Books: 'Mechanism impact model'

1

Kunsemiller, John P. Seawater hydraulic rock drill impact mechanism model validation. Port Hueneme, CA: Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, 1995.

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2

Nonsmooth impact mechanics: Models, dynamics, and control. London: Springer, 1996.

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3

Brogliato, Bernard. Nonsmooth Mechanics: Models, Dynamics and Control. London: Springer London, 1999.

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4

Freyman, Ekaterina, and Elena Tret'yakova. Transaction sector of the region and its impact on the economy of constituent entities of the Russian Federation: structural-functional approach. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1027398.

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In the monograph the authors substantiate the expediency of application of the structural-functional approach to the assessment of the transaction sector in the economy of the region describes its structure and functions as a subsystem of the regional economy, the model developed a methodology for assessing the impact of transaction sector for the regional economy in the context of its fields and functions, the possibility of their application to conduct inter-regional comparisons. A comparative analysis of the functioning of the transaction sector of the Perm region and regions considered as its competitors. Developed the organizational-economic mechanism of management of transaction sector of the economy of the region. The monograph is addressed to a wide circle of readers: students and teachers of universities, scientists and practical workers. The proposed technique and the mechanism of management of transaction sector of the region can be used by authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the development and adjustment strategies and programs for socio-economic development of the region, educational institutions of higher and further education in the educational process, scientific-research organizations in the development of theoretical and methodological approaches to the management of the transaction sector of the economy of a particular region.

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5

Eindhoven, Technische Universiteit, ed. Mathematical head-neck models for acceleration impacts: Proefschrift. [Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 1996.

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6

Lavy, Victor. Mechanisms and impacts of gender peer effects at school. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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7

Lavy, Victor. Mechanisms and impacts of gender peer effects at school. Princeton, N.J: Education Research Section, Princeton University, 2007.

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8

Structures under crash and impact: Continuum mechanics, discretization and experimental characterization. New York: Springer, 2008.

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9

Center, Langley Research, ed. Experimental verification of a progressive damage model for composite laminates based on continuum damage mechanics. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1994.

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10

DRGs and hospital impact: An organizational systems analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985.

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11

Szuladzinski, Gregory. Formulas for mechanical and structural shock and impact. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2010.

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12

Barbara, Blazejczyk-Okolewska, ed. Chaotic mechanics in systems with impacts and friction. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999.

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13

Essam, Mohamed, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Analytical modeling of pressure wall hole size and maximum tip-to-tip crack length for perforating normal and oblique orbital debris impacts: Final report for period 01 April 1995 to 31 July 1997, contract NCC8-28. Huntsville, Ala: Civil & Environmental Engineering Dept., University of Alabama in Huntsville, 1997.

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14

Essam, Mohamed, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Analytical modeling of pressure wall hole size and maximum tip-to-tip crack length for perforating normal and oblique orbital debris impacts: Final report for period 01 April 1995 to 31 July 1997, contract NCC8-28. Huntsville, Ala: Civil & Environmental Engineering Dept., University of Alabama in Huntsville, 1997.

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15

Allen, David H. Analysis of static contact in laminated composite plates using damage mechanics: Final technical report. Hampton, VA: NASA Langley Research Center, 1995.

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16

Center, Langley Research, ed. Analysis of static contact in laminated composite plates using damage mechanics: Final technical report. Hampton, VA: NASA Langley Research Center, 1995.

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17

Romano, Donato, and Gianluca Stefani, eds. How safe is eating chicken? Florence: Firenze University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-109-0.

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Consumers' trust is a key factor in dealing with rising concerns about food safety and food quality, but only few studies have dealt with consumer attitudes and none of them has tried to model the process of consumer response. This book reports the main findings of an european project aimed at analysing trust along the food chain and its relationship with food risk communication. The papers collected investigate the mechanisms that determine the social diffusion of trust, examiConsumers trust is a key factor in dealing with rising concerns about food safety and food quality, but only few studies have dealt with consumer attitudes and none of them has tried to model the process of consumer response. This book reports the main findings of an european project aimed at analysing trust along the food chain and its relationship with food risk communication. The papers collected investigate the mechanisms that determine the social diffusion of trust, examining the interplay of the psychological, sociological and economic factors; and analyze the impact of the food risk communication policies on consumers and producers and on the society as a whole.ning the interplay of the psychological, sociological and economic factors; and analyze the impact of the food risk communication policies on consumers and producers and on the society as a whole.

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18

Liviu, Librescu, and Joint Mechanics Meeting of ASME, ASCE, SES (1st : 1993 : Charlottesville, Va.), eds. Non-classical problems of the theory and behavior of structures exposed to complex environmental conditions: Presented at the 1st Joint Mechanics Meeting of ASME, ASCE, SES, MEET'N '93, Charlottesville, Virginia, June 6-9, 1993. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993.

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19

David, Nathenson, Prakash Vikas, and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. Modeling of high-strain-rate deformation, fracture, and impact behavior of advanced gas turbine engine materials at low and elevated temperatures. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2003.

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20

David, Nathenson, Prakash Vikas, and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. Modeling of high-strain-rate deformation, fracture, and impact behavior of advanced gas turbine engine materials at low and elevated temperatures. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2003.

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21

Astaf'eva, Ol'ga, Natal'ya Moiseenko, Aleksandr Kozlovskiy, Tat'yana Shemyakina, and Viktor Serov. Risk management in construction. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1842952.

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The monograph is devoted to the issues of risk management in the organizations of the investment and construction complex. The issues of risk classification are consistently considered, approaches to determining the types and types of risks are established. Attention is paid to approaches to the construction of a risk management mechanism and the specifics of the impact on the identified risks in terms of minimizing possible damage. The issues of state regulation are highlighted, a complex economic problem related to the study of the effectiveness of the chosen strategy of real investment projects based on the use of various methods and models of risk analysis is considered. Modern educational and methodological materials tested in the practice of enterprises and organizations of the construction complex of Moscow and the Moscow region were used. For a wide range of readers interested in the issues of risk management in construction. It will be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of economic universities.

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22

Cevelev, Aleksandr. Strategic development of railway transport logistics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1194747.

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The monograph is devoted to the methodology of material and technical support of railway transport. According to the types of activities, the nature of the material and technical resources used, technologies, means and management systems, Russian railways belong to the category of high-tech industries that must have high quality and technical level, reliability and technological efficiency in operation. For this reason, the logistics system itself, both in structure and in the algorithm of the functions performed as a whole, needs a serious improvement in the quality of its work. The economic situation in Russia requires a revision of the principles and mechanisms of management based on the corporate model of supply chain management, focused on logistics knowledge. In the difficult economic conditions of the current decade, it is necessary to improve the quality of the supply organization of enterprises and structural divisions of railway transport, directly related to the implementation of the process approach, the advantage of which is a more detailed regulation of management actions and their mutual coordination. In order to increase the efficiency of its activities and develop the management system, Russian Railways is developing a lean production system aimed at further expanding the implementation of the principles of customer orientation, ideology and corporate culture. At the present time, the solution of many issues is impossible without a cybernetic approach to the formulation of problems of material and technical support and logistics analysis of information technologies, to the implementation of the developed algorithms and models of development strategies and concepts for improving the business processes of the production system. The management strategy, or the general plan for the implementation of activities for the management of material resources, is based on a fundamental assessment of the alignment and correlation of forces and factors operating in the economic and political field, taking into account the impact on the specific form of the management strategy. The materials will be useful to the heads and specialists of the directorates of the MTO, CDZs and can be used in the scientific research of bachelors, masters and postgraduates interested in the economics of railway transport and supply logistics.

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23

Craissati, Jackie, and Colin Campbell. Making an impact: Have we got it right yet? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791874.003.0008.

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This concluding chapter adopts a formulation-based approach to reflect on the tough question of whether the Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) pathway has achieved a real impact in terms of the national strategy’s high-level outcomes. First, the explicit and implicit premises of the former Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD) developments are considered, contrasting them with those underpinning the OPD pathway strategy. It is suggested that while DSPD was predicated on an illness model, the OPD strategy more accurately reflects a public health model, with the associated benefits and disadvantages. Second, the evidence for impact to date is summarized. Third, the high-level strategy outcomes are reworked in line with our theoretical model to achieve a more coherent articulation of the hypothesized mechanism of change within the pathway.

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24

Braginsky, O. B., G. M. Tatevosyan, S. V. Sedova, and R. Sh Magomedov. The economic mechanism of development programs: the interaction of economic instruments. CEMI RAS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33276/978-5-8211-0787-9.

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The preprint presents the economic mechanism of investment programs and analyzes its components: specific indicators for evaluating the investment part of developmental programs are proposed; a specific pricing for products manufactured as a result of the implementation of investment projects; a system of financing developmental programs based on the optimal ratio of budget funds, reinvested profits and credit. The empirical base of the study is made up of materials from the petrochemical complex. In this regard, the world trends in the development of petrochemical chemistry and the situation in the petrochemical complex of Russia are considered. Recommendations are given regarding the development of the petrochemical industry of Russia. A multi-criteria optimization model that implements the presented economic mechanism and is intended to form variants of the structure of the governmental program for industrial and regional (territorial) development is developed. The results of a computer experiment are presented. Variants of a conditional program for the development of the Russian oil and gas chemical complex showing the positive impact of the proposed economic mechanism on the structure and indicators of the program are developed.

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25

Brogliato, Bernard. Nonsmooth Mechanics: Models, Dynamics and Control (Communications and Control Engineering). 2nd ed. Springer, 1999.

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26

Brogliato, Bernard. Nonsmooth Mechanics: Models, Dynamics and Control. Springer, 2016.

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27

Brogliato, Bernard. Nonsmooth Mechanics: Models, Dynamics and Control. Springer, 2018.

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28

Brogliato, Bernard. Nonsmooth Mechanics: Models, Dynamics and Control. Springer London, Limited, 2016.

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29

Pozdnyakov, Konstantin. Тhe impact of regional investment interaction on economic growth potential of the Russian Federation. Znanie-M, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/00187-043-2.2021.1.234.

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The purpose of the monography is to elaborate the concept of the development of inter-regional investment cooperation by identifying the trends and features of its impact on the economic growth potential of the macro-region. The monography consists of the introduction, three chapters, conclusion and applications, as well as a list of references. The first chapter substantiates theoretical approaches to the essence, conditions and factors of regional development and the content of interregional investment cooperation in the current socio-economic conditions, analyzes the features of institutional design and the mechanisms for regulating regional cooperation for economic growth and development purposes, taking into account the Russian and foreign experience on the example of the European Union. The second chapter, basing on the economic analysis, identifies the trends in the development of the regions of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation in terms of emerging macro-regions. A model has been proposed to assess the extent of the region’s economy’s involvement in inter-regional relations, which would allow to determine the dependence of variables such as interregional exchange, investment and gross regional product. Using mathematical modeling tools, the impact of these factors on the growth of the gross regional product of the Central Federal District of Russia, as well as its two regions — Moscow and Belgorod region — was evaluated. The third chapter identifies the prospects for the development of interregional investment cooperation in the Central Black Earth macro-region of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. The concept of developing inter-regional investment cooperation in the macro-region within the framework of the creation of a network of territories ahead of socioeconomic development (PSEDA) has been developed. The mechanism of inter-regional investment cooperation in the framework of the creation and development of the territories ahead of socio-economic development (PSEDA) has been adapted in order to form the points of economic growth in the macro-region. The main text of the monography is laid out on 234 pages and is illustrated with 21 drawings and 40 tables. The monography contains 4 applications. The references list includes 144 units.

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30

Aum, Ho Sung. Parameters affecting mechanical collisions. 1992.

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31

Earthquake source mechanics: Observations, models and impact on plate motion. New York: Pergamon, 1997.

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32

I. Earthquake source mechanics: Observations, models and impact on plate motion. Oxford, England: Pergamon, 1999.

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33

Colloquium, Euromech, and V. I. Babitskii. Dynamics of Vibro-Impact Systems: Proceedings of the Euromech Colloquium : 15-18 September 1998. Springer-Verlag Telos, 1999.

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34

Stiefel, Friedrich, Jürg Bernhard, Gabriella Bianchi, Lilo Dietrich, Christoph Hürny, Alexander Kiss, Brigitta Wössmer, and Céline Bourquin. The Swiss model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0057.

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This chapter focuses on the Swiss model of oncology communication skills training (CST), which was initiated in 1998 and has been declared mandatory in 2005 for physicians specializing in medical oncology. It first discusses the development and implementation of this CST, its setting, and the specific objectives of the training—illustrated by examples from interviews videotaped during a CST session. Particular attention is then paid to trainers’ observations of communication difficulties of participants (e.g. under- or overstructured interviews, information not adapted to the patient’s needs) and to the specific features of the Swiss CST, namely: interdisciplinary training (working with physicians and nurses); individual insight-oriented supervision; and mandatory training. The final section of the chapter is devoted to the different scientific projects investigating the Swiss CST (e.g. communication and psychodynamic aspects of the training (clinicians’ defence mechanisms), impact of the training on working alliance, and linguistic strategies).

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35

Hiermaier, Stefan. Structures under Crash and Impact: Continuum Mechanics, Discretization and Experimental Characterization. Springer, 2010.

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36

Vibroimpact Dynamics Modeling Mapping And Applications. Springer, 2009.

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37

Stoddard, Frederick J., and Robert L. Sheridan. Wound Healing and Depression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0009.

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Depression and wound healing are bidirectional processes for adults and children consistent with the conception of depression as systemic. This systemic interaction is similar to the “bidirectional impact of mood disorder on risk for development, progression, treatment, and outcomes of medical illness” generally. And, evidence is growing that the bidirectional impact of mood disorder may be true for injuries and for trauma surgery. Animal models have provided some support that treatment of depression may improve wound healing. An established biological model for a mechanism delaying wound healing is increased cortisol secretion secondary to depression and/or stress, and impaired immune response, in addition or together with the other factors such as genetic or epigenetic risk for depression. Cellular models relate both to wound healing and to depression include cytokines, the inflammatory response (Miller et al, 2008), and cellular aging (Telgenhoff and Shroot, 2005) reflected in shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL) (Verhoeven et al, 2016). Another model of stress impacting wound healing investigated genetic correlates—immediate early gene expression or IEG from the medial prefrontal cortex, and locomotion, in isolation-reared juvenile rats. Levine et al (2008) compared isolation reared to group reared samples, and found that, immediate gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was reduced, and behavioral hyperactivity increased, in juvenile rats with 20% burn injuries. Wound healing in the isolation reared rats was significantly impaired. They concluded that these results provide candidates for behavioral biomarkers of isolation rearing during physical injury, i.e. reduced immediate mPFC gene expression and hyperactivity. They suggested that a biomarker such as IEGs might aid in demarcating patients with resilient and adaptive responses to physical illness from those with maladaptive responses

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38

Formulas for Mechanical and Structural Shock and Impact. CRC, 2009.

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39

Simulation of performer variability for drop landing. 1993.

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40

Burris, Scott, Micah L. Berman, Matthew Penn, and, and Tara Ramanathan Holiday. A Transdisciplinary Approach to Public Health Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681050.003.0003.

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This chapter introduces the transdisciplinary model of public health law, which rests on the recognition that public health law is not just the work of lawyers. The chapter explains key terms in the model, including public health law practice, legal epidemiology, and policy surveillance. It also discussed the concept of “mechanisms of legal effect,” which is central to conceptualizing and evaluating the impact of law on health.

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41

Danielson, Michael S. Migration and Subnational Politics in Mexico. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190679972.003.0002.

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This chapter begins with a review of the literature on the relationship between migration and hometown democracy. Migration can affect the politics of sending places through both direct and indirect channels, and the nature of migrant impact has been found to both enhance and weaken democracy. Four hypothesized channels of migrant political influence are then identified. These include the “mode of engagement” (with whom do migrants form alliances?); “attitudes, behaviors, and ideologies” (how does migration experience change migrants?); representation (what kind of migrants engage?); and unintended consequences (the aggregate impact of migrant engagement depends on the reactions of non-migrants). After discussing these mechanisms, and their potentially democracy-enhancing and democracy-weakening outcomes, the chapter outlines a process model of migrant-led political change, which provides a framework to analyze continuity and change in Mexican municipal politics in the face of migration.

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42

Patisaul, Heather B., and Scott M. Belcher. Receptor and Enzyme Mechanisms as Targets for Endocrine Disruptors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199935734.003.0005.

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In this chapter, the current understanding of the mechanisms of endocrine disruption on the brain and nervous system are presented. Because the overwhelming majority of mechanistic studies on EDCs have focused on the actions mediated by nuclear hormone receptors, this mechanisms is described in detail. The chapter also discusses the classic transcriptional mechanisms of steroid action and the impact of EDCs on rapid signaling (non-genomic) mechanisms. It presents an overview of the enzymes and pathways involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, which are critical to proper functioning of the HPA and HPG axis, and the neuroactive steroids synthesized and active in the mammalian brain. The potential for EDCs to alter metabolic enzymes, with a focus on possible targets in the metabolic blood-brain barrier, is presented as a potential, though largely unexplored, mode of EDC action in the brain.

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43

Allen, Micah, and Manos Tsakiris. The body as first prior: Interoceptive predictive processing and the primacy of self-models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0002.

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Embodied predictive processing accounts place the visceral milieu, its homeostatic functioning, and our interoceptive awareness thereof on the center stage of self-awareness. Starting from the privileged status that homeostatic priors have within the cortical hierarchy of an organism whose main imperative is to maintain homeostasis, we focus on the mechanisms that underlie interoceptive precision and its impact on embodiment and cognition. Beyond their privileged status for ensuring the stability of organism, this chapter considers the psychological importance that interoceptive priors and interoceptive precision have for self-awareness and the grounding of a coherent self-model. In a manner analogous to the role that interoception plays for homeostasis, interoception at the psychological level seems to contribute to the stability of self-awareness. This psychological role of interoception is illustrated by a growing body of research that considers the antagonism but also the integration between exteroceptive and interoceptive models of the self.

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44

Leslie, Lisa, Patricia Dahm, and Colleen Flaherty Manchester. Family Responsibilities and Career Outcomes. Edited by Adrienne J. Colella and Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.36.

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This chapter advances the understanding of the impact of family responsibilities on career outcomes (e.g., hiring, promotion, and pay) by proposing an integrative model, spanning theories from economics, psychology, and sociology, that includes multiple mechanisms through which family responsibilities may affect career outcomes. The model serves as a guide for reviewing the literature on the effect of family responsibilities—including marital and breadwinner status, parental status, pregnancy, and use of family-friendly policies—on career outcomes. The chapter concludes that family responsibilities affect career outcomes, net of any productivity differences between employees with and without family responsibilities, suggesting discriminatory treatment. The effect is not uniformly negative; employees with family responsibilities have either less favorable or more favorable career outcomes than employees without. We find that whether family responsibilities positively or negatively affect career outcomes, and the mechanisms driving the effect, depends on the family responsibility type and, at times, employee gender.

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45

Impacts in Mechanical Systems: Analysis and Modelling (Lecture Notes in Physics). Springer, 2000.

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46

Reese, Elizabeth D., Jennifer Y. Yi, Ryan P. Bell, and Stacey B. Daughters. The Role of Negative Affect in the Course of Substance Use Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0014.

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Negative affect (NA) plays a prominent role in theoretical models characterizing the course of substance use disorders and is thus considered a central mechanism contributing to maintenance of symptoms and increased risk for relapse. This chapter overviews theoretical models of substance use, highlighting the impact of NA within the addiction cycle. In this context, it examines the evidence linking NA to substance use disorder (SUD) development, maintenance, and relapse, highlighting the association between NA and addiction-specific processes including withdrawal and craving. It concludes with a discussion of current substance use treatment approaches that target NA, including promising new pharmacological and neurobiological treatments.

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47

Kapitaniak, Tomasz, Krzysztof Czolczynski, Jerzy Wojewoda, and Barbara Blazejczyk-Okolewska. Chaotic Mechanics in Systems With Impacts and Friction (World Scientific Series on Nonlinear Science , No a). World Scientific Publishing Company, 1999.

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48

Ligeti, Katalin, John Vervaele, and André Klip. Preventing and Resolving Conflicts of Jurisdiction in Eu Criminal Law: A European Law Institute Instrument. Edited by Katalin Ligeti and Gavin Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829119.001.0001.

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This edited volume is based on the European Law Institute's project, 'The Prevention and Resolution of Conflicts of Exercise of Jurisdiction in Criminal Law', co-ordinated by the European Law Institute (ELI) and the University of Luxembourg. The project ran from 2013 to 2017 and was conducted under the auspices of the ELI and the Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR). The study sought to explore options for a coherent regulatory mechanism for the prevention and settlement of conflicts of jurisdiction in criminal law. Currently, there is no binding instrument establishing a mechanism to resolve conflicts of (exercising) jurisdiction in criminal matters in the EU, although such a mechanism is essential for the effective functioning of a European criminal justice area based on mutual recognition. Building on empirical research and a comparison with civil law solutions to the problem of conflicts of jurisdiction, this volume seeks to impact the EU policy debate by proposing three fully-formed models for legislative action, coupled with extensive analysis of related themes.

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49

Modeling of high-strain-rate deformation, fracture, and impact behavior of advanced gas turbine engine materials at low and elevated temperatures. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2003.

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50

Gao, Yanhong, and Deliang Chen. Modeling of Regional Climate over the Tibetan Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.591.

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The modeling of climate over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) started with the introduction of Global Climate Models (GCMs) in the 1950s. Since then, GCMs have been developed to simulate atmospheric dynamics and eventually the climate system. As the highest and widest international plateau, the strong orographic forcing caused by the TP and its impact on general circulation rather than regional climate was initially the focus. Later, with growing awareness of the incapability of GCMs to depict regional or local-scale atmospheric processes over the heterogeneous ground, coupled with the importance of this information for local decision-making, regional climate models (RCMs) were established in the 1970s. Dynamic and thermodynamic influences of the TP on the East and South Asia summer monsoon have since been widely investigated by model. Besides the heterogeneity in topography, impacts of land cover heterogeneity and change on regional climate were widely modeled through sensitivity experiments.In recent decades, the TP has experienced a greater warming than the global average and those for similar latitudes. GCMs project a global pattern where the wet gets wetter and the dry gets drier. The climate regime over the TP covers the extreme arid regions from the northwest to the semi-humid region in the southeast. The increased warming over the TP compared to the global average raises a number of questions. What are the regional dryness/wetness changes over the TP? What is the mechanism of the responses of regional changes to global warming? To answer these questions, several dynamical downscaling models (DDMs) using RCMs focusing on the TP have recently been conducted and high-resolution data sets generated. All DDM studies demonstrated that this process-based approach, despite its limitations, can improve understandings of the processes that lead to precipitation on the TP. Observation and global land data assimilation systems both present more wetting in the northwestern arid/semi-arid regions than the southeastern humid/semi-humid regions. The DDM was found to better capture the observed elevation dependent warming over the TP. In addition, the long-term high-resolution climate simulation was found to better capture the spatial pattern of precipitation and P-E (precipitation minus evapotranspiration) changes than the best available global reanalysis. This facilitates new and substantial findings regarding the role of dynamical, thermodynamics, and transient eddies in P-E changes reflected in observed changes in major river basins fed by runoff from the TP. The DDM was found to add value regarding snowfall retrieval, precipitation frequency, and orographic precipitation.Although these advantages in the DDM over the TP are evidenced, there are unavoidable facts to be aware of. Firstly, there are still many discrepancies that exist in the up-to-date models. Any uncertainty in the model’s physics or in the land information from remote sensing and the forcing could result in uncertainties in simulation results. Secondly, the question remains of what is the appropriate resolution for resolving the TP’s heterogeneity. Thirdly, it is a challenge to include human activities in the climate models, although this is deemed necessary for future earth science. All-embracing further efforts are expected to improve regional climate models over the TP.

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Books on the topic 'Mechanism impact model'

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