Books: 'Mechanism of 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane'

1

Dankert, Helga. Technische Mechanik: Computerunterstützt mit 3 1/2-HD-Diskette. 2nd ed. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1995.

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2

J, Jennings Terry. How do we know energy exists? Austin, Tex: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1995.

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3

Brackenridge, J. Bruce. The key to Newton's dynamics: The Kepler problem and the Principia : containing an English translation of sections 1, 2, and 3 of book one from the first (1687) edition of Newton's Mathematical principles of natural philosophy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.

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4

Storey, Elsdon. The Expanded Polyglutamine Tract Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0013.

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The spinocerebellar ataxias are dominantly-inherited neurodegenerative disorders whose major clinical feature is incoordination. Although 32 have been described to date, those characterized by (CAG)n repeat expansions resulting in elongated polyglutamine tracts in their respective host proteins (SCAs 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17, and in part 8) are the most common and have been subject to the most detailed investigation of their pathogenic mechanisms. All are characterized by polyglutamine tract aggregates, toxicity of which was initially thought to be their pathogenic mechanism. However, recent research has emphasised the importance of host protein context, and the disease-specific mechanisms that this implies.

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5

Sousa, Ronald de. 3. Desire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199663842.003.0003.

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Love essentially involves desire. But what is desire? And what sorts of desire are characteristic of love? ‘Desire’ explains that some of the things lovers want are features desirable in any friendly relationship: trust, intimacy, emotional resonance, companionship, concern for one another’s welfare. Erotic love adds more specific desires. The full cycle of desire and pleasure has five stages: (1) desire motivates us to pursue a goal; (2) pursuit secures the object of desire; (3) the object of desire causes pleasure; (4) pleasure triggers the reward mechanism; and (5) that mechanism reinforces the desire. The curse of satisfaction, the altruists’ dilemma, and two types of desire—reason-based and reason-free desire—are also considered.

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6

Tipler, Paul Allen. Physics Vol 1 & Vol 2 & Student Solutions Manual Vol 1 & Vol 2 and 3: Vol. 1: Mechanics, Oscillations and Waves, Thermodynamics. W. H. Freeman, 2002.

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7

Tipler, Paul Allen. Physics Volume 1 & Volume 2 & Volume 3 & E-Study Book: Vol. 1: Mechanics, Oscillations and Waves, Thermodynamics. W. H. Freeman, 2000.

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8

Glassy Materials And Disordered Solids An Introduction To Their Statistical Mechanics. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2011.

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9

PUBLISHER, PRENTICE HALL. Bedford and Fowler Engineering Mechanics: 1. Statics, 2. Dynamics, and 3. Statics and Dynamics. Pearson Education, Limited, 2004.

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10

Tipler, Paul Allen. Physics Volume 1 & Physics Volume 2 & Physics Volume 3 & Solutions Manual: Vol. 1: Mechanics, Oscillations and Waves, Thermodynamics. W. H. Freeman, 1999.

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11

Theismey. Editor: A System for Checking Usage Mechanics Vocabulary and Structure Version 5/3 1/2 Disk. Modern Language Assn of Amer, 1995.

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12

Lancellotti, Patrizio, Julien Magne, Kim O’Connor, and Luc A. Pierard. Mitral valve disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0015.

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Native mitral valve disease is the second valvular heart disease after aortic valve disease. For the last few decades, two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography was the cornerstone technique for evaluating patients with mitral valve disease. Besides aetiological information, echocardiography allows the description of valve anatomy, the assessment of disease severity, and the description of the associated lesions.This chapter will address the echocardiographic evaluation of mitral regurgitation (MR) and mitral stenosis (MS).In MR, the following findings should be assessed: 1. Aetiology. 2. Type and extent of anatomical lesions and mechanisms of regurgitation. 3. The possibility of mitral valve repair. 4. Quantification of MR severity. 5. Quantification of MR repercussions.In MS, the following findings should be assessed: 1. Aetiology. 2. Type and extent of anatomical lesions. 3. Quantification of MS severity. 4. Quantification of MS repercussions. 5. Wilkins or Cormier scores for the possibility of percutaneous mitral commissuroplasty.Management of patients with mitral valve disease is currently based on symptoms and on echocardiographic evaluation at rest. Therefore, knowing how to assess the severity of valve diseases as well as the pitfalls and the limitations of each echocardiographic method is of primary importance.

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13

Hyde, Luke W., Ryan Bogdan, and Ahmad Hariri. Neurogenetics of Individual Differences in Brain, Behavior, and Risk for Psychopathology. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.007.

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Neurogenetics research is advancing understanding of how genetic variation gives rise to individual differences in brain function, which, in turn, shapes behavior and risk for psychopathology. Despite these advancements, neurogenetics research is currently confronted by three major challenges: 1) conducting research on individual variables with small effects, 2) absence of detailed mechanisms, and 3) a need to translate findings towards greater clinical relevance. This essay showcases techniques and developments that address these challenges and highlights the benefits of a neurogenetics approach to understanding brain, behavior, and risk for psychopathology. To address the challenge of small effects, we explore approaches including incorporating the environment, modeling epistatic relationships, and using multilocus profiles. To address the challenge of mechanism, we explore how nonhuman animal research, epigenetics research, and GWAS can inform our mechanistic understanding of behaviorally relevant brain function. Finally, to address the challenge of clinical relevance, the essay examines how neurogenetics research can identify novel therapeutic targets and identify for whom treatments work best. By addressing these challenges neurogenetics research is poised to exponentially increase our understanding of how genetic variation interacts with the environment to shape the brain, behavior and risk for psychopathology.

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14

Wheeldon, Marianne. The Construction of Reputation and the Case of Debussy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190631222.003.0001.

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This chapter considers some of the general mechanisms by which artistic figures are consecrated and weighs their relative contribution to the construction of Debussy’s reputation. Drawing on Gladys Engel Lang and Kurt Lang’s analysis of the survival of reputation in the fine arts, four areas emerge that would seem to be particularly relevant to Debussy: (1) the initiatives undertaken by the composer to establish his own legacy; (2) the posthumous reception of the corpus of works left behind; (3) the actions of heirs and family members on behalf of the deceased: and (4) the efforts of the composer’s close friends and collaborators. Yet, as Chapter 1 demonstrates, the first two were rendered less effective because of the particularities of Debussy’s case—namely, his protracted illness and his death during the First World War.

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15

Tipler, Paul Allen. Physics Volume 1 & Volume 2 & Volume 3 & Sol Man V1 & V2 and V3 & E-Study Book: Vol. 1: Mechanics, Oscillations and Waves, Thermodynamics. W. H. Freeman, 2000.

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16

Sokoloff. Real Time Physics Module 1 Mechanics W/Rtp Module 2 Heat & Thermodynamics Rtp Module 3 & Rtp Module 4 Set. John Wiley & Sons, 2004.

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17

Williams, Amanda. The understanding of social effects in pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0077.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Social modulation of pain as evidence for empathy in mice’, published in 2006 by Langford et al. in Mogil’s lab at McGill University, Montreal. It elegantly demonstrated (1) that mice observed and responded to one another’s pain—effectively, socially mediated hyperalgesia; (2) that this was modulated by the nature of the social relationship, occurring between cagemates but not strangers; (3) that the mechanism in the observing mouse involved central sensitization, not local effects. The interactive behaviour met requirements for empathic responding; neither imitation nor emotional contagion could account for these effects. The findings have implications for lab pain research using rodents, for understanding of empathic responses in animals, and for understanding animal social behaviour more widely.

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18

Cockfield, Arthur J. Tax Law and Technological Change. Edited by Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.48.

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Writings on tax law and technology change often investigate three discrete but related questions: (1) how does tax law react to technology change; (2) how does tax law provoke technology change; and (3) how does tax law seek to preserve traditional interests (such as revenue collection) in light of technology change. In addition, observers sometimes raise concerns that the interaction of technology change and tax law can have a substantive impact on individuals, communities and/or national interests that may differ from the technology’s intended use (for example, automatic tax collection mechanisms may harm taxpayer privacy). The chapter reviews these writings and distils guiding principles for optimal tax law and policy in light of technology change.

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19

Snyder, James. Coercive Family Processes and the Development of Child Social Behavior and Self-Regulation. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.10.

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This chapter (1) examines the multiple ways in which coercive processes may be manifested during family interaction in addition to their more blatant, aversive forms, including emotion dismissing, invalidating, intrusive/controlling social actions; (2) assesses the role of higher cognitive processing and control in coercive social interaction in the context of previous assumptions that coercive processes are primarily overlearned and automatic; (3) examines the utility of extensions of environmental main effects models of coercive processes by explicitly focusing on synergistic models that involve child temperamental self-regulatory capacities (reflecting underlying molecular genetic and neurobiological mechanisms); and (4) assesses the role of coercive family processes in relation to borderline features and trauma/PTSD.

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20

Nutt, David J., and Liam J. Nestor. What is addiction? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797746.003.0001.

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Substance addiction is defined as a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by (1) compulsion to seek and take a substance, (2) loss of control in limiting substance intake, and (3) the emergence of a negative emotional state (e.g. dysphoria, anxiety, irritability) reflecting a motivational withdrawal syndrome when access to the substance is prevented. Importantly, the occasional but limited use of addictive substances is clinically distinct from escalated substance use, loss of control over substance intake, and the emergence of chronic compulsive substance-seeking that characterizes addiction. Importantly, substance addiction (including alcohol) is a manifestation of the long-term pharmacological actions substances have on receptor mechanisms in brain networks that govern cognitive and psychological processes that have evolved for human survival.

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21

Tsutsui, Kiyoteru. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190853105.003.0001.

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The chapter offers an overview of the book starting with a summary of the history of Ainu, Zainichi, and Burakumin before posing the core puzzle of the book. It then examines literatures on the history of global human rights and their impact on local social movements, and situates the book’s approach in the broader scholarly approaches in the studies of social movements, human rights, and globalization. It then points to the three key theoretical contributions of the book: (1) the transformative impact of global human rights on local actors, (2) subnational variations in how global human rights affect local politics, and (3) the feedback mechanisms through which local movements influence global human rights institutions.

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22

Moulton, Calum D., and John C. Pickup. Innate immunity and inflammation in type 2 diabetes-associated depression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0005.

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Depression affects 10%–20% of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and predicts twofold increased risk of complications and mortality. There is growing evidence that biological mechanisms such as innate inflammation may link the two conditions. In particular, recent epidemiological findings have reported elevated inflammation in patients with depression and T2D compared with those with T2D alone. Aetiologically, elevated inflammation is likely to result from multiple stressors across the life-course. Clinically, inflammation may lead to predominantly somatic symptoms. Therapeutically, there is tentative evidence that anti-inflammatory therapies could improve depressive symptoms and glycaemic control concurrently. There is now a need (1) for prospective epidemiological research to define the aetiology of elevated inflammation; (2) for mechanistic research to test how inflammation can lead to both conditions concurrently; and (3) for interventional research to define modifiable immune pathways to improve both psychological and biomedical outcomes in people with T2D.

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23

Bakker, Karen. The Business of Water. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.16.

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Over the past three decades, water supply has become big business, and fierce debates have emerged in many countries over water privatization and water markets. This chapter reviews five dimensions of this debate: (1) the privatization of ownership and management; (2) the commercialization of water management organizations; (3) the environmental valuation and pricing of water; (4) the marketization of exchange mechanisms (“water trading” and “water markets”); and (5) the neoliberalization of governance. The analysis offers an analytical framework within which more structured, comprehensive assessments of market environmentalism—which is multifaceted and highly varied, difficult to implement in practice, and by no means hegemonic—in the water sector might be conducted. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the future of this debate.

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24

Turkheimer, Eric. The nature of nature. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725978.003.0026.

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Chapter 26 covers how Sir Francis Galton was the first to apply the Shakespearian phrase “nature and nurture” to human individual differences. The so-called nature–nurture debate began as a question of whether differences among people could be attributed to in-born characteristics or environmental characteristics. Galton predated both scientific understanding of genetics and contemporary conceptualizations of behavior, but in the century that followed it was learned that: (1) the most general answer is, “both”, (2) genetic differences were more pervasive and powerful than had been anticipated, and (3) neither genetic nor environmental variance in behavior can be readily analyzed into specific mechanisms of behavior. The completion of the Human Genome Project at the turn of the current century focused attention on how the nature–nurture question had itself evolved: modern questions of nature and nurture are no longer about discriminating genetic and environmental sources of human differences, but are instead about seeking developmental mechanisms of behavior that encompass genetic and environmental inputs.

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25

T. Michaltsos, George, and Ioannis G. Raftoyiannis, eds. Bridges’ Dynamics. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97816080522021120101.

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Bridges’ Dynamics covers the historical review of research and introductory mathematical concepts related to the structural dynamics of bridges. The e-book explains the theory behind engineering aspects such as 1) dynamic loadings, 2) mathematical concepts (calculus elements of variations, the d’ Alembert principle, Lagrange’s equation, the Hamilton principle, the equations of Heilig, and the δ and H functions), 3) moving loads, 4) bridge support mechanics (one, two and three span beams), 5) Static systems under dynamic loading 6) aero-elasticity, 7) space problems (2D and 3D) and 8) absorb systems (equations governing the behavior of the bridge-absorber system). The e-book is a useful introductory textbook for civil engineers interested in the theory of bridge structures.

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26

Kende, Mathias. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817611.003.0001.

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The Introduction contains an executive summary of the book. It also encompasses some background highlighting the rationale for the book, detailing the still persistent lack of comprehensive academic literature on the TPRM and the need for further research with regard to the TPRM, both as an ‘understudied’ WTO entity and as a prime example of a mechanism for peer review, and an explanation with regard to the methodology, which aims to assess the TPRM’s historic and actual performance as the WTO’s system for peer review through a specific focus (1) on the implementation of the TPRM’s objectives (transparency and naming and shaming); (2) its evolving structures, thereby focusing on individual TPRs and on the yearly Overviews of Developments in the International Trading Environment; and (3) its participants, the government under review and its peers, the WTO Secretariat, and the discussant(s)).

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27

Derks, Belle, and Daan Scheepers. Neural and Cardiovascular Pathways from Stigma to Suboptimal Health. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.9.

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This chapter reviews research from the emerging field of social neuroscience to examine the underlying mechanisms that explain why stigma and discrimination lead to suboptimal health outcomes. The review is structured around three pathways through which stigmatization has negative effects on physical health, and it discusses neural and cardiovascular processes associated with (1) the stress that being a target of discrimination elicits, (2) impaired self-regulation of health behavior among targets of discrimination, and (3) how intergroup dynamics during interactions between health care provider and patient can result in suboptimal health care for stigmatized individuals. The insights offered by the neuroscience perspective provide crucial information on how to interrupt the downward stigma–health spiral and can inform policy to reduce the impact of stigma and discrimination on the physical health of its targets.

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28

Hemmelgarn, Anthony L., and Charles Glisson. Introducing the ARC Organizational Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455286.003.0004.

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This chapter describes the ARC model of three core strategies for developing effective human service organizations. These include (1) embedding guiding organizational principles, (2) providing organizational component tools for identifying and addressing service barriers, and (3) developing shared mental models. ARC’s strategies provide the tools and the reasoning to guide behaviors and processes among organizational members that ensure improved service quality and outcomes. These strategies are reviewed as part of ARC’s orchestrated and structured process to improve OSC (i.e., the cultures and climates that influence attitudes, decision making and behavior in organizations). The chapter identifies mechanisms of change that highlight the alignment of organizational priorities with the ARC principles, fostering relationships that provide availability, responsiveness, and continuity, as well as developing innovation capacity to adopt new technologies and approaches.

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29

Bandyopadhyay, P. Proceedings of the International Conference on Quantum Statistics and Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, (Hadronic Journal Supplement,Vol 1, No 2&3). Hadronic Pr, 1986.

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30

(Editor), Peter T. Macklem, and Jere Mead (Editor), eds. Handbook of Physiology: Section 3: The Respiratory System Volume III, Parts 1 & 2: Mechanics of Breathing (Handbook of Physiology Revised Edition). An American Physiological Society Book, 1985.

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31

Wilsey, Brian J. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Grasslands. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744511.003.0006.

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Biodiversity is a measure of variety of life forms, and can be assessed at the genetic, species, and landscape levels. Species diversity can be partitioned into its basic components of richness (number of species) and evenness, and into spatial components (alpha, beta, gamma). Local extinction rates are often higher in situations where evenness is low due to low abundances in rare species. Many experimental and observational studies have been done on how ecosystem process rates will be impacted by reductions in biodiversity. The mechanism behind observed positive relationships between diversity and ecosystem process rates can be due to at least four processes: 1) the species sampling effect, 2) the selection effect, 3) complementary resource use, or 4) pest outbreaks in low-diversity plots. Biodiversity is sometimes positively related to biomass stability and resistance to extreme events. The stability of dominant species can also be important in grasslands.

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32

Rosen, David H., and Uyen B. Hoang. The Experience of Illness and Hospitalization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190628871.003.0006.

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In this chapter, a broad overview of some of the key concepts involved in the experience of illness and hospitalization is provided. These concepts include the stages of illness, the experience of illness depending on who the person is, the challenges of illness, coping mechanisms, and so-called “problem patients.” The view of illness is described as a model with schemata of the following stages: (1) awareness (characterized by ambivalence), (2) disorganization (characterized by feeling overwhelmed, helpless, and powerless), and (3) reorganization (heralded by recognition and acceptance). The challenges of illness include dealing with internal psychological factors, problems posed by treatment procedures and the actual hospital environment, relationships with caregivers, self-image, and relationships with family, friends, and coworkers. The ability of patients and their families to cope with this challenge determines the course of the illness and, subsequently, their quality of life.

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33

Bonifay, Michel. The Distribution of African Pottery under the Roman Empire. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790662.003.0011.

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This chapter addresses four points in an attempt to explain why African pottery (amphorae, tablewares, cooking wares, and lamps) dominated Mediterranean markets from the second century AD onwards: (1) the definition of Roman Africa, emphasizing the particular position of Mauretania Tingitana, more closely linked with Hispania than with Africa, and the scarcity of information available in Algeria, beside a lot of fairly well-investigated towns or regions in Tunisia and Western Libya; (2) the problem of the content of Roman African amphorae, which were intended for the transport not only of olive oil, but also of salsamenta and probably wine; (3) the problem of the major foodstuff the African Red Slip ware was travelling with, grain seeming to be the best candidate at least until the first half of the fifth century AD; (4) the mechanisms of ARS distribution through the whole Mediterranean.

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34

Cheng, Patricia W., and Hongjing Lu. Causal Invariance as an Essential Constraint for Creating a Causal Representation of the World. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.9.

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This chapter illustrates the representational nature of causal understanding of the world and examines its implications for causal learning. The vastness of the search space of causal relations, given the representational aspect of the problem, implies that powerful constraints are essential for arriving at adaptive causal relations. The chapter reviews (1) why causal invariance—the sameness of how a causal mechanism operates across contexts—is an essential constraint for causal learning in intuitive reasoning, (2) a psychological causal-learning theory that assumes causal invariance as a defeasible default, (3) some ways in which the computational role of causal invariance in causal learning can become obscured, and (4) the roles of causal invariance as a general aspiration, a default assumption, a criterion for hypothesis revision, and a domain-specific description. The chapter also reviews a puzzling discrepancy in the human and non-human causal and associative learning literatures and offers a potential explanation.

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35

Schultz, Majken. Organizational Identity Change and Temporality. Edited by Michael G. Pratt, Majken Schultz, Blake E. Ashforth, and Davide Ravasi. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199689576.013.27.

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Discussions of what changes and what remains stable about organizational identity have been central to the field since organizational identity was defined as “enduring” by Albert and Whetten in 1985. This chapter provides an overview of these discussions by presenting three different views on organizational identity change: 1) Identity as enduring stability; 2) Identity as periodic change and 3) Identity as ongoing change. The chapter shows how each view includes different interpretations and elaborates the various mechanisms underpinning identity stability or change based in empirical studies. The chapter argues how the view on organizational identity change itself has changed in the 30-year history of the field, and suggests how the recent development towards temporal and process-based views returns to a focus on the continuity provided by organizational identity, albeit from a different theoretical and empirical foundation than that suggested by Albert and Whetten.

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36

Meca, Alan, Lauren G. Reinke, and Lawrence M. Scheier. Acculturation and Tobacco/Illicit Drug Use in Hispanic Youth. Edited by Seth J. Schwartz and Jennifer Unger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215217.013.20.

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This chapter explores the incipient role of acculturation in cigarette smoking, tobacco use, and use of illicit drugs in Hispanic youth in the United States. It first examines the conceptual foundations of acculturation, including early unidimensional models and later bidimensional and multicomponent perspectives of acculturation. It then reviews empirical studies linking acculturation with cigarette/tobacco and, separately, illicit drug use among Hispanic youth. The cumulative body of evidence is reviewed in terms of methodological strengths and weaknesses and how they sharpen our focus on acculturation in development. The chapter also examines three key developmental mechanisms that may account for the underlying relations between acculturation and drug use: (1) cultural stress, (2) family functioning, and (3) change in cognitive functioning related to drug use. The chapter closes with several recommendations that may help clarify the developmental linkages between acculturation and Hispanic youth drug use and should be addressed by future research.

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37

McClurg, Scott D., Casey A. Klofstad, and Anand Edward Sokhey. Discussion Networks. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.21.

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While political network research is often a holistic enterprise, the network paradigm can also be used to study individual behavior. Specifically, rather than focusing on full network structures, a well-established area of research considers individuals’ “core” networks, their perceptions of interpersonal connections, and the consequences of said micro-social environments for myriad political outcomes and processes. This chapter examines this research tradition, tracing the history of its use in the study of political behavior. It begins with discussion of network research, paying specific attention to “egocentric” network name generator techniques. It then outlines several challenges to this research paradigm: (1) the difficulty of making causal inferences, (2) debates over concept and measurement, and (3) questions about mechanisms of influence. The chapter concludes by reviewing advances in the field that have developed from these challenges and points toward next steps in this research agenda, focused on the connected citizenry.

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38

Randall, Maya Hertig. The History of the Covenants. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825890.003.0002.

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Translating the UDHR into a binding treaty ‘with teeth’ was an acid test for the international community. This chapter places the genesis of the ICESCR and the ICCPR in its political context. It highlights the interlocking challenges of the Cold War and of decolonization and also underscores disagreement among allied nations as well as attempts to ‘export’ the domestic conception of human rights. Three issues central to completing the International Bill of Human Rights are analysed: (1) identification of the rights to be included; (2) States’ obligations to give effect to human rights on the domestic level; and (3) international supervision mechanisms. These issues are closely related to the decision to divide human rights into two Covenants. In tracing the major controversies and decisions reached, light is also cast on the relationship and characteristics of civil and political rights and economic, social, and cultural rights, as understood at the time.

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39

Poehler, Eric E. World of the Mulio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614676.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 is the story of Sabinus, the fictional cart driver (mulio), from the Casa del Menandro. Sabinus is a narrative device invented to help imagine what the archaeological evidence cannot reveal: how traffic at Pompeii operated day-to-day and how as a system it was maintained. Although a fiction, the image of what Sabinus sees and encounters in the Pompeian street is a culmination and enlivening of the deep archaeological detail of preceding chapters. Importantly, Sabinus is also a means to explore the more speculative aspects of traffic management while simultaneously signaling the hypothetical nature of such exploration. The potential management mechanisms through which traffic information flowed are (1) the social networks that connect local drivers to civil authorities, (2) the observation of the environment and other drivers, and (3) direct contact with such information proxies as inscriptions, maps, and hired guides.

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40

Henik, Avishai, Orly Rubinsten, and Sarit Ashkenazi. Developmental Dyscalculia as a Heterogeneous Disability. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.030.

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This chapter discusses heterogeneous aspects of developmental dyscalculia (DD) in terms of behaviour, cognitive operations, and neural structures. It has been suggested that DD is an isolated learning deficiency, involves a domain-specific deficit (in the capacity to enumerate), and a specific neural deficiency (in the intraparietal sulcus). We present findings that (1) DD involves both domain-specific and domain-general abilities; (2) in many cases behaviours, as well as cognition in those with DD are characterized by deficits in other areas, such as attention or memory and not only as a number sense deficiency; and (3) studies of the neural structures involved in DD reveal areas and mechanisms that hint toward heterogeneous damage. We suggest that similar to other learning disabilities, heterogeneity is the rule, rather than an exception. Accordingly, in order to reach a comprehensive understanding of DD, studies should aim at unravelling the basis for this heterogeneity.

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41

Kenney, Padraic. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199375745.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces the political prisoner and the cases explored in the book, presenting the idea of political incarceration as a “dance in chains.” It also introduces problems of trust and uncertainty as essential to understanding the political prisoner experience. It briefly outlines the book: Chapter 1 argues that political prisoners appear in the second half of the nineteenth century. Chapter 2 explores the mechanisms of control that a political regime exerts on political prisoners. Chapter 3 examines the question of who is a political prisoner. Chapter 4 considers how prisoners interact with the movements that claim to represent them and how communication works across a supposedly impenetrable boundary. Chapter 5 examines the role of international movements of prisoner aid. The last four chapters investigate how political prisoner communities produce new political realities as they organize and protest the rules of the prison and the politics of the regime.

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Kawamura, Masahito. Ketogenic Diet in a Hippocampal Slice. Edited by Detlev Boison. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0021.

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The hippocampus is thought to be a good experimental model for investigating epileptogenesis in and/or antiepileptic therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy. The hippocampus is also a useful target for researching the ketogenic diet. This chapter focuses on electrophysiological recordings using hippocampal slices and introduces their use for studying the anticonvulsant effects underlying ketogenic diets. The major difficulty in using hippocampal slices is the inability to precisely reproduce the in vivo condition of ketogenic diet feeding in this in vitro preparation. Three different approaches are reported to reproduce diet effects in the hippocampal slices: (1) direct application of ketone bodies, (2) mimicking the ketogenic diet condition with whole-cell patch-clamp technique, and (3) hippocampal slices from ketogenic diet–fed animals. Significant results have been found with each of these methods. These three approaches are useful tools to elucidate the underlying anticonvulsant mechanisms of the ketogenic diet.

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Klinger, Eric, Ernst H. W. Koster, and Igor Marchetti. Spontaneous Thought and Goal Pursuit. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.24.

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Spontaneous thoughts occur by default in the interstices between directed, task-oriented thoughts or moments of perceptual scrutiny. Their contents are overwhelmingly related to thinkers’ current goals, either directly or indirectly via associative networks, including past and future goals. Their evocation is accompanied by emotional responses that vary widely in type, valence, and intensity. Given these properties of thought flow, spontaneous thoughts are highly adaptive as (1) reminders of the individual’s larger agenda of goals while occupied with pursuing any one of them, (2) promotion of planning for future goal pursuits, (3) deeper understanding of past goal-related experiences, and (4) development of creative solutions to problems in goal pursuit. The same mechanisms may occasion repetitive but unproductive thoughts about the pursuit, the consequences of the failure, or the self, and strong negative emotions steering the train of thought may lead to narrowing of its focus, thus producing rumination.

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Rommelfanger, Karen S. Placebo beyond controls: The neuroscience and ethics of navigating a new understanding of placebo therapy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786832.003.0012.

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Placebo, as a negative control, has become a gold standard of research and clinical trials. “True” or significant effects must go beyond the placebo control, with the tacit understanding being that placebo achieves nothing significant. Placebo administration need not be synonymous with violating the doctor–patient covenant of trust, however. Ethical arguments around placebo require updating as they are based on premises that ignore data that (1) challenge the inertness of placebo, (2) suggest that patients often deem deceptive placebo use as ethically permissible, and (3) that placebo effects need not require deception. This chapter reviews the history of placebo and related ethical conflicts, discusses competing explanations for the mechanisms of placebo, and concludes by arguing that with rhetorical force, neuroscience should be incorporated into care in a way that does not reduce, but rather enriches the understanding of the complexities of human experience.

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Tillman, Robert. The Price Is Not Right. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794974.003.0015.

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This chapter presents the argument that financialization, as a broad economic trend, has increased the opportunities for financial crime among firms both within and outside the financial services industry. The growth of the financial services industry, increasing dependence of many economies on financial services, increasing focus on share value by firms, and dramatic increases in compensation within the financial services industry have all contributed to increases in the frequency and scale of financial crime in recent years. To illustrate these trends, three case studies are reviewed: (1) the manipulation of electrical energy prices by investment bank subsidiaries; (2) the deliberate rigging of the London Interbank Offered Rate (Libor); and (3) the fixing of foreign exchange rates by investment bank traders. The case studies involve efforts by financial industry insiders to profit by manipulating the infrastructure of those markets, tinkering with the mechanisms by which prices and rates are set.

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Binswanger, Ingrid A., and Andrea K. Finlay. Substance Use and Consequences Among People Who Have Been Incarcerated. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374847.003.0014.

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This chapter explores how the transition from prison to the community can lead to poor health outcomes, especially substance-related health complications. These adverse health effects may occur via one or more of the following mechanisms: (1) the toxic effects of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs; (2) health behaviors associated with using or acquiring substances or under the influence of substances, as well as poor chronic disease self-management; (3) conditions that are acquired, exacerbated, or progress as a result of the “downstream” social, behavioral, occupational, and economic consequences of addiction; and (4) institutional, policy, environmental, and social contexts that do not support maximum well-being and health. These conceptual categorizations, while not exhaustive, may help practitioners, policymakers, and public health officials design appropriately targeted preventive and intervention strategies. People released from prisons should also be included in broader public health efforts to reduce the risk of overdose and address substance-related harms.

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McFarland, Daniel C., and Jimmie Holland. Depression and Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0006.

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The relationship between depression and cancer has long captured the imagination of clinicians and the lay population. Therefore, the science behind this putative relationship is paramount to determine reality from myth. This chapter begins with a historical and relevant clinical overview from within the context of psycho-oncology and psychoneuroimmunology. An exploration of the association between cancer and depression follows by reviewing cancer initiation and progression data in the context of depression. Biological correlates of the stress response in depression, inflammation, and its effects on cancer are presented. Social attributes to these biological phenomena are also evaluated through the putative mechanisms of epigenetics and the stress response. The strongest data for the relationship between depression and cancer fall into four distinct areas: (1) the cytokine hypothesis of depression; (2) dysregulation of the HPA, glucocorticoids, and diurnal circadian rhythms; (3) enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity; and (4) alterations in DNA protein transcription/epigenetics.

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Swain, James E., and Shao-Hsuan Shaun Ho. Parental Brain: The Crucible of Compassion. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.6.

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All infants rely on parenting behaviors that provide what they need to be healthy. As “compassion” can be defined as feelings that are elicited by perceiving someone else’s suffering with a desire to help (Goetz, Keltner, & Simon-Thomas, 2010), parenting behavior in concert with compassion towards a child can be defined as “compassionate parenting.” A child who has received compassionate parenting will tend to provide compassionate parenting to his or her own offspring, and possibly to unrelated others. We postulate that compassionate parenting should have the following characteristics: (1) effective care-giving behaviors (behavioral contingency), (2) parental emotions that are coherent and connected with child’s emotions (emotional connection), and (3) awareness of own and other’s cognitions and emotions and other environmental factors (reflective awareness). In this chapter, a body of literature in neurobiological mechanisms underlying parenting is selectively reviewed in reference to the behavioral, emotional, and cognitive aspects of compassionate parenting.

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Clark, Luke. Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Pathological Gambling. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0035.

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Pathological gambling is an impulse control disorder (ICD) characterized by loss of control over gambling behavior. This chapter will describe the illness profile of pathological gambling. As well as summarizing the epidemiological data on the prevalence of pathological gambling and its associated comorbidities, I will also consider (1) the classificatory overlap between pathological gambling, the substance use disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder; (2) the emerging evidence for dimensional rather than categorical models of disordered gambling; and (3) some of the sources of hererogeneity among pathological gamblers, including the differences between common games. In the second part of the chapter, I will review several sets of psychological and neurobiological factors that are implicated in the etiology of pathological gambling, including the role of physiological arousal (“excitement”), conditioning influences, cognitive distortions, personality trait variables, and neuropsychological and neuroimaging markers. These mechanisms are often complementary, and a biopsychosocial theory of gambling will incorporate multiple levels of explanation.

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Andriopoulos, Constantine, and Manto Gotsi. Methods of Paradox. Edited by Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski, and Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.26.

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Despite growing scholarly interest in paradoxes, there is still a lack of literature expressly engaging with the methodological mechanics of “doing” paradox research. First, there are no clearly established guidelines around what should count as paradox in research endeavours. Second, there is uncertainty around who sees/thinks/experiences the paradox and what is relevant when it comes to the emergence, choice, interpretation, and appropriation of paradoxes in empirical settings. Third, there is still confusion around where one can find evidence of paradoxes. This chapter aims to shed some light on these methodological shortcomings. It suggests that paradox researchers can deal with these methodological challenges by: 1) showing evidence of contradictory, interrelated, simultaneous, and persistent paradoxical tensions in the empirical setting, 2) developing reliable and flexible protocols for paradox identification, 3) pushing for multilevel paradox studies, 4) practicing reflexivity, 5) staying close to the context, and 6) leveraging multi-modality.

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