Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mécanique – Dissertation universitaire'
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de, Beco Simon. "Homéostasie mécanique des épithéliums : rôle de la dynamique du cytosquelette et des jonctions adhérentes." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T115.
Full textBensaid, Samir. "Mise en place de contre-mesures pour limiter la perte protéique de cellules musculaires squelettiques consécutive à l’hypoxie cellulaire." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S021.
Full textBackground and aims : Chronic exposure to severe hypoxia has deleterious effects on the muscular system, in particular on skeletal muscle mass. Hypoxia leads to imbalance of protein homeostasis, decreasing protein synthesis (mainly regulated through PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway) while increasing protein degradation (mainly through autophagy and proteasomal degradation). In contrast, mechanical stimuli and nutrients, particularly the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), induce activation of the mTOR pathway in human and rat skeletal muscle as well as and in cultured muscle cells, and decrease protein catabolism. In a model of skeletal muscle cell culture, we attempt to determine whether the combination of mechanical stimulation, nutritional supplementation and reoxygenation could reverse the deleterious effects of hypoxia on protein homeostasis.Experimental methodsWe induced a hypoxic stress on skeletal muscle murine cells differentiated into myotubes C2C12: four days after differentiation, the C2C12 myotubes were placed into a hypoxic chamber at 4% O2 for 24h. Electrical stimulation was applied to the cells using a pulse generator to provide electric pulses. Following the ES treatment, myotubes were firstly supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA: mixture of leucine, isoleucine and valine added to culture media) while placed to normoxia during 2 hours (corresponding so to a reoxygenation protocol).ResultsAfter 24 hours of hypoxia, the morphological analysis of myotubes shows a significant decrease in their diameter, translating the activation of protein degradation pathways at the expense of protein synthesis pathways. When applied separately, each treatment has little effect on the mTOR pathway and morphology of myotubes. However, the combination of electrical stimulation, supplementation BCAA and reoxygenation lead to an increase of the phosphorylation of key proteins involved in protein synthesis pathway (Akt and p70S6 kinase), thus reflecting their activation state. In addition, morphological analysis shows a significant increase in myotube diameter and fusion index (reflecting the state of differentiation), a sign of the presence of muscle hypertrophy.ConclusionOur preliminary results suggested that mTOR pathway responds to a combination of electrostimulation, nutrient supplementation and reoxygenation by phosphorylation of key regulators of protein synthesis, and could reverse the protein loss induced by hypoxia
Garcia, Marine. "Développement d’une plateforme d’imagerie pour la caractérisation du transfert de masse dans les microsystèmes : application aux piles à combustible microfluidiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, HESAM, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024HESAE007.
Full textFuel cells are devices that convert the energy stored in an oxidant and a reductant into electricity through electrochemical reactions. The most mature technology for this conversion is the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), but other alternative systems are emerging. In particular, microfluidic fuel cells (MFCs) have overcome the problems associated with the use of a membrane and gas storage by using liquid reagents at ambient temperature and pressure. The dimensions of the channel (1-5 mm wide and 20-100 µm high) allow co-laminar flow of the two liquid reagents and the electrolyte in a microchannel containing the electrodes. Therefore, PCMs do not need membrane to separate reactants and performances are driven by charge and mass transport.Experimental characterization of all the physical phenomena involved in PCMs is difficult because actuals methods are more based on electrochemical characterisation. These methods provide an overall characterisation of the system but they do not give precise information on the mass transport phenomena occurring in the channel. To investigate concentration field, numerical modelling is generally used. Numerical methods evaluate the impact of the geometry or the operating conditions on MFC performances. However, the use of these models relies on the knowledge of in-situ parameters such as the diffusion coefficient D and the reaction rate k0. In numerical studies, these parameters are generally approximated leading to a qualitative understanding of the transport phenomena. Furthermore, these numerical studies have not yet been verified by experimental studies.Thus, the main scientific challenge of this thesis is to develop quantitative imaging methods for characterising the concentration field in an operating PCM.To meet this need, an imaging platform based on spectroscopy and three characterisation methods were developed in this thesis. First of all, the work focused on developing an experimental setup based on spectroscopy to study the interdiffusion phenomenon. This study reports the estimation of the diffusion coefficient of potassium permanganate in formic acid. These solutions were specifically chosen because they are used in the PCM developed for the rest of the study.The imaging plateform was then adapted to study the in operando MFC 2D concentration field in steady-state. An analytical mass transfer model (advection/reaction/diffusion) coupled to the 2D concentration field was used to determine the reaction rate. As the concentration variations involved can be very small (few micro-moles), another characterisation technique was implemented to reduce the measurement noise.To improve the signal-to-noise ratio, a method based on modulation of the concentration field was developed. Demodulation of the signal significantly reduced the noise and concentrations of 20 µM were estimated. An analytical model describing the modulated field was established in order to implement an inverse method. The proposed method made it possible to recover the reaction rate associated with the concentration variation.To conclude, the proposed characterisation methods enable the estimation of the mass transfer and the reaction kinetics using the 2D concentration field from an in operando MFC. This technique has been applied to the MFC, but it can be transferred to a micrometric system in which diffusion-advection-reaction phenomena take place
Luukkonen, Sohvi. "Hydration of drug-like molecules with molecular density functional theory and the hybrid-4th-dimension Monte Carlo approach." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASF030.
Full textThe development of a drug takes on average over 10 yr. for a cost of 1B dollars. To speed up the process, and reduce its cost, in-silico methods are used at the drug discovery stage. It consists of screening ~10⁵ drug-like molecules to propose few candidates to the pre-clinical stages. The main criterion is the affinity between the potential drug molecule and biological target. As the interaction happens the body, these affinities need to be predicted in water and the molecule needs to be water-soluble to access the receptor. Overall, solvation properties play an important role in drug design. Numerically, for a given force-field, solvation can be studied either with exact but time-consuming simulation methods, fast continuum models that lose the molecular nature of the solvent, or approximate liquid state theories that keep the solvent molecular information while speeding-up the computation. In this thesis, we focus on the prediction of the hydration free energies (HFE) of drug-like molecules with methods that are as fast and precise as possible, and we concentrate on two original approaches: Hybrid-4th-dimension Monte Carlo, a novel method that computes the HFEs according to the Jarzynski principle from short non-equilibrium simulations in which the solute is inserted or removed from the solvent with a time-depending coupling parameter. This approach is shown to predict the HFEs of drug-like molecules 4-6 times faster than the classical free energy perturbation approach. Molecular density functional theory, a liquid-state-theory approach that allows the study of the equilibrium solvation properties of any rigid solute. In its current level, the hyper netted-chain approximation coupled with a pressure correction, it is shown to predict the HFEs of drug-like molecules within 0.5 and 1.0 kcal/mol of simulations and experimental data, respectively, for an average computational speed-up 10³-10⁴ with respect to simulations. H4D-MC is considered here as a source of reference data for MDFT developments. MDFT is itself fast enough to be foreseen in a high-throughput screening pipeline
Neyraud, Vincent. "L'ubiquitination des GTPases Ral : Un nouveau mécanisme de régulation diu trafic intracellulaire de Ral et des micro-domaines menmbranaires lipidiques." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T085.
Full textGuillaume, Anne Ivy. "Les effets mécaniques induits par les accélérations +Gz sur les structures encéphaliques." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05S029.
Full textTran, Cong Chi. "Adaptations myocardiques et accélerations + GZ chez l'animal : Un nouveau modèle d'insuffisance ventriculaire gauche par surcharge mécanique?" Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05S017.
Full textLinez-Bataillon, Patricia. "Contribution à l'étude du mécanisme de l'adhésion d'ostéoblastes (MC3T3-E1) sur des alliages métalliques polis miroir." Lille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LIL2S037.
Full textThe cellular adhesion is essential for the osteointegration of a implant. In this study, we estimate the influence of the chemical composition and the surface energy of different alloys on hte behaviour of osteoblasts : Ti-cp, Ti6A14V, Ti1. 5A125V, Co-Cr and the stainless steel 316L Physical and chemical surface characterization of these biomaterials are performed by energy dispersive spectrometry (E. D. S. ) analysis and goniometric measurements. The cytocompatibility is assessed by scanning electron microscopy (S. E. M. ) observations of the cell morphology and through cell proliferation tests. A time-course study of the early cell adhesion events is performed by the pNPP method on uncoated surfaces and on precoated surfaces with proteins of the extracellular matrix. The expression of several proteins prommoting cell adhesion (actine, FAK, pFAK, collagène-I et fibronectin) is then evaluated by cytochemical immune-labelling. All the biological results indicate an excellent tolerance of osteoblasts towards the alloy Ti6A14V compared with the other alloys
Molimard, Mathieu. "Mécanisme d'action de la bradykinine sur les voies aériennes : application à l'analyse des effets protecteurs du furosémide dans l'asthme." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05CD06.
Full textPauchard, Laure-Anne. "Analyse et modulation de la réponse inflammatoire au cours de l'agression pulmonaire liée à l'infection bactérienne et à la ventilation mécanique." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOMU05/document.
Full textDespite major advances since decades in the management of ventilated patients, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) continues to complicate the course of approximately 28% of the patients receiving mechanical ventilation (MV). Among patients hospitalized in intensive care units, the risk of pneumonia is 3- to 10- fold increased in MV patients. However, MV is often the only way to care for critically ill patients with respiratory failure. It has now been clearly demonstrated that MV, in particular adverse ventilatory strategies could activate lung cells, thus leading to a proinflammatory response, even in the absence of pathogen. This is the biotrauma paradigm, which accounts, at least in part, for the ventilator induced lung injury (VILI). In one way, MV primes airway cells to respond massively to a second proinflammatory insult, through the subsequent release of large amounts of cytokines (as interleukin (IL)‐ 8), thus leading to additional lung injury, particularly through the recruitment of neutrophils attracted by the massive release of IL-8. Accordingly, innate immunity plays an important role in the developement of VILI. The involvement of Toll-like receptors has been suggested by several experimental studies. Ventilation in the prone position (PP) has been described to have beneficial effects on patients under MV, especially in those with lobar involvement. Our team focused particularly on the TLR2, which interacts with Gram-positive bacteria, and we have previously demonstrated in vitro that cyclic stretch of human pulmonary cells resulted in TLR2 overexpression and enhanced TLR2 reactivity to Gram-positive cell wall components. We confirmed these datas in an in vivo model of ventilated rabbits which immune response had been stimulated with Pam3CSK4. In a first project, we assessed the impact of the PP on unilateral pneumonia to Enterobacter aerogenes in rabbits subjected to MV. Our results shows that the prone position could be protective if the host is subjected to MV and unilateral bacterial pneumonia. To ensure the relevance of our hypothesis on TLR2 in our animal model of VAP, we conducted experiments using live bacteria specifically recognized by TLR2 (Methicilin resist. aureus). We demonstrate that mild-‐stretch MV impaired lung bacterial clearance, hastened tissue injury and promoted a systemic inflammatory response. Both pulmonary and peripheral blood TLR2 overexpression could account for such an impact. The third project assessed the impact of a statins therapy in the context of MRSA VAP, treated with linezolid, in our model of ventilated rabbits. Our results suggest that statin exposure prior to pneumonia provides an anti-‐inflammatory effect within the lung and the systemic compartment of rabbits with MRSA VAP. Although LNZ enhances pulmonary bacterial clearance, dampening the host systemic inflammatory response with statin could impede defense against MRSA in this compartment. It could be subsequent to enhanced antibacterial defences and improvements in lung mechanics, thereby blunting overwhelming inflammation. In the last project, in collaboration with the University of Geneva, we assessed whether mitochondrial alarmins are released during VILI and can generate lung inflammation. Our results confirmed the hypothesis made and showed indeed that alarmins are released during during cyclic stretch of human epithelial cells, as well as in BAL fluids from rabbits ventilated with an injurious ventilatory regimen. These alarmins stimulate lung cells to produce bioactive IL-‐1, and are likely to represent the proximal endogenous mediators of VILI and ARDS, released by injured pulmonary cells
Zhao, Zhongxin. "Rejet suraigu xénogénique in vitro dans la combinaison porc-homme : mécanisme de l'activation du complément, induction d'une accommodation, détermination des xénoantigènes." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05CD03.
Full textScuotto, Angelo. "Contribution à l’étude des agrégats bifides : sélection, caractérisation, mécanisme et prévention du diabète de type 1." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S014/document.
Full textSome bifidobacterial strains are used to ferment infant formulas. Their properties (modulation of microbiome, regulation of bacterial translocation, dendritic cells maturation) are related to their ability to secrete high molecular weight compounds during the bacterial fermentation. The first objective of the study was to characterize the molecules secreted by the strain B.breve C50 used as a reference, and to determine whether other bifidobacteria can secrete molecules with similar properties. Analysis using gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), electrophoresis, protein sequencing showed that the B.breve C50 fermentation compounds are constituted of aggregates (>600kDa) combining units of a cell wall lipoprotein with a CHAP domain and sugars moities, mostly glucose. The aggregates are recognized by TLR6, indicating that the protein was diacetylated. They are also ligand of the galectin 1, suggesting that the hexosamine and galactose moieties detected by GC surrounded the aggregates. In silico analysis showed that a B.longum gene exhibiting a high homology with the B.breve C50 gene, coded for a lipoprotein, which was secreted during fermentation, and formed aggregates with sugars. B.bifidum species likely does not secrete similar aggregates since the sequence of the homologous gene is deprived of lipobox. B.longum CBi0703 and B.breve C50 aggregates shared the same global structure (lipoproteins with CHAP domain bordered by sugars primarily constituted of glucose and mannose). Remarkably, the CBi0703 aggregates were also able to bind Gal-1 but were lacking binding capacities to TLR6. It is likely that the hydrophobicity of the protein sequence, as well as the lipid and sugar compositions prevented the recognition of the lipoprotein structure by the TLR6 receptor. Secondly, a putative phagocytosis of aggregates was investigated. Fluorescent-labeled aggregates are not detected within cells after direct contact (ex-vivo) or oral challenge in animals (in vivo). Capture of the aggregates by antigen presenting cells seemed improbable. The two types of aggregates being recognized by galectin-1, regulation of the intestinal bacterial translocation by the aggregates likely involves the hexosamines and galactose surrounding their surface. In a third step, the possible involvement of the bifidobacterial aggregates in the prevention of type 1 diabetes was investigated. Actually, breast milk was previously shown to prevent diabetes onset in old NOD mice. Detection of bifidobacteria using amplification of the gene encoding the B.longum lipoprotein was positive in 21 human milk samples out of 31 (i.e. 12 mothers out of 16). Conversely, B.breve is rarely isolated (2/16 mothers). Since transcriptomic analysis showed that the lipoproteins were continuously synthesized, we hypothesized that the bifidobacterial aggregates were secreted by the bifidobacteria harbored in human milk. To ensure that B.longum aggregates play a role in the protection induced by human milk, they were assayed at an anti-inflammatory dose. Contrary to breast milk which reduced the incidence of T1D in NOD mice older than 18 weeks (p <0.001), only early but not persistent protection is observed during bifidobacterial aggregates intake. The protective effect was observed in the absence of intestinal bifidobacteria. Variation in intestinal bacterial colonization did not match in groups drinking human milk or bifidobacterial aggregates at an inflammatory dose. The difference in kinetics could support the delay in diabetes onset induced by the bifidobacterial aggregates
Belon, Jean-Paul. "Implications de la bêta-endorphine et des mono-aminescérébrales dans les états d'hyperglycémie chez l'animal : mécanisme d'action du glipizide." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA11A001.
Full textArtus, Cédric. "Caractérisation et mécanisme de l'apoptose induite dans des lignées de leucémies aiguës myéloïdes par un anticorps anti-CD44." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N11S.
Full textLigation of the cell surface molecule by anti-CD44 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been shown to induce cell differenciation, cell growth inhibition and in some cases, apoptosis in myeloid leukemic cells. We report, herein that exposure of human erythroleukemic HEL cells to the anti-CD44 mAb A3D8 resulted in cell growth inhibition followed by caspase-independent apoptosis-like cell death. This process was associated with the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential , the mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor(AIF), but not of cytochrome c, and the nuclear translocation of AIF. All these effects including cell death, loss of mitochondrial and AIF release were blocked by pretreatment with the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor isoquinoline. A significant protection against cell death was also.
Guiard, Bruno. "Rôle de la substance P et du brain-derived neurotrophic factor dans le mécanisme d'action des antidepresseurs sérotoninergiques." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA114814.
Full textSP and BDNF would be involved in the mechanism of action of the antidepressants: SSRI. By using intracerebral microdialysis in mice, we evaluated their effects on [5-HT]ext. Thus, the activation of NK1 receptors by exogenous SP, decreased cortical [5-HT]ext through the stimulation of an inhibitory feedback exerted by 5-HT1A autoreceptors. Interestingly, NK1 receptor antagonists enhanced the effects of SSRI on cortical [5-HT]ext by preventing this negative control on 5-HT neurons. The genetic inactivation of BDNF levels in BDNF +/- mice, reduced the density of 5-HT transporter in the hippocampus which concured to increase local [5-HT]ext. Moreover, the partial loss of BDNF inhibited the neuochemical activity of SSRI. Although is it still unclear whether or not an excess of SP and/or a reduction and BDNF, limits the therapeutic activity of SSRI, our experimental data highlighted the interest to act on various pharmacological targets in the treatment of mood disorders in Human
Köysüren-Demirkapi, Nursel. "Étude de l'élongation des acides gras NADH-dépendante dans le réticulum endoplasmique de foie : mécanisme de régulation au niveau de la B-cétoréduction." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA11A002.
Full textDelcambre, Thierry. "Biomécanique de l'articulation temporo-mandibulaire et dimension verticale." Lille 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LIL2A001.
Full textEl, Rawadi Charles. "Mécanisme de l'action chronotrope positive de la sérotonine sur les oreillettes isolées de rat : interaction avec la transmission noradrénergique." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA114830.
Full textVincent, Flavien. "Facteur Willebrand et modifications hémodynamiques associées à l’utilisation de dispositifs cardiovasculaires : mécanisme et applications cliniques." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S039/document.
Full textWillebrand factor (VWF) is a multimeric protein that has a unique sensitivity to shear forces and hemodynamic variations in blood flow such as those encountered when using cardiovascular devices such as transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI) or continuous flow mechanical circulatory assistance (CF-CAM)
Morin-Boymond, Carole. "Étude in vitro du mécanisme d'activation des macrophages alvéolaires de rat : effet de la vectorisation d'un dérivé lipophile du muramyldipeptide." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA114808.
Full textDelacroix-Beaurain, Nathalie. "Conception et synthèse de dérivés benzothiopéniques impliquant les mécanismes mélatoninergiques." Lille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LIL2P004.
Full textMouaffak, Toumi Nassima. "Mécanisme du transport du pyruvate dans les cellules du muscle squelettique L6 : Etude cinétique du caractère allostérique ou multisite associé aux isoformes fonctionnelles des transporteurs des monocarboxylates : analogies et différences avec le transport du L-lactate." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05S033.
Full textMoreau, Magali. "Etude du mécanisme d'oxydation des guanidines par les no-synthases. Recherche de nouveaux précurseurs de No." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05S014.
Full textNitric oxide (NO) is an importnat signal molecule in mammalian systems and is produced via the oxidation of L-arginine, a reaction catalyzed by enzimes known as NO synthases (NOS). To adress physipathological conditions associated with NO deficiency, a strategy is to identify exogenous substrates for NOS. For the forst time, we demonstrated that simple guanidines could serve as substrates for inducible NOS. Secondly , we showed the influenceof guanidine on electron decoupling and on the production of recative oxygen species. Studies using stopped-flow kinetics, infrared and resonance Raman spectroscopy enabled us to propose differential mechanisms for the electron- and proton- transfer steps in the NOS-dependent, oxygen-activation process, contingent upon the guanidine derivative. Finally, using NOS mutant constructs, modified in one Valine residue at the active site, we revealed the importance of active site structure in the transformation and recognition of non-aminoacid compositions. In conclusion, our research has led to the characterization of novel molecules useful for studying mechanisms of NOS and that could also serve as novel pharmacological tools in studies associated with NOS dysfunction
Unique, Cécile. "Compréhension du mécanisme d'inhibition de l'adhésion d'escherichia coli par des concentrations subinhibitrices d'antibiotiques : mise au point d'un test de criblage de molécules anti-adhérentes." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA114804.
Full textYang, Xinyi. "Remodelage des jonctions sous stress mécanique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ065.
Full textEpithelial cell shape changes is essential for embryonic morphogenesis. In C. elegans embryos, muscle activity from underneath epidermal cells is one of the two mechanical force inputs driving this process. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms through which muscle activity promotes the polarized elongation along the anterior/posterior (A/P) axis remains to be fully understood. Here, using fast-3D imaging, we discover that embryos rotate after muscle activation and we describe the local and global pattern of embryo rotation induced by muscle activity. Furthermore, we observed that muscles located on opposite sides of the embryo mostly contract alternatively, accounting for embryo rotations. As a consequence, adherens junctions get stretched along the A/P direction during embryo rotations and therefore are under higher tension. Our preliminary results from single molecule imaging showed that more junction material E-cadherin fuses with A/P oriented junctions when there is high tension on these junctions
Riss, Arnaud. "Tribologie du laminage à froid d’alliages légers." Paris, ENMP, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENMP1354.
Full textWilhelm, Maud. "Etude du mécanisme d'action chez l'homme d'un peptide immunomodulateur de la maladie lupique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ034/document.
Full textSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease triggered by genetic, hormonal and environmental factors. It is mainly characterized by the presence of autoantibodies directed against nuclear elements. Most of current treatments proposed to patients are palliative and not curative and lead to numerous side effects. New therapeutical strategies are based on the use of peptides derivated from autoantigens. The P140 peptide discovered in our laboratory is a promising candidate. It corresponds to the 131-151 sequence of the U1-70K spliceosomal protein and is phosphorylated on ser140 residue. Its administration to MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice reduces symptom severity without immunosuppressive effect. It is currently evaluated in phase III of clinical trial. The mechanism of action of P140 peptide has been mostly elucidated in lupus mice. Recently, my team has shown that P140 peptide affects direclty or indireclty macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), two major forms of autophagy. Furthermore, it reduces the expression of MHC class II molecules, which leads to the decrease of antigenic peptide presentation and activation of autoreactive T cells. Finally, a reduction of autoantibodies levels against double stranded DNA is shown after P140 injection in mice. The aim of my thesis project was to consolidate these data and to study the mode of action of P140 in humans since this was not done until now. We have shown that like in lupus-prone mice, P140 peptide reduces expression of MHC-II molecules on the surface of B cells from SLE patients. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that higher the disease activity score was, higher the effect of P140 peptide was. Unfortunately, although we confirmed the dysregulation of macroautophagy in CD8+ T cells from SLE patients, P140 peptide does not seem to affect this cellular process. We are currently studying the effect of the peptide on CMA. Finally, we have shown that in both MRL/lpr mice and humans, P140 peptide reduces the number of plasmabasts. This alteration of B cell differentiation lead to the decrease of IgM and IgG production, thus explaining the P140’ benefical effect on the course of lupus disease
Macri, Christophe. "Mécanisme d'action du phosphopeptide P140 dans la modulation de la réponse autoimmune du lupus." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ074/document.
Full textSystemic lupus erythematosus is a multi-organ autoimmune disease provoking tissue damages. Our laboratory has discovered a phosphorylated peptide, named P140, with therapeutic activities in lupus. The mode of action used by P140 peptide relies on its interaction with the heat shock protein HSPA8/HSC70. The aim of my thesis project was to consolidate and complete this HSPA8-dependent mechanism. We have demonstrated that, upon internalization by clathrin-mediated endocytosis, P140 peptide homes rapidly into B cell lysosome. In this organelle, the peptide reduces chaperone-mediated autophagy by interacting and inhibiting intralysosomal HSPA8 activity. We also performed a comparative analysis of T cell and B cell repertoire on lupic mice compared to healthy mice Our results show a modification in the frequency of certain TCR rearrangements between lupus-prone mice and healthy mice and a beneficial effect of P140 peptide on certain lupus-associated rearrangements
Cetin, Semih. "Caractérisation moléculaire du mécanisme de dégradation des microARN par un transcrit cible." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ105/document.
Full textSeveral regulatory mechanisms have been uncovered at every level of the biogenesis and the activity of miRNAs. However, there is less information about the regulation of the stability of miRNAs. The PhD project entailed the study of a process, which specifically enables the degradation of a cellular miRNA (miR-27) induced by a viral transcript (m169) during an infection by the mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV). This miRNA is destabilized by a process called ‘target-RNA directed miRNA degradation’ (TDMD). I first undertook the study and the characterization of the molecular determinants and the cellular factors implicated in TDMD. Moreover, I started to set up a protocol in order to identify AGO2 partners of viral or host origin during MCMV infection, which would potentially be implicated in TDMD
Schwenzer, Anja. "Mécanisme et conséquences de la répression de DKK1 par la ténascine-C, une molécule du microenvironnement tumoral." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ086/document.
Full textTenascin-C (TNC) is a major component of the tumor specific extracellular matrix and its expression has been linked to tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. I demonstrated that TNC downregulates the expression of the Wnt signalling inhibitor DKK1 and by that enhances Wnt/-catenin signalling. Reduced stress fibre formation in the presence of TNC was identified as a major mechanism contributing to DKK1 downregulation. The activity of the actin-regulated SRF co-transcription factor MKL1 was found to be reduced in the presence of TNC. My results indicate that TNC-regulated MKL1 function maybe one, but not the major mechanism of DKK1 regulation by the actin status and that other factors, presumably regulated by actin stress fibres, are involved. Enhanced Wnt signalling activity downstream of TNC-induced DKK1 downregulation might be a major mechanism by which TNC promotes tumor progression. Furthermore, this study discovered a novel mechanism of regulating the Wnt inhibitor DKK1 by the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton
Bode, Corinna. "PLGA implants for ocular drug delivery." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S008.
Full textUntil today, the treatment of posterior eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and uveitis, remains challenging. The eye with its different ocular barriers is well protected from external factors. Those barriers also reduce the bioavailability of drugs to the vitreous. After a topical administration, only a limited amount (0.001 – 0.0004 %) reaches the vitreous. This is caused by for example reflexive blinking, tear dilution and a low corneal permeability of the drug. After a systemic or oral administration, the blood-aqueous and the blood-retinal barrier hinder the drug from entering and only around 2 % of the administered drug is found in the vitreous. In order to reach therapeutic concentrations, a high dose has to be given which in turn increases the risk for systemic side effects. The most efficient way to treat posterior diseases remains the intravitreal injection. However, small lipophilic molecules like dexamethasone can easily diffuse through the retina and the blood-ocular barriers and, thus, have a limited half-life of just a few hours. Since many of the posterior diseases are chronic, a frequent intravitreal injection would be necessary. Every intravitreal injection bears the risks for retinal detachment, hemorrhage, and other side effects. Biodegradable implants for intravi-treal administration can prolong the drug release and in turn decrease the side effects. Poly(lac-tic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a widely used polymer that is biocompatible and biodegrada-ble. It can also sustain the drug release from a few days up to several months. In this study, in-situ forming implants (ISFI) and pre-formed implants prepared via hot melt extrusion were studied in depth. The aim of this work was (i) to study the impact of the volume of the release medium, polymer type and concentration as well as drug content of different ISFI, (ii) to eval-uate the drug release, swelling and degradation behavior of pre-formed implants prepared with different drug loadings and polymer types, (iii) to visualize the drug release and water uptake of ISFI and pre-formed implants using colored model drugs and (iv) to investigate the effect of varying amounts of different additives on key features of ISFI. This knowledge can help to manufacture implants with different release profiles. Our studies show that ISFI are rather ro-bust regarding different volumes of the vitreous humor that could be encountered in vivo. How-ever, the polymer molecular weight and polymer concentration have a strong influence on the morphology and swelling behavior of the implants. Consequently, the degradation and drug release are affected. For pre-formed implants the swelling “orchestrates” the drug release. In the beginning only limited amounts of water can diffuse into the implants. Thus, only insignif-icant amounts of the drug are dissolved and can be released. When the PLGA starts to degrade, the polymer becomes more hydrophilic and bigger amounts of water can penetrate. This poly-mer swelling facilitates drug dissolution and diffusion and initiates the drug release. The studies using colored model drugs corroborate the role of water penetration and drug dissolution for pre-formed implants. Concerning ISFI, it visualized the importance of the polymer concentra-tion on the resulting inner implant structure and consequently the water uptake and drug release. The swelling behavior and morphology of ISFI could also be significantly altered using differ-ent additives. The overall effect on the drug release was limited
Youl, Estelle. "Syndrome métabolique, stress oxydant et insulino-sécrétion : étude in vivo et in vitro du mécanisme d’action des polyphénols." Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON13519.
Full textOxidative stress (OS) induced by hyperglycaemia favors the progressive deficiency of insulin secretion through gluco-toxicity of endocrine pancreatic ß cells. OS can also occur in the absence of hyperglycaemia during metabolic syndrome (MS), or pre-diabetes, and favor the occurrence of cardiovascular complications and insulin secretion impairment. It is also known that the natural anti-oxidants polyphenols are susceptible to prevent cardiovascular complications and ß-cell apoptosis. In our work, we studied the effect of pure polyphenolic molecules from various families on a nutritionallyinduced MS model (the fructose-fed rat). We showed that the various polyphenols had differential effects on the various expressions of MS, and displayed similar effects on the prevention or cardiac fibrosis in relation with their anti-oxidant properties. The mechanism of two polyphenols, quercetine (Q) and resveratrol (R), as well as that of a synthetic antioxidant, N-acetyl cystein (NAC), were studied on a ß-cell model, the INS1 cell line, in the absence or presence of H2O2-induced OS. Q, but not R or NAC, potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion and overactivated p42/44 MAPKinase (ERK1/2), a signaling pathways involved in the regulation of insulin secretion and ß-cell survival. Moreover, Q, but not R or NAC, protected ß-cell function against OS via ERK1/2 overactivation. This effect could possibly occur through the inhibition of JNK, a pathway activated by OS and a promoter of ERK1/2 dephosphorylation
Chantreau, Vanessa. "Rôle des prolines des hélices 2 et 5 dans le mécanisme d’activation des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G : Exemples du récepteur de la thyrotropine et du récepteur 2 de la vasopressine." Thesis, Angers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ANGE0041.
Full textObjectives : Class A G-Protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a large family of transmembrane receptors. Helical distortions play a major role in the overall fold and in the activation mechanism of these receptors. Most distortions are related to the presence of conserved proline residues. However, in helices TM2 and TM5, the presence of proline is not mandatory and the correlated mutation of these proline residues is observed in several GPCR sub-families. In addition, the position of the TM2 proline is variable (2.58 to 2.60). We are interested in the role of the TM2 and TM5 proline residues in the folding and activation mechanism of two GPCRs : the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) and the vasopressin receptor type 2 (V2R). Methods : For both receptors, we engineered and characterized mutants with proline residues at different positions in TM2 and/or at position 5.50 in TM5, and without proline. Results : The expression, the glycolysation or the activity of TSHR mutants are differentially altered by changes in the proline pattern. The “best” mutant, TSHR P2.59, is consistent with a bulged structure for TM2. Experimental data in addition to sequences analysis and modeling suggest an unbulged structure for TM5. For V2R, the absence of proline in TM2 is better tolerated than ashift in the position. The TM5 proline is mandatory for the receptor activation. Conclusion : We suggest a model for TSHR with a bulged TM2 and an unbulged TM5. This should improve the modeling of the transmembrane cavity, which is fundamental for drug design. Our results on V2R suggest an evolutionary model for this receptor and enlighten its specificity compared to nearby receptors
Azzouz, Brahim. "Association entre antihypertenseurs et psoriasis : lien de causalité, mécanisme d’action ? Psoriasis après exposition aux antagonistes des récepteurs à l’angiotensineII : un effet indésirable sous-estimé Psoriasis après exposition aux inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion : donnéesde pharmacovigilance française et de la littérature Inhibiteurs calciques et psoriasis: enquête de pharmacovigilance, données de la littérature." Thesis, Reims, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REIMP201.
Full textPsoriasis is an erythrosquamous dermatosis that can have a considerable negative impact on patient’s quality of life. Several case reports and case series of psoriasis related to angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) were published. Data from epidemiological studies regarding the association between these drugs and psoriasis risk were conflicting. Psoriasis risk is mentioned in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) of some, but not all ACEIs. We analyzed data from the French Pharmacovigilance Database (FPVD) in order to judge whether it is necessary to include a mention of psoriasis in the Summary of SmPCs of ARBs, ACEIs and CCBs. We highlighted a statistically significant disproportionality which constitutes a potential safety signal. Time to onset of psoriatic manifestations seems much longer with CCBs than ARBs and ACEIs, outcome of psoriatic lesions is most often favorable with drug discontinuation. Concomitant betablocker intake does not seem to be at higher risk of psoriasis. Physiopathological mechanism of psoriasis related to these drugs is complex, not yet elucidated. The risk of psoriasis with ARBs, ACEIs and CCBs is largely unknown to the medical community. Healthcare workers should be sensitized to this risk. Given the suggestive reports in the FPVD and in the literature, psoriasis risk should be mentioned in the SMPCs of ARBs, ACEIs and CCBs
Liu, Yihua. "Une nouvelle approche thérapeutique de l'insuffisance cardiaque ischémique associant l'assistance biologique et l'assistance mécanique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0072/document.
Full textHeart failure (HF) represents one of the most frequent disease requiring hospitalization in the old population (>65 years old). The 5-year survival rates associated with heart failure are less than 50% and it results in a huge cost on social economy and public health. Ischemic heart diseases represent one of the most frequent etiologies of the heart failure. Over the last fifteen years, many preclinical and clinical studies have confirmed the therapeutic potential of stem cells to improve heart function and reduce ventricular remodeling. The failure of cell therapy can be ascribed to some extent to the poor integration and compromised survival of grafted cells in an unfavorable microenvironment in infarcted tissue which is complicated by the presence of inflammation, oxidative stress, hypoxia and severe deprivation of nutriments. Furthermore, bone marrow stem cells are physiologically located in a hypoxic environment. The adaptation of the in vitro culture medium, in terms of oxygen concentration, to the in vivo natural niche as well as the targeted area, might be one of solutions to improve the efficacy of cell therapy. One of our studies has demonstrated that preconditioning of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with hypoxia could promote cell proliferation without altering the differentiation potential. What’s more, our in vivo study showed that hypoxia-preconditioned MSCs, compared with those cultured in normoxia, presented with better therapeutic efficiency, such as improvement of the myocardial viability in the infarcted area, increase of intrinsic contractility and favoring the processes of angiogenesis. The recovery of cardiac function with ventricular assist devices (bridge to recovery) is a milestone in the treatment of heart failure. The phenomenon "bridge to recovery" has enabled us to deepen the knowledge on the physiopathology of ventricular remodeling, which was considered to be a one-way process. However, the strategy of ‘Bridge to Recovery’ causes many controversies. One of the arisen questions is if there exists a limit in terms of the duration and intensity regarding the mechanical unloading in order to minimize its secondary complications. To simulate ventricular mechanical unloading of different intensities, we have developed two models of heterotopic heart transplantation (TCH), namely, heterotopic heart transplantation (HHT) and heterotopic heart-lung transplantation to simulate complete and partial unloading, respectively. Our study revealed that mechanical unloading resulted in myocardial atrophy, cardiac fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. These secondary effects were dependent on the intensity of unloading. Our work fits into the general theme of the laboratory, which is to develop a research program on innovative therapeutic approaches to treat myocardial infarction and chronic heart failure. In the first part of our study, we sought to clarify the effects of bone marrow-derived MSCs following intramyocardial injection on the perfusion and function of the infarcted myocardium (study 1). We then investigated the impact of long-term hypoxic culture on the biological characteristics and therapeutic potential of MSCs (study 2). Finally, we explored the effects of mechanical unloading of different intensities on the structure, function and metabolism of healthy myocardium (Study 3)
Gribling-Burrer, Anne-Sophie. "Etude du mécanisme d'hyperméthylation de la coiffe des ARNm de sélénoprotéines et impact sur leur traduction." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ051/document.
Full textSelenoprotein synthesis requires co-translational recoding of in-frame UGA codons. In mammals, this process is governed by the recruitment of dedicated factors on a hairpin structure, called SECIS, in the 3’UTR of selenoprotein mRNAs. During my PhD, we showed that several selenoprotein mRNAs bear a hypermethylated m32,2,7G cap and undergo a similar 5’ end maturation pathway than non-coding RNAs. This cap biogenesis mechanism involves the enzyme Trimethyl-guanosine synthase, m32,2,7G capped selenoprotein mRNAs are not efficiently recognized by the canonical translation initiation factor eIF4E but are translated in vivo. Furthermore, our results suggest the existence of an atypical mechanism of translation initiation for selenoprotein mRNAs. This process involves structural RNA determinants, the 3’UTR region and a GTPase that remains to be identified
Schirtz, Tom. "Etude du mécanisme de translocation de l'ARNtLys dans les mitochondries de Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00868796.
Full textBidon, Baptiste. "Mediator and NER factors in transcription initiation." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ093/document.
Full textThe synthesis of messenger RNA is a highly regulated process. During transcription initiation, a large number of proteins are recruited to gene promoter, including the RNA polymerase II, general transcription factors, co-activators, chromatin remodellers and the Mediator complex. Some DNA repair factors from the NER pathway are also recruited. Using cells derived from patients bearing mutations in either MED12 gene or XPC gene, we studied the roles of such proteins in transcription. MED12 patients are mostly characterised by intellectual disability and developmental delay. We showed that MED12 is implicated in the transcription regulation of immediate early genes like JUN, known for its role in neurological development and neuronal plasticity. JUN expression is markedly altered by MED12 mutations. We also showed that the position of the mutation influences this alteration, bringing possible explanation for inter-patients symptom variability. Meanwhile, XPC patients are mostly characterized by photosensitivity. We showed that XPC protein, which engages one of the NER pathways, is implicated in chromatin post-translational modification. Together with E2F1, it helps the recruitment of GCN5 acetyl-transferase to promoter of a certain set of genes. On the promoter, GCN5 notably cooperates with TFIIH to modify the chromatin environment during transcription initiation. In addition to help the comprehension of the transcription mechanisms, these results bring knew insight into the aetiology of mutations associated diseases
Hua, Yue. "Modélisation de l'influence des sollicitations mécaniques dynamiques sur les phénomènes de remodelage et de croissance des vaisseaux sanguins des membres supérieurs." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0134/document.
Full textHand-Arm Vibration syndrome (HAVS) is usually caused by long-term use of hand-held power tools. It typically occurs after exposure to cold, causing an abnormally strong vasoconstriction of blood vessels. A model predicting the geometrical and structural changes of the arterial walls caused by vibration exposure is developed for the first time in this thesis. The medical context of HAVS is first recalled, especially the underlying pathological mechanisms. The constitutive models for the finger pulp and the growth of the vessel wall from the literature are used as a basis for the modeling of the arterial wall remodeling under exposure to vibration. The elastic and viscous parameters of the fingertip have been identified by adjusting the simulation results of a 2D model of fingertip cross-section to available experimental data. The last part of the thesis develops a first attempt to build the growth model of capillary induced by the tool vibration, considering multiscale spatial and temporal aspects. The two-scale spatial problem is solved by a structure focus, the deformation field computed at the macro level defining the boundary condition next applied at the microscopic level. The two-scale time problem is solved by transforming the dynamic problem into a quasi-static problem. The results obtained show that vibration induces an increase of the thickness of the capillary's wall. Parametric analyses were carried out to study the relationships between the capillary growth and their localization within finger’s pulp, the vibration frequency, the magnitude of the static preload and the vibration dose
Risser, Fanny. "Études d’un mécanisme enzymatique et d’interactions inter-protéiques au sein de voies complexes de biosynthèse de polycétides Characterization of Intersubunit Communication in the Virginiamycin trans-Acyl Transferase Polyketide Synthase Understanding Intersubunit Interactions in the Enacyloxin Mixed cis- /trans-acyltransferase Modular Polyketide Synthase Insights into a dual function amide oxidase/macrocyclase form lankacidin biosynthesis." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0296.
Full textComplex polyketides are secondary metabolites which are produced by a range of different organisms, and which present a broad spectrum of therapeutic activity. The modular organization of the enzymes responsible for their synthesis, the polyketide synthases (PKS), makes them attractive targets for synthetic biology aimed at obtaining new polyketide structures. One of the most promising strategies to date consists in swapping of whole sub-units between different PKS systems. However, the success of this strategy critically depends on understanding and exploiting ‘docking domains’ the protein sequences at the C- and N-terminal extremities of the subunits which are responsible for correctly ordering the polypeptides, and therefore for faithful chain transfer. To increase our knowledge of DDs, we investigated several interfaces in both trans-AT and cis-AT PKSs. This work led notably to the identification of the first family of DDs from trans-AT PKSs, and we were further able to characterize a complete interface formed between two consecutive subunits within the virginiamycin PKS. In addition, we showed that at least one DD of matched pairs is often an intrinsically disordered region (IDR), as this type of interaction motif allows for specific but medium affinity contacts. Indeed, in the enacyloxin hybrid cis-AT/trans-AT PKS which we also investigated extensively, docking at every interface is mediated by a C-terminal IDR. In addition, we demonstrated that multiple structural classes of DD are present within the system, but that variations of the electrostatic ‘code’ within an individual structural class can also be used to ensure specificity. Taken together, these results provide important guidelines for future attempts to deploy DDs in subunit engineering. Another attractive target for synthetic biology are the so-called ‘post-PKS’ enzymes, which chemically decorate the initially-formed structure, and are often essential for their bioactivity. In this context, we studied LkcE, a bi-functional enzyme that catalyzes a rare amide oxidation followed by an intramolecular Mannich reaction to yield the lankacidin macrocycle – both to understand its unusual mechanism and to evaluate its suitability as a general polyketide modifying enzyme. We solved four crystal structures of the enzyme, and characterized it kinetically. Together, our data allowed us to propose a detailed catalytic mechanism for LkcE, involving a large-scale conformational change of the enzyme to bring the substrate into a cyclisation-ready state. Moreover, we showed that LkcE displays a certain tolerance toward its substrate structures, suggesting its usefulness as a general catalyst for cyclisation/ligation reaction in synthetic biology and chemical synthesis
Matta, Elie. "Characterization of DNA ADP-Ribosylation Mechanism and its Role in DNA Damage Signaling Insight into DNA Substrate Specificity of PARP1-Catalysed DNA Poly(ADP-Ribosyl)ation Role of PARP-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation in the Crosstalk Between DNA Strand Breaks and Epigenetic Regulation." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS058.
Full textDNA-dependent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) PARP1, PARP2 and PARP3 act as DNA break sensors signaling DNA damage. Upon detecting DNA damage, these PARPs use nicotine adenine dinucleotide as a substrate to synthesize a monomer or polymer of ADP-ribose (MAR or PAR, respectively) covalently attached to the acceptor residue of target proteins. Recently, it was demonstrated that PARP1–3 proteins can directly ADP-ribosylate DNA breaks by attaching MAR and PAR moieties to terminal phosphates. Nevertheless, little is still known about the mechanisms governing substrate recognition and specificity of PARP1, which accounts for most of cellular PARylation activity, as well, about proteins responsible for detection and removal of ADP-ribosylated DNA adducts and its role in multitude of cellular processes.In this study we provide a detailed characterization of PARP1 DNA substrate specificity and mechanisms of DNA PARylation. We showed that the 3′-terminal phosphate residue at double-strand DNA break ends served as a major acceptor site for PARP1-catalysed PARylation depending on the orientation and distance between DNA strand breaks in a single DNA molecule. Moreover, a preference for ADP-ribosylation of DNA molecules containing 3′-terminal phosphate over PARP1 auto-ADP-ribosylation was observed, and a model of DNA modification by PARP1 was proposed. Similar results were obtained with purified recombinant PARP1 and HeLa cell-free extracts. Thus, the biological effects of PARP-mediated ADP-ribosylation may strongly depend on the configuration of complex DNA strand breaks. Furthermore, we elaborated a new research technique to identify and validate proteins responsible for ADP-ribose-DNA adducts detection (“readers”) or removal (“erasers”). Our proteomic data revealed that MARylated DNA adducts selectively modulated DNA recognition of a large number of proteins involved in different cellular pathways. About 90 proteins including protein complexes were selected as potential MAR-DNA adduct readers. The role of DNA ADP-ribosylation in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) was partially characterized in an in vitro study. We demonstrated that ADP-ribosylation of DSB terminus can lead to inhibition of blunt DSB repair by canonical NHEJ if not removed by PARG glycohydrolase. Contrary, presence of a proximal nick with a stabilized apurinic/apyrimidinic site leads to increased NHEJ efficiency, apparently in ADP-ribosylation-independent manner. Finally we searched for novel PARP1, PARP2 and PARP3 inhibitors among derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridine with DNA binding capacity. Our results revealed that some of NAD+ analogues analogs could be used by PARPs for DNA modification leading to stabilization of corresponding MARylated and PARylated adducts due to their PARG hydrolysis activity resistance. Taking together, these data highlight the physiological relevance and possible biological outcomes of PARP-catalyzed DNA-ADP-ribosylation such as providing a stable benchmark of the location of a DNA strand break on a chromatin map, recruitement of DNA repair proteins and inhibition of the toxic NHEJ
Gasmi, Hanane. "Microparticules à libération controlée : impact du gonflement sur la cinétique de libération de substance active." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S057/document.
Full textThe drug release studies from polymeric system such as Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based microparticles have been widely investigated during recent decades. The main objective of this work is to better understand the mass transport mechanisms controlling the drug release kinetics from PLGA microparticles. New insight was to be gained based on the experimental monitoring of the swelling kinetics of single microparticle. Initially, PLGA microparticles containing different type of drugs (acidic, basic and neutral), such as ketoprofen, prilocaine free base and dexamethasone were prepared using simple oil in water emulsion extraction/evaporation solvent technique. The characterization of the key properties of microparticles was performed using different techniques (optical microscopy, electron microscopy). The gel permeation chromatography was used to determine the molecular weight of PLGA following exposure of microparticles to the release medium at various times to assess the kinetic degradation of the polymer. The X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry were used to study the physical state of the polymer, drug and drug-loaded microparticles. Release studies have shown two types of release profiles: tri-phasic and more or less mono-phasic profile. The tri-phasic profile is composed of three phases: an initial rapid release phase followed by a constant release which is followed by a second phase of rapid release. In contrast, at the investigated higher initial drug loadings, different release phases could hardly be distinguished: The profiles were more or less mono-phasic. The elucidation of drug release mechanisms was based on the experimental results of the swelling kinetics of single microparticles. As for drug release, distinct phases can be distinguished for microparticles swelling. The transition from one phase to another seem to coincide for microparticle swelling and drug release. Thus also microparticle swelling might contribute to a significant extent to the control of drug release
Chen, Wanyin. "Reprolifilage d'une petite molécule chimique à activité thérapeutique et cellules souches cancéreuses : étude et compréhension du mécanisme d'action du bisacodyl sur les cellules souches cancéreuses isolées de glioblastome." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ027.
Full textGlioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive glial tumor, is currently incurable with a very short-term patient survival (< 2 years). The heterogeneity of GBM and the presence of highly resistant proliferating and quiescent cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), is largely responsible for poor prognosis in this disease. Thus, new approaches targeting glioblastoma CSCs (GSCs), within the acidic/hypoxic tumor microenvironment, are promising strategies for treating GBM. The laxative bisacodyl was identified in a high throughput screening of the Prestwick chemical library as a compound inducing necrotic cell death in proliferating and quiescent GSCs only in acidic microenvironments similar to those found in tumors. Bisacodyl was further shown to induce tumor shrinking and to increase survival in in vivo GBM models. In this thesis work, we identify bisacodyl’s mechanism of action in GSCs. This mechanism involves the serine/threonine kinase WNK1 and its signaling partners including protein kinases Akt and SGK1 and NBC Na+/HCO3- cotransporters. Our data also highlight a previously unknown role of WNK1 in GSC physiopathology
Van, Zoggel Johanna. "Dermaseptine B2 : un peptide antimicrobien issue des sécrétions de peau de Phyllomedusa bicolore avec des activités antitumorales et angiostatiques." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST0051.
Full textThe skin secretions of neotropical and South American frogs contains large amounts of a widerange of biological active molecules. Commonly studied are peptides with antimicrobialactivities. In this study we have postulated that the skin secretions from the South Americanfrog Phyllomedusa bicolor contain molecules with antitumor and angiostatic activities. Twowell known cationic alpha helical antimicrobial peptides of the dermaseptin (Drs) family wereidentified to have these activities: Drs B2 and Drs B3. Both peptides inhibited proliferationand colony formation of various tumor cell lines, and the proliferation and capillary formationof endothelial cell in vitro. Furthermore, Drs B2 inhibited tumor growth in a PC3 xenograftmodel in vivo.Research on the mechanism of action of Drs B2 on tumor cells PC3 demonstrated a rapidincreasing amount of cytosolic LDH, no activation of caspase-3, -9 or -8, and no changes inmitochondrial membrane potential. These data together indicate that Drs B2 does not act byapoptosis but possibly could fix to the tumor cell surface, disrupt the cellular plasmamembrane leading to its death by necrosis.In conclusion, Drs B2 could be an new interesting and promising pharmacological leadermolecule for the treatment of cancer. Its antitumor and angiostatic activities, especially itsselective targeting of tumoral cells with micro molar concentrations propose Drs B2 as anpotential candidate for the development of a new efficient targeting therapy against cancer
Goula, Agathi Vasiliki. "Implication des lésions oxydantes et du mécanisme de réparation par excision de base dans la sélectivité tissulaire de l'instabilité somatique des répétitions CAG dans la maladie de Huntington." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00868694.
Full textBalbinot, Camille. "Fonction et mode d'action du gène homéotique intestinal Cdx2 dans les cancers de l'intestin." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ006/document.
Full textThe intestine-specific transcription factor Cdx2 is required throughout life for intestinal homeostasis and for the maintenance of intestinal identity. Several recent studies showed that Cdx2 expression is dramatically reduced in some human colon cancers of poor prognosis. This work aimed to investigate the pathophysiological consequences of the loss of Cdx2 in the adult gut. Conditional mosaic ablation of Cdx2 in mice causes gastric-type metaplasia in the cecum which do not spontaneously evolve to cancer. However, these lesions strongly modify the inflammatory microenvironment which facilitates the malignant transformation of adjacent Cdx2-intact and cancer-prone epithelial cells. Collectively, these results unravel a novel and original function of Cdx2, namely its non-cell autonomous tumor suppressor activity in the gut
Bazzi, Wael. "Une nouvelle cascade régulant l'hématopoïèse et la réponse inflammatoire chez la drosophile." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ043.
Full textImmune cells originating from different hematopoietic waves play role in mounting an efficient immune response, which raises the aspect of communication between distinct waves. In addition, immune responses have pivotal roles in modulating tumor progression. Inflammatory cascades, such as the JAK/STAT and Toll pathways are also known to regulate hematopoiesis and mutations in either of them are associated with hematopoietic defects and blood cancers in humans. Both pathways are highly conserved in evolution and interestingly, the Toll cascade was initially discovered in Drosophila. Like in mammals, mutations within these cascades produce the so called “melanotic tumors” in Drosophila larvae, which are due to blood cell proliferation and to the presence of hemocytes in an inflammatory state that aggregate and form black melanized masses. During my PhD, I proposed to decipher the impact of Gcm, the only known transcription factor specific to embryonic hematopoiesis on innate immune response and inflammation, by focusing on the JAK/STAT and Toll signaling cascades in vivo using the simple Drosophila model. I was able to show that Gcm inhibits melanotic tumors formation induced by the over-activation of both the JAK/STAT and Toll cascades. This is mediated by inducing the expression of JAK/STAT and Toll cascades inhibitors. In addition, my data describes for the first time the interaction occurring between the primitive and definitive hematopoietic waves and necessary to trigger an appropriate inflammatory response, where Gcm inhibits the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines Upd2 and Upd3 from embryonic hemocytes. Moreover, I show that Gcm impacts the molecular landscape of mitochondrial genes in genetic backgrounds that lead to melanotic tumors and to an inflammatory state. Interestingly, I transpose my findings to vertebrates by showing that a GCM murine gene induces the expression of JAK/STAT inhibitors in a human leukemia cell line. In conclusion, my data highlights the importance of hematopoietic wave communication in the immune response and show that a developmental pathway regulates the competence to respond to inflammation
Dan, Pan. "Nouvelles approches en ingénierie vasculaire basées sur un scaffold fonctionnalisé, une matrice extracellulaire naturelle et une cellularisation intraluminale : de la caractérisation à la validation chez l’animal." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0304/document.
Full textRupp, Tristan. "Mechanisms of Tenascin-C dependent tumor angiogenesis." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ041/document.
Full textA high expression of the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin-C (TNC) enhances multiple steps in cancer progression and correlates with worsened survival prognosis. In this thesis I studied how TNC affects tumor angiogenesis. I showed that TNC impairs endothelial sprouting, tubulogenesis, migration and proliferation. I linked this effect to disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and reduced YAP signaling activity by TNC. In tumor cells and cancer associated fibroblasts, TNC regulated secretion of angio-modulatory factors that promoted endothelial cell survival and tubulogenesis in a paracrine manner involving regulation of SDF1 (CXCL12) and two lipocalin family members. Altogether, TNC promotes endothelial tubulogenesis through a pro-angiogenic secretome from tumor cells, and inhibits by direct contact tubulogenesis by impairing endothelial cell survival. These opposing effects could explain why we observed that TNC promotes the tumor angiogenic switch resulting in more but poorly functional blood vessels associated with more metastasis in a spontaneous tumor mouse model. This knowledge provides for the first time opportunities to counteract TNC activities in tumor angiogenesis
Schelcher, Cédric. "Détermination du mode d'action et des substrats de RNases P protéiques chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ044/document.
Full textRNase P is the essential activity that removes 5'-leader sequences from transfer RNA precursors. “PRORP” (PROteinaceous RNase P) defines a novel category of protein only RNase P. Before the characterization of PRORP, RNase P enzymes were thought to occur universally as ribonucleoproteins (RNP). The characterization of PRORP revealed an enzyme with two main domains, an N-terminal domain containing multiple PPR motifs and a C-terminal NYN domain holding catalytic activity. We used a combination of biochemical and biophysical approaches to characterize the PRORP / tRNA complex. The structure of the complex in solution was determined by small angle X-ray scattering and Kd values of the PRORP / tRNA interaction were determined by analytical ultracentrifugation. We also analyzed direct interaction of a collection of PPR mutants with tRNA in order to determine the relative importance of individual PPR motifs for RNA binding. This reveals to what extent PRORP target recognition process conforms to the mode of action of PPR proteins interacting with linear RNA. Altogether, our analysis reveals an interesting case of convergent evolution. It suggests that PRORP has evolved an RNA recognition process similar to that of RNP RNase P. Moreover, we also implemented a PRORP-RNA co-immunoprecipitation approach to determine the full extent of PRORP substrates