Academic literature on the topic 'Mechanism of capitalization'

The paper is devoted to the study of methodological approaches to the assessment of capitalization of construction enterprises. The main objective of the study is the development of a strategy map of the enterprise, focused on the growth of its capitalization. The analysis of typology of capitalization mechanisms of companies is presented; author's recommendations on the arrangement of the financial mechanism of the company's fundamental capitalization are given. Theoretical approaches are considered and the influence of external and internal factors on the process of increasing the value of enterprises of the construction industry is determined. The mechanisms of capitalization are revealed and systematized due to the analysis of expansion of construction enterprises. The developed strategy map allows us to graphically identify the key factors that influence the creation of a high level of capitalization.

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the approach to determining the level of capitalization of corporate enterprises on the basis of the evaluation mechanism. In accordance with the set goal the following tasks were solved: to evaluate the possibility of applying the existing approaches to the capitalization assessment, to substantiate the approach to the capitalization assessment of the enterprise taking into account the factors of assessment quality, and to determine the ways of increasing the capitalization of corporate enterprises. Methodology. The methodological component of the study is the cost approach to assessing the capitalization of an enterprise. The proposed approach is based on the integration of private assessments of the enterprise value, including the use of financial statements, which makes it possible to identify areas to increase the level of capitalization at the expense of the enterprise's own efficiency. The method of dialectical approach in understanding the economic essence of enterprise capitalization through its general and specific functions, determining the directions of efficiency and tools to increase the capitalization of the enterprise. The results of assessing the level of corporate companies' capitalization serve as an information base for making managerial decisions on the choice of sources of increasing the market value in the future. Practical implications. The study used the method of comparison and generalization in assessing the level of capitalization of the enterprise. The information base of the study are scientific developments of Ukrainian and foreign authors on the assessment of the level of capitalization of the enterprise, the materials of Ukrainian stock exchanges and official publications of financial statements of PJSC "Ukrnafta", PJSC "Turboatom". Value / originality. The proposed capitalization assessment model takes into account the factors of quality assessment and makes it possible to form an information platform for investors on forecasts of return on invested capital and risk on their shares.

The purpose of the study is to identify and systematize the capitalization methods of enterprises in the construction industry by analyzing of internal and external expansion. The paper analyzes models of capitalization with vertical and horizontal integration in the cluster structure, considers factors of growth of capitalization through cluster structures that have the greatest potential for innovative development. They ensure effective binding of internal resources in the innovative development projects, while using external sources of growth as fully as possible. As a result of the study, the algorithm was developed to form and implement the capitalization mechanism of activity of construction enterprises on the basis of the implementation concept of new forms of activity.

Academic debates over the advantages and disadvantages of land capitalization are ongoing in China, but the fundamental issues behind the debate have not been adequately explored. We suggest that the core issue in land capitalization is the degree of capitalization. This study first theoretically deduced the existence of land capitalization limits; then, we used panel data from 35 key cities to conduct an empirical test, and finally we analyzed the current risk of excessive land capitalization in China. The results indicated that the mutual restriction of multiple land attributes determined the limits of land capitalization. Therefore, land capitalization has been categorized into two types—moderate and excessive—which produce different economic effects. The degree of land capitalization and real economic growth showed a significant inverted-U relationship, and the turning point appeared when the land capital value reached 2.5 times the land factor value. According to this threshold, we can infer that many key cities have been overcapitalized, which may lead to an economic recession and affect the growth prospects of China’s economy. Further analysis indicated that excessive land capitalization could be related to the unique Chinese style of decentralization. These conclusions have important policy implications for the reform of land marketization in countries undergoing economic transition. The goal of land reform is to allow the market mechanism to play a major role in land resource allocation, but the excessive capitalization of land must be prevented.

The publication focuses on prioritizing approaches to fair (market) valuation of agricultural land in financial and statistical reporting, as a factor in pricing its market turnover and capitalization in Ukraine's national wealth. Types of land valuation that are differentiated according to the purpose, methodology and purpose of the results are generalized. The procedure of soil boning, economic, regulatory and expert monetary evaluation of land plots is described. Priorities in approaches to land valuation for different purposes have been identified. It is concluded that the income approach, in particular the method of direct capitalization of rental income, is a priority in the assessment of agricultural land. Indicators for estimation of arable land by the method of capitalization of rent income, the procedure of their calculation of the source of information that we used in the process of testing these methodological approaches on a scale of Ukraine are generalized. A methodology for valuation of agricultural land for financial reporting purposes is proposed. The mechanism of introduction of the system of sectoral land valuation system, which is formed as an industry portal and functions under the regulatory and methodological support of state regulatory institutes with the aggregation of the available and most effective valuation methods and statistical databases, is substantiated. It is concluded that such a mechanism, with appropriate tools, will facilitate the capitalization of key domestic national wealth – agricultural land and provide for the possibility of price regulation of minimum and maximum prices when opening the relevant market. The priority approach to the assessment in this mechanism identified one that provides consideration of the value and market factor and the natural fertility and economic efficiency of the Ukrainian black earth.

The Ukrainian real economy encounters similar problems that do not allow its rapid development – high level of wear of productive assets, lack of modern equipment, outdated technologies, inappropriate environmental measures, high rate of occupational injury, etc. All this requires designing of new tools to manage the development of such important sectors of economy as industry and rail transport. Therefore, the urgent issues at the current stage of development of these industries include the definition of conditions for fixed assets capitalization and the sources of its financing. The scientific novelty of the results is identification and justification of the capitalization main components, determining the sources of funding and the mechanism for their attraction. The tool for managing the productive and environmental protection assets capitalization has been designed which is optimized using a two-dimensional dynamic programming model. The results obtained are the basis for the practical solution of the problem, and for further scientific research. This approach allows solving the problem of rail transport and industrial enterprises capitalization in a comprehensive manner, which contributes to their sustainable development.

The problems in functioning and development of enterprises under conditions of current economic challenges and trends are considered. Regarding strategic development the necessity in production modeling in terms of modern technologies allowing adapting quickly to the changes in environment is shown. As the tools supporting this idea the approaches ensuring quality of development and realization of planned and program projects of development are considered. There is offered a method for regulating a mechanism of the value added distribution and enterprises subsidy depending on the profitability level achieved and providing in such a way the capitalization of the own means for development.

In order to study the interactive relationships between house price with marc-economy in China and reveal the transmission mechanism, this paper specifies a six dimensional VAR model to identify the forces driving house prices fluctuations in China over the period 1999-2009. By employing quarterly time series for real house prices, gross domestic product, money, consumer price index, market capitalization of tradable shares and labor remuneration of persons employed in all units, the author found that: (1) there is a stable and significant relationship of mutual causality between house price with these three factors including GDP, M2, CPI. (2) house price is quickly responses to the growth or falling of market capitalization of tradable shares .in other words ,it is a single causal relationship between them (3) There is not a significant causal relation between house price with labor remuneration .It may appear surprising. Yet this phenomenon accurately reflects the real estate bubble today. This paper deeply study the transmission mechanism of house price.

The company always tries to minimize tax payments through various ways. In particular, a multinational company, has more ability to do tax avoidance. One technique that can be used by multinational corporations is to transfer corporate income from one jurisdiction to another that has a lower corporate income tax rate to minimize overall group tax payments (PWC, 2011). This mechanism can result in superior tax payments for multinational companies that have subsidiaries or affiliated companies (Klassen & Laplante, 2012; Dyreng & Lyndsey, 2009). In addition to income transfer, multinational companies can also regulate their capital composition in order to take advantage of the ease of obtaining capital in a jurisdiction. This study aims to show empirical evidence about the effect of the nature of multinationality (multinational companies) and the existence of capitalization (thin capitalization) on the possibility of tax avoidance. The population sample used in this study were companies listed on the IDX during the 2017-2019 period. The results show that multinational companies have an effect on increasing tax avoidance efforts. Meanwhile, thin capitalization has no effect on efforts to increase tax avoidance.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.04 "Економіка та управління підприємствами (за видами економічної діяльності)". Національна металургійна академія України, м. Дніпро. Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", м. Харків, 2019. У дисертаційній роботі здійснено постановку та запропоновано вирішення важливого для економіки України завдання формування ринкового потенціалу металургійних підприємств з врахуванням оцінки використання їх людського капіталу. На основі аналізу характеру і тенденцій розвитку досліджень ринкового потенціалу запропоноване авторське визначення в якому під ринковим потенціалом підприємства розуміються можливості й ризики розвитку підприємства під впливом керованих та некерованих чинників ринку. Для підтвердження змісту отриманого визначення виконано аналіз можливостей оцінки ринкового потенціалу підприємства та чинників, що впливають на його величину. Запропоновано оціночний механізм капіталізації ринкового потенціалу підприємства, який включає: аналіз цільового ринку; визначення загальних та специфічних характеристик його складових; вибір оціночного підходу з обґрунтуванням вартісних та інтегральних показників (зокрема ринкової позиції), а також визначення ефективності капіталізації ринкового потенціалу (коефіцієнта капіталізації). Доведено, що поняття "ринкового потенціалу" та "людського капіталу" є взаємозв'язаними. Кількісною характеристикою цього зв'язку є параметр "вартість капіталу", аналітична база якого побудована на методах капіталізації підприємства. Розроблено структурно-логічну схему взаємозв'язку основних наукових понять розглянутих у дослідженні ("людський капітал – капіталізація – вартість підприємства – ринковий потенціал"). У роботі з'ясовано, що для ефективного функціонування та розвитку підприємства на ринку необхідно реалізувати його ринковий потенціал, а результатом реалізації ринкового потенціалу підприємства виступають як отримані доходи та ринкова вартість підприємства, так й інтегральні критерії, які відображують ринкову частку підприємства, його ринкову позицію та конкурентну репутацію. Для обґрунтування та визначення майбутніх стратегічних перспектив розвитку підприємства сформовано оціночну базу ринкового потенціалу підприємства, яка складається з відповідних ресурсів – активів підприємства, витрат та не фінансових показників діяльності. Встановлено що, оцінка людського капіталу здійснюється в процесі капіталізації його складової – трудового потенціалу, величина якого, в свою чергу, виступає вартісною оцінкою трудових ресурсів підприємства. Для вдосконалення оціночного інструментарію людського капіталу, як елементу ринкового потенціалу підприємства, в роботі досліджено, етапи розвитку сутності поняття людського капіталу. На основі проведених досліджень, сформований підхід, в якому людський капітал розглядається, як частка вартості підприємства та враховуються відмінності окремих форм капіталу, а саме економічна форма – частка, яка може безпосередньо визначатися вартісними показниками); культурна – частка, яка конвертується в економічний капітал частково – здатності, компетенції людини тощо; соціальна – у вигляді різного роду соціальних атрибутів, "зв'язків", connections); символічна – вид капіталу, що має визнання у суспільстві – престиж, репутація, честь тощо. У роботі досліджено економічна форма людського капіталу (тобто вона може безпосередньо визначатися вартісними показниками), як частка вартості підприємства і як реальне джерело коштів, які можуть бути безпосередньо інвестовані у розвиток конкретної людини або групи команди, колективу, нації тощо. Доведено, що кожна особа за час свого життя накопичує власний людський капітал. При цьому, ринкова вартість її праці та дохід, від вкладених в її розвиток підприємством коштів, і є та ціна, яку сплачує підприємство за можливість використання (запозичення) індивідуального людського капіталу і, згідно теорії відсотка, визначається як частка від основної суми капіталу, та виражає вартість послуги, яка забезпечується цим капіталом у момент його участі у виробничому процесі, як його тимчасового чинника. На основі запропонованої оціночної бази ринкового потенціалу, сформовано підходи до урахування людського капіталу, як його елементу. Для цього спеціально розроблені облікові документи, інформація з яких, є базою для формування балансу людського капіталу в системі управлінського обліку підприємства. На прикладі ринкової історії ПАТ "ЄВРАЗ – Дніпровський металургійний завод" встановлена сумарна недооцінка ринкової вартості підприємства за рахунок накопиченої вартості людського капіталу. Для визначення галузевих характеристик ринкового потенціалу сучасних вітчизняних металургійних підприємств в роботі сформовано поняття трансформаційного розвитку. Розрахована та представлена динаміка основних вартісних показників людського капіталу та проаналізовано тенденції трансформаційних процесів в гірничо-металургійному комплексі України, що впливають на ефективність використання людського капіталу металургійними підприємствами і, як наслідок, на реалізацію їх ринкового потенціалу. Сформовано блок-схему аналізу чинників формування ринкового потенціалу металургійного підприємства на основі якої досліджено значущість впливу показників вартості людського капіталу на ринковий потенціал металургійних підприємств групи Металургпрому (16 металургійних та феросплавних заводів цієї групи виготовляють понад 50% усієї продукції гірничо-металургійного комплексу). За допомогою кластерного аналізу визначено інтегральну характеристику – ринкову позицію металургійного підприємства серед своїх найближчих конкурентів на цільовому ринку. Результати досліджень, підтверджують наявність взаємозв'язку та обґрунтовують вплив показників оцінки використання людського капіталу на ринкову позицію металургійних підприємств та, відповідно, й на реалізацію їх ринкового потенціалу.
Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences in specialty 08.00.04 – economy and management of the enterprises (by types of economic activity). – National metallurgical Academy of Ukraine, Dnipro, 2019. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. In the dissertation the formulation is made and the solution of the problem of formation of the market potential of metallurgical enterprises important for the economy of Ukraine taking into account the estimation of the use of their human capital is offered. On the basis of the analysis of the nature and tendencies of the development of market potential research, the proposed author's is defined in which under the market potential of the enterprise are understood the opportunities and risks of the enterprise development under the influence of managed and unmanaged factors of the market. In order to confirm the content of the obtained definition, an analysis of the possibilities of assessing the market potential of the enterprise and the factors that may affect its value was performed. The author's conception of the evaluation mechanism by capitalization of the market potential of the enterprise is proposed, which includes: analysis of the industry market and determination of the structure of the market potential; determination of general and specific characteristics of market potential components; choice of valuation approach: determination of value and integral indicators (in particular market position), and determination of capitalization efficiency of market potential (capitalization ratio). In order to substantiate the relationship between "market potential" and "human capital" within the logical chain "human capital – capitalization – enterprise value – market potential", a quantitative characteristic, which determines the homogeneity of this chain, is considered to be the parameter "cost of capital", the analytical base of which built on enterprise capitalization methods. In the work it is proved that for the effective functioning and development of the enterprise in the market it is necessary to realize its market potential, and as a result of realization of the market potential of the enterprise act both the received income and market value of the enterprise, as well as integral criteria that reflect the market share of the enterprise, its market position and competitive position. reputation. In order to substantiate and determine the future strategic prospects of the enterprise development, an estimation base of the market potential of the enterprise is formed, which consists of the corresponding resources and assets of the enterprise, expenses and non-financial indicators of activity. It is established that, as the potential of an enterprise cannot be determined and managed solely on the basis of the market value of the enterprise, so the potential of human capital must include all possible systemic factors of its value formation. To take into account human capital, as one of the assets of the enterprise, human capital is included in the estimation base of the market potential. In order to improve the human capital appraisal toolkit, as an element of the enterprise market potential, the stages of development of the essence of the concept of human capital are investigated. Based on the conducted research, an approach has been developed in which human capital is considered as a share of the value of the enterprise and the differences of particular forms of capital, namely the economic form (a share that can be directly determined by the cost indicators) are taken into account; cultural – share that is converted into economic capital in part – ability, human competence, etc.; social – in the form of various social attributes – connections); symbolic – the kind of capital that is recognized in society – prestige, reputation, honor, etc. It is proved that each person accumulates his own human capital during his life. The value of this accumulated individual human capital is in fact its market value, that is, it shows how much it costs to attract and retain a hired employee during the year. It is substantiated that individual human capital should be considered as the property of the employee, with the market price of his labor and income from the funds invested in its development by the enterprise and is the price paid by the enterprise for the possibility of using (borrowing) individual human capital and according to percent theory is defined as the proportion (percentage) of the principal. To determine the sectoral characteristics of the market potential of modern domestic metallurgical enterprises, the concept of transformational development has been formed. The dynamics of the basic human capital indicators at the sectoral level are determined, and the tendencies of transformation processes in the mining and metallurgical complex of Ukraine, which affect the efficiency of human capital utilization of metallurgical enterprises and, as a consequence, the realization of their market potential, are analyzed. Based on the proposed assessment base of market potential, approaches to accounting for human capital as its element have been formed. The work deals with accounting of individual human capital by value indicators. For information support of accounting of the state and estimation of the human capital in work the forms of the accounting cards are offered, information from which, should be the basis for formation of the management balance of the human capital in the system of management accounting of the enterprise. On the example of the activity of PJSC "EVRAZ – DMZ" it is found that the total undervaluation of the market value of the enterprise taking into account the accumulated cost of human capital amounted to UAH 583 million. An explicit model of analysis of factors of formation of market potential of metallurgical enterprise and estimation of indicators of use of their human capital has been formed metallurgical complex). Using cluster analysis and a set of market potential indicators of the above group of enterprises, the influence of human capital cost indicators on the integral characteristic of market potential – the market position of a metallurgical enterprise among its closest competitors in the domestic market – was proved.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.04 "Економіка та управління підприємствами (за видами економічної діяльності)". Національна металургійна академія України, м. Дніпро. Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", м. Харків, 2019. Дисертаційна робота присвячена удосконаленню і подальшому розвитку теоретичних положень, методичних підходів та науково-практичних рекомендацій з формування ринкового потенціалу металургійних підприємств на основі оцінки використання їх людського капіталу. Сформовано визначення поняття "ринковий потенціал підприємства", як можливості й ризики розвитку підприємства під впливом керованих та некерованих чинників ринку. На основі цього визначення запропоновано оціночний механізм капіталізації ринкового потенціалу підприємства, який включає: аналіз цільового ринку та визначення структури ринкового потенціалу; визначення загальних та специфічних характеристик його складових; вибір оціночного підходу: визначення вартісних та інтегральних показників (зокрема ринкової позиції), а також визначення ефективності капіталізації ринкового потенціалу (коефіцієнта капіталізації). Для обґрунтування та визначення майбутніх стратегічних перспектив розвитку підприємства сформовано оціночну базу ринкового потенціалу підприємства, яка складається з відповідних ресурсів – активів підприємства та враховує людський капітал, як один з активів, а також включає витрати та не фінансові показники діяльності підприємства. Визначено методичний підхід урахування та оцінювання людського капіталу підприємства. Для інформаційно-аналітичного забезпечення цієї діяльності розроблена форма облікового документу, інформація з якого, являється базою для формування управлінського балансу людського капіталу в системі управлінського обліку підприємства. На прикладі діяльності ПАТ "ЄВРАЗ – ДМЗ" встановлено, що сумарна недооцінка ринкової вартості підприємства з урахуванням накопиченої вартості людського капіталу склала 583 млн. грн. Сформовано блок-схему для аналізу чинників формування ринкового потенціалу металургійного підприємства та оцінки показників використання їх людського капіталу на основі якої, визначена інтегральна характеристика ринкового потенціалу – ринкова позиція підприємств сектору Металургпрому. Визначено динаміку вартісних показників людського капіталу на рівні різних секторів економіки, та проаналізовано тенденції трансформаційних процесів в гірничо-металургійному комплексі України, що впливають на ефективність використання людського капіталу металургійних підприємств і, як наслідок – на реалізацію їх ринкового потенціалу.
Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences in specialty 08.00.04 – economy and management of the enterprises (by types of economic activity). – National metallurgical Academy of Ukraine, Dnipro, 2019. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. On the basis of the analysis of the nature and tendencies of the development of market potential research, the proposed author's is defined in which under the market potential of the enterprise are understood the opportunities and risks of the enterprise development under the influence of managed and unmanaged factors of the market. The author's conception of the evaluation mechanism by capitalization of the market potential of the enterprise is proposed, which includes: analysis of the industry market and determination of the structure of the market potential; determination of general and specific characteristics of market potential components; choice of valuation approach: determination of value and integral indicators (in particular market position), and determination of capitalization efficiency of market potential (capitalization ratio). In order to substantiate the relationship between "market potential" and "human capital" within the logical chain "human capital – capitalization – enterprise value – market potential", a quantitative characteristic, which determines the homogeneity of this chain, is considered to be the parameter "cost of capital", the analytical base of which built on enterprise capitalization methods. To take into account human capital, as one of the assets of the enterprise, human capital is included in the estimation base of the market potential. In order to improve the human capital appraisal toolkit, as an element of the enterprise market potential, the stages of development of the essence of the concept of human capital are investigated. Based on the conducted research, an approach has been developed in which human capital is considered as a share of the value of the enterprise and the differences of particular forms of capital, namely the economic form (a share that can be directly determined by the cost indicators) are taken into account; cultural – (share that is converted into economic capital in part – ability, human competence, etc.); social – (in the form of various social attributes – connections); symbolic – (the kind of capital that is recognized in society – prestige, reputation, honor, etc.). It is substantiated that individual human capital should be considered as the property of the employee, with the market price of his labor and income from the funds invested in its development by the enterprise and is the price paid by the enterprise for the possibility of using (borrowing) individual human capital and according to percent theory is defined as the proportion (percentage) of the principal. The dynamics of the basic human capital indicators at the sectoral level are determined, and the tendencies of transformation processes in the mining and metallurgical complex of Ukraine, which affect the efficiency of human capital utilization of metallurgical enterprises and, as a consequence, the realization of their market potential, are analyzed. The work deals with accounting of individual human capital by value indicators. For information support of accounting of the state and estimation of the human capital in work the forms of the accounting cards are offered, information from which, should be the basis for formation of the management balance of the human capital in the system of management accounting of the enterprise. On the example of the activity of PJSC "EVRAZ – DMZ" it is found that the total undervaluation of the market value of the enterprise taking into account the accumulated cost of human capital amounted to UAH 583 million. An explicit model of analysis of factors of formation of market potential of metallurgical enterprise and estimation of indicators of use of their human capital has been formed metallurgical complex). Using cluster analysis and a set of market potential indicators of the above group of enterprises, the influence of human capital cost indicators on the integral characteristic of market potential – the market position of a metallurgical enterprise among its closest competitors in the domestic market – was proved.

The monograph, based on the identification of trends and problems of changes in the demand and supply of skills, as well as the study of modern mechanisms of their formation and actualization, substantiates the priority areas of human resources development in the Russian Federation that meet the strategic challenges of the period of digital transformation of the labor sphere. The authors identify and systematize current and future trends related to changes in the demand for professions and skills in the Russian and global labor markets. The directions of transformation of the demand for skills and professions in the conditions of digitalization of the economy, skills and professions of the future are determined. Quantitative and qualitative imbalances and trends in labor supply and demand in the Russian labor market are identified (based on statistical analysis of data from 2009-2019). The features and problems of supply and demand of professions/skills in the segments of the Russian labor market covered by Internet recruitment are identified (based on data from resume parsing and vacancies of Internet recruitment portals in 2018 and 2020). Methodological approaches to identifying widely-and poorly-demanded skills are proposed and tested during the competence analysis of labor supply and demand using Big Data technologies.the competence profile of the vacancies of the professional core and extra - skills. An innovative author's approach to assessing the potential of skills capitalization — a possible increase in the salary of an applicant due to the expansion of the set of skills that he has-is proposed and tested. The current policy directions of formation and improvement of skills of the population in the Russian Federation are identified and systematized. The strategic challenges of the period of digital transformation of the labor sphere facing the Russian Federation and the priority areas of human resources development that meet these challenges are identified. The conclusions and recommendations can be used in the work of the Ministry of Labor of Russia, Rostrud, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, the Ministry of Education of Russia, government authorities, employment services of the Russian regions, as well as organizations of the professional education system.

In capital-poor economies, redistributing what little capital there is can leave everyone poorer. In such societies, the challenge of getting capital to the poor can seem truly hopeless. Capitalization of public sector especially in the context of public–private partnerships can be crucial. India’s case shows that India did not jump on the bandwagon of privatization in the early 1990s. Increasing capitalization in India seen from the capital account suggests that the multiplier effect of capital on economic growth must be significant. Capitalization is a powerful mechanism to rebuild institutional authority. It capitalizes the bottom of the pyramid in a bold singular act; however, many challenges remain.

This chapter discusses the importance of project insurance. Financiers take an onerous approach to insurance in project finance transactions, requiring a comparably more robust insurance programme than would be adopted in a project that is financed on balance sheet alone. This reflects the fact that until the project company has established a reliable revenue stream, it will have a low level of capitalization and be highly leveraged. The primary function of insurance is to act as a risk transfer mechanism. In return for a known cost (the premium) the uncertainty associated with both the frequency and severity of loss is transferred to the insurer. The discussions cover insurance programme design, project company control, the breadth and scope of the insurance programme, legal and commercial influences on procurement, and insurance risk itself and lenders’ clauses.

The mechanism of governing corporate affairs in line with strategic goal of shareholders' value creation (SVC) has been pivotal debate among academic and institutional scholars over last few decades. Most of the studies in developing countries including Pakistan, have considered more conventional measures, like firm financial performance to examine the impact of corporate governance (CG). Theoretically, firm financial performance optimization has little role in maximizing SVC, that rarely streams to shareholders' exchequer. Therefore, the study is unique in its nature that identifies market capitalization, the most appropriate measure of value creation for shareholders over long run. The authors gathered panel and longitudinal data pertaining to PSX-100 listed firm over the period of 10 years ranging from 2006-15, which is analyzed using multivariate regression. Hausman and Likelihood tests guide the process of appropriate econometrics model selection. Empirical findings reveal that CG dimensions such as audit committee independence (ACI), managerial ownership (MO) and ownership concentration (OC) have positive impact on SVC, except board size (BS) and board independence (BI). The study offers valuable policy recommendations to make CG practices more effective, however, application of the model proposition at macro and micro level can be a substantial extension to literature incorporating some controlling dimensions.

The aging population of the western world poses a medical challenge for the society of today and the future. The pressure on health care and its organization is increasing as the demand for health care is growing at the same time as the costs are continuously rising. There seems to be consensus regarding bottlenecks in health-care production systems, and that knowledge is needed in order to increase insights about operational decisions. This chapter is based on a qualitative case study conducted at a hospital in western Sweden. Eleven CEOs together with their production controllers were interviewed. The chapter aims to analyze knowledge management mechanisms in the infrastructure of a health-care organization. The analysis shows how mechanisms have significant impacts on the knowledge management practice in the operations management. A learning and knowledge creation culture, together with an organizational architecture for adaptive and exaptive capacity, and a business model for knowledge capitalization could support the production of smooth and effective health care in society, which is of high quality.

Extracting, use and reuse of knowledge from academic specific environment (embedded knowledge of interactional processes as intangible asset) is becoming a challenge for actionable knowledge initiatives to enhance academic expertise based on educational technology. This chapter addresses a web entrepreneurial initiative concretized in a knowledge hub, whose architecture is articulated on four dimensions of any business model innovation: content-new activities, structure-new linkages, context-new markets and governance-network partnerships. The multi framing hub construct, enhancing new knowledge creation and protection, aims at facilitating the capitalization upon academic-business partnerships and further instantiating the multiplication effect through upgrading knowledge-based environments. Its methodology ambition – to become a self-sustainable platform – will allow an experimental adjustment of the self-learning capability in order to monitor and develop mechanisms for early diagnosis and to adjust the dissonances arising from interactional process in building new knowledge.

The problem of new social elevators in Russian society has entered the public space and has become abdiscussion space not only for the expert community, but also for practical managers. It is obvious that the social class and socio-territorial (spatial) barriers to upward social mobility generate abmultiplicative effect of social stagnation. According to the author of the article, new social elevators in the regional space are mechanisms of upward social mobility of subjects of the regional space (volunteer movements, social networks, subcultural practices), focused on changes in social status positions according to the criteria of social utility, social creativity, and social self-determination. Applying the principles of the resource approach (volume of capital, diversity capital, resource potential regional space, resursoemkost regional elite and non-elite actors of the regional space) on the basis of the results of all-Russian and regional sociological researches devoted to different aspects of the problem, it is concluded that the formation of abnew social mobility is the result of ab“social contract” with regional elites focus on social “capitalization” and the regional space, forming new social elevators within the framework of converting social and cultural-symbolic capital not for inclusion in regional elites, but for acquiring abresource of influence on making vital decisions for regional development.