Books on the topic 'Mechanics' institutes History'

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored through the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Center for Research and Technology Development by Columbia Gas Transmission Corporation, El Paso Natural Gas Company, Gas Research Institute, Research Committee on Gas Pipelines Safety, and Washington Gas and Electric Company. This document’s purpose is to provide pipeline operators with historical data on line pipe, so that they will be able to operate their pipelines, particularly the older ones, with greater confidence in their safety and reliability. The document is comprised of four major sections. The first explains the manufacturing processes that have been and are being used to make line pipe. The second presents tables by type of pipe listing the manufacturers of line pipe, past and present, in North America. At the end of this section some techniques for identifying unknown pipe samples are presented. In the third section the API line pipe specifications as they have evolved since 1928 are reviewed. The fourth section is a glossary of terms frequently associated with line pipe manufacturing.

This book continues to introduce the reader to Russian-German literary relations in the 20th century. The results of the first stage of the research were presented in the collective work Russia — Germany: Literary Encounters (1918–1945) published by A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2017 with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant no. № 17-04-16003. The present study analyzes mutual influences, intersections, typological similarities, receptive projections and imagological concepts occurring at the borders of the cultural spaces of Germany and Russia in the second half of the 20th and the first third of the 21st century. The aim of this work is to complement or amend the existing knowledge of the literary and cultural interactions of the two countries after 1945. Like in the first book, special attention is paid to identifying the mechanisms of the perception of a foreign literature in the context of national regulatory language usage paradigm. The book studies direct and indirect contacts between the two literatures and helps isolate single elements of critical reflection in the field of meaning-making and on the level of the formation of motific, aesthetic and stylistic models of the text. This work, which includes the articles written by thirty Russian researches, is of theoretical and practical value and appeals to specialists in comparative studies, intercultural communication, history of German and Russian literature, as well as to a wide audience interested in these problems.

The world is in the throes of a global health, economic, and mental health crisis with severe physical, societal, and economic ramifications. Modern mental health problems are characterized by their complexity, multisystemic nature, and broad societal impact, making them poorly suited to siloed approaches of thinking and innovation. To solve the unprecedented complexities and challenges associated with the current global crisis, a paradigm shift is needed. Convergence science integrates knowledge, tools, and thought strategies from various fields and is the focal point where novel insights arise. In the context of mental health, convergence involves integration of scientists, clinicians, bioinformaticists, global health experts, engineers, technology entrepreneurs, medical educators, caregivers, and patients; synergy between government, academia, and industry is also vital. A convergence mental health approach will lead to improved outcomes for patients and healthcare systems. Predicate examples of convergence science in adjacent fields to mental health provide a model for the path forward. Further, within the field of mental health, there are examples of convergence science currently in action that include early-stage companies, neuroscience initiatives, public health projects, and unconventional funding mechanisms. The world has a historic opportunity to leverage convergence science to lead to a new era of innovation and progress in global mental health. Contributions for this book come from authors affiliated with the Milken Institute, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the National Academies of Science, Medicine and Engineering, Stanford University, and Harvard University. This book is written for practitioners and leaders in mental health innovation, including clinicians, researchers, policymakers, investors, entrepreneurs, and philanthropists.

The Covid-19 pandemic is a unique event in the modern history of humanity, which has generated great challenges and, at the same time, valuable opportunities for public health. A number of examples of them are found in the more than three hundred pages of this book. In each chapter it is possible to understand how a vaccine for Covid-19 was developed in record time - due to the urgency of an antidote that would allow us to deal with this terrible disease - through the acceleration, compliance and improvement of all labor criteria, production, evaluation, timely release, and security. This entire process of developing the first vaccine produced by Brazil was described in a very creative way, allowing the reader to dive into a technical-scientific content of the highest level. The book presents an overview that goes through the origin of the virus, the transmission mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, the vaccine development process and the regulatory and legal instruments to guarantee access to vaccination - starting with the most vulnerable populations. It also describes the trials and phases of clinical study development that ensured the vaccine's safety and efficacy. It also covers the logistics of distribution and pharmacovigilance for monitoring the product in the user population until the detailing of the technological prospection, as well as showing the necessary steps to carry out a process of technology transfer of the vaccine from the viral vector. Among the various innovations, it is worth highlighting: preparation of a technological order through ETEC; use of continuous submission to the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA); and emergency use authorization. This effort made it possible to meet the expressive demand for Covid-19 vaccines in Brazil in a timely manner and on an unprecedented scale. For the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), which turns 120 on December 2, 2022, it is an honor to have Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz as part of our history. Due to its outstanding performance on the international scene, this institute is a true heritage of humanity. And now, with the first Brazilian vaccine for Covid-19, Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz consolidates Brazil's leadership in the production of immunobiologicals in Latin America and the Caribbean, ensuring greater self-sufficiency and sustainability of basic health supplies not only for the country, but for the entire region of the Americas.

The main milestones of the formation and development of astronomical science in Kharkiv during 1883–1945 are reconstructed on the example of the activities of the astronomical observatory of Kharkiv University. During this period, the outstanding worldview science in Kharkiv has achieved significant success: the works of Kharkiv astronomers have received world recognition; a well-known scientific planetary school has been established at the Observatory; the scientific community highly appreciated the research on the physics and chemistry of the Moon, the giant and small planets of the Solar System. The primary goal of the research is to inscribe the history of the university Observatory into the European and world context. Its purpose is to summarize the results of a comprehensive historical ad scientific study of the development of astronomical research in Kharkiv at the end of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century and identification of ways of further scientific research. The completed research, which continues the problems of works devoted to the study of the history of astronomical science in Ukraine, focuses on expanding the well-known source base by attracting new retro-information resources. In particular, the monograph used a significant array of archival primary sources from almost twenty archival and library institutions of different countries. Most of them were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, which allowed to determine and specify the sequence of stages of development of astronomical science in Kharkiv during the research period, to clarify and identify the little-known circumstances of the observatory life. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of historism, objectivity and a systematic approach to studying the problem. To solve specific problematic tasks in the monograph, general scientific and specially historical methods were used which allowed to study, analyze and summarize the presented factual material in a complex manner. The main sections of the monograph represent the dynamics of replenishment of the instrumental base of the university observatory, the chronology of the construction of the observatory complex of buildings at the location of the modern Scientific Research Institute of Astronomy of the V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. According to the author’s periodization, the stages of formation of subjects and directions of scientific work of university astronomers have been analyzed, including: seismic observations with the help of horizontal Rebeur-Paschwitz pendulums, research of the activity of the Sun, astrometric observations on the Repsold meridian circle of for the purpose of compiling a catalog of zodiac stars, studying lunar eclipses and meteor showers. The participation of university astronomers in the creation of the plan of the city of Kharkiv and its connection with the general network of precise geometric leveling of the Military Topographic Department of the General Staff; the organization of observations by an expedition of Kharkiv astronomers of the total Solar eclipse of 1914 in Henichesk; the creation of the School-workshop of precision mechanics at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kharkiv University were considered; information on the participation of Kharkiv astronomers in the events of the civil war during the Ukrainian Revolution was documented. The scientific research activity of Kharkiv astronomers during 1920-1930-s which was devoted to carrying out important astrometric works on meridian observations of star declinations by absolute methods and observations of Kopf-Rentz stars according to the programs of the International Astronomical Union; the initiation of the creation of the Catalog of faint stars; research in astrophysics aimed at studying the physical conditions on the Moon and the Sun, planets and the interstellar environment; performing long series of spectrophotometric observations of the Moon, Jupiter, Mars and Saturn under different conditions of observation; study of the kinematics of stellar systems of different order, the physical parameters and evolution of stars, the morphology of the Galaxy, the nature of the stellar subsurfaces and atmospheres, dust and gas nebulae, new stars and the variability of stars have been considered; the directions of solid works carried out in the field of celestial mechanics, devoted to the dynamics of the minor planets of the Jupiter group, the definition and improvement of the orbits of minor planets have been clarified. The development of amateur astronomy in Kharkiv, in particular, the functioning of circles and societies that directed their activities to the dissemination of astronomical knowledge, was highlighted; the participation of their representatives in astronomical observations at the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory was emphasized. Reconstructed the development of historical events in the 1930s related to the involvement of Soviet and Western astronomers in the processes of political confrontation between the USSR and the Western world; investigated the course of circumstances that prevented the implementation of the project of creating a new modern astronomical center of national importance – the central Ukrainian observatory in Kharkiv; the participation of an expedition of Kharkiv astronomers in the observation of the «great Soviet eclipse» – the total solar eclipse of 1936 – in the North Caucasus is highlighted; established the facts of political «purges» and repressions by the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( the NKVD) in the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory. The activity of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory has been documented and authentic biographical information about its representatives during the Nazi occupation of 1941–1943, the period of the German-Soviet war, has been presented; the unpopular facts of the forced collaboration of some scientists are highlighted; the process of recovery and reconstruction of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory after the liberation of the city is characterized. With the aim of researching the personal history of Kharkiv astronomy of the studied period, the monograph presents the results of a historical and biographical study of facts of life and scientific heritage of scientists who fully devoted themselves to Science, laid the foundations for the future development of many directions of modern astronomical research, made a significant contribution to the treasury of the national and European astronomical science, whose activities were connected with the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory, in particular: Grigory Levytsky, Ludwig Struve, Mykola Evdokymov, Otto Struve, Mykola Barabashov, Boris Gerasimovich, Vasil Fesenkov, Oleksiy Razdolsky, Boris Ostashchenko-Kudryavtsev, Nicholas Bobrovnikov, Paraskovia Parkhomenko, Mstislav Savron, Boris Semeykin, Kostyantyn Savchenko and others (25 biographical essays are presented). A significant part of the mentioned factual material was also introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. A separate section of the monograph provides chronologically structured information that reflects the sequence of research work of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory employees during the period under study: from astrometric observations of stars and seismic research to spectrohelioscopic and spectroheliographic observations of the Sun and the initiation of the Kharkiv school of planetary science. It is assumed that the materials of the monograph will be used in research work devoted to the study of the process of institutionalization of astronomical research in Kharkiv at the end of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century.