻
(主査)教授 内本 喜晴, 教授 高木 紀明, 教授 中村 敏浩
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies
Kyoto University
DFAM

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第21876号
人博第905号
新制||人||216(附属図書館)
2018||人博||905(吉田南総合図書館)
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻
(主査)教授 内本 喜晴, 教授 田部 勢津久, 教授 吉田 鉄平
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.03 – Технічна електрохімія. – Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут», Харків, 2019. Дисертаційну роботу присвячено розробці гальванохімічної технології покривів тернарними сплавами і композитами системи ферум-кобальт-молібден з підвищеним рівнем функціональних властивостей на підставі гіпотези про інкорпорацію оксидів тугоплавких компонентів як інтермедіатів електродних реакцій, до складу металевої матриці. Обґрунтовано компонентний склад електроліту та співвідношення концентрацій сплавотвірних компонентів в системі ферум-кобальт-молібден і закономірності комплексоутворення в присутності цитрату, які склали підгрунтя до розробки електролітів для нанесення металевих і металооксидних покривів. Встановлено, що бездефектні покриви високої якості з вмістом молібдену понад 30 ат.% формуються з електролітів із концентрацією натрій цитрату 0,4−0,5 М та оксометалату 0,2 М. Доведено, що утворення гетероядерних комплексів є передумовою для гнучкого керування іонними рівновагами в розчині, а відтак, і механізмом та перенапругою електродних реакцій, перебіг яких підпорядковується закономірностям змішаної кінетики, про що свідчать і визначена енергія активації процесу. Відновлення молібдат-іону до металевої фази відбувається через утворення поверхневих оксидів проміжного ступеню окиснення. Залежно від повноти перебігу цього процесу створюються умови до формування металевого покриву тернарним сплавом або металоксидного композиту, друга фаза якого складається з оксидів молібдену в проміжному ступені окиснення, тобто утворюється безпосередньо в електродному процесі. Встановлено, що відновлення оксометалату може перебігати в декілька стадій − як за електрохімічним, так і хімічним механізмом за участю ад-атомів гідрогену, які утворюються в катодній реакції. Саме така особливість забезпечує варіативність катодного процесу та надає можливість гнучкого керування перебігом окремих стадій і складом та властивостями цільового продукту технологічного процесу. Головними чинниками, що забезпечують варіативність складу покривів, є режим поляризації – гальваностатичний або імпульсний, та амплітудні і часові параметри струму. За однакових густин струму застосування імпульсного електролізу дозволяє формувати покриви із значно вищим вмістом молібдену. Зокрема, за сталих тривалості імпульсу 10-20 мс та паузи 5–20 мс склад покривів збагачується молібденом до 30 ат. % при суттєво нижчому вмісті оксигену. Такі зміни у складі покриву порівняно з стаціонарним режимом зумовлені перебігом впродовж паузи хімічної реакції відновлення проміжних оксидів молібдену ад-атомами водню внаслідок реалізації спілловер-ефекту. Вища кількість фази оксидів в складі покривів тернарним сплавом, сформованих в гальваностатичному режимі, дає підстави класифікувати їх як композити. За однакового типу поляризації струмозалежними виявились не тільки вміст компонентів сплаву/композиту, а й морфологія поверхні осадів та вихід за струмом. В умовах стаціонарного електролізу вихід за струмом сплаву знаходиться в межах 56−62 %, а при застосуванні імпульсного електролізу ефективність процесу зростає до 61−70 % за рахунок внеску хімічної реакції відновлення оксидів молібдену ад–атомами водню. Розсіювальна здатність електроліту також залежить від густини струму і має екстремальний характер із максимумом у 62 % при і=2,5 А/дм². Отримані результати розсіювальної здатності узгоджуються із значеннями для відомих електролітів. Композитні Fe−Co−MoОₓ і металеві Fe−Co−Mo покриви мають дрібноглобулярну структуру поверхні, розвиненість якої зростає зі збільшенням густини струму, а характер і розмір кристалітів залежить від складу покривів і режимів електролізу. Так, для покривів Fe48Сo40Mo12, отриманих постійним струмом, середній розмір кристалітів становить 63 Ǻ, а для покриву Fe43Сo39Mo18, отриманому в імпульсному режимі, середній розмір кристалітів складає 56 Ǻ. Залежно від режимів електроосадження різниться і шорсткість поверхні – в гальваностатичному та імпульсному режимах параметр Ra для сплавів становить 0,15 і 0,11, відповідно, що характерно для 9–10 класів шорсткості. Синтезовані покриви мають широкий спектр фізико-хімічних і фізико-механічних властивостей з високим рівнем споживчих характеристик. Так, тестуванням корозійної тривкості встановлено, що за глибинним показником (0,018 – 0,02 мм/рік) покриви мають 4 бал стійкості за десятибальною шкалою, а ранжовані за густиною струму корозії є "стійкими" в кислому середовищі та "вельми стійкими" у нейтральному та лужному. Корозійну стійкість в кислому середовищі підвищує наявність молібдену через кислотний характер його оксидів, а в нейтральному і лужному середовищах покриви проявляють стійкість внаслідок пасивації феруму і кобальту. Вільна енергія поверхні металевих покривів і композитів в межах 118−128 мДж/м², що майже на порядок величини нижча за сплавотвірні компоненти, а поверхні композитів Fe−Co−MoОₓ нижча ніж сплаву Fe−Co−Mo завдяки вищому вмісту кисню в його структурі, внаслідок чого покриви композитами є хімічно стійкішими. Мікротвердість гальванічних покривів знаходиться в межах 595 – 630 кгс/мм² і є вищою, порівняно із сплавотвірними компонентами, а також в 2,5–3 рази більшою за сталеву основу. Мікротвердість осадів симбатно змінюється із вмістом молібдену і в інтервалі досліджених густин струму також зростає з підвищенням цього параметра. Результатами комплексних випробувань механічних характеристик доведено високу адгезію покривів до поверхні підкладки, стійкість до полірування, нагріву і зламу. Встановлено високу електрокаталітичну активність тернарного сплаву в анодних реакціях окиснення низькомолекулярних спиртів, а значення анодних і катодних піків струму на циклічних вольтамперограмах навіть вищі за платиновий електрод, тому гальванічні покриви сплавом Fe−Co−Mo можна розглядати як перспективні каталітичні матеріали паливних елементів. Високу електрокаталітичну активність покривів виявлено і в катодних реакціях виділення водню з лужних та кислих середовищ, яка внаслідок реалізації синергетичного ефекту вища порівняно із індивідуальними металами. Встановлено залежність між складом сплаву і каталітичними властивостями – більший вміст молібдену в цілому покращує якість покривів. Водночас, густина струму обміну реакції виділення водню на композитних покривах в усіх модельних розчинах вище, ніж для металевих, що узгоджується з результатами визначення виходу за струмом. Покривам притаманні магнітні властивості, а значення коерцитивної сили для покривів Fe−Co−Mo знаходиться в інтервалі 7−10 Ое, що перевищує значення для бінарного Fe−Co сплаву (6,5–7,2 Ое). Сплави Fe−Co−Mo, як "магнітом’які матеріали", можна застосовувати і у виробництві елементів магнітних інформаційних накопичувачів. Означений сплав виявляє сенсорні властивості щодо окремих компонентів газових середовищ та може бути використаний, зокрема, як матеріал чутливого елемента сенсора для визначення граничної концентрації водню. На підставі визначених кінетичних характеристик і технологічних струмозалежних параметрів створено програмний і технологічний модулі і запропоновано варіативну технологічну схему нанесення покривів Fe−Co−Мо(МоОₓ) керованого складу та прогнозованими фізико-механічними і фізико-хімічними властивостями. За результатами дослідно-промислових випробувань виробів та елементів обладнання з покривами тернарними сплавами на ПАТ "Укрндіхіммаш" та в Метрологічному центрі військових еталонів Збройних Сил України доведено високий рівень експлуатаційних характеристик синтезованих покривів та ефективність технології їх нанесення. Результати досліджень впроваджені в навчальний процес кафедри фізичної хімії НТУ "ХПІ" і Військового інституту танкових військ НТУ "ХПІ".
Thesis for the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in the speciality 05.17.03 – Technical Electrochemistry. – National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute» Kharkiv, 2019. The component composition of the electrolyte and the ratio of the concentrations of the alloys forming components in the ferum-cobalt-molybdenum system and the regularities of the complex formation in the presence of citrate, which became the basis for the development of electrolytes for metal deposition and metal oxide coatings are substantiated. It was found that high-quality coatings with a molybdenum content of more than 30 at.% Are formed from electrolytes with a concentration of sodium citrate of 0,4 – 0,5 М and oxometalate of 0,2 М. It is proved that the formation of heteronuclear complexes is a prerequisite for the flexible control of ionic equilibria in solution, the mechanism and overvoltage of electrode reactions, the course of which obeys the laws of mixed kinetics, which is confirmed and determined by the activation energy of the process. The reduction of the molybdate ion to the metal phase occurs by the formation of surface oxides of an intermediate oxidation state. Depending on the completeness of the course of this process, conditions are created for the formation of a metal coating of a ternary alloy or a metal oxide composite, the second phase of which consists of molybdenum oxides in an intermediate oxidation state, that is, is formed directly in the electrolysis process. The reduction of oxometalate can occur in several stages using both the electrochemical and chemical mechanisms, which include hydrogen ad-atoms and atoms that are formed in the cathodic reaction. It is this feature that provides the variability of the cathode process and allows flexible control of the stages, as well as the composition and properties of the product of the technological process. The main factors ensuring variability of the coating composition are polarization modes — galvanostatic and pulsed modes, and amplitude and time parameters of the current. At the same current densities, the use of pulsed electrolysis allows the formation of coatings with a significantly higher molybdenum content. In particular, with a constant pulse duration of 10–20 ms and pauses of 5–20 ms, the composition of the shells is enriched in molybdenum to 30 at.% With a significantly lower oxide content. Such changes in the composition of the coating compared with the stationary regime are due to the chemical reaction of the reduction of intermediate molybdenum oxides by hydrogen atoms as a result of the overflow effect. The higher content of the oxide phase in the composition of tournament alloys formed in the galvanostatic mode allows us to classify them as composites. With the same polarization mode, the parameters depending on the current are determined not only by the content of the components of the alloy or composite, but also by the morphology of the coating surface and the current efficiency. Under the conditions of stationary electrolysis, the efficiency of the alloy is in the range 56−62 %, and when using pulsed electrolysis, the efficiency of the process increases to 61–70 % due to the chemical reaction of the reduction of molybdenum oxides. hydrogen atoms of hydrogen. The dissipated ability of the electrolyte also depends on the current density and is extreme in nature with a maximum of 62% at i = 2.5 A/dm². Dissipation results are consistent with known electrolytes. Composite coatings Fe−Co−MoOₓ and metallic coatings Fe−Co−Mo have a fine-crystalline structure, surface development increases with increasing current density, and the nature and size of crystallites depends on the composition of the coatings and electrolysis conditions. So for Fe48Co40Mo12 coatings obtained by direct current, the average crystallite size is 63 Ǻ, and for Fe43Co39Mo18 coatings obtained in a pulsed mode, the average crystallite size is 56 Ǻ. Depending on the electrodeposition modes, the surface roughness also varies - in the galvanostatic and pulsed modes, the parameter Ra for the alloys is 0,15 and 0,11, respectively, which corresponds to grades 9-10. The synthesized coatings have a range of physico-chemical and physico-mechanical properties with a high level of performance. Thus, corrosion resistance testing shows that the depth of the index (0,018 – 0,02 mm/year) coatings are characterized as 4 points of resistance on a ten-point scale, and ranked according to the density of the corrosion current is "stable" in acidic solutions and "very stable" in neutral and alkaline solutions. Corrosion resistance to the acid solutions increases the presence of molybdenum through the acidic nature of its oxides, and in neutral and alkaline solutions the covers exhibit resistance due to passivation of iron and cobalt. The free energy of the surface of metal coatings and composites is in the range of 118-128 mJ/m², which is almost an order of magnitude lower than the alloys of the component and the surfaces of the Fe−Co−MoOₓ composites lower than the Fe−Co−Mo alloy due to the higher oxygen content in its structure. , causing the composites to be chemically stable. The microhardness of galvanic coatings is in the range of 595–630 kgf/mm² depending on the individual components and is 2,5–3 times higher than for steel. The microhardness of the coatings increases symbatically with an increase in the amount of molybdenum in the alloy and also increases with an increase in this parameter in the integral of current densities. The high adhesion of the coatings to the surface of the steel, resistance to polishing, heating and kink is established. The high electrocatalytic activity of ternary alloys in the reactions of anodic oxidation of low molecular weight alcohols was established, and the magnitude of the peaks of the anodic and cathodic currents in the cyclic voltammogram is even higher than that of the platinum electrode, so galvanic coatings with Fe−Co−Mo alloy can be considered a promising catalytic material for fuel cells. High electrocatalytic activity of the skin was also detected in cathodic reactions of hydrogen evolution from alkaline and acidic media, which is higher as a result of the synergistic effect compared to individual metals. A connection was established between the alloy composition and catalytic properties – a higher molybdenum content usually improves the quality of coatings. At the same time, the exchange current density of the hydrogen evolution reaction on composite coatings in all model solutions is higher than for metal coatings, which is consistent with the results of determining the current efficiency. The coatings have magnetic properties, and the value of the coercive force for Fe—Co−Mo coatings is in the range of 7-10 Oe, which is higher than the value for the Fe−Co alloy (6,5-7,2 Oe). Fe−Co−Mo alloys are "Magnetic materials" and can be used in the production of magnetic information storage elements. The alloy has sensory properties on the individual components of the gas environment and can be used, in particular, as a sensor material of the sensor to determine the maximum hydrogen concentration. Based on kinetic characteristics and technological parameters, software and technological module have been created and a variable technological scheme for applying Fe−Co−Mo(MoOₓ) coatings of controlled composition and predicted physicomechanical and physicochemical properties has been proposed. According to the results of tests and elements of equipment coated with ternary alloys at PJSC "Ukrndikhimmash" and at the Metrological center of military standards of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, a high level of operational characteristics of the synthesized coatings and the effectiveness of the technology for their synthesis have been proved. The research results were introduced into the educational process of the Department of Physical Chemistry NTU "KhPI" and the Military Institute of Tank Troops NTU "KhPI".

Zwei Modellreaktionen wurden mit thermoresponsiven Nanoreaktoren untersucht. Die Reduktion von 4-Nitrophenol und von Kaliumhexacyanidoferrat(III) mit Natriumborhydrid. Die Nanoreaktoren bestehen aus einem Polystyrol Kern, umgeben von einer Hydrogel Schale aus Poly-(N-Isopropylacrylamid). Die Reaktionen werden auf der Oberfläche von Metall Nanopartikeln in der Hydrogel Schale katalysiert. In einer auf Gold- und Silberkatalysatoren fokussierten Literaturstudie zeigte sich, dass der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Reaktionsschritt zwischen beiden Metallen variieren könnte. Kinetische Studien mit Silber haben gezeigt, dass ein erfolgreich auf Gold angewandtes Modell modifiziert werden muss um auf Silber anwendbar zu sein und haben gezeigt, dass sich die Kinetik der Reaktion auf beiden Metallen unterscheidet. Die weitere Analyse ergab die typische, nicht der Arrhenius Abhängigkeit folgende, Abhängigkeit der Reaktionsrate von der Temperatur und hat gezeigt, dass die Partitionierung der Reaktanden im Hydrogel für das kinetische Modell relevant ist. Die Reduktion von Kaliumhexacyanidoferrat(III) auf Gold hat gezeigt, dass elektrostatische Effekte hier eine maßgebliche Rolle spielen. Ein kinetisches Modell wurde erarbeitet, dass die relevanten Einflussfaktoren durch Hydrogel, Geometrie der Nanoreaktoren, diffusions- und elektrostatische Effekte miteinbezieht. Die gewonnenen Daten konnten mittels eines auf der Auswertung des stationären Zustands basierenden Modells erfolgreich gefittet werden. Hierbei wurde das komplexe Zusammenspiel von elektrostatischen Effekten, deren Abschirmung und Einfluss auf die Diffusion sowie die Reaktionsrate gezeigt. Mit wenigen physikalisch aussagekräftigen Fitparametern konnten alle beobachteten Effekte erfolgreich erklärt werden. Der Vergleich der Reduktion von 4-Nitrophenol und von Hexacyanidoferrat(III) zeigt hierbei die entscheidenden Faktoren sowohl für reaktions- als auch für diffusionskontrollierte Reaktionen in thermoresponsiven Hydrogelen.
Two model reactions were investigated with thermoresponsive core-shell nanoreactors, the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), both reduced with sodium borohydride. The nanoreactors comprise of a polystyrene core surrounded by a hydrogel shell of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) crosslinked with N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide. Metal nanoparticles are immobilized inside the hydrogel shell on the surface of which the model reactions are catalyzed. In the reduction of 4-nitrophenol, special emphasis is laid on the reduction on gold and silver catalysts. A literature review of mechanistic as well as kinetic studies reveals that the rate determining step may differ between the two catalyst metals. Kinetic investigations with a silver catalyst reveal that the kinetic model derived previously for gold catalysts needs to be modified for the kinetic analysis in this study, confirming a difference in the kinetics for both catalyst metals. The temperature dependent analysis reveals the typical non-Arrhenius dependency of the reaction rate and shows that the partition ratio of the reactants is relevant for the kinetics. The reduction of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) on gold reveals that electrostatic effects play a major role in this reaction. A new kinetic model is derived, accounting the relevant influence factors of the hydrogel, the nanoreactor geometry, diffusional and electrostatic effects. With a stationary state approach the experimental data are fitted successfully, revealing the complex interplay of electrostatic effects, the screening thereof and the influence on diffusion and reaction rate. With only a few physically meaningful fit parameters all observed effects can be explained successfully. The comparison of the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) highlights the decisive factors in both, reaction and diffusion controlled reactions inside thermoresponsive hydrogels.

The replacement of noble metals with cheap, sustainable and non-toxic iron as catalysts for cross coupling reactions continues unabated. The significant advancement in methodology has been accompanied by elegant mechanistic studies; vital for further reaction development. Amongst this success, the development of reactions which work with milder coupling partners is paramount. Organoboron reagents are particularly useful, and accordingly there has been great progress in the development of iron-catalysed Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. However, the cross-coupling between an aryl halide and aryl boron reagent, a Suzuki biaryl cross-coupling, has not yet been achieved with iron-catalysis under mild conditions. Here, it is shown that the barrier to success has been in the activation of the aryl halide bond. This has been overcome by installation of an ortho N-pyrrole amide directing group. Notably, mechanistic studies reveal that the N-pyrrole amide works by tethering the iron-catalyst to the electrophile via π-coordination, and a single electron transfer process to afford an amino ketyl radical appears to be responsible for activation of the aryl halide bond. Asymmetric iron-catalysed cross-couplings are extremely rare, and the seminal example suffers from a restrictive electrophile scope. The enantioconvergent iron-catalysed cross-coupling of an unactivated alkyl halide substrate has also been investigated to broaden the scope of this methodology. Finally, a combined synthetic and mechanistic study was conducted to compare the activity of an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand with its N-heterocyclic germylene analogue in iron-catalysed cross couplings; affording insights into the role of carbene ligands in iron-catalysis.

The transition-metal catalysed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction is a highly efficient synthetic tool that allows six-membered polysubstituted carbo- and heterocyclic derivatives to be obtained in an atom economy process. This doctoral thesis is based on methodological and mechanistic studies of the rhodium(I)-catalysed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction. In particular, the use of hemilabile S-stereogenic and P-stereogenic ligands for the rhodium-catalysed [2+2+2] cycloaddition is described. The activity of these new catalytic systems is evaluated in the cycloaddition of three alkynes and in the enantioselective cycloaddition of enediynes to obtain chiral cyclohexa-1,3-dienes. Moreover, the participation of Baylis-Hillman adducts as alkene moieties for the partially intramolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition is described for the synthesis of a set of enantioenriched bicyclic cyclohexadienes featuring a quaternary stereogenic centre. Finally, the mechanistic study of the [2+2+2] cycloaddition of alkynes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and DFT calculations is performed.
La reacció de cicloaddició [2+2+2] catalitzada per metalls de transició és una eina molt eficient que permet la formació de derivats carbo- i heterocíclics polisubstituïts de sis membres en un procés d’economia atòmica. Aquesta tesi doctoral es basa en l’estudi metodològic i mecanístic de les reaccions de cicloaddició [2+2+2] catalitzades per rodi(I). Concretament, es descriu l’ús de lligands hemilàbils S-estereogènics i P-estereògenics per a la reacció de cicloaddició [2+2+2] catalitzada per rodi d’alquins i també en la cicloaddició enantioselectiva d’endiïns per a l’obtenció de ciclohexadiens quirals. També s’estudia la participació d’adductes de Baylis-Hillman com a substrats olefínics d’aquestes reaccions permetent la síntesi de ciclohexadiens quirals bicíclics amb un centre estereogènic quaternari. Finalment, es presenta l’estudi mecanístic de les reaccions de cicloaddició [2+2+2] d’alquins a través de l’espectrometria de masses amb ionització per electroesprai i càlculs DFT.

Aquesta tesi doctoral descriu l'aplicació, d'una combinació de mètodes DFT (Teoria del Funcional de la Densitat) i models cinètics, per elucidar el mecanisme de reaccions en solució iniciades per llum. Aquesta estratègia és usada per estudiar dos tipus de reaccions d'interès comercial. A la primera part, s'analitza el mecanisme de transformacions químiques activades directament per llum. En canvi, la segona part abasta reaccions en què l'activació lumínica passa a través d'un foto-catalitzador. En tots dos casos, els resultats i les propietats experimentals, com ara la selectivitat o el rendiment quàntic, van ser reeixidament reproduïts, i racionalitzats d'acord a les propietats d'estructura electrònica que defineixen els sistemes involucrats. A més, es va demostrar que els models cinètics són crucials per calcular aspectes del mecanisme de transformacions foto-induïdes, ja que la mera comparació de barreres d'energia no té en compte les grans diferències de concentracions presents.
Esta tesis doctoral describe la aplicación, de una combinación de métodos DFT (Teoría del Funcional de la Densidad) y modelos cinéticos, para elucidar el mecanismo de reacciones en solución iniciadas por luz. Esta estrategia es usada para estudiar dos tipos de reacciones de interés comercial. En la primera parte, se analiza el mecanismo de transformaciones químicas activadas directamente por luz. En cambio, la segunda parte abarca reacciones en las que la activación lumínica ocurre a través de un foto-catalizador. En ambos casos, los resultados y las propiedades experimentales, tales como la selectividad o el rendimiento cuántico, fueron exitosamente reproducidos, y racionalizados de acuerdo a las propiedades de estructura electrónica que definen a los sistemas involucrados. Además, se demostró que los modelos cinéticos son cruciales para calcular aspectos del mecanismo de transformaciones foto-inducidas, ya que la mera comparación de barreras de energía no tiene en cuenta las grandes diferencias de concentraciones presentes.
This doctoral thesis describes the application of a combination of Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods and kinetic models to elucidate the mechanism of light-driven synthesis reactions in solution. This strategy is applied to study two types of reactions of commercial interest. In the first part, the mechanism of chemical transformations directly activated by visible light is analyzed. On the other hand, the second part covers reactions in which light activation takes place via a photocatalyst. For both cases, experimental outcomes and properties such as selectivity and quantum yield were correctly reproduced and rationalized on the basis of the electronic structure properties that define the systems involved. In addition, kinetic models proved vital in the computation of mechanistic aspects of photo-induced transformations as mere comparisons of energy barriers fail to account for large differences in concentration present.

El tema de esta tesis es el estudio DFT del mecanismo de hidroaminaciones intermoleculares catalizadas por catalizadores de rodio y oro. Los compuestos que contienen nitrógeno son muy valiosos y tienen muchos usos que van desde productos farmacéuticos hasta productos químicos. La reacción de hidroaminación es la vía más económica para sintetizar aminas sustituidas. Los catalizadores metálicos que han sido desarrollados para la hidroaminación directa incluyen tanto lantánidos como metales de transición tempranos y tardíos. Los catalizadores más versátiles para la hidroaminación intermolecular se basan en metales de transición tardíos. Hay muchos estudios publicados en los últimos años acerca de esta reacción, pero a pesar del esfuerzo algunas preguntas permanecen abiertas. Los principales retos de las reacciones de hidroaminación son el uso de aminas simples y sustratos inactivados, la versión intermolecular, el control de la regioselectividad (especialmente la versión anti-Markovnikov) y la versión asimétrica. En esta tesis nos hemos centrado principalmente en el estudio del control de la regioselectividad en la versión intermolecular de esta reacción y en un proceso asimétrico. El primer y segundo capítulo son una introducción al tema y una explicación teórica de todos los temas utilizados en esta tesis. En el tercer capítulo se recogen los puntos que este trabajo pretende lograr, en el cuarto capítulo se estudió una reacción de hidroaminación anti-Markovnikov de alquenos catalizada por un catalizador de rodio desarrollado por Hartwig et al. El quinto capítulo trata de la reacción de hidroaminación enantioselectiva de alenos catalizados por un catalizador de rodio. El sistema desarrollado por Breit y compañeros ha sido elegido para nuestro estudio. El sexto capítulo está dedicado a la reacción de hidroaminación de alquinos, alquenos y alenos con hidracina catalizada por tres catalizadores catiónicos de oro diferentes desarrollados por los grupos de Bertrand y Hasmi. En el séptimo capítulo estudiamos una reacción de hidroaminación anti-Markovnikov catalizada por oro. El sistema de Widenhoefer ha sido seleccionado ya que es el único ejemplo presente en la literatura. El último capítulo de esta tesis incluye una breve conclusión y un resumen del resultado del trabajo realizado.
The topic of this thesis is the DFT study of the mechanism of intermolecular hydroaminations catalyzed by rhodium and gold catalyst. The nitrogen-containing compounds are very valuable and have a lot of uses ranging from pharmaceutical to chemical. The hydroamination reaction is the most economical pathway to synthesize substituted amines. Metal catalysts developed for direct hydroamination includes lanthanides, as well as early and late transition metals. The most versatile catalysts for the intermolecular hydroamination are based on late transition metals. There are a lot of studies published in recent years about this reaction, but despite the effort some questions remain open. The main challenges of hydroamination reactions are the use of simple amines and unactivated substrates, the intermolecular version, the control of regioselectivity (especially the anti-Markovnikov version) and the asymmetrical version. In this thesis we mainly focused on the study of the control of regioselectivity in the intermolecular version of this reaction and an asymmetric process. The first and second chapters are an introduction to the subject and a theoretical explanation of all the topics used in this thesis. In the third chapter are collected the points this work pretends to achieve, in the fourth chapter we studied an anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of alkenes catalyzed by a rhodium catalyst developed by Hartwig et al. The fifth chapter deals with the enantioselective hydroamination of allenes catalyzed by a rhodium catalyst. The system developed by Breit and coworkers has been chosen for our study. The sixth chapter is devoted to the hydroamination reaction of alkynes, alkenes and allenes with hydrazine catalyzed by three different cationic gold catalysts developed by Bertrand and Hasmi’s groups. In the seventh chapter we studied an Au-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov hydroamination. The Widenhoefer system has been selected since is the only example in the literature. The last chapter of this thesis includes a brief conclusion and summary of the outcome of the work carried out.

Many animals on earth need to navigate in their own environments for breeding and foraging. The ability to determine a correct heading and the current location for a migratory bird is critical for its survival. Animals that are sensitive to the Earth’s magnetic field can use it to obtain their direction of travel. In 2000, a paper suggested that radical pair reaction could form the basis for magnetoreception in migratory birds and a flavoprotein, cryptochrome, was proposed as the candidate for the radical pair precursor. Recent in vivo experimental results strongly support the hypothesis that radical pairs formed in the eyes of migratory birds are responsible for their magnetic compass sense. Cryptochrome has also been located in the UV-cones in the retinas of two different species of bird. Radical pairs in living cells are influenced mainly by Zeeman interaction, hyperfine interaction, rotational modulation, etc., and together they influence the recombination reactions of the radical pairs. This thesis considers the possible role of radical pairs in avian magnetoreception, using computer simulations of the quantum mechanical evolution of a radical pair under a variety of conditions. Chapter 1 contains the introductions to spin chemistry, avian magnetoreception, and the mathematical description of the quantum evolution of a radical pair. Chapter 2 describes the four different theoretical models for a general non-diffusion-controlled radical pair reaction and the product yields of a radical pair reaction predicted by these four models are analysed and compared. Chapter 3 introduces a model for avian magnetoreception that integrates photoselection with the radical pair reaction and the model is used to predict the retinal patterns that a bird may be able to use for magnetoreception. The anisotropic singlet product yields of a radical pair comprises the flavin chromophore and the tryptophan of a cryptochrome are also presented in this chapter. A paper based on some parts of this chapter is published [1] in the Journal of The Royal Society Interface. Chapter 4 describes a modified version of an algorithm that is used to calculate the product yields detected in a reaction yield detected magnetic resonance (RYDMR) experiment. The new algorithm is used to analyse the results of two sets of RYDMR experiments in which two radical pair systems, pyrene/1,3-dicyanobenzene and chrysene/1,4-dicyanobenzene, were used. The modulated detection technique used in the RYDMR experiments is also discussed in this chapter.

La Fotocatálisis Heterogénea con Dióxido de Titanio (TiO2) ha sido ampliamente estudiada en los últimos 30 años. Como resultado de este esfuerzo de investigación se han obtenido grandes avances en la comprensión de los fenómenos fundamentales involucrados en el proceso y se ha logrado la aplicación exitosa de varios dispositivos con tecnología fotocatalítica en áreas como la remediación medioambiental, la producción de energía renovable, y el diseño de materiales con propiedades de “autolimpieza”. Sin embargo, la comunidad científica en el campo de la fotocatálisis reconoce que existen diversas cuestiones de carácter fundamental sin resolver. En las décadas de los 80 y 90 diversos mecanismos de reacción y modelos cinéticos fueron propuestos para ser empleados en la interpretación del considerable conjunto de datos experimentales reportados acerca de reacciones de fotooxidación con TiO2. A pesar del gran avance en el conocimiento de aspectos fundamentales sobre algunas de estas cuestiones, varios supuestos, tomados como verdades por la comunidad científica, fueron puestos en duda debido a los descubrimientos realizados en la primera década de este siglo en el campo de los estudios de ciencia de superficies aplicados a cristales de TiO2. En particular, se demostró que el catalizador no puede considerarse sólo como partículas desprovistas de estructura en la superficie. Al contrario, la estructura química de la superficie del catalizador y su interacción con las moléculas presentes en el medio de reacción es un factor determinante para entender los eventos que se desencadenan debido a la excitación del catalizador (TiO2). La presente tesis doctoral se propone elucidar interpretaciones alternativas a la cinética y mecanismos de las reacciones de oxidación fotocatalítica tomando en cuenta los novedosos descubrimientos descritos anteriormente. Para desarrollar esta tarea se ha realizado un exhaustivo análisis de la literatura científica sobre la química de superficie del TiO2, y se desarrolló un estudio experimental sobre la interacción del TiO2 con diversas moléculas orgánicas, la relación de estas interacciones con la cinética de fotooxidación, y sobre algunos aspectos fundamentales del mecanismo de fotooxidación de diversos compuestos modelos. Estos temas se discuten en detalle en cuatro publicaciones y tres manuscritos que serán enviados a publicar en un futuro cercano. Los resultados aquí reportados confirman el rol crucial que desempeña la superficie del TiO2 en los mecanismos y la cinética de transferencia de carga interfacial de las reacciones fotocatalíticas. Específicamente, se dilucidó el rol desempeñado por los oxígenos de la superficie de la red cristalina del TiO2 en el mecanismo de reacción. Además, se demostró que el mecanismo de trasferencia de carga interfacial depende fuertemente del grado de interacción electrónica entre la superficie del semiconductor y la molécula orgánica a fotooxidar. Los hallazgos arriba descritos aportan nuevas ideas al debate científico actual sobre aspectos fundamentales de la fotocatálisis con TiO2. De otra parte, los nuevos enfoques sobre la cinética y mecanismos de las reacciones fotocataliticas que se reportan en esta tesis puede proporcionar una base más racional para el diseño de catalizadores más eficientes que puedan ser empleados en aplicaciones prácticas.
TiO2 photocatalysis has been extensively studied over the last three decades. The output of this research effort is an increasing fundamental understanding of the phenomena involved in the process and the successful application of photocatalytic technological devices in different areas such as environmental purification, renewable energy production, and design of materials with “self cleaning” properties. However, the scientific community in the field of photocatalysis recognizes that several fundamentals issues still remain unclear. In the 80 and 90’s decades several reaction mechanisms and kinetic models were proposed for the interpretation of the large body of experimental data concerning TiO2-assisted photooxidation reactions. Despite the huge advance in the fundamental knowledge of these topics that was achieved, several assumptions taken as truths by the scientific community were challenged by the findings of surface science studies on TiO2 crystals reported in the first decade of this century. These findings brought new insights into the surface chemistry of TiO2. It was demonstrated that the TiO2 catalyst can not be considered just as particles devoid of surface structure. Conversely, the chemical structure of the catalyst surface and its interaction with molecules in the reaction media is a determinant factor to understand the events triggered by TiO2 excitation. This PhD thesis is aimed at elucidating some alternative interpretations of kinetics and mechanisms of photocatalytic oxidation reactions taking into account the aforementioned novel insights. This task has been addressed by a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature on the topic of surface chemistry of TiO2 and by an experimental study comprising TiO2-surface/substrate interactions, their relationship with kinetics of photooxidation reactions, and mechanistic issues related to photocatalytic oxidation of several model compounds. The above issues are discussed in detail in four published articles and three manuscripts that will be submitted for publication in the near future. The results reported here confirm the crucial role of the TiO2 surface in the mechanisms and the kinetics of interfacial charge transfer in photocatalytic reactions. Specifically, the role of TiO2 surface lattice oxygens in the reaction mechanism was elucidated. Moreover, it was found that the mechanism of interfacial charge transfer strongly depends on the degree of electronic interaction between the semiconductor surface and the organic substrate to be photooxidized. The above findings provide new ideas to the current scientific debate around fundamental issues of TiO2 photocatalysis. On the other hand, the new insights into the kinetics and mechanisms of photocatalytic reactions reported here can provide more rational strategies for the development of more efficient photocatalysts for practical applications.

Data obtained from isotope exchange at equilibrium, exchange of inorganic phosphate against forward reaction flux, and positional isotope exchange of 18O from the (βγ-bridge position of pyrophosphate to a (β-nonbridge position all indicate that the pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase from Propionibacterium freudenreichii has a rapid equilibrium random kinetic mechanism. All exchange reactions are strongly inhibited at high concentrations of the fructose 6-phosphate/Pi and MgPPi/Pi substrate-product pairs and weakly inhibited at high concentrations of the MgPPi/fructose 1,6-bisphosphate pair suggesting three dead-end complexes, E:F6P:Pi, E:MgPPi:Pi, and E:FBP:MgPPi. Neither back-exchange by [32p] nor positional isotope exchange of 18O-bridge-labeled pyrophosphate was observed under any conditions, suggesting that either the chemical interconversion step or a step prior to it limits the overall rate of the reaction. Reduction of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-inactivated enzyme with NaB[3H]4 indicates that about 7 lysines are modified in free enzyme and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate protects 2 of these from modification. The pH dependence of the enzyme-reactant dissociation constants suggests that the phosphates of fructose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, inorganic phosphate, and Mg-pyrophosphate must be completely ionized and that lysines are present in the vicinity of the 1- and 6-phosphates of the sugar phosphate and bisphosphates probably directly coordinated to these phosphates. The pH dependence of kinetic parameters suggests that the enzyme catalyzes its reaction via general acid-base catalysis with the use of a proton shuttle. The base is required unprotonated in both reaction directions. In the direction of fructose 6-phosphate phosphorylation the base accepts a proton from the hydroxyl at C-l of F6P and then donates it to protonate the leaving phosphate. The maximum velocity of the reaction is pH independent in both reaction directions while V/K profiles exhibit pKs for binding groups (including enzyme and reactant functional groups) as well as pKs for enzyme catalytic groups. These data suggest that reactants bind only when correctly protonated and only to the correctly protonated form of the enzyme.

Understanding chemical reactions is crucial in learning chemistry at all educational levels. Nevertheless, research in science education has revealed that many students struggle to understand chemical processes. Improving teaching and learning about chemical reactions demands that we develop a clearer understanding of student reasoning in this area and of how this reasoning evolves with training in the discipline. Thus, we have carried out a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews as the main data collection tool to explore students reasoning about reaction mechanism and causality. The participants of this study included students at different levels of training in chemistry: general chemistry students (n=22), organic chemistry students (n=16), first year graduate students (n=13) and Ph.D. candidates (n=14). We identified major conceptual modes along critical dimensions of analysis, and illustrated common ways of reasoning using typical cases. Main findings indicate that although significant progress is observed in student reasoning in some areas, major conceptual difficulties seem to persist even at the more advanced educational levels. In addition, our findings suggest that students struggle to integrate important concepts when thinking about mechanism and causality in chemical reactions. The results of our study are relevant to chemistry educators interested in learning progressions, assessment, and conceptual development.

This work has been conducted to investigate the chemical processes involved in the remediation of acidic mine drainages (AMD) using electroanalytical methods to study the chemistry of Fe(III) in pure laboratory solutions and samples obtained from Shilbottle Colliery (Northumberland, UK), which are heavily contaminated with soluble Fe leached from the spoil heap. One method for remediation is to raise the pH of the waters and precipitate Fe(III) in an artificial wetland; however microelectrode voltammetry shows significant soluble Fe(III) remains. The characterization of hydrolysed species of Fe(III) in pure laboratory solutions and Shilbottle samples has been studied using voltammetry, Raman spectroscopy, electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The voltammetric and Raman studies show that, there is some similarity in square wave voltammograms and Raman spectra between Shilbottle solutions and aqueous laboratory Fe(III)-sulfate solutions. ESI-MS of laboratory Fe(III) solutions with non-coordinating, or weak coordinating anions such as perchlorate shows the presence of monomers, dimers, trimers and tetramers of soluble Fe(III) complexes. However no Fe-related peaks were observed in sulfate-containing media and the Shilbottle samples due to the presence of neutral species such as FeSO4OH. XRD data shows formation of basic sulfate complexes in the case of Fe(III)-sulfate and no XRD peaks can be assigned to Fe(III) in perchlorate media. Determination of soluble fractions of [Fe(III)/Fe(II)] and [SO42-] in Shilbottle samples have been performed using developed voltammetric methods. The total soluble [Fe] varied between 281 and 446 ppm and soluble [SO42-] between 3460 and 7400 ppm. A standard geochemical model (PHREEQC) has been used to study chemical speciation in AMD; a comparison of the model and our measurements indicates that the Shilbottle samples are clearly out-of-equilibrium. Kinetic studies of hydrolysis of Fe(III) in pure laboratory solutions and Shilbottle samples have been performed using potentiometric, voltammetric and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The obtained data show that the hydrolysis of Fe(III) upon raising the pH by addition of NaOH is second order in [Fe]; the rate constants were measured and a mechanism which can rationalize the rate constants is proposed. Also, ii effects of sulfate ions on the hydrolysis of Fe(III) in aqueous solutions have been investigated. The study shows that the SO42- ions catalyse formation of soluble dimers, oligomers and basic sulfate complexes. Furthermore, FeSO4+ stays dissolved in the solution longer than simple Fe(III) species such as Fe3+, Fe(OH)2+ and Fe(OH)2+.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
The following thesis is an evaluation of the various mechanistic underpinnings of adverse drug reactions, including prescription drug-drug, drug-food, and dru gsupplement interactions, as well as "type B" adverse drug reactions, and adverse drug reactions arising from medication errors. The mechanisms associated with each of these categories are presented and supported through published studies and case reports. Furthermore, the aforementioned adverse drug reactions are associated with risk factors and severe, or fatal, adverse drug reactions are assessed within a medico-legal context for their relevance and prevalence. It was found that there is an insufficient amount of published data, especially within the United States, to determine the overall degree to which fatal adverse drug reactions may influence post-mortem analysis and outcomes of medico-legal investigation.

A series of cyclic phosphoranes and spirophosphoranes have been prepared and reacted with diethyl phosphorochlor- idite, the phosphorane acting as a nucleophile, and the subsequent products reacted further with methyl iodide and chloral. Reactions have also been carried out in which a nucleophilic attack on the phosphorane occurs, the nucleophile employed being the anion of thio-phenol. It was hoped these reactions might provide a new pathway to the type of phosphorus compound which have been involved for a number of years in the control of pestsoniiosects and that an insight into the stereoelectronic requirements of reactions at phosphorus might be obtained. The mechanism of the Michaelis-Arbusov rearrangement is generally accepted as having a two stage pathway, the second stage usually considered as being an SN2 attack of a nucleophile on the a-carbon of an alkyl group. Arbusov and related reactions with unsymmetrical phosphites containing different alkyl groups have been carried out. The effect of varying the electrophile, nucleophile, temperature and solvent of the reactions has been studied. As a result of the above, the second stage of the generalised Arbusov reaction is found to have SNl character. The stereochemistry of nucleophilic substitution at phosphoryl centres has been studied extensively by a number of groups. However, it has not hitherto been possible to investigate the stereochemistry of hydrolyses since these lead to achiral acids. A general method, involving isotopic labelling, has been developed that allows the stereochemistry of such hydrolyses to be established. The stereochemistry of the alkaline hydrolyses of Sp-methyl methylphenylphosphinate and methylphenylthiophosphinate have been established using the method referred to above.

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a pervasive complication in the realm of pharmacotherapy. At the root of ADRs lies interindividual variability in drug response, which can range from allergic reactions, to genetic variability, to any factors that influence the pharmacokinetics of a drug. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the late-stage of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by fat deposition, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Over the last several years, alterations in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters have been broadly characterized through NAFLD progression. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) is a canalicular efflux transporter that directs the biliary elimination of a wide variety of xenobiotics and metabolites. In NASH, MRP2 is mislocalized away from the canalicular membrane in a post-translational event. The mechanism and extent of this mislocalization has yet to be elucidated. While transporter misregulation has been shown to influence the disposition of a variety of substrates, the direct impact of MRP2 mislocalization on its overall transport capacity, and pharmacologic consequence of this change, is unknown. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism behind, and functional consequence of, MRP2/Mrp2 mislocalization in NASH, predominantly using the rodent methionine-and-choline-deficient (MCD) dietary model.To identify the mechanism of MRP2/Mrp2 mislocalization, a comparison of the activation status of various mediators of MRP2/Mrp2 retrieval was conducted between healthy and NASH livers. Results in rat samples and human NASH samples indicate that activation changes of these mediators, including radixin, PKCα, PKCδ, and PKA, are consistent with a shift toward active retrieval of MRP2/Mrp2 from the membrane, and some evidence of impaired membrane insertion is also present. Measurement of Mrp2 transport capacity was completed using pemetrexed, a novel Mrp2 probe substrate. Comparison of biliary excretion of pemetrexed between wild-type and Mrp2^(-/-) rats shows a 100% decrease, confirming that it relies upon Mrp2 for biliary excretion. NASH rats exhibited a 60% decrease in pemetrexed levels in the bile compared to their control counterparts, indicating that Mrp2 transport capacity is severely impaired in NASH rats. Finally, to ascertain the pharmacologic consequence of impaired Mrp2 transport, a study was conducted measuring the effects of the active morphine glucuronide on control and NASH rats. NASH rats exhibited a decreased biliary excretion, and increased systemic retention, of M3G. While they did also exhibit increased antinociception of M6G, the definitive impact of altered disposition on pharmacologic response was masked due to the interference of an MCD dietary effect on antinociception. Overall, the data reported herein identify active membrane retrieval as a mechanism of MRP2/Mrp2 mislocalization in NASH, and that mislocalization results in a 60% decrease in overall Mrp2 transport capacity. This decrease significantly hinders biliary excretion of Mrp2 substrates, and may result in ADRs by contributing to interindividual variability in drug response.

This student is interested in reinvestigating the kinetics and mechanism of the bridged compound in l,2-dichloroethane with triisopropyl phosphite and in finding the reasons why the values of competition ratio k₋₂ /k₃ in this reaction are so large.

Hydroamination stands as a desirable approach to nitrogen-containing molecules, which have important applications ranging from pharmaceuticals (fine chemicals) to paints, coatings, insecticides and agrochemicals (bulk chemicals). It features the use of alkene and alkyne starting materials, which are abundant and rarely used in the formation of C-N bonds. This work aims at building on the improved Cope-type reactivity developed in the Beauchemin group by expanding the reach of the reaction and understanding its mechanistic complexities. The first part of this thesis describes the development of cascade reactions to provide a thermodynamic driving force for the intermolecular Cope-type hydroamination of alkenes. The methodology serves as a proof of concept that the dipolar reaction intermediates can be engineered to further react irreversibly to more stable products, and has shown potential in improving the syntheses of natural alkaloids. The second part of the thesis describes the expansion of Cope-type hydrazide hydroaminations through a systematic investigation of hydrazine analogs as reactants. Optimized reagents are featured in the first reported intermolecular Cope-type hydrohydrazidation of alkenes. Mechanistic investigations and isolation of ammonium ylide intermediates support a 5-membered concerted and planar mechanistic pathway for hydrazide hydroaminations, similar to that observed with hydroxylamines. The final section presents mechanistic data disproving a previously assumed difficult proton transfer step in the hydroamination using hydroxylamines. From such findings, early results are presented towards a hydrogen-bond catalyzed hydroamination, which has potential applicability across the field of Cope-type hydroaminations and beyond.

The chemical evolution with respect to time of complex macroscopic mixtures such as interstellar clouds and Titan’s atmosphere is governed via a mutual competition between thousands of simultaneous processes, including thousands of chemical reactions. Chemical kinetic modeling, which attempts to understand their macroscopic observables as well as their overall reaction mechanism through a detailed understanding of their microscopic reactions and processes, thus require thousands of rate coefficients and product distributions. At present, however, just a small fraction of these have been well-studied and measured; in addition, at the relevant low temperatures, such information becomes even more scarce. Due to the recent developments in both theoretical kinetics as well as in ab initio electronic structure calculations, it is now possible to predict accurate reaction rate coefficients and product distributions from first-principles at various temperatures, often in less time, than through the running of an experiment. Here, the results of a first principles theoretical investigation into both the reaction rate coefficients as well as the final product distributions for the reactions between the ground state CH radical (X2Π) and various C1-C3 hydrocarbons is presented; together, these constitute a set of reactions important to modeling efforts relevant to mixtures such as interstellar clouds and Titan’s atmosphere.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 215 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 208-215). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

The Quantum chemical cluster approach has been shown to be quite powerful and efficient in the modeling of enzyme active sites and reaction mechanisms. In this thesis, the reaction mechanisms of several enzymes have been investigated using the hybrid density functional B3LYP. The enzymes studied include four dinuclear zinc enzymes, namely dihydroorotase, N-acyl-homoserine lactone hydrolase, RNase Z, and human renal dipeptidase, two trinuclear zinc enzymes, namely phospholipase C and nuclease P1, two tungstoenzymes, namely formaldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase and acetylene hydratase, aspartate α-decarboxylase, and mycolic acid cyclopropane synthase. The potential energy profiles for various mechanistic scenarios have been calculated and analyzed. The role of the metal ions as well as important active site residues has been discussed.   In the cluster approach, the effects of the parts of the enzyme that are not explicitly included in the model are taken into account using implicit solvation methods.   For all six zinc-dependent enzymes studied, the di-zinc bridging hydroxide has been shown to be capable of performing nucleophilic attack on the substrate. In addition, one, two, or even all three zinc ions participate in the stabilization of the negative charge in the transition states and intermediates, thereby lowering the barriers.   For the two tungstoenzymes, several different mechanistic scenarios have been considered to identify the energetically most feasible one. For both enzymes, new mechanisms are proposed.   Finally, the mechanism of mycolic acid cyclopropane synthase has been shown to be a direct methyl transfer to the substrate double bond, followed by proton transfer to the bicarbonate.   From the studies of these enzymes, we demonstrate that density functional calculations are able to solve mechanistic problems related to enzymatic reactions, and a wealth of new insight can be obtained.

Master of Science
Department of Chemical Engineering
Keith Hohn
The study will utilize a probabilistic reaction modeling method for ring-opening reactions of epoxide. In particular, to elucidate the reaction mechanism by the methods presented, focus will be placed on the nucleophillic attack of ethylene oxide by ammonia and its anion. This focus was chosen because of the potential to gain significant advantage in computational intensity required to model the epoxy-amino macromolecular curing reactions and resulting thermochemical and physical properties of the cured resin. The method employed utilizes the combinatorial probability that 1. Two molecules will approach a transition state with sufficient energy to drive reaction 2. Any reaction will occur for a given penetration into the potential energy surface. The concept of a transition state is relaxed to allow a dynamic probability that any reaction will proceed given a position on the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) rather than searching for a specific transition state of theoretical reaction probability. 3. The reaction that occurs yields a desired stable or semi-stable molecular complex This study will focus on identifying possible stable and semi-stable products and corresponding rate constants. The technique developed here is novel in that it provides an unsupervised method to identify all structures corresponding to minima on the potential energy surface. The technique provides a pragmatic and efficient approach to sample a molecular system for different reaction mechanisms and provides a relative energy requirement to achieve these mechanisms with no presupposition of the mechanism, product, or transition state. It is possible from this data to derive rate constants for a reacting system, however, the rate constant derived for the EO/NH2 molecular system yielded significantly understated reaction probabilities and therefore rate constants.