Journal articles: 'Mechanical wounding'

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Wanderley, Lêdia Feitosa, Karla Lílian Rodrigues Batista, Jorgiane Furtado de Carvalho, Aldilene da Silva Lima, Gabriel Alves Landulfo, Alexandra Martins dos Santos Soares, and Livio Martins Costa Junior. "The first assessment of the stress inducible defense of Leucaena leucocephala with acaricidal potential effect against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 26, no. 2 (June 2017): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017026.

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Abstract Plants respond to wounding caused by mechanical stress or herbivory by synthesizing defense proteins. There are no studies reporting the action of induced plant proteins against ticks. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mechanically wounded Leucaena leucocephala leaves against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Initially, we carried out time course experiments to evaluate the impact of mechanical wounding on the protein content and the peroxidase, catalase and protease inhibitor activities in L. leucocephala. We then evaluated the acaricidal activity on R. (B.) microplus from protein extract collected from L. leucocephala after mechanical wounding. L. leucocephala leaves were artificially wounded, and after 6, 12, 24 and 48h, the leaves were collected for protein extraction. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the proteins were performed. The protein content and peroxidase and protease activities increased 12h after wounding, and the acaricidal activity of this protein extract was evaluated using engorged R. (B.) microplus females. The protein extract obtained after wounding reduced egg production (8.5%) compared to those without wounding. Furthermore, the extract reduced egg hatching by 47.7% and showed an overall efficacy of 56.3% at 0.1 mgP/mL of the protein. We demonstrated that L. leucocephala defensive proteins could be effective against R. (B.) microplus.

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Palaniswamy, P., and R. J. Lamb. "WOUND-INDUCED ANTIXENOTIC RESISTANCE TO FLEA BEETLES, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN CRUCIFERS." Canadian Entomologist 125, no. 5 (October 1993): 903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent125903-5.

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AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of wounding the cotyledons of Sinapis alba L. cv. Ochre, Brassica napus L. cv. Westar, B. rapa L. cv. Tobin, and C8711, a selection from Tobin, on subsequent feeding damage by the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). Cotyledons of 7-day-old seedlings were wounded either by puncturing them with needles (mechanical wounding) or by exposing them to flea beetles. One, 2, or 9 days following wounding, the wounded and unwounded seedlings were exposed to flea beetles and the feeding damage was estimated as a measure of antixenosis. Mechanical wounding of one of the cotyledons with 96 needle punctures induced a significant reduction in the damage of the unwounded cotyledons of S. alba, 1 or 2 days following wounding. True leaves of the wounded seedlings also showed consistently less damage than unwounded controls, 9 days following wounding. In S. alba, all three levels of mechanical wounding (i.e. 6, 24, or 96 punctures per cotyledon) reduced subsequent flea beetle damage to a similar extent. Wrapping a cotyledon of S. alba with a plastic film produced an effect similar to wounding it with needles. As with mechanical wounding, flea beetle wounding also reduced subsequent flea beetle damage in S. alba. Other plant species (B. napus and B. rapa) tested showed no measurable induced effects on subsequent feeding damage.

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Cao, Chuan Wang, Ling Ma, Shan Chun Yan, and Zhi Ying Wang. "Effects of Lymantria dispar Feeding and Wounding on Phenyalanine Ammonia-Lyase in Populus simonii × P. nigra." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.323.

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In plants, phenyalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) has been related to defense mechanisms against insect feeding and wounding, and its role was investigated in poplar (Populus simonii × P. nigra) regarding induction by third-instar Lymantria dispar larvae feeding and punching mechanical wounding. The activity and mRNA expression level of PAL was evaluated during time courses in relation to L. dispar feeding and mechanical wounding. The constitutive levels of PAL activity in healthy poplar showed no significant differences during 72 h. L. dispar feeding and mechanical wounding caused different responses of protein and transcript levels of PAL. PAL was obviously induced by L. dispar feeding during a 24-72 h period. For mechanical wounding, activity and mRNA expression level of PAL were not significant induced but were mostly inhibited. The results suggested PAL gene may be significantly related to poplar defense against L. dispar attack.

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Kostenyuk, Igor A., and Jacqueline K. Burns. "Mechanical wounding and abscission in citrus." Physiologia Plantarum 122, no. 3 (November 2004): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2004.00408.x.

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Chen, Qi, Yan Jin, Xiaorui Guo, Mingyuan Xu, Guanyun Wei, Xueyan Lu, and Zhonghua Tang. "Metabolomic responses to the mechanical wounding of Catharanthus roseus’ upper leaves." PeerJ 11 (March 20, 2023): e14539. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14539.

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Purpose Plant secondary metabolites are used to treat various human diseases. However, it is difficult to produce a large number of specific metabolites, which largely limits their medicinal applications. Many methods, such as drought and nutrient application, have been used to induce the biosynthetic production of secondary metabolites. Among these secondary metabolite-inducing methods, mechanical wounding maintains the composition of secondary metabolites with little potential risk. However, the effects of mechanical stress have not been fully investigated, and thus this method remains widely unused. Methods In this study, we used metabolomics to investigate the metabolites produced in the upper and lower leaves of Catharanthus roseus in response to mechanical wounding. Results In the upper leaves, 13 different secondary metabolites (three terpenoid indole alkaloids and 10 phenolic compounds) were screened using an orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) score plot. The mechanical wounding of different plant parts affected the production of secondary metabolites. Specifically, when lower leaves were mechanically wounded, the upper leaves became a strong source of resources. Conversely, when upper leaves were injured, the upper leaves themselves became a resource sink. Changes in the source-sink relationship reflected a new balance between resource tradeoff and the upregulation or downregulation of certain metabolic pathways. Conclusion Our findings suggest that mechanical wounding to specific plant parts is a novel approach to increase the biosynthetic production of specific secondary metabolites. These results indicate the need for a reevaluation of production practices for secondary metabolites from select commercial plants.

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Li, Li, Xuemei He, Jian Sun, Changbao Li, Dongning Ling, Jinfeng Sheng, Fengjin Zheng, et al. "Responses of Phospholipase D and Antioxidant System to Mechanical Wounding in Postharvest Banana Fruits." Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8347306.

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Banana fruits are susceptible to mechanical damage. The present study was to investigate the responses of phospholipase D (PLD) and antioxidant system to mechanical wounding in postharvest banana fruits. During 16 d storage at 25°C and 90% relative humidity, PLD activity in wounded fruits was significantly higher than that in control (without artificial wounding fruits). The higher value of PLD mRNA was found in wounded fruits than in control. PLD mRNA expression reached the highest peak on day 4 in both groups, but it was 2.67 times in wounded fruits compared to control at that time, indicating that PLD gene expression was activated in response to wounding stress. In response to wounding stress, the higher lipoxygenase (LOX) activity was observed and malondialdehyde (MDA) production was accelerated. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in wounded fruits were significantly higher than those in control. The concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in fruits increased under mechanical wounding. The above results provided a basis for further investigating the mechanism of postharvest banana fruits adapting to environmental stress.

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Goto, Taichi, Gojiro Nakagami, Takeo Minematsu, Masamichi Shinoda, and Hiromi Sanada. "Measurement of mechanical withdrawal threshold on full-thickness cutaneous wounds in rats using the von Frey test." Journal of Wound Care 28, no. 11 (November 2, 2019): 762–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2019.28.11.762.

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Objective: A method for measuring mechanical withdrawal threshold of full-thickness cutaneous wound pain in animal models is lacking. This study aimed to confirm the validity and reactivity of the von Frey test in full-thickness cutaneous wounds in rats. Method: A 1.5cm-diameter wound was established on the dorsal areas of male Sprague-Dawley rats and subcutaneously injected with either morphine hydrochloride (5.0mg/kg) or indomethacin (2.5mg/kg) with a 27-gauge needle on day three post-wounding. On day five post-wounding, an injection of morphine hydrochloride, indomethacin or lambda-carrageenan (1.0%) into the granulation tissue was also administered. The withdrawal threshold of mechanical stimulation of the wound edge was compared in each group before treatment with injection and at two, four, eight and 24 hours after injection. Results: A total of 40 rats were used in the study. Since more severe inflammation in and around the wound was induced on day three post-wounding than that of day five, the withdrawal threshold measured on day three post-wounding was significantly lower than that of day five. The decrease of the withdrawal threshold was depressed by morphine hydrochloride and indomethacin treatment on day three post-wounding. While there was no significant difference between the changes in the withdrawal threshold after indomethacin treatment on day five post-wounding, we observed an increased withdrawal threshold after morphine hydrochloride treatment and decreased withdrawal threshold after lambda-carrageenan treatment on day five post-wounding. Conclusion: The results suggest that the von Frey test can be applied to measure the mechanical withdrawal threshold of full-thickness dorsal wounds in rats.

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Galati, Gianni, Anthony Gandin, Yves Jolivet, Romain Larbat, and Alain Hehn. "Untargeted Metabolomics Approach Reveals Diverse Responses of Pastinaca Sativa to Ozone and Wounding Stresses." Metabolites 9, no. 7 (July 23, 2019): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9070153.

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Stresses such as wounding or atmospheric pollutant exposure have a significant impact on plant fitness. Since it has been widely described that the metabolome directly reflects plant physiological status, a way to assess this impact is to perform a global metabolomic analysis. In this study, we investigated the effect of two abiotic stresses (mechanical wounding and ozone exposure) on parsnip metabolic balance using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomic approach. For this purpose, parsnip leaves were submitted to an acute ozone exposure or were mechanically wounded and sampled 24, 48, and 72 h post-treatment. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses highlighted numerous differentially-accumulated metabolic features as a function of time and treatment. Mechanical wounding led to a more differentiated response than ozone exposure. We found that the levels of coumarins and fatty acyls increased in wounded leaves, while flavonoid concentration decreased in the same conditions. These results provide an overview of metabolic destabilization through differentially-accumulated compounds and provide a better understanding of global plant metabolic changes in defense mechanisms.

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Németh, Zsuzsanna, Flóra Demeter, József Dobó, Péter Gál, and László Cervenak. "Complement MASP-1 Modifies Endothelial Wound Healing." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 7 (April 5, 2024): 4048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25074048.

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Endothelial wound-healing processes are fundamental for the maintenance and restoration of the circulatory system and are greatly affected by the factors present in the blood. We have previously shown that the complement protein mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1) induces the proinflammatory activation of endothelial cells and is able to cooperate with other proinflammatory activators. Our aim was to investigate the combined effect of mechanical wounding and MASP-1 on endothelial cells. Transcriptomic analysis showed that MASP-1 alters the expression of wound-healing-related and angiogenesis-related genes. Both wounding and MASP-1 induced Ca2+ mobilization when applied individually. However, MASP-1-induced Ca2+ mobilization was inhibited when the treatment was preceded by wounding. Mechanical wounding promoted CREB phosphorylation, and the presence of MASP-1 enhanced this effect. Wounding induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression on endothelial cells, and MASP-1 pretreatment further increased VCAM-1 levels. MASP-1 played a role in the subsequent stages of angiogenesis, facilitating the breakdown of the endothelial capillary network on Matrigel®. Our findings extend our general understanding of endothelial wound healing and highlight the importance of complement MASP-1 activation in wound-healing processes.

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Kang, Ji-Nam, Woo-Haeng Lee, So Youn Won, Saemin Chang, Jong-Pil Hong, Tae-Jin Oh, Si Myung Lee, and Sang-Ho Kang. "Systemic Expression of Genes Involved in the Plant Defense Response Induced by Wounding in Senna tora." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 10073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810073.

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Wounds in tissues provide a pathway of entry for pathogenic fungi and bacteria in plants. Plants respond to wounding by regulating the expression of genes involved in their defense mechanisms. To analyze this response, we investigated the defense-related genes induced by wounding in the leaves of Senna tora using RNA sequencing. The genes involved in jasmonate and ethylene biosynthesis were strongly induced by wounding, as were a large number of genes encoding transcription factors such as ERFs, WRKYs, MYBs, bHLHs, and NACs. Wounding induced the expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, such as PR-1, chitinase, thaumatin-like protein, cysteine proteinase inhibitor, PR-10, and plant defensin. Furthermore, wounding led to the induction of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and the accumulation of kaempferol and quercetin in S. tora leaves. All these genes were expressed systemically in leaves distant from the wound site. These results demonstrate that mechanical wounding can lead to a systemic defense response in the Caesalpinioideae, a subfamily of the Leguminosae. In addition, a co-expression analysis of genes induced by wounding provides important information about the interactions between genes involved in plant defense responses.

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Schoonenberg, Tim, Michelle Pinard, and Stephen Woodward. "Responses to mechanical wounding and fire in tree species characteristic of seasonally dry tropical forest of Bolivia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-172.

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Short-term responses to stem wounding were measured over a 60-day period on six tree species found in seasonally dry tropical forest in Bolivia. Three types of wounds were inflicted to simulate mechanical bark damage and bark damage caused by low- and high-intensity fires. Extent of wood discoloration associated with wounding varied with wound type and severity, with high-intensity burns associated with the greatest amount of discoloration, low-intensity burns the least, and mechanical wounds intermediate. Two thin-barked species produced a distinct ligno suberised boundary zone in the bark earlier than thicker barked species; however, all species produced a distinct wound periderm by 60 days postwounding. The amount of wood discoloration associated with wounding appeared to be independent of the thickness of the lignosuberized boundary zone. Bark thickness provided a useful measure of species' resistance to wood discoloration with low-intensity burns but not with high-intensity burns where bark occasionally separated from the cambium or developed cracks and fissures. Variability in short-term responses to wounding and other factors may result in differences in the composition and abundance of microorganisms that colonize the wounds, with implications for reductions in wood quality and decay development.

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Cicák, A., and I. Mihál. "Can artificial wounding of beech stems induce necroses?" Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 12 (January 10, 2012): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4588-jfs.

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The paper presents data on the induction of necroses after small injuries to beech stems caused by electrodes during measuring cambium electric resistance. Altogether 121 beech stems of tree class 1–3 (according to Kraft) were evaluated. Among 2,904 mechanical injuries in 121 stems evaluated (24 per stem), 155 injuries induced necroses, hence each 19<sup>th</sup> injury induced necrosis. Most stems (33.06%) showed one necrosis, few stems (4.96%) showed even four necroses. 28.93% of stems did not show any necrosis. In order to prevent the infection of wounds and subsequent induction of necroses the authors recommend to treat any wounds with a suitable fungicide after using an equipment causing even negligible wounds of stems.

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Hishamuddin, Muhammad Syahmi, Shiou Yih Lee, Nurulfiza Mat Isa, Dhilia Udie Lamasudin, Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin, and Rozi Mohamed. "Time-based LC-MS/MS analysis provides insights into early responses to mechanical wounding, a major trigger to agarwood formation in Aquilaria malaccensis Lam." RSC Advances 9, no. 32 (2019): 18383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra10616a.

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Domingues, Sarah J. S., Thiago F. de Souza, Alexandra M. S. Soares, Tânia Jacinto, and Olga L. T. Machado. "Activation of phospholipase PLA2 actvity in Ricinus communis leaves in response to mechanical wounding." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 19, no. 1 (March 2007): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202007000100004.

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In order to investigate the defense response in castor bean (Ricinus communis) against predators, we analyzed the effect of mechanical wounding upon the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity of leaf extracts. Time course experiments revealed that the highest levels of increased PLA2 activity (ca. two fold) occurred 15 min and 60 min after injury. The induced activities demonstrated high sensitivity towards aristolochic acid (10 mM), a PLA2 inhibitor. Based on SDS-PAGE analysis, the PLA2 activity induced 15 min after wounding migrated with a molecular mass of 40 kDa and was denoted RcPLA2 I. The protein activity induced 60 min after wounding, RcPLA2 II, migrated with a molecular weight of 14 kDa. Furthermore its N-terminal sequence shared homology with PLA2 from elm and rice. The PLA2 enzymes were purified to near homogeneity by a combination of gel filtration and electro-elution of protein bands after native PAGE.

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Holb, Imre. "Loss and Disease Development of Monilinia fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey in an Organic Apple Orchard." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 15 (December 14, 2004): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/15/3349.

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In a two-year-study, yield loss and temporal development of incidence of Monilinia fructigena were quantified in organic apple orchards and the importance of fruit wounding agents was determined. The first infected fruits were observed at the beginning of August in 2001 and 2002. Disease development was continuous until fruit harvest in both years. Pre-harvest yield loss caused by Monilinia fructigena amounted on average 27.2% in 2001 and 41.6% in 2002 by fruit harvest. The growth rate of disease development was almost double in 2002 compared to 2001. All infected fruits were injured by wounding agents such as aboitic and mechanical injury factors, codling moth (Cydia pomonella), common earwig (Forficula auricularia) and birds. In this study, the most important wounding agents were codling moth and mechanical injury factors in organic apple orchards. In both years, our results showed that 70-80% of the infected fruits were damaged by codling moth in organic apple production. Moreover, 10-15% of the infected fruits were mechanically injured in the two years. Our results indicated that most of the damaged fruits fell on the orchard floor before harvest and they became an important secondary inoculum source of M. fructigena. Biological and practical implications of the results are discussed.

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Ruel, Jonathan J., Matthew P. Ayres, and Peter L. Lorio, Jr. "Loblolly pine responds to mechanical wounding with increased resin flow." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-030.

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The oleoresin produced by many conifers has a deleterious effect on numerous associated herbivores, including bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), and may have evolved as a plant defense mechanism. Three experiments with juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) used mechanical wounding to drain resin reserves and assess the effects of prior bark wounding on subsequent resin flow up to 7 days post-treatment. Resin flow returned to pre-treatment values within 2 days after wounding began and, in nearly every tree in each experiment, continued to increase on subsequent days. On average, resin flow reached double the pre-treatment values (mean ± SE: 2.10 ± 0.10 vs. 1.13 ± 0.10 g/3 h and 2.28 ± 0.09 vs. 0.90 ± 0.09 g/3 h for wounded vs. pre-treatment in experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Considering its timing and magnitude, this previously undescribed response may be important in modulating interactions between pine trees and bark beetles. In addition, resin flow following treatment was greater in trees in larger crown size classes (thinned > edge of stand = unthinned in experiment 1; edge of stand > thinned > unthinned in experiment 2). This may help explain why trees in thinned stands are less susceptible to southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) infestation than trees in unthinned stands.

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Sosnowski, R. G., S. Feldman, and J. R. Feramisco. "Interference with endogenous ras function inhibits cellular responses to wounding." Journal of Cell Biology 121, no. 1 (April 1, 1993): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.121.1.113.

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Wounding of tissue induces cellular responses that ultimately result in wound repair. Studies in tissue culture model systems indicate that these responses include induction of AP-1 regulated genes, cell migration and mitogenesis which are also characteristic of cellular responses to growth factors. Investigations have identified cellular ras proteins as critical components of growth factor-stimulated signal transduction pathways, however their role in the wounding response is less clear. Investigation of the potential involvement of c-Ras in this process utilized quiescent living bovine corneal endothelium cells (BCE) which were microinjected with ras dominant interfering mutant protein (N17) and subsequently stimulated by mechanical wounding. Analysis of these cells demonstrated that microinjection of dominant-interfering ras protein, but not control proteins, inhibited the wounding response as evidenced by diminished Fos expression, lack of cell migration and a block in DNA synthesis.

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Dai, Shaojun, Qiuying Pang, Yunxia Tian, Sixue Chen, and Xiufeng Yan. "Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis Leaves Subjected to Mechanical Wounding." Current Proteomics 12, no. 2 (September 3, 2015): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016461202150903114607.

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Sun, Ying, Mei Gao, Seogchan Kang, Chengmin Yang, Hui Meng, Yun Yang, Xiangsheng Zhao, et al. "Molecular Mechanism Underlying Mechanical Wounding-Induced Flavonoid Accumulation in Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen, an Endangered Tree That Produces Chinese Rosewood." Genes 11, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11050478.

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Dalbergia odorifera, a critically endangered tree species, produces heartwood containing a vast variety of flavonoids. This heartwood, also known as Chinese rosewood, has high economic and medicinal value, but its formation takes several decades. In this study, we showed that discolored wood induced by pruning displays similar color, structure, and flavonoids content to those of natural heartwood, suggesting that wounding is an efficient method for inducing flavonoid production in D. odorifera. Transcriptome analysis was performed to investigate the mechanism underlying wounding-induced flavonoids production in D. odorifera heartwood. Wounding upregulated the expression of 90 unigenes, which covered 19 gene families of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways, including PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, 6DCS, F3’5’H, F3H, FMO, GT, PMAT, CHOMT, IFS, HI4’OMT, HID, IOMT, I2’H, IFR, and I3’H. Furthermore, 47 upregulated unigenes were mapped to the biosynthesis pathways for five signal molecules (ET, JA, ABA, ROS, and SA). Exogenous application of these signal molecules resulted in the accumulation of flavonoids in cell suspensions of D. odorifera, supporting their role in wounding-induced flavonoid production. Insights from this study will help develop new methods for rapidly inducing the formation of heartwood with enhanced medicinal value.

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Bertini, Laura, Luana Palazzi, Silvia Proietti, Susanna Pollastri, Giorgio Arrigoni, Patrizia Polverino de Laureto, and Carla Caruso. "Proteomic Analysis of MeJa-Induced Defense Responses in Rice against Wounding." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 10 (May 22, 2019): 2525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102525.

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The role of jasmonates in defense priming has been widely recognized. Priming is a physiological process by which a plant exposed to low doses of biotic or abiotic elicitors activates faster and/or stronger defense responses when subsequently challenged by a stress. In this work, we investigated the impact of MeJA-induced defense responses to mechanical wounding in rice (Oryza sativa). The proteome reprogramming of plants treated with MeJA, wounding or MeJA+wounding has been in-depth analyzed by using a combination of high throughput profiling techniques and bioinformatics tools. Gene Ontology analysis identified protein classes as defense/immunity proteins, hydrolases and oxidoreductases differentially enriched by the three treatments, although with different amplitude. Remarkably, proteins involved in photosynthesis or oxidative stress were significantly affected upon wounding in MeJA-primed plants. Although these identified proteins had been previously shown to play a role in defense responses, our study revealed that they are specifically associated with MeJA-priming. Additionally, we also showed that at the phenotypic level MeJA protects plants from oxidative stress and photosynthetic damage induced by wounding. Taken together, our results add novel insight into the molecular actors and physiological mechanisms orchestrated by MeJA in enhancing rice plants defenses after wounding.

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McNeil, P. L., and S. Ito. "Molecular traffic through plasma membrane disruptions of cells in vivo." Journal of Cell Science 96, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.96.3.549.

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We have recently shown that mechanical forces, experimentally imposed or physiologically generated, transiently disrupt or wound the plasma membranes of epithelial cells of the gut and that cultured endothelial cells similarly wounded mechanically at their plasma membranes release a potent basic fibroblast growth factor-like molecule. Here we show that mechanical forces generated by experimental manipulation (tape stripping and needle puncture), or by animal locomotion, transiently wound the plasma membranes of various cells of skin, allowing otherwise impermeant tracer molecules to enter and become trapped within cell cytoplasm. We estimate that the epidermis of digits from actively locomoting animals is composed of 10.5% (+/− 4.9% S.D.) wounded cells, and that from quiescent animals has 3.7% (+/− 2.5%) wounded cells. Wounded fibroblast, glandular and endothelial cells were also identified in mechanically stressed skin. Cells retaining fluorescein dextran, used as a label for wounding, were observed 24h after the imposition of mechanical force, and wounded cells were generally of normal ultrastructure, indicating that cells in skin can survive membrane wounding. We propose that plasma membrane disruptions are an overlooked but probably common occurrence in cells residing in tissues such as gut and skin that are normally exposed to mechanical stress in vivo, and that such disruptions provide the physical basis in vivo for a previously unrecognized and diffusion-mediated route for molecular traffic directly across the plasma membrane into and out of living cell cytoplasm.

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Fiorucci, Anne-Sophie, Olivier Michaud, Emanuel Schmid-Siegert, Martine Trevisan, Laure Allenbach Petrolati, Yetkin Çaka Ince, and Christian Fankhauser. "Shade suppresses wound-induced leaf repositioning through a mechanism involving PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE (PKS) genes." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 5 (May 27, 2022): e1010213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010213.

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Shaded plants challenged with herbivores or pathogens prioritize growth over defense. However, most experiments have focused on the effect of shading light cues on defense responses. To investigate the potential interaction between shade-avoidance and wounding-induced Jasmonate (JA)-mediated signaling on leaf growth and movement, we used repetitive mechanical wounding of leaf blades to mimic herbivore attacks. Phenotyping experiments with combined treatments on Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes revealed that shade strongly inhibits the wound effect on leaf elevation. By contrast, petiole length is reduced by wounding both in the sun and in the shade. Thus, the relationship between the shade and wounding/JA pathways varies depending on the physiological response, implying that leaf growth and movement can be uncoupled. Using RNA-sequencing, we identified genes with expression patterns matching the hyponastic response (opposite regulation by both stimuli, interaction between treatments with shade dominating the wound signal). Among them were genes from the PKS (Phytochrome Kinase Substrate) family, which was previously studied for its role in phototropism and leaf positioning. Interestingly, we observed reduced shade suppression of the wounding effect in pks2pks4 double mutants while a PKS4 overexpressing line showed constitutively elevated leaves and was less sensitive to wounding. Our results indicate a trait-specific interrelationship between shade and wounding cues on Arabidopsis leaf growth and positioning. Moreover, we identify PKS genes as integrators of external cues in the control of leaf hyponasty further emphasizing the role of these genes in aerial organ positioning.

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Hussein, Omar, Bruce Walters, Randolph Stroetz, Paul Valencia, Deborah McCall, and Rolf D. Hubmayr. "Biophysical determinants of alveolar epithelial plasma membrane wounding associated with mechanical ventilation." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 305, no. 7 (October 1, 2013): L478—L484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00437.2012.

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Mechanical ventilation may cause harm by straining lungs at a time they are particularly prone to injury from deforming stress. The objective of this study was to define the relative contributions of alveolar overdistension and cyclic recruitment and “collapse” of unstable lung units to membrane wounding of alveolar epithelial cells. We measured the interactive effects of tidal volume (VT), transpulmonary pressure (PTP), and of airspace liquid on the number of alveolar epithelial cells with plasma membrane wounds in ex vivo mechanically ventilated rat lungs. Plasma membrane integrity was assessed by propidium iodide (PI) exclusion in confocal images of subpleural alveoli. Cyclic inflations of normal lungs from zero end-expiratory pressure to 40 cmH2O produced VT values of 56.9 ± 3.1 ml/kg and were associated with 0.12 ± 0.12 PI-positive cells/alveolus. A preceding tracheal instillation of normal saline (3 ml) reduced VT to 49.1 ± 6 ml/kg but was associated with a significantly greater number of wounded alveolar epithelial cells (0.52 ± 0.16 cells/alveolus; P < 0.01). Mechanical ventilation of completely saline-filled lungs with saline (VT = 52 ml/kg) to pressures between 10 and 15 cmH2O was associated with the least number of wounded epithelial cells (0.02 ± 0.02 cells/alveolus; P < 0.01). In mechanically ventilated, partially saline-filled lungs, the number of wounded cells increased substantially with VT, but, once VT was accounted for, wounding was independent of maximal PTP. We found that interfacial stress associated with the generation and destruction of liquid bridges in airspaces is the primary biophysical cell injury mechanism in mechanically ventilated lungs.

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Rains, Meghan K., Christine Caron, Sharon Regan, and Isabel Molina. "Chemical and Molecular Characterization of Wound-Induced Suberization in Poplar (Populus alba × P. tremula) Stem Bark." Plants 11, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11091143.

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Upon mechanical damage, plants produce wound responses to protect internal tissues from infections and desiccation. Suberin, a heteropolymer found on the inner face of primary cell walls, is deposited in specific tissues under normal development, enhanced under abiotic stress conditions and synthesized by any tissue upon mechanical damage. Wound-healing suberization of tree bark has been investigated at the anatomical level but very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this important stress response. Here, we investigated a time course of wound-induced suberization in poplar bark. Microscopic changes showed that polyphenolics accumulate 3 days post wounding, with aliphatic suberin deposition observed 5 days post wounding. A wound periderm was formed 9 days post wounding. Chemical analyses of the suberin polyester accumulated during the wound-healing response indicated that suberin monomers increased from 0.25 to 7.98 mg/g DW for days 0 to 28, respectively. Monomer proportions varied across the wound-healing process, with an overall ratio of 2:1 (monomers:glycerol) found across the first 14 days post wounding, with this ratio increasing to 7:2 by day 28. The expression of selected candidate genes of poplar suberin metabolism was investigated using qRT-PCR. Genes queried belonging to lipid polyester and phenylpropanoid metabolism appeared to have redundant functions in native and wound-induced suberization. Our data show that, anatomically, the wounding response in poplar bark is similar to that described in periderms of other species. It also provides novel insight into this process at the chemical and molecular levels, which have not been previously studied in trees.

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Vashisth, Tripti, and Anish Malladi. "Fruit Abscission in Rabbiteye Blueberry in Response to Organ Removal and Mechanical Wounding." HortScience 49, no. 11 (November 2014): 1403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.11.1403.

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Fruit abscission in blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) occurs at the pedicel/peduncle junction (PPJ). Growth regulators such as methyl jasmonate (MeJa) and ethephon accelerate the progression of abscission at this zone. It is not known whether the abscission zone at the PPJ is sufficient to perceive and respond to these growth regulator applications or if the fruit and leaf tissues are required to elicit these responses. Furthermore, the effects of injury to the fruit and leaves on fruit detachment responses have not been previously reported in blueberry. In this study, the requirement of the fruit and leaves to respond to MeJa and ethephon applications was investigated through organ removal treatments in rabbiteye blueberry. Removal of the fruit or the fruit and leaves on the branch followed by MeJa application delayed the progression of abscission at the PPJ suggesting that the fruit tissue is required only to accelerate the progression of fruit detachment in response to MeJa. Interestingly, the extent of fruit/pedicel detachment in response to ethephon applications was higher in the organ removal treatments compared with the control indicating that the PPJ was sufficient to perceive and respond to ethephon and that wounding caused by organ removal synergistically enhanced fruit abscission in response to ethephon. Mechanical wounding of the fruit by removing the distal half of the berry resulted in accelerated fruit detachment at the PPJ. Detachment of non-injured fruit was unaffected by mechanical wounding of adjacent fruit. These data suggest that wounding generates a local signal capable of accelerating fruit abscission at the PPJ. This information may have implications for fruit retention or drop in response to injury to the fruit as caused by herbivore feeding or as a result of insects and pathogens.

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Xu, Jieru, Ruyue Du, Yue Wang, and Jinhui Chen. "RNA-Sequencing Reveals the Involvement of Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis Genes and Transcription Factors during an Early Response to Mechanical Wounding of Aquilaria sinensis." Genes 14, no. 2 (February 11, 2023): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14020464.

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Plants respond to wounding by reprogramming the expression of genes involved in secondary metabolism. Aquilaria trees produce many bioactive secondary metabolites in response to wounding, but the regulatory mechanism of agarwood formation in the early response to mechanical wounding has remained unclear. To gain insights into the process of transcriptome changes and to determine the regulatory networks of Aquilaria sinensis to an early response (15 days) to mechanical wounding, we collected A. sinensis samples from the untreated (Asc1) and treated (Asf1) xylem tissues and performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). This generated 49,102,523 (Asc1) and 45,180,981 (Asf1) clean reads, which corresponded to 18,927 (Asc1) and 19,258 (Asf1) genes, respectively. A total of 1596 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in Asf1 vs. Asc1 (|log2 (fold change)| ≥ 1, Padj ≤ 0.05), of which 1088 were up-regulated and 508 genes were down-regulated. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis pathways might play important roles in wound-induced agarwood formation. Based on the transcription factor (TF)-gene regulatory network analysis, we inferred that the bHLH TF family could regulate all DEGs encoding for farnesyl diphosphate synthase, sesquiterpene synthase, and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), which contribute to the biosynthesis and accumulation of agarwood sesquiterpenes. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanism regulating agarwood formation in A. sinensis, and will be helpful in selecting candidate genes for improving the yield and quality of agarwood.

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Blenis, P. V. "Impact of simulated aspen shoot blight on trembling aspen." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 4 (April 2007): 719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-270.

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Although aspen shoot blight (ASB), caused by Pollaccia americana Ondrej, is a common disease of trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.), its impact is uncertain. Mechanical wounding, previously shown to be a reliable surrogate for ASB infection, was used to assess ASB impact in two experiments. In the first experiment, the effect of date of wounding on impact was studied by wounding 1-year-old aspen on four dates between 29 June and 10 August 2001. Tree form at the end of the 2001 growing season varied with wounding date, and for each of the wounding dates, tree height was reduced relative to that of unwounded, control trees. After the 2005 growing season, only trees wounded on 17 July were shorter than unwounded trees and the difference in heights was only 62 cm. In the second experiment, trees spaced at 2.0 or 0.67 m were wounded in four successive seasons to determine the effect of multiple years of infection on trees growing at different densities. Simulated ASB reduced tree height by an average of 16 cm, whereas branchiness was not increased by ASB, even at the lower density. Although ASB should not be ignored, these results suggest that it is unlikely to be amongst the most destructive pests of intensively managed aspen.

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Gref, Rolf, and Eva Ståhl. "Lightwood induction in Pinus sylvestris by means of mechanical wounding." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 9, no. 1-4 (January 1994): 382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827589409382855.

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Mendes, Teresa D. C., Christiane de F. M. França, Kharen P. O. S. Petrucci, Cristina S. Souza, Joice S. Santos, and Fernando L. Finger. "Postharvest responses of tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) leaves to mechanical wounding." Australian Journal of Crop Science 11, no. 04 (April 20, 2017): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.17.11.04.pne299.

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Xu, Jieru, Ruyue Du, Yue Wang, and Jinhui Chen. "Wound-Induced Temporal Reprogramming of Gene Expression during Agarwood Formation in Aquilaria sinensis." Plants 12, no. 16 (August 9, 2023): 2901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12162901.

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Agarwood is a resinous heartwood of Aquilaria sinensis that is formed in response to mechanical wounding. However, the transcriptional response of A. sinensis to mechanical wounding during the agarwood formation process is still unclear. Here, three five-year-old A. sinensis trees were mechanically damaged by a chisel, and time-series transcriptomic analysis of xylem tissues in the treated area (TA) was performed at 15 (TA1), 70 (TA2) and 180 days after treatment (TA3). Samples from untreated areas at the corresponding time points (UA1, UA2, UA3, respectively) were collected as controls. A total of 1862 (TA1 vs. UA1), 961 (TA2 vs. UA2), 1370 (TA3 vs. UA3), 3305 (TA2 vs. TA1), 2625 (TA3 vs. TA1), 2899 (TA3 vs. TA2), 782 (UA2 vs. UA1), 4443 (UA3 vs. UA1) and 4031 (UA3 vs. UA2) genes were differentially expressed (DEGs). Functional enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched for secondary metabolic processes, signal transduction and transcriptional regulation processes. Most of the genes involved in lignin biosynthesis were more abundant in the TA groups, which included phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate CoA ligase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase. DEGs involved in sesquiterpene biosynthesis were also identified. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, phosphomevalonate kinase and terpene synthase genes were significantly increased in the TA groups, promoting sesquiterpene biosynthesis in the wounded xylem tissues. The TF-gene transcriptomic networks suggested that MYB DNA-binding, NAM, WRKY, HLH and AP2 TFs co-expressed with genes related to lignin and sesquiterpene synthesis, indicating their critical regulatory roles in the biosynthesis of these compounds. Overall, our study reveals a dynamic transcriptional response of A. sinensis to mechanical wounding, provides a resource for identifying candidate genes for molecular breeding of agarwood quality, and sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of agarwood formation in A. sinensis.

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Braun, S. E., J. P. Sanderson, E. B. Nelson, M. L. Daughtrey, and S. P. Wraight. "Fungus Gnat Feeding and Mechanical Wounding Inhibit Pythium aphanidermatum Infection of Geranium Seedlings." Phytopathology® 99, no. 12 (December 2009): 1421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-12-1421.

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A series of laboratory tests were conducted to investigate potential effects of fungus gnat (Bradysia impatiens) feeding damage on susceptibility of geranium seedlings (Pelargonium × hortorum) to infection by the root rot pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum. Effects were compared with those from similar tests in which the seedlings were mechanically wounded by severing the root tip with a scalpel. Assays of geranium seedlings in petri dishes revealed a pronounced negative fungus gnat–Pythium interaction, with exposure to fungus gnat larvae 24 h prior to inoculation with P. aphanidermatum zoospores resulting in up to 47% fewer seedling deaths than would have been expected if the two agents had acted independently. Similar results were observed when seedlings were subjected to mechanical wounding 24 h prior to zoospore inoculation. In contrast, no interaction occurred when seedlings were mechanically wounded immediately prior to inoculation. The degree of plant damage inflicted by the feeding activities of the larval fungus gnats had no significant effect on the combined damage from fungus gnats and Pythium in petri dishes. Ancillary studies showed that Pythium development on V8 agar was not inhibited by the presence of fungus gnat-associated microorganisms, nor were seedlings inoculated with these microbes less susceptible to Pythium infection. The precise mechaism or mechanisms underlying the observed interactions were not elucidated; however, the results strongly suggest that both fungus gnat feeding and mechanical wounding activated systemic defenses that made the seedlings more resistant to Pythium infection.

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Plavčak, Denis, Urša Mikac, and Maks Merela. "Influence of Mechanical Wounding and Compartmentalization Mechanism on the Suppression of Invasive Plant Species Using the Example of Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus)." Forests 12, no. 12 (November 27, 2021): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121646.

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Natural habitats increasingly face the introduction and spread of non-native species. Under the right conditions, non-native species can become invasive over time. This issue is now being addressed by many experts and researchers who are using and developing various approaches and methods to limit and eliminate or suppress problematic plant species. Many invasive plants are already spreading uncontrollably in urban and forestry areas, causing health hazards, environmental and economic damage and negatively impacting natural ecosystems. The use of chemical agents is generally limited, so our only option to control and suppress the problematic species is mechanical removal. In this research suppression by tree stem wounding, i.e., incomplete girdling, was used. This type of injury causes the plant to lose its vitality, become weaker after first year and then die within a few years. Using a research approach, we chronologically monitored the response of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) stem tissue to mechanical wounding of the incomplete girdling. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and light microscopy were used for monitoring moisture content and anatomical changes in different periods after injury. The results of the study showed that cherry laurel, with an intense wound tissue response and other changes, is a species with good compartmentalization potential. The rapid and intense tissue response to injury requires high energy and nutrient consumption and consequently leads to a loss of vigour and mechanical stability, which may result in plant destruction. Results revealed that mechanical wounding by incomplete girdling is a successful method for suppression of non-native and invasive cherry laurel.

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Du, Ruyue, Yanjing Zhuo, Jieru Xu, Cheng Ming, and Jinhui Chen. "Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Gene Expression Changes during Repair from Mechanical Wounding in Aquilaria sinensis." Forests 13, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081258.

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Plants repair their mechanical wounds by reprogramming secondary metabolism. However, which genes are reprogrammed during this repair process in Aquilaria sinensis has rarely been studied. Here, we used high-throughput RNA sequencing to explore the changes in the transcriptome of Aquilaria’s xylem, six months after the stem was subjected to mechanical wounding. In total, 1165 transcripts were differentially accumulated, of which 1002 transcripts were increased and 163 were decreased in their abundances (|log2 (fold change)| ≥ 1 and FDR ≤ 0.05). The majority of these genes encode products involved in plant secondary metabolism, transcription regulation, and phytohormone metabolism and signaling. The up-regulated genes were classified into 15 significantly enriched GO terms and were involved in 83 pathways, whereas the down-regulated genes were classified into 5 significantly enriched GO terms and represented 43 pathways. Gene annotation demonstrated that 100 transcripts could encode transcription factors (TFs), such as WRKY, AP2, MYB, and Helix-loop-helix (HLH) TFs. We inferred that the differential expression of TFs, genes associated with plant hormones, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis may contribute to the repair of the stem after mechanical wounding in A. sinensis. Using co-expression analysis and prediction of TF binding sites, a TF–gene regulatory network for Aquilaria lignin biosynthesis was constructed. This included the MYB, HLH, WRKY, and AP2 TFs, and the COMT1, 4CLL7, and CCR1 genes. The changes in 10 candidate genes were validated by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, indicating significant differences between the treated and untreated areas. Our study provides global gene expression patterns under mechanical wounding and would be valuable to further studies on the molecular mechanisms of plant repair in A. sinensis.

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Hagen, Randall H., and David A. Palzkill. "AIR LAYERING FOR CLONAL PROPAGATION OF PROSOPIS CHILENSIS AND OTHER WOODY DESERT LEGUMES." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1103f—1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1103f.

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Woody legumes used for landscape plants in the desert southwest are extremely variable when propagated from seed. Three Prosopis chilensis trees were air layered in early April, 1989. Stems diameters of 0,5 and 1.0 cm and IBA levels of 5,000 and 15,000 ppm IBA were compared. Except when mechanical damage occurred during the wounding stage or from wind, 100% of the layers at both 5,000 and 15,000 ppm IBA rooted. The 0.5 cm branches were more susceptible to mechanical damage from wounding than the 1.0 cm branches.A second study begun in mid-August, 1989, compared 0 and 5,000 ppm IBA on the same three genotypes. After eight weeks, IBA treated layers had 83% and untreated layers only 13% rooting. Layers with IBA had thicker and more numerous roots.Air layers of Cercidium, Parkinsonia, and other species of Prosopis were also successfully rooted.

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35

Putz, Michelle K., and Edith L. Taylor. "Wound Response in Fossil Trees from Antarctica and its Potential as a Paleoenvironmental Indicator." IAWA Journal 17, no. 1 (1996): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000627.

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Numerous permineralized axes of Middle Triassic age from Fremouw Peak, Antarctica show evidence of mechanical wounding and wound responses. These consist of both elongate and triangular-shaped scars. Some scars can be detected beneath subsequent secondary xylem, indicating that wounding occurred early in stem development. In other stems, scars remained open suggesting late wounding and the permanent disruption of the cambium. In cross section most stems display little cal1ustissue, but wound periderm can be seen along the margin of the scar. In some stems the wound phellogen has formed phellem and phelloderm within the wounded area oriented perpendicular to the growth rings. Although some scars resemble those produced by fires, we were unable to document the presence of charcoal around scars. In modem ecosystems wounds may be caused by other agents, including debris drifting in floods, flowing ice, avalanche s, and animals . Each of these potential sources is reviewed in relationship to the paleoclimate in the region during the Triassic.

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Porto, Diogo D., Hélio N. Matsuura, Lúcia R. B. Vargas, Amélia T. Henriques, and Arthur G. Fett-Neto. "Shoot Accumulation Kinetics and Effects on Herbivores of the Wound-Induced Antioxidant Indole Alkaloid Brachycerine of Psychotria brachyceras." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 5 (May 2014): 1934578X1400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400900509.

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A major shoot-specific monoterpene indole alkaloid produced by Psychotria brachyceras, brachycerine, is regulated by either wounding or jasmonate application. Highest concentrations of the alkaloid are found in inflorescences, suggesting a defence role. Brachycerine has antimutagenic and antioxidant properties, capable of quenching singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide. This study aimed at characterizing the putative role of brachycerine in P. brachyceras responses to wounding and herbivory. Damage to leaves increased the content of brachycerine locally. Wounding did not affect phenolics content in P. brachyceras leaves, and no tannins were detected in the species. In generalist herbivore bioassays, neither brachycerine nor P. brachyceras extracts showed toxic effects. In vivo hydrogen peroxide staining assay showed less wound-generated peroxide accumulation in alkaloid treated tissues. This pattern was confirmed in quantitative assays measuring tissue hydrogen peroxide concentrations. Data indicate that brachycerine is not a herbivore deterrent, but rather an indirect chemical defence, modulating oxidative stress caused by mechanical damage.

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He, Chaozu, Steven Haw Tien Fong, Daichang Yang, and Guo-Liang Wang. "BWMK1, a Novel MAP Kinase Induced by Fungal Infection and Mechanical Wounding in Rice." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 12, no. 12 (December 1999): 1064–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.12.1064.

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The activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases by different environmental stresses has been previously observed in several dicot plant species. Here, we report the isolation of a novel MAP kinase in rice that is induced during infection by the blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea or upon mechanical wounding. The gene is designated as BWMK1 for blast- and wound-induced MAP kinase. The cDNA of BWMK1 was isolated from rice leaves challenged by the blast pathogen. Transcripts of the corresponding gene accumulated in rice leaves 4 h after blast inoculation and 30 min after mechanical wounding. This gene encodes a 506 amino acid protein that contains a new dual-phosphorylation activation motif TDY and about 150 unique amino acids on its C terminus. In-gel kinase activity and immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that BWMK1 is a functional MAP kinase. These results show that BWMK1 is a new member of the plant MAP kinase family and may mediate both defense and wound signaling in rice.

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Panthee, Shristee, Louise A. Ashton, Akira Tani, Bimal Sharma, and Akihiro Nakamura. "Mechanical Branch Wounding Alters the BVOC Emission Patterns of Ficus Plants." Forests 13, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): 1931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13111931.

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Tree leaves emit biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in response to mechanical wounding by insect folivores. However, BVOCs are also released from leaves in response to damage to other tree organs. In this study, we hypothesized that if trees utilize BVOCs to defend against leaf herbivory, BVOCs emitted in response to leaf wounding would be different from those emitted in response to other types of mechanical damage. To test this hypothesis, we measured BVOCs emitted from the leaves of four Ficus species in response to leaf-cutting, branch-cutting, leaf-branch-cutting, and control (constitutive BVOCs). We found that leaf-cutting triggered the emission of BVOCs, but their emission patterns were species-specific, and the overall BVOC composition did not significantly differ from that of constitutive BVOCs. In contrast, branch-cutting triggered the emission of many BVOCs, some known as parasitoid attractants and herbivore deterrents. Our study suggests that plant defense mediated by BVOCs is highly species-specific and not effective for attracting herbivore enemies when unrelated disturbances such as tree falls and windstorms occur. Additionally, we recommend avoiding ex situ BVOC sampling of cut plants, as this method alters BVOC emission patterns from both intact and damaged leaves.

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Morelli, J. K., and M. E. Vayda. "Mechanical wounding of potato tubers induces replication of potato virus S." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 49, no. 1 (July 1996): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmpp.1996.0037.

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Speck, Olga, Mark Schlechtendahl, Florian Borm, Tim Kampowski, and Thomas Speck. "Humidity-dependent wound sealing in succulent leaves of Delosperma cooperi – An adaptation to seasonal drought stress." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (January 16, 2018): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.20.

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During evolution, plants evolved various reactions to wounding. Fast wound sealing and subsequent healing represent a selective advantage of particular importance for plants growing in arid habitats. An effective self-sealing function by internal deformation has been found in the succulent leaves of Delosperma cooperi. After a transversal incision, the entire leaf bends until the wound is closed. Our results indicate that the underlying sealing principle is a combination of hydraulic shrinking and swelling as the main driving forces and growth-induced mechanical pre-stresses in the tissues. Hydraulic effects were measured in terms of the relative bending angle over 55 minutes under various humidity conditions. The higher the relative air humidity, the lower the bending angle. Negative bending angles were found when a droplet of liquid water was applied to the wound. The statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences of the single main effects such as “humidity conditions in the wound region” and “time after wounding” and their interaction effect. The centripetal arrangement of five tissue layers with various thicknesses and significantly different mechanical properties might play an additional role with regard to mechanically driven effects. Injury disturbs the mechanical equilibrium, with pre-stresses leading to internal deformation until a new equilibrium is reached. In the context of self-sealing by internal deformation, the highly flexible wide-band tracheids, which form a net of vascular bundles, are regarded as paedomorphic tracheids, which are specialised to prevent cell collapse under drought stress and allow for building growth-induced mechanical pre-stresses.

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Howe, Gregg A., and Clarence A. Ryan. "Suppressors of Systemin Signaling Identify Genes in the Tomato Wound Response Pathway." Genetics 153, no. 3 (November 1, 1999): 1411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.3.1411.

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Abstract In tomato plants, systemic induction of defense genes in response to herbivory or mechanical wounding is regulated by an 18-amino-acid peptide signal called systemin. Transgenic plants that overexpress prosystemin, the systemin precursor, from a 35S::prosystemin (35S::prosys) transgene exhibit constitutive expression of wound-inducible defense proteins including proteinase inhibitors and polyphenol oxidase. To study further the role of (pro)systemin in the wound response pathway, we isolated and characterized mutations that suppress 35S::prosys-mediated phenotypes. Ten recessive, extragenic suppressors were identified. Two of these define new alleles of def-1, a previously identified mutation that blocks both wound- and systemin-induced gene expression and renders plants susceptible to herbivory. The remaining mutants defined four loci designated Spr-1, Spr-2, Spr-3, and Spr-4 (for Suppressed in 35S::prosystemin-mediated responses). spr-3 and spr-4 mutants were not significantly affected in their response to either systemin or mechanical wounding. In contrast, spr-1 and spr-2 plants lacked systemic wound responses and were insensitive to systemin. These results confirm the function of (pro)systemin in the transduction of systemic wound signals and further establish that wounding, systemin, and 35S::prosys induce defensive gene expression through a common signaling pathway defined by at least three genes (Def-1, Spr-1, and Spr-2).

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Yue, Patrick Y. K., Emily P. Y. Leung, N. K. Mak, and Ricky N. S. Wong. "A Simplified Method for Quantifying Cell Migration/Wound Healing in 96-Well Plates." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 15, no. 4 (March 5, 2010): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057110361772.

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Cell migration plays a key role in both normal physiological and pathological conditions. The study of cell migration and its underlying mechanisms is of great significance in various fields of research, including basic biology and pharmaceutical development. The cell migration or scratch wounding assay is an easy and economical in vitro method that allows researchers to assess a large number of testing compounds. Even though this simple assay has been used for decades, researchers are still trying to modify such experimental protocols and wounding devices. In this study, an 8-channel mechanical “wounder” was designed for performing a cell migration assay, particularly in a 96-well culture plate format. With special designs of a guiding bar and adjustable pins for use with disposable pipette tips, this wounder confined the scratch area within the center of each well to ensure a perfect contact between the pins and the well surface. As a result, this mechanical wounder produces a uniform denudation of a cell monolayer in a 96-well plate with a wound size of around 600 µm. Using this improved wounding device, the effects of epidermal growth factor and DL-α-difluoromethylornithine on the reepithelialization of rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) and serum on the wound recovery of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were demonstrated. This wounder facilitates cell migration study and can be applicable for multiple sample analysis.

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Spiers, James D., Fred T. Davies, Scott A. Finlayson, Chuanjiu He, Kevin M. Heinz, and Terri W. Starman. "(222) The Effects of Fertilization on Constitutive and Wound-induced Levels of Total Phenolics and Jasmonic Acid in Gerbera jamesonii." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1035A—1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1035a.

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This research focused on the effects of nitrogen fertilization on jasmonic acid accumulation and total phenolic concentrations in gerbera. The phytohormone jasmonic acid is known to regulate many plant responses, including inducible defenses against insect herbivory. Phenolics are constitutive secondary metabolites that have been shown to negatively affect insect feeding. Gerbera jamesonii `Festival Salmon Rose' plants were grown in a growth chamber and subjected to either low fertilization (only supplied with initial fertilizer charge present in professional growing media) or high fertilization (recommended rate = 200 mg·L-1 N). Plants were fertilized with 200 mL of a 15N–7P–14K fertilizer at 0 or 200 mg·L-1 N at each watering (as needed). Treatments consisted of ±mechanical wounding with a hemostat to one physiologically mature leaf and the subsequent harvest of that leaf at specified time intervals for jasmonic acid quantification. Total phenolics were measured in physiologically mature and young leaves harvested 0 and 10 hours after ±mechanical wounding. Low-fertility plants had reduced aboveground dry mass, were deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus, and had about a 10× higher concentration of total phenolics when compared to high fertility plants. In low-fertility plants, young leaves had greater concentrations of phenolics compared to physiologically mature leaves. There were no differences in total phenolics due to wounding. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on jasmonic acid accumulation will also be discussed.

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Coutand, Catherine. "The Effect of Mechanical Stress on Plant Susceptibility to Pests: A Mini Opinion Review." Plants 9, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9050632.

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Plants are subject to multiple pest attacks during their growing cycle. In order to address consumers’ desire to buy healthy vegetables and fruits, i.e., without chemical residues, and to develop environment-friendly agriculture, major research efforts are being made to find alternative methods to reduce or suppress the use of chemicals. Many methods are currently being tested. Among these methods, some are being tested in order to modify plant physiology to render it less susceptible to pathogen and pest attacks by developing plant immunity. An emerging potentially interesting method that is being studied at this time is mechanical stimuli (MS). Although the number of articles on the effect of MS on plant immunity is still not large, it has been reported that several types of mechanical stimuli induce a reduction of plant susceptibility to pests for different plant species in the case of wounding and non-wounding stimuli. This mini review aims to summarize the knowledge available at this time by raising questions that should be addressed before considering MS as an operable alternative method to increase plant immunity for crop protection.

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Foley, Michael E. "The Effect of Wounding on Primary Dormancy in Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Caryopses." Weed Science 35, no. 2 (March 1987): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500079029.

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Mechanical wounding broke dormancy and promoted germination of primary dormant pure-line wild oat (Avena fatua L. # AVEFA) caryopses that were in the first physiological stage of dormancy. Caryopses incubated in petri dishes responded to wounding by germinating more rapidly than wounded caryopses incubated in soil. There was no difference in germination between wounded and lanolin-covered wounded caryopses when incubated in soil. The less dormant AN265 caryopses responded to the wounding treatment more rapidly than the more dormant caryopses of M73 in both petri dish and soil incubation systems. Chlorocholine chloride (CCC), an inhibitor of gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis, reduced the germination rate of wounded AN265 and M73 caryopses above and at 1 mM, respectively. Application of 25 mM CCC to wounded dormant AN265 caryopses decreased the level of hexose in the embryo to 47% of the control level. There was no significant effect of CCC on the endosperm hexose, embryo and endosperm imbibed fresh weight, and sucrose and starch content. The results suggest GA or GA biosynthesis is the limiting factor to germination.

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Crews, Laura J., Margaret E. McCully, and Martin J. Canny. "Mucilage production by wounded xylem tissue of maize roots — time course and stimulus." Functional Plant Biology 30, no. 7 (2003): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03052.

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As a reaction to invasion by pathogens, plants block their xylem conduits with mucilage, restricting pathogen advance. Wounding soil-grown roots of maize revealed that pectinaceous mucilage could be found in the vessels after 6 h, and abundantly filled most vessels up to 3 cm proximal to the wound after 1 d. Phenolics increased in the mucilage at later times. The same reactions occurred in vessels following mechanical wounding of axenically-grown roots, showing that the presence of microbes is not necessary for the response. The xylem mucilage is similar to root-cap mucilage in mode of extrusion from the periplasmic space of living cells through primary wall, apparent phase transition, and staining indicative of acidic polysaccharides. Whether other known properties of root-cap mucilage which might alter vessel functioning, such as reduction of surface tension and increased viscosity produced by dissolved solutes, are also common to xylem mucilage requires further investigation. However, our results indicate that possible influence of wounding-induced mucilage in xylem vessels should be considered in all experimental investigations of xylem function.

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Vlad, Florina, Thodhoraq Spano, Daniela Vlad, Firas Bou Daher, Akli Ouelhadj, Sotirios Fragkostefanakis, and Panagiotis Kalaitzis. "Involvement of Arabidopsis Prolyl 4 Hydroxylases in Hypoxia, Anoxia and Mechanical Wounding." Plant Signaling & Behavior 2, no. 5 (September 2007): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.2.5.4462.

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Sun, Jingru, Haijun Yang, Ting Zhang, Chuanjian Cao, Shixiang Zong, Youqing Luo, and Yingbai Shen. "Metabolites of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus induced by Orgyia ericae attack and mechanical wounding." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 69 (August 2013): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.04.026.

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Aslam, Mehtab Muhammad, and Joseph K. Karanja. "RETRACTED: Genotype by environment interactions modulate sugarcane response to mechanical wounding stress." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 109 (January 2020): 101443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2019.101443.

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Li, Min, James D. Firth, and Edward E. Putnins. "An in vitro analysis of mechanical wounding-induced ligand-independent KGFR activation." Journal of Dermatological Science 53, no. 3 (March 2009): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.10.008.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mechanical wounding'

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