Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mécanisme antibactérien'
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Galanth, Cécile. "Etude du mécanisme d'action d'une peptide cationique antibactérien, la dermaseptine B2." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066047.
Vassiliadis, Gaëlle. "Biosynthèse et mécanisme d'action des microcines sidérophores, peptides antibactériens sécrétés par les entérobactéries." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066235.
Flaugnatti, Nicolas. "Le système de sécrétion de type VI : caractérisation et mécanisme de transport de Tle1, un effecteur antibactérien de type phospholipase." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0204.
Bacteria do not live alone in their environment; they cooperate but also compete for niches and resources. The Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is one of the key players in the bacterial warfare by delivering anti-bacterial effectors directly into competitor cells. The T6SS is a macromolecular structure: A membrane complex (MC) anchored in the envelope recruits an assembly platform for a contractile tail structure. The tail is a tube wrapped by a sheath and topped by a needle spike called VgrG. The tail assembles in an elongated conformation. Upon contact with a target cell, the contraction of the sheath propels the inner tube, the spike and the toxins toward target cells. The goal of my PhD work was to identify T6SS toxins and to understand how they are selected by the EAEC T6SS. We have characterized Tle1, an antibacterial effector with phospholipase A1 (PLA1) activity, responsible for the antibacterial activity of EAEC T6SS. Self-protection of the producing cell is assured by an outer membrane lipoprotein, Tli1. We further showed that Tle1 interacts directly with the C-terminal extension domain of VgrG to allow subsequent delivery into target bacteria. We succeeded to purify the complex and obtain a 3D model at low resolution of the complex by electron microscopy after negative staining. The toxin interacts with the tip of the needle spike to be transported from the producing cell to the target cell
Awassa, Jazia. "Mécanismes antibactériens des hydroxydes doubles lamellaires à base de zinc." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0155.
Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are solid compounds constituted by the stacking of divalent M(II) and trivalent M(III) metal hydroxide sheets separated by an interlayer of anions and water molecules. Due to the versatility of LDH in terms of their tunable physico-chemical properties, a growing interest arises for investigating their different antibacterial activity mechanisms. This thesis work aims at studying the different proposed hypotheses explaining the antibacterial effect of pristine zinc-based LDHs: (1) direct interactions between the surface of LDH and bacterial cell walls, (2) release of constituent divalent metal ions, (3) generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). First a global investigation was performed to determine the different physico-chemical parameters influencing the antibacterial activity of pristine M(II)Al(III) LDHs (M= Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Mg). The antimicrobial effect of LDHs against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria was linked in the first place to the nature of divalent metal itself, and to the amount of released M2+aq ions into the culture media in the second place. This effect was more easily identified in Zn(II)-based LDHs possessing the strongest antibacterial activity and whose antibacterial properties depended on their release profile of Zn2+aq ions (Mechanism 2) initially controlled by the different physico-chemical parameters. Moreover, the direct contact mechanism (Mechanism 1) was validated for Zn(II)-based LDHs by comparing the antibacterial activity of micron-sized LDHs against S. aureus to that of LDH nanoparticles (NPs) exhibiting a greater antibacterial effect. The presence of specific surface interactions between Zn(II)-based LDHs and the cell wall of S. aureus was further validated by atomic force microscopy-based force spectroscopy (AFM-FS). The enhancement of the antibacterial properties of Zn(II)-based LDH NPs by ROS generation (Mechanism 3) in presence of UVA light was also assessed. After providing experimental evidences about the three suggested mechanisms, the role of each mechanism contributing to the antibacterial activity of Zn(II)-based LDHs in different antibacterial tests assays was determined
Costa, André Sónia Maria. "Mécanisme d’action et relation structure-fonction des temporines SH, une famille de peptides antimicrobiens de la peau d’Amphibien." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066757.
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are key effectors of innate immunity that provide a first line of defense against pathogens. These peptides typically have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and act rapidly and efficiently through a membranolytic mechanism that limits the development of resistance. With the emergence of resistant microorganisms, a major public health concern, AMPs therefore represent good candidates for the therapeutic development of new and valuable compounds. During my thesis, I focused on AMP from amphibian skin. Firstly, five potential AMP precursors were identified from the frog Trachycephalus resinifictrix using a combined biochemical /molecular biology approach. Among these, two correspond to cathelicidin precursors, two were similar to the “AMP/opioid“ precursors (T. venulosus), and one was similar to hylareleasin precursors (Hyla simplex). Secondly, I was interested in temporins SH, small AMPs previously isolated from the frog Pelophylax saharicus by our team. We performed structure-activity relationship studies on temporin-SHf, the smallest linear amphibian AMP known to date (8 residues). This allowed us to identify several potent analogs with a higher therapeutic index. Furthermore, we also thoroughly studied the mechanism of action of temporin-SHa and its analogs. We showed that temporins act rapidly through a membranolytic mechanism, leading to bacterial membrane disruption (detergent-like effect). For Leishmania promastigotes, the same membranolytic mechanism was observed with also a temporin-induced apoptosis that takes place at higher peptide concentrations. Finally, biophysical and biological techniques enabled us to structurally and functionally characterize temporin-SHe. Like temporin-SHa, this peptide displayed a broad-spectrum activity including Leishmania. Our results indicate that temporins could serve as lead compounds to develop a new class of therapeutic anti-infective peptides
Chan, Alice. "Structure et Mécanisme de la Quinolinate Synthase : enzyme à centre [4Fe-4S]2+ et cible d'agents antibactériens." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENV036.
The Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) is a key cofactor essential for cellular metabolism. Synthesized from quinolinic acid (QA) in all living organisms, NAD biosynthesis is different between eucaryotes and procaryotes. Indeed, most of eukaryotes produce QA from L-tryptophan, whereas most of prokaryotes and plants synthesize QA by the concerted action of 2 enzymes: L-aspartate oxydase (NadB), an FAD enzyme, which catalyzes L-Aspartate oxidation to form iminoaspartate (IA) while quinolinate synthetase (NadA) allows condensation between IA and Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP) to produce QA. Besides this « de novo » pathway, most eukaryotes and some bacteriae have a salvage pathway which allows NAD synthesis from nutrients and metabolites of NAD degradation in order to maintain a correct pool of NAD in the cell. However, some pathogens like Mycobacterium leprae, Helicobacter pylori do not possess this pathway. As a consequence, NadA represents a very attractive target for designing specific antibacterial agents since it does not exist in Human.NadA is the only metalloenzyme of NAD de novo biosynthesis whose molecular mechanism and tridimensional structure with its [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster are unknown. Using substrate and intermediate analogues, we have been able to understand better NadA mechanism, especially [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster role in catalysis. Moreover, we proposed the first in vitro and in vivo inhibitor of NadA : the 4,5 Dithiohydroxyphtalic Acid (DTHPA) which gave us basis to design powerful and specific NadA inhibitors thanks to a structure-activity relationship study. Besides, we resolved the first X-rays structure of NadA under its holoprotein form. Datas we extracted from it helped us greatly to understand NadA mechanism
Ebran, Nathalie. "Propriétés antibactériennes et « formeur de pores » de protéines du mucus épidermique. Implication dans les mécanismes de défense des poissons." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES077.
Joanne, Pierre. "Les plasticines, peptides antibactériens de la peau de grenouille : versatilité fonctionnelle, adaptabilité des structures et des interactions membranaires." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066464.
Brunel, Frédéric. "Synthèse, conception et élaboration de nouveaux systèmes dérivés de liquides ioniques antibactériens à base de phosphonium." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4087.
A recent WHO report warns the health authorities about the emergence of new bacterial resistances and the development of multi-resistant strains against current antibiotics treatments. The growth of those resistances is due to several factors. The hospital environment concentrates a significant use of antibiotics and disinfectant representing a favorable ground for bacterial resistance development. Among them the Staphylococcus aureus and its methicillin resistant strain (MRSA) represent a crucial issue in care environments and is a major cause of hospital acquired infections. In this context, it is essential to develop new antibacterial agents to fight against these bacteria. Ionic liquid are low melting point salts, they show significant antibacterial properties. However, the fact that the mechanisms of action of their bactericidal effect have not been established yet constitutes a major obstacle to their development as bactericidal agents. Thus, we propose to synthetize ammonium- and phosphonium-based di-cationic ionic liquids in order to study the different structural factors that govern their antibacterial activity. Then we will develop phosphonium based ionic liquids functionalized with a fluorescent probe. By taking advantage of their spectroscopic properties we will try to observe their interactions with bacterial cells. Finally, we propose to use the phosphonium salts as surface functionalization agents in order to design surfaces with intrinsic antibacterial properties. To do so, we will use innovative methods such as conception of self-assembled monolayers or electropolymerization technics
Brunel, Frédéric. "Synthèse, conception et élaboration de nouveaux systèmes dérivés de liquides ioniques antibactériens à base de phosphonium." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4087.
A recent WHO report warns the health authorities about the emergence of new bacterial resistances and the development of multi-resistant strains against current antibiotics treatments. The growth of those resistances is due to several factors. The hospital environment concentrates a significant use of antibiotics and disinfectant representing a favorable ground for bacterial resistance development. Among them the Staphylococcus aureus and its methicillin resistant strain (MRSA) represent a crucial issue in care environments and is a major cause of hospital acquired infections. In this context, it is essential to develop new antibacterial agents to fight against these bacteria. Ionic liquid are low melting point salts, they show significant antibacterial properties. However, the fact that the mechanisms of action of their bactericidal effect have not been established yet constitutes a major obstacle to their development as bactericidal agents. Thus, we propose to synthetize ammonium- and phosphonium-based di-cationic ionic liquids in order to study the different structural factors that govern their antibacterial activity. Then we will develop phosphonium based ionic liquids functionalized with a fluorescent probe. By taking advantage of their spectroscopic properties we will try to observe their interactions with bacterial cells. Finally, we propose to use the phosphonium salts as surface functionalization agents in order to design surfaces with intrinsic antibacterial properties. To do so, we will use innovative methods such as conception of self-assembled monolayers or electropolymerization technics
Mammeri, Hedi. "Mécanismes émergents de résistance aux antibiotiques : céphalosporinases à spectre étendu et résistance plasmidique aux quinolones." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05D035.
ß-Lactams and fluoroquinolones constitute the most prescribed antibiotics used in therapeutics. Recently, two novel acquired mechanisms of resistance were described : the plasmid-borne qnrA gene, encoding a pentapeptide that prevents binding of fluoroquinolones on their targets, and the extended-spectrum AmpC ß-lactamases, which display an increased hydrolysis activity toward oxyiminocephalosporins. During this work, we have characterized several novel extended-spectrum cephalosporinases, mainly produced by Escherichia coli isolates, identified new structural modifications responsable for the extension of the hydrolysis spectrum and revealed the genetic diversity of the ampC genes in E. Coli. We have also described the emergence of the qnrA gene in Europe, the involvement of its genetic environment in its expression, the absence of effect of QnrA on the bactericidal activity of fluoroquinolones, and the origin of qnrA naturally present on the chromosome of Shewanella algae
Jacquet, Thibaut. "Interactions peptides antibactériens - surfaces bactériennes : Etude de la carnobactériocine Cbn BM1, une bactériocine de classe IIa." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL094N/document.
The antimicrobial activity of class IIa bacteriocins toward Gram positive bacteria relies on their membrane targeting mechanisms of action. These mechanisms are modulated by the bacterial surface properties. The physico-chemical surface properties of eighteen bacterial strains were determined to link these properties to the resistance/sensitivity to Cbn BM1 of the bacterial strains. In this way, two approaches were undertaken : the microbial adhesion to solvents and electrophoretic mobility measurements. The results show a large diversity of the determined properties among the strains but without establishing a direct link between the surface properties and the resistance/sensitivity phenotypes. Mechanisms of action of the bacteriocin Cbn BM1 on Carnobacterium maltaromaticum DSM20730 and Listeria monocytogenes EGDe were determined. Syto9® and propidium iodide allowed to show the heterogeneity of the bacterial populations toward the alteration of the membrane integrity. The interaction of Cbn BM1 with the bacterial membrane was studied by monitoring the fluorescence anisotropy of DPH and TMA-DPH. The results highlight a difference between the mechanism of action of Cbn BM1 on C. maltaromaticum DSM20730 and on L. monocytogenes EGDe. However, a treatment by Cbn BM1 leads to a perturbation of the component of the proton-motive force of the membrane for both strains. These approaches revealed that these bacterial strains exhibit a sensitivity to Cbn BM1 only when treated in log growth phase. Modification of nano-mechanical properties of C. maltaromaticum DSM20730 after a treatment by Cbn BM1 were assessed by an atomic force microscopy approach
Jasniewski, Jordane. "Étude des mécanismes d'action de bactériocines de la sous classe IIa." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL100N/document.
The action site of sub-class IIa bacteriocins is the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive bacteria. The current view of the mechanism of action is divided into three steps: (i) adsorption of bacteriocins on the membrane; (ii) apparition of the structures of peptide and integration into the lipid double layer (iii) formation of pores. The presence of pores leads to efflux of vital cell compounds. They cause growth stop or bacterial death. The degree of penetration of mesenterocin 52A into the membrane was measured by fluorescence anisotropy of two probes, TMA-DPH and the DPH, which target the surface or the depth of the membrane, respectively. Different results were obtained with two bacterial species of the genus Listeria. In the first hand, the peptide is partially inserted into the membrane and in the second hand in depth. These results suggest that mesenterocin 52A can exhibit two different mechanisms leading to the same antibacterial effect. To better understand the interactions between bacteriocins and the target cell, the degree of penetration of mesenterocin 52A into the membrane of three Leuconostoc strains, the first sensitive, the second naturally resistant and last induced resistant, was characterized. It seems that the resistance phenotype is correlated with physical and chemical properties of the cell envelope. To generalize the results observed with mesenterocin 52A, other bacteriocins of sub-class IIa, the carnobacteriocins Cbn BM1 and Cbn B2, produced by Carnobacterium maltaromaticum CP5 strain, were studied. These bacteriocins were produced in E. coli and subsequently purified. The optimization of the production process in a reactor led to purify up to 300 mg of peptides for 1.5 liter of culture. The mode of action of carnobacteriocins, alone or in combination, was determined with prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells as targets. The carnobacteriocins Cbn BM1 and Cbn B2 have a synergistic mode of action against sensitive bacteria and are not cytotoxic against Caco-2 cell line
Jacry, Cécile. "Découverte de nouvelles molécules antibiotiques et caractérisation de leurs modes d'action." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL009.
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites widespread in plants and belong to a large family of chemical compounds of industrial interest. Flavonoids are an important source of new drugs and nutraceuticals because of their antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer activities. Our study focuses on the characterization of the antibacterial activity of flavonoids specifically targeting Gram-positive bacteria. The objectives of my research work are i) to establish efficient and rapid screening methodologies to evaluate the antibacterial activity of flavonoids and ii) to determine the mechanisms of action of antibacterial flavonoids. The characterization of the antibacterial activity of flavonoids was carried out with flavonoid toxicity tests against the Gram-positive model bacterium B. subtilis by Live Cell Array method, which measures the bacterial growth kinetics. Several strategies were used to decipher the mode(s) of action of the flavonoids, such as screening a flavonoid library for new compounds active against B. subtilis, screening a collection of B. subtilis mutants for the identification of genes involved in the flavonoid response of B. subtilis, an adaptive laboratory evolution of B. subtilis in presence of flavonoid to obtain and characterize flavonoid-resistant strains, and finally an analysis of the transcriptional response of B. subtilis in the presence of flavonoids. Two flavonoids already identified in the literature to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, pinocembrin and naringenin, have antibacterial activity against B. subtilis. A 50% decrease in growth rate was observed in the presence of 93 mg.L ⁻¹ or 32 mg.L ⁻¹ of naringenin or pinocembrin respectively.To decipher the mechanisms of action of the flavonoids, a collection of 63 flavonoids was screened and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for each flavonoid in the presence of B. subtilis. 17 flavonoids were found to be particularly active against B. subtilis. The attempt to establish a QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship) model with the 17 active flavonoids was unfortunately not conclusive because, despite obtaining a high quality linear regression (R² ≈ 0.9), cross-validation by using leave-one-out basic method was not obtained. The only plausible explanation for this failure is that the number of modes of action present is too high for a set of 17 compounds, thus rendering the QSAR model obsolete. In a screen of 67 mutants of B. subtilis, eight genes involved in the response to flavonoids (naringenin and pinocembrin) were identified, two of which belong to the LmrA/QdoR regulon, already identified in the literature to respond to flavonoids. The B. subtilis strains ∆lmrA and ∆qdoI are respectively more sensitive and more resistant to naringenin and pinocembrin. The 17 flavonoids previously identified and active against B. subtilis induce a flavonoid-specific transcriptional response according to our analysis of the activity of 10 promoters with the use of transcriptional fusions with a reporter gene. This analysis is consistent with the transcriptomic study carried out for the characterization of the response of B. subtilis in the presence of 5 flavonoids; 2'hydroxyflavanone, bavachine, naringenin, pinocembrin and resokaempferol. Several modes of action of the flavonoids in B. subtilis were identified, involving induction of the stringent response, inhibition of metabolic pathways for cell membrane and cell wall synthesis, and inhibition of central carbon metabolism
Périamé, Marina. "Caractérisation des mécanismes d'adaptation d'Enterobacter gergoviae aux conservateurs en cosmétique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5027.
Contaminations by Enterobacter gergoviae in various cosmetic formulations raise the problem of bacterial resistance to biocides of the species, which represent the third source of cosmetics bacterial contaminations. The collaborative cosmetic company was concerned by unrelated contaminations but some contamination events were due to persistence of isolates in internal system process, despite disinfection protocols and use of preservatives. At the maximum levels allowed by the European Commission, preservatives tested have bacteriostatic effects and do not exhibit synergistic effects in combination. Therefore, adaptation in cosmetics is facilitated. Various resistance mechanisms can be implemented by E. gergoviae: Enzymatic (peroxyredoxin synthesis), changes in the envelope (expression of external appendages: flagella or fimbriae/pili), changes in mobility and biofilm formation. The appearance of such mechanisms has also promoted a cross-resistance conservative / disinfectant - detergent
Kleczewska, Joanna. "Material aspects of exploitation of dental composites based on dimethacrylate resins." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4023/document.
The aim of this study was an attempt to clarify, how the morphology of dimethacrylate-based dental composite affects the properties of dental fillings. The experiments were carried out bidirectionally: I). The analysis of commercial samples; 2). Preparation ofhome made composites with using of new fillers.Morphology, tribological behavior. mechanical properties of surface layer and bactericidal action of composites were characterized. Some composites exhibit an increased resistance to abrasion during the first hour of tribological measurements. It proves the existence of the “surface layer” of a different nature than the bulk of material.The ‘bimodal’ morphology favors the best packing of filler particles in the matrix, resulting in higher wear resistance and fracture toughness of composites. Wollastonite is an interesting alternative to the commonly used fillers. Addition of bactericidal agents is effective against S. mutans, however, mechanical characteristics of these composites require fine-tuning
Olatunji, Samir. "Etude structurale et fonctionnelle de MraY, enzyme membranaire essentielle à la biosynthèse du peptidoglycane bactérien." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA114809.
The growing emergence of multiresistance of pathogenic bacteria to currently used antibiotics is a major public health problem that requires the development of new therapeutic compounds and the identification and exploitation of novel targets. In this context, we undertook the biochemical and structural characterization of MraY enzyme, an integral membrane protein, member of the polyprenyl-phosphate N-acetylhexosamine 1-phosphate transferase superfamily. The MraY transferase catalyzes the first membrane step of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis, namely the transfer of the N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide moiety of the cytoplasmic precursor UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide to the membrane transporter undecaprenyl phosphate, yielding C55-PP-MurNAc-pentapeptide (lipid I). To date, no crystal structure has been reported for this enzyme. On the one hand we have undertaken the structural characterization of this enzyme by differents biophysical approaches. Electron microscopic images after two-dimensional crystallization of the protein displayed a dimeric organisation of the MraY enzyme (size 70Å/50Å). Small X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments have shown a radius of gyration of about 42A. The results of SAXS experiments were combined with modeling approaches to determine the oligomerization state of the protein in the presence of detergents. Finally, in order to facilitate 3D crystallisation of MraY, fusion proteins of MraY and mCherry/GFP were constructed. Crystallization trials of MraY alone and the constructed chimeras were made. On the other hand, we have elucidated the catalytic mechanism of the MraY transferase and its paralog WecA. In this study, we have shown that this family of membrane transferases has a common catalytic mechanism that proceeds by a single step displacement. During this “one-step” mechanism, the oxyanion of the poly-prenyl phosphate attacks the β phosphate of the nucleotide substrate, leading to the formation of lipid product and the liberation of UMP
Menacer, Youcef. "Mécanisme membranotrope de l'ovotransferrine sur membranes modèles de bactéries : impact du chauffage à sec de la protéine." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S144/document.
The use of antibacterial agents is very important, firstly, on the fight against bacterial infections, and secondly, to keep food products until its consumption. The loss of antibiotics effectiveness through the development of bacterial resistance and the toxicity of synthetic preservatives necessitates the development of new natural antibacterial products. Antibacterial proteins and peptides acting on the bacterial membranes appear as an alternative to limit the introduction of bacterial resistances. Ovotransferrin is an egg-white protein with membranotropic properties responsible among other things for its antibacterial activity. The aim of this thesis is to study the membranotropic mechanisms of ovotransferrin towards the outer and cytoplasmic membranes of E. coli using respectively monolayers of LPS (lipopolysaccharides) and phospholipids as experimental membrane models. Ovotransferrin has an insertion capacity in LPS monolayer that is dependent on protein concentration, monolayer compactness, and LPS molecule conformation. Ovotransferrin weakly adsorbs to the monolayer of phospholipids. Thus, the monolayers are disturbed by the disorganization of the lipids. Comparative analysis of dry-heated ovotransferrin with the native form showed conservation of secondary and tertiary structures with an increase of surface hydrophobicity and probably of flexibility and higher affinity to hydrophilic/hydrophobic interfaces (water/air). The insertion capacity in the LPS monolayer is amplified with greater affinity. Insertion capacity in the phospholipid monolayer is generated for the dry heated form associated with higher adsorption. Dry-heated ovotransferrin induces greater disruption of monolayers at lower protein concentrations
Prieri, Marion. "Reprogrammation de la bioactivation de prodrogues antituberculeuses : conception, synthèse et évaluation biologique de molécules bioactivables selon différents mécanismes oxydatifs et de composés potentialisant l’activité de nitro-imidazolés." Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LILUS056.
For the last two decades, humanity has faced a dramatic increase in the number of resistant and multi-resistant bacteria, putting at risk the entire therapeutic arsenal. Tuberculosis is particularly affected by the spread of multi-resistant strains of antibiotics, very often forcing doctors to prolong patients care for several months and juggling with different antibiotics in the course of the treatment, which further delays recovery. In addition, if pan-resistant strains remain exceptional for the moment, they clearly illustrate the dangers of allowing an already worrying clinical situation to degenerate. It is therefore necessary today to develop innovative therapeutic approaches to fight more effectively against these phenomena of resistance. Unlike most conventional antibiotics, a large number of antituberculous drugs have the distinction of being prodrugs. They require bioactivation within the mycobacterium by the action of specific enzymes in order to be able to exercise their antibiotic effect. Over the last few years, research teams U1177 and U1019 have identified several families of compounds that potentiate or reprogram the bioactivation pathways of ethionamide. These compounds act via the inhibition of the transcriptional regulators of the bacterium involved in the bioactivation of ethionamide. These teams have shown that in addition to increasing the sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to ethionamide, it is also possible to resensitize ethionamide-resistant clinical strains by stimulating cryptic bioactivation pathways of this antibiotic.The first objective of this thesis was to evaluate the substrate specificity of the three currently known pathways of ethionamide. This study was performed by producing ethionamide derivatives and studying their activation by alternately stimulating each of the three pathways using specific boosters. To do this, a new synthesis route of thioisonicotinamides has been developed in order to quickly obtain a large number of structural analogues of ethionamide. We were then able to explore the antimycobacterial activity of these analogues, alone or in combination with boosters which individually stimulate the three activation pathways. This study allowed us to highlight the specificities of each pathway. In parallel, a cyclic voltammetric study carried out on some of these compounds allowed us to correlate the oxidation potential of the analogues with their antimycobacterial activities.In a second axis, we tried to follow, by NMR and by LC-MS/MS, the bioactivation of ethionamide in a heterologous expression model of ethionamide bioactivation enzymes in E. coli.In a third part, we were interested in the identification and the characterization of new bioactivatable molecules by the different bioactivation pathways of ethionamide.Finally, phenotypic screening was performed on Mycobacterium tuberculosis to extend the concept of resistance reversal to other anti-tuberculosis pro-antibiotics. This approach has led to the identification of a molecule capable of reprogramming the bioactivation of nitroimidazoles of major clinical importance, such as pretomanid and delamanid. On this basis, we undertook a work of pharmacomodulation of this hit, which allowed us to determine the first structure-activity relationships in this chemical family
Tartanson, Marie-Anne. "Mise en œuvre d’un nouveau matériau pour la désinfection des eaux de spa : approches expérimentale et mécanistique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20237.
This work aims to study the bactericidal performances of an innovative Al2O3-TiO2-Ag material for spa water disinfection and to identify the involved bactericidal mechanisms. The bactericidal activity based on silver disinfectant properties was highlighted in static and dynamic conditions with a non pathogenic bacterial mixture of E. coli and S. epidermidis (negative and positive Grams respectively). This disinfection was favored at 37°C, in aerobic conditions and without salt (CaCO3 or CaCl2). It was involved by a coupled action of desorbed and supported silver material, inducing a ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) generation in aerobic conditions. In a dynamic reactor, a surface action mainly happened with a desorption lower than 1% of the total deposited silver. An improvement of the material surface treatment provided an better bactericidal activity coupled with a decreased desorption (only 0.4 mg.L-1 in solution). The investigation of the bactericidal mechanisms evidenced immediate material action with lysis but also DNA condensation, collapse of the respiratory chain and oxidative attack of ROS representing nearly 60% of the bacterial removal
Bouarab, Lynda. "Évaluation du potentiel et de voies innovantes de mise en oeuvre de composés phénoliques antimicrobiens d’origine végétale pour la conservation des aliments." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1084.
The plant kingdom is a renewable resource of a wide range of biologically active secondary metabolites. This thesis proposes a multidisciplinary strategy for evaluating the potential of plant-derived antimicrobial phenolic compounds for food preservation. A screening of the antimicrobial activity in vitro against 8 strains of foodborne pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms of a hundred pure molecules and about sixty plant extracts allowed to select the most active. Different mechanisms of action with respect to S. aureus could be demonstrated by flow cytometry coupled with the use of probes of the physiological state of the bacteria for some of the selected active compounds. For application to beef, the antibacterial activity of the most active phenolic compounds or plant extracts has been re-evaluated in more complex culture media mimicking their protein and fat content. The results of this screening and a microbiological monitoring of minced beef with 1% (m / m) of added extract made it possible to observe that the observed losses of antibacterial activity were in particular correlated with the interactions of the phenolic compounds with the proteins or fat. Incorporation of phenolic compounds or plant extracts into packaging materials in contact with food constituted was the second proposed route of implementation. Plastic films that retain antibacterial activity have thus been able to be prepared by melting
Klipfel, Florian. "Formulation, mise en oeuvre et caractérisation de gants élastomères à caractère radioprotecteur et antimicrobien." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC201.
The aim of this study is to give new functionalities to elastomers that will be used as gloves. Some antimicrobials and radioprotective additives will be incorporated in different polymer matrixes. The elastomers have been realized by dip coating, the impact of the additives on the rheological properties of the solutions of elastomers was analysed. Some amines can interact with the elastomers in the solvent and accelerate the vulcanization. The thermal stability of the charged elastomers has then been investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and infrared measurments. Some metallic oxides interact with elastomers containing chlorine and change the dehydrochlorination process. The impact of the additives on the mechanical properties of vulcanized elastomers has been studied, the impact of some additives on the vulcanization and the existence of strong charge-polymer interactions have been demonstrated. Finally, a method to measure the radioprotective properties of filled elastomers has been developed to measure the attenuation of the composite against ionizing radiations
Borselli, Diane. "Adjuvants pour limiter la consommation d'antibiotiques en médecine vétérinaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0093/document.
The constant increase of multidrug resistant bacteria is leaving clinicians and veterinarians with very limited options to treat bacterial infections. The main goal of my work was find a chemical solution to reduce the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, especially in swines, without affecting the health of the livestock. To achieve this goal, we have developed a drug combination approach based on the association of antibiotics with chemosensitizers, herein called adjuvants, some of which were polyamines derivatives from natural sources. To provide the proof of concept, combination of several derivatives from different chemical sources (marine sponges and plants) have been tested ex vivo on « ESKAPE » pathogens, which are among the most urgent bacterial threats. Results from these studies allowed us to develop procedures for screening antibacterial activities and methodologies for understanding the impact of the selected adjuvants on bacterial physiology.Florfenicol is a widely used antibiotic to treat respiratory infections in swine. Therefore, derivatives were further assessed in combination with florfenicol, and florfenicol adjuvants were identified. The mode of action of one chosen adjuvant on bacterial membranes was further investigated by using fluorescence and bioluminescence methods. Data showed that this molecule was able to potentiate the antibiotic activity by increasing its intracellular concentration (membranotrope activity and inhibition of efflux) but also causes inner membrane depolarization. Flagellar motility represents an important virulence factor which use PMF, and we showed a diminution of the motility's halo with our compound
Berrazeg, Meryem. "Développement des nouveaux outils de surveillance de l'émergence des bactéries à Gram négatif multirésistantes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5028/document.
The increase and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria especially Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter (E.P.A) species have become a major concern worldwide. The hospital-acquired infections caused by MDR bacteria have led not only to an increase in mortality, morbidity, and cost of treatment, but also continue to endanger the life of patients, especially those immunocompromised. Although, the frequent misuse of antibiotic drug has greatly contributed to worldwide dissemination of antibiotics resistance. Recent studies have shown that these resistance determinants could emerge from ancient or environmental sources. Front of this worldwide concern, and various recommendations, several epidemiological and molecular studies have been reported in order to control the spread and the dissemination of the antibiotic resistance. However, it is a priority to develop new tools for monitoring antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it is in this context that the project of this thesis was conducted with two essential objectives: -The development and implementation of news tools and software for monitoring and diagnosis of potential MDR bacteria. -The achievement of molecular epidemiology studies from clinical MDR bacteria responsible of outbreak