Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mécanismes de maintenance des télomères'
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Jeitany, Maya. "Les mécanismes ALTernatifs de maintenance des télomères dans les cellules souches de gliome." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T010/document.
Full textGlioma stem cells (GSC), a subpopulation of tumor cells, are partly responsible for the failure of treatment of gliomas because of their resistance and regenerative capacity. The mechanism of alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT), based on homologous recombination, is detected in approximately 30 % of human gliomas. Therefore, therapeutic strategies directed specifically against ALT may have a therapeutic value. In this work, we further characterized the first model of human ALT GSC, the TG20 cells. We showed that despite their very high rate of recombination, the telomeres were still capable of fulfilling their protective function of chromosomes. We verified that the TG20 cells retained their ability to generate intracerebral tumors after serial transplantations in immunocompromised mice, while preserving an ALT phenotype. These results confirm the cancer stem properties of TG20 cells and the ability of ALT to ensure telomeres maintenance, which is required for the self-renewal and the high proliferation rate of GSC in vivo. Intracerebral grafts of TG20 cells in immunocompromised mice represent thus a good preclinical model for studying ALT gliomas. We have shown that treatment with a ligand of telomeric G-quadruplexes, the 360B, at an early stage of TG20 tumor engraftment, was able to inhibit tumor growth, showing the interest of the use of G-quadruplex ligands to specifically target ALT GSC. Transcriptomic profiling of TG20 cells and several other GSC telomerase-positive lines, incited us to study the roles of two homologous lysine acetyl transferases, PCAF (p300/CBP Associated Factor) and GCN5 (General Control Nonderepressible 5), in the regulation of telomeric recombination in ALT cells. We showed that the inhibition of these two proteins has opposite effects on the ALT mechanism. We propose that a balance of expression of PCAF and GCN5 regulates the telomere maintenance in ALT cells by controlling the turnover of TRF1. This model could serve for the development of new therapeutic strategies targeting ALT gliomas
Ayouaz, Ali. "Implication des mécanismes de la réparation de l'ADN dans la maintenance des télomères et l'instabilité chromosomique dans les cellules humaines." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00410383.
Full textBillard, Pauline. "Maintenance télomérique : intérêt dans le diagnostic des gliomes en lien avec le métabolisme mitochondrial." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE1303.
Full textThe Shelterin complex, made of 6 proteins (POT1 / TRF1 / TRF2 / TIN2 / RAP1 and ACD) plays a major role in telomeres. Thus, it allows the protection of the telomeric single-stranded end by the formation of the D-loop, the regulation of DNA damage signaling pathways; it participates in telomere replication and controls the accessibility and processivity of the telomerase, the unique enzyme allowing telomere lengthening. During this thesis, my work was organized in 2 main axes, the first, fundamental, was interested in the extra-telomeric effects of the ACD protein (also called TPP1). The second, more transversal, focused on the processes of telomere maintenance in gliomas. Concerning the first aspect, it is now known that the ACD protein makes the link between TIN2 and TERT (catalytic subunit of telomerase) in the telomeres. These two proteins can also partially localize to the mitochondria and then have various effects on mitochondrial metabolism, on the oxidative stress regulation or on the mitophagy process. Thus, and following in silico predictions of a putative MTS for ACD, we hypothesized that ACD could be the missing partner of TIN2 and TERT in the mitochondria. In this case, it then remained to identify its mitochondrial functions. After demonstrating the partial localization of ACD in the mitochondria by different methods, we were able to demonstrate its influence in the protection against oxidative stress. Thus overexpression of ACD reduces secondary production of mitochondrial oxygen radicals and loss of mitochondrial DNA. Oxidative stress causing reduction of ACD mitochondrial foci. Secondly, we looked at the telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMM) that cancer cells acquire in order to override replicative senescence. In this sense, tumors can reactivate telomerase (95% of cancer) or use an alternative process (ALT) based on homologous recombination (5% of cancer). In the case of gliomas, up to 25% of tumors use the ALT process, associated with the loss of ATRX, the other gliomas use telomerase and typically have a mutation of the TERT promoter (TERTmt). These two molecular markers also have diagnostic and prognostic value and are part of the WHO histo-molecular classification criteria. But, 4 to 28% of gliomas (depending on the subtypes) do not have an ATRX alteration or TERT mutation suggesting activation of one of the TMM by other alterations or even other pathways. In this sense, we have developed a test measuring the true TMM based on the detection of c-circles (a marker of ALT) and proposed a patented algorithm (TeloDiag) taking into account this TMM, IDH mutations and the histological grading. The TeloDiag makes it possible to re-classify 38% of atypical gliomas (at the molecular level). It generated a new category of high grade IDHwt and ALT + tumors, not found in the WHO classification and showing a tendency for a better prognosis than IDHwt glioblastomas (TERTmt). Finally, we provided the proof of concept of the feasibility of this circulating test for IDHmt astrocytomas
Bakhos, Al Douaihy Dalal. "Implication des lysines acétyl transférases dans les mécanismes ALTernatifs de maintenance des télomères Opposite effects of GCN5 and PCAF knockdowns on the alternative mechanism of telomere maintenance ALT cancer cells are specifically sensitive to lysine acetyl transferase inhibition." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=2322&f=12888.
Full textSome cancer cells can use a telomerase-independent mechanism, known as alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT), to elongate their telomeres. ALT cells present unusual characteristics: extremely long and heterogeneous telomeres that colocalize with PML bodies to form nuclear structures called ALT-associated PML Bodies (APB), and high frequency of exchange events between sisters chromatid telomere referred to as Telomeric Sister Chromatid Exchange (T-SCE). Although it is agreed that homologous recombination is the key mechanism allowing the maintenance of the telomeres of ALT cells, the molecular actors involved are not yet known. We identified new actors potentially involved in the ALT mechanism: general control non-derepressible 5 (GCN5) and P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF). Although they represent transcription factors, they can also acetylate non-histone proteins. They are mutually exclusive subunits in SAGA-like complexes. Here, we reveal that down regulation of GCN5 and PCAF had differential effects on some phenotypic characteristics of ALT cells. While GCN5 knockdown increased T-SCE and telomere instability, PCAF knockdown decreased T-SCE, APBs formation and telomere instability. GCN5 and PCAF knockdowns had thus differential effects on ALT, up-regulating it or down-regulating it respectively. Our results suggest that in ALT cells GCN5 is present at telomeres and opposes telomere recombination and does not affect the formation of APBs, unlike PCAF which may indirectly favour them and stimulate the APB formation. Then we evaluate the mechanisms by which PCAF and GCN5 contribute to the maintenance of telomeres in ALT cells. We have proposed that the participation of these two proteins should involve regulating the turnover of the telomeric protein TRF1 via USP22, a deubiquitinase identified for the first time as a component of APBs. In addition, the interest of targeting lysine acetyl transferase activities in ALT cells to oppose the maintenance of telomeres was subsequently tested in vitro using inhibitors alone or combined to irradiation. We have shown that ALT cells are particularly sensitive to the inhibition of acetyltransferases activities using Anacardic Acid (AA). AA treatment recapitulates the effect of PCAF knockdown on several ALT features, suggesting that AA decreased the ALT mechanism through the inhibition of lysine transferase activity of PCAF, but not that of GCN5. Furthermore, AA specifically sensitizes human ALT cells to radiation as compared to telomerase-positive cells suggesting that the inhibition of lysine acetyltransferases activity may be used to increase the radiotherapy efficiency against ALT cancers
Benyelles, Maname. "Le rôle de l'oncoprotéine INT6 dans la maintenance des télomères." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL0978/document.
Full textThe INT6/EIF3E protein encoded by the mammalian integration site 6 (int-6) gene, has been implicated in mouse and human breast carcinogenesis. Although, INT6 is a subunit of the eIF3 translation initiation factor, it is not essential for bulk translation but for specific mRNAs expression as histone mRNA translation. It has also been implicated in DNA replication by stabilizing the DNA replication licensing factor MCM7, in DNA Damage Response (DDR) and in the Nonsense mRNA Decay (NMD) pathway. Relative to the latter activity, I investigated whether INT6 can specifically meddle in telomere homeostasis by acting on TERRA transcripts. Deletion of INT6 by RNA interference approach revealed an increase in the telomeric RNA TERRA levels which is depending on the chromosome and cellular type. Although INT6 is a NMD factor, it doesn’t change TERRA steady-state. DNA-FISH experiments showed an increase in Telomere Induced Foci (TIFs) in INT6 depleted cells. These aberrations correspond to Telomere Free Ends (TFE) and Multi-Telomeric signals (MTS) which implicate INT6 in DDR. By means of Microccocal Nuclease (MNase) mapping assay, we found a rapid accumulation of telomeric mono-nucleosomes in INT6-depleted cells, suggesting a role in telomeric chromatin structure. These findings evidenced that INT6 is a novel key player in telomere stability
Fallet, Emilie. "Reconnaissance et maintenance des télomères en sénescence chez saccharomyces cerevisiae." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066800.
Full textTelomeres are the ends of linear chromosomes. Their specific nucleoprotein structure, consisting in repeated DNA sequences associated with specialized proteins, allows cells to distinguish them from DNA double-strand breaks. In Eukaryotes, they are maintained by a specialized cellular reverse-transcriptase, the telomerase. In the absence of telomerase, telomeres progressively shorten with each round of DNA replication until they promote a cycle arrest, termed replicative senescence. This arrest involves the DNA damage signalling pathway. During my PhD, I explored the specificities of the telomeric structure during the shortening process leading to replicative senescence. I discovered that the DNA damage tolerance pathway is involved at telomeres. I also showed that short telomeres accumulate long 3’-single-stranded DNA tails, providing an explanation for the type of signalling and subsequent cell cycle arrest. These short telomeres are also subject to the action of the homologous recombination factors. I found that these factors act in a process that preserves the structure of short telomeres without elongating them, thus ensuring cell proliferation potential after the loss of telomerase
Dionne, Isabelle. "La réplication des télomères et la réplication conventionnelle deux mécanismes concertés." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2001. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4143.
Full textPorreca, Rosa Maria. "The role of human RTEL1 in telomere maintenance." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066422.
Full textRtel1, regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1, was discovered as an essential factor for telomere length maintenance and genomic stability in mice. In humans, germline mutations in RTEL1 have been found in patients with Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome (HHS), a severe form of dyskeratosis congenita. However, the precise mechanism of action of the protein in human cells remains largely unknown. To investigate the function of RTEL1 in human telomere metabolism we used a knockdown approach by specific siRNAs and quantitative-FISH to measure telomere length after depletion of RTEL1 in different cancer cell lines. Our results show that down-regulation of RTEL1 induces shortening of telomeres only in cells with very long telomeres and high telomerase activity. We also demonstrate that upon depletion of RTEL1 there is a different stochiometry of shelterin proteins at telomeres: increased levels of TRF2 and decreased levels of POT1. Importantly, the overexpression of the POT1 OB fold can rescue the shortening of telomeres caused by the knockdown of RTEL1 indicating that RTEL1 may play an important role in the stability of the overhang and in its accessibility to telomerase. We also find an affect of RTEL1 on Telomeric non-coding RNA (TERRA) metabolism. Indeed, depletion of RTEL1 in human cell lines reduces the total amount of TERRA present in the nucleus and in particular of telomere-associated TERRA. Moreover, we find that this reduced number of UUAGGG repeats is caused by TERRA degradation, therefore we propose that RTEL1 has a role in stabilizing TERRA at telomeres
Reyes, Céline. "Mécanismes de séparation des télomères en mitose chez la levure à fission S. pombe." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30020.
Full textChromatin is the support of the genetic information throughout the cell cycle. It is subject to various modifications that occur with precise coordination. This coordination is led by CDK-cyclins under the control of cell cycle checkpoints. In mitosis, correct chromosome segregation is ensured by Aurora kinases. Aurora participates to centromere bi-orientation, chromosome condensation and cytokinesis. A dysfunction in the activity of this kinase leads to chromosomal instability and aneuploidy, phenotypes frequently observed in cancer. The results obtained during this thesis reveal a new function for fission yeast Aurora kinase during mitosis in telomere dispersion and disjunction. Telomere dispersion is triggered in metaphase by the dissociation of Swi6/HP1 and cohesion Rad21 from telomeres. Then, during anaphase, the phosphorylation of the condensin subunit Cnd2 is required for telomere disjunction. Aurora inhibition leads to anaphase chromosome bridges with unseparated telomeres. Deletion of a specific telomeric protein, Ccq1, prevents the formation of anaphase chromosome bridges by favoring condensin loading despite Aurora inhibition
Bigot, Anne. "Mécanismes de sénescence et programme myogénique." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066397.
Full textShim, Grace. "Influence of Individual Radiosensitivity on Biological Responses to Ionizing Radiation Dose Estimation and the Role of Telomere Maintenance." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T050/document.
Full textExposure to ionizing radiation (IR), from both natural and man-made sources, is an inevitable part of modern life. It is well established that there are considerable inter-individual variations in sensitivity to IR among healthy individuals and cancer patients. However, the mechanisms involved in the heterogeneity of biological responses to IR are not well understood, and a reliable biodosimetric and clinical approach to measure and rank radiosensitivity remains to be established. In this thesis, we study the extent and impact of individual radiosensitivity in healthy individuals in the contexts of emergency dosimetry and radiotherapy, and we explore the roles of telomeres in the prediction of individual radiosensitivity and long-term human health risks following IR exposure (specifically, cardiovascular diseases and/or cancer). First, in the context of dosimetry in the event of an emergency situation (when rapid dose estimates of each individual in an irradiated population are needed), we demonstrate that the impact of individual radiosensitivity can be negligible using global cellular measurements of γH2AX fluorescence via flow cytometry in human fibroblasts and lymphocytes at 4 hours post-irradiation; this method could be an effective and rapid biodosimetry tool that can aid in the medical triage of irradiated individuals in an emergency setting based on individual levels of exposure. Second, we study the extent and influence of individual radiosensitivity on the induction of chromosomal aberrations following a routinely administered dose of 2 Gy during conventional fractionated photon radiotherapy (γ-rays) in lymphocytes of healthy individuals. For these analyses, we define individual radiosensitivity based on the frequency of IR-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), which were calculated from the scoring of chromosomal aberrations visualized with telomere/centromere-fluorescence in situ hybridization (TC-FISH). This TC-FISH staining of metaphasic chromosomes enhances the “gold standard technique” of biodosimetry (the dicentric chromosome assay) with the visualization of telomeres and centromeres and thereby provides improved simplicity and sensitivity to the classical cytogenetic assay. We also compare individual radiosensitivity following γ-irradiation to that following carbon irradiation, an up-and-coming ion species currently being used in heavy ion radiotherapy. We provide dose response curves for both γ- and carbon irradiations based on the calculated frequency of IR-induced DNA DSBs at a range of doses, and estimate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of carbon irradiation relative to γ-irradiation. We then estimate the RBE of a third type of IR also frequently used in heavy ion radiotherapy (proton beams) in comparison to γ-irradiation, and compare individual radiosensitivity to each of these three types of IR with different IR energies. Third, we evaluate the roles of telomeres and telomere maintenance in the prediction of individual radiosensitivity; we find that inherent mean telomere length in combination with the IR-induced change in mean telomere length may be a strong predictor of individual radiosensitivity. Finally, we show how telomeres could be linked to long-term health risks following IR exposure: we demonstrate that telomere shortening could be a new prognostic factor for cardiovascular disease following radiotherapy, and discuss how telomeres could be key players in the process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. In conclusion, we deliberate the relationships between telomere maintenance, radiation effects, and individual radiosensitivity, and propose a model of how telomeres could play crucial roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases and the process of IR-induced carcinogenesis
Reichert, Sophie. "Facteurs déterminant la longueur des télomères et implications dans les compromis évolutifs." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01023750.
Full textD'Angiolo, Melania Jennifer. "Étude des mécanismes moléculaires de l'évolution du génome chez la levure bourgeonnante Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2021COAZ6001.
Full textGenomes are progressively modified during their evolution leading to gene content variation, recombination, mutation and genetic exchange among species/subpopulations. The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies and their cost reduction increased the number of genomes available for evolutionary studies, opening the way to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in genome evolution. In this work, I used the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as model organism to investigate two important aspects of genome evolution: the origin of interspecies introgressions and telomere evolution.An introgression is the flow of genetic material between populations and it results from ancient hybridization events followed by repeated backcrossings with one of the parental populations. In the first part of my PhD, I studied a lineage of S. cerevisiae strains isolated from the wastewater of olive oil production (Alpechin), carrying abundant introgressions from the sister species S. paradoxus, and a natural S. cerevisiae/S. paradoxus hybrid, with 50% genome contribution from each parent, carrying abundant regions of loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH). I derived an accurate genetic map of LOHs in the hybrid and compared their position to the introgressions in the Alpechin strains, to infer their evolutionary relations. I found that LOH and introgressions overlapped and shared the same S. paradoxus ancestry, indicating that LOHs are the direct origins of introgressions in the Alpechin lineage. I proposed a model for the origin of yeast introgressions in which LOH regions allow interspecies hybrids to overcome sterility, which constitutes the main barrier to introgressions' onset in reproductively isolated species, such as yeasts, and validated the reliability of my model using experimental and computational techniques.In the second part of my PhD, I studied the extent of telomere diversity in S. cerevisiae and the outcome of chronic telomeric stress on cellular fitness. In a first project, I estimated telomere length in over 900 strains isolated around the world and observed remarkable variation. Strains isolated in wild habitats had shorter telomeres than domesticated ones. I performed a genome-wide association study that revealed novel genetic variants possibly regulating telomere length. I also pinpointed private loss-of-function mutations in known telomere length maintenance genes that could explain the very long/short telomeres of certain lineages. Moreover, I used multiple phenotypic datasets available for this collection to look for non-genetic factors associated to telomere length variation, and discovered an association between mitochondrial metabolism and telomeres in wild strains.In a second project, I performed experimental evolution of engineered yeasts synthetizing human telomeric DNA repeats at their chromosome-ends. I evolved telomere-humanized strains through mutation accumulation lines (MALs) to minimize selection, and I characterized the detrimental effects caused by telomeres' reshaping. During MALs, humanized yeasts gradually slowed their growth, shortened chronological lifespan and had higher mutation rate and genome instability. Next, I submitted MALs to adaptive evolution by multiple serial transfers (STs) of large population sizes, to map mutations that counteract their fitness decline. After multiple STs, most humanized lines recovered fitness thanks to the independent occurrence of mutations in the DNA-damage response pathway. Overall, my work contributed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms driving genome evolution, by providing a plausible model for introgression evolution in reproductively isolated species and by giving an unprecedented overview of the impact of the variation of telomere DNA length and sequence on global organismal fitness
Audry, Julien. "Réplication et maintenance des télomères chez Schizosaccharomyces pombe : Rôle du complexe RPA dans la prévention ou la résolution de structures secondaires de type G-quadruplexes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4013.
Full textTelomeres are nucleoprotein structures that protect chromosome ends from degradation and ensure replication of the terminal DNA. In fact, many of replication proteins are involved in telomere maintenance, like RPA (Replication Protein A). RPA is a highly conserved heterotrimeric single-stranded DNA-binding protein involved in DNA replication, recombination and repair. In S. pombe a mutation in the largest RPA subunit (Rpa1-D223Y) leads to substantial telomere shortening. In this study, we found that the D223Y mutation leads to the accumulation of aberrant secondary structures at telomeres. The presence of these secondary DNA structures correlates with a high association of Polα with telomeres suggesting that this mutation impairs lagging strand (G-rich) telomere replication. Strikingly, heterologous expression of the budding yeast Pif1 known to efficiently unwind G-quadruplex, human PIF1 and Phf1 (homolog of Pif1 in S.pombe) rescue the telomeric length defects of the D223Y cells. Furthermore, in vitro data show that the identical D to Y mutation in human RPA specifically affects its ability to bind G-quadruplex. We propose that RPA prevents the formation of G-quadruplex structures at lagging strand telomeres to facilitate telomerase action at telomeres. Furthermore, the study, in S.pombe, of the stability of G-rich repeat sequences (minisatellite CEB25) as known to form G4 enforce the hypothesis that RPA can prevents the formation of G4 or helps to solve this structure
Gabant, Philippe. "Analyse des mécanismes de maintenance des plasmides des groupes d'incompatibilité IncHI et IncA/C." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212782.
Full textMoretton, Amandine. "Mécanismes de maintenance de l'intégrité de l'ADN mitochondrial humain suite à des cassures double-brin." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC047/document.
Full textMitochondria are organelles that possess their own genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Repair of oxidative damages, defective replication, or various exogenous sources, such as chemotherapeutic agents or ionizing radiations, can generate double-strand breaks (DSBs) in mtDNA. MtDNA encodes for essential proteins involved in ATP production and maintenance of integrity of this genome is thus of crucial importance. Mutations in mtDNA are indeed found in numerous pathologies such as mitochondrial myopathies, neurodegenerative disorders or cancers. However, the mechanisms involved in mtDNA maintenance after DSBs remain unknown.To elucidate this question, we have generated mtDNA DSBs using a human inducible cell system expressing the restriction enzyme PstI targeted to mitochondria. Using this system, we could not find any support for DSBs repair of mtDNA. Instead we observed a loss of the damaged mtDNA molecules and a severe decrease in mtDNA content, followed by reamplification of intact mtDNA molecules. We have demonstrated that none of the known mitochondrial nucleases are involved in mtDNA degradation and that DNA loss is not due to autophagy, mitophagy or apoptosis but to a selective mechanism. Our study suggests that a still uncharacterized pathway for the targeted degradation of damaged mtDNA in a mitophagy/autophagy-independent manner is present in mitochondria, and might provide the main mechanism used by the cells to deal with DSBs. Global approaches are ongoing to identify proteins involved in degradation of damaged mtDNA following DSBs, mainly an RNAi screen targeting 80 nucleases. In parallel we are interested in a family of phosphohydrolases named Nudix and their putative protective role in sanitizing the nucleotides pool in mitochondria
Eid, Rita. "A la recherche des effets de l'inactivation génétique d'ATRX dans le déclenchement de la voit ALT (télomérase-indépendante) de maintenance des télomères dans les cellules cancéreuses." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR4021/document.
Full textMutations in ATRX, a chromatin remodeling protein, have been found, in several clinical studies, associated with the telomerase-independent ALT pathway of telomere maintenance in several types of cancer. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we have shown that ATRX localized to subtelomeric regions of human tumor cells in culture. Cohesin has recently been shown to be part of telomeric chromatin. Here, using ChIP, we showed that genetic inactivation of ATRX provoked a diminution in the amount of cohesin in subtelomeric regions of telomerase-positive glioma cells. Moreover, inactivation of ATRX also led to a diminution in the amount of TERRAs, non-coding RNAs resulting from transcription of telomeric DNA. Our data suggest that ATRX might establish functional interactions with cohesin on subtelomeric chromatin in order to control TERRA levels and that one or the other or both of these events might be important for ALT mechanisms
Silva, Moura Daniela. "Manifestations psychologiques de la mastocytose : identification, description, rôle des mécanismes de régulation émotionnelle et des facteurs biologiques." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05H111/document.
Full textMastocytosis is defined as an excessive accumulation of mast cells in one or more organs or tissues. While in most cases the disease does not reduce life expectancy, it is associated with a disability often poorly known and poorly understood relate to the symptoms due to the release of mast cell mediators. Despite the importance of these neuropsychiatric manifestations, efforts focused on their understanding and their relationship to the disease has been put into the background. The aim of this thesis was to better know these neuropsychological disorders present in mastocytosis, including depression and attention deficit disorder and to investigate the relationship between these disorders and biological and emotional aspects as effect of an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase locking mast cells, the relationship between perceived stress, depression, and telomere length, and the links between depression and emotional regulation skills. Our results show that depression and memory disorders are common symptoms in mastocytosis. Attention impairment do not seem related to depression. Furthermore, depression is improved by masitinib treatment. Perceived stress in these patients is related to telomere length and tryptophan metabolism; in particular the activity of IDO is associated with neuropsychological disorders. These results open new perspectives in understanding the psychological symptoms associated with mastocytosis
Mazurier, Nicolas. "Etude des mécanismes de maintenance et de spécification des cellules souches et progénitrices de la rétine du xénope." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00980574.
Full textPasquet, Lise. "Prévention du rejet d'allogreffe par les lymphocytes T régulateurs : mécanismes de maintenance de la tolérance à long terme." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2173/.
Full textTransplantation is frequently the only therapeutic option to replace defective organs or tissues. In the most frequent case of allogeneic transplantation, the major obstacle is activation of the host's immune system leading to allograft rejection. Immunosuppressive drugs efficiently avoid acute rejection and thereby markedly prolong graft survival, but they do not prevent chronic rejection. Moreover, these drugs globally down-modulate the host's immune system, increasing the patient's susceptibility to opportunistic infections and to cancers. Development of therapies specifically inhibiting acute and chronic rejection with limited side effects is therefore essential. We developed an innovating murine model in which bone marrow, skin and heart allograft rejection is durably prevented. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) specific for donor-antigens were injected in pre-conditioned animals that also received a bone marrow allograft. Thus generated hematopoietic chimeras were then transplanted with skin or heart allografts. Tregs of direct and indirect alloantigen-specificity entirely prevented acute and chronic rejection. In these mice, we observed progressive loss of injected Treg in blood and lymphoid organs eliciting the question if Treg survival is important for long-term transplantation persistence. To provide an answer, we used a murine model allowing the specific elimination of injected Tregs. By in vivo depleting injected Treg, we demonstrated that these cells are essential for induction of tolerance to allogeneic bone marrow, but not for its maintenance. We showed that at later time-points host T cells specific for donor-antigens were deleted in the thymus and in the periphery. Central tolerance mechanisms therefore appear to assure maintenance of the bone-marrow allograft. The same results were observed with skin allografts irrespectively of whether the cells were depleted before or after placing the skin allograft. This observation suggests the implication of active tolerance mechanisms. The depletion of injected and endogenous Treg before skin graft indeed revealed that host Treg are essential for survival of skin but not of bone marrow allografts. In conclusion, injected Tregs are essential during the induction-phase of tolerance to bone marrow allografts. Central and peripheral mechanisms then ensure deletion of donor specific T cells. In the same time, injected Treg induce the emergence of host Treg which become fully capable of protecting skin allografts. These mechanisms allow for long-term protection of allografts even after injected Tregs have waned away
Soualhi, Abdenour. "Du diagnostic au pronostic de pannes des entraînements électriques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10146/document.
Full textFaults diagnosis and prognosis of electrical drives play a key role in the reliability and safety of production tools especially in key sectors (military, aviation, aerospace and nuclear, etc.). The research presented in this thesis aims to introduce new methods for faults diagnosis and prognosis of an induction motors and roller bearings. These methods use measured data collected from sensors placed on the system (induction motor, roller) in order to construct a feature vector which indicates the state of the system. Supervised and unsupervised classification methods are developed to classify measurements (observations) described by the feature vector compared to known or unknown operating modes, with or without failures. Defects were created in the rotor and the bearing of the induction motor, fed by a voltage inverter. The unsupervised classification technique, based on artificial ant-clustering, allows analyzing the unknown and unexplored observations to highlight classes with similar observations. This allows improving the classification and the detection of new operating modes. The supervised classification, based on hidden Markov models, allows associating a degree of similarity when we affect an observation to one or more classes. This defines a reliability index which allows the detection of new operating modes. These methods are not limited to diagnose faults; they can also contribute to the prognosis of faults. Indeed, the prognosis can be defined as an extension of the problem of diagnosis. The prognosis of faults is carried out by three methods based on hidden Markov models for the detection of an impending failure and by two methods based on the neuro-fuzzy system (ANFIS for Adaptive Neuro fuzzy Inference System and the neo-fuzzy neuron) to estimate the remaining time before its appearance. A set of historical data collected on roller bearings is used to validate the proposed methods. The obtained results show the effectiveness of the proposed methods for faults diagnosis and prognosis of electrical drives
Dal-Pra, Sophie. "Etude des mécanismes contrôlant la formation de l’axe dorso-ventral et analyse de l’établissement et du maintien des structures axiales au cours de l’embryogenèse précoce du poisson zèbre (Danio rerio)Study of the mechanisms controling the formation of the dorso-ventral axis and analysis of the establishment and the maintenance of axial structures during early embryogenesis of the zebrafish (Danio rerio)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/DAL-PRA_Sophie_2007.pdf.
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