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Academic literature on the topic 'Mécanique – Dissertation universitaire'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mécanique – Dissertation universitaire"
de, Beco Simon. "Homéostasie mécanique des épithéliums : rôle de la dynamique du cytosquelette et des jonctions adhérentes." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T115.
Full textBensaid, Samir. "Mise en place de contre-mesures pour limiter la perte protéique de cellules musculaires squelettiques consécutive à l’hypoxie cellulaire." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S021.
Full textBackground and aims : Chronic exposure to severe hypoxia has deleterious effects on the muscular system, in particular on skeletal muscle mass. Hypoxia leads to imbalance of protein homeostasis, decreasing protein synthesis (mainly regulated through PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway) while increasing protein degradation (mainly through autophagy and proteasomal degradation). In contrast, mechanical stimuli and nutrients, particularly the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), induce activation of the mTOR pathway in human and rat skeletal muscle as well as and in cultured muscle cells, and decrease protein catabolism. In a model of skeletal muscle cell culture, we attempt to determine whether the combination of mechanical stimulation, nutritional supplementation and reoxygenation could reverse the deleterious effects of hypoxia on protein homeostasis.Experimental methodsWe induced a hypoxic stress on skeletal muscle murine cells differentiated into myotubes C2C12: four days after differentiation, the C2C12 myotubes were placed into a hypoxic chamber at 4% O2 for 24h. Electrical stimulation was applied to the cells using a pulse generator to provide electric pulses. Following the ES treatment, myotubes were firstly supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA: mixture of leucine, isoleucine and valine added to culture media) while placed to normoxia during 2 hours (corresponding so to a reoxygenation protocol).ResultsAfter 24 hours of hypoxia, the morphological analysis of myotubes shows a significant decrease in their diameter, translating the activation of protein degradation pathways at the expense of protein synthesis pathways. When applied separately, each treatment has little effect on the mTOR pathway and morphology of myotubes. However, the combination of electrical stimulation, supplementation BCAA and reoxygenation lead to an increase of the phosphorylation of key proteins involved in protein synthesis pathway (Akt and p70S6 kinase), thus reflecting their activation state. In addition, morphological analysis shows a significant increase in myotube diameter and fusion index (reflecting the state of differentiation), a sign of the presence of muscle hypertrophy.ConclusionOur preliminary results suggested that mTOR pathway responds to a combination of electrostimulation, nutrient supplementation and reoxygenation by phosphorylation of key regulators of protein synthesis, and could reverse the protein loss induced by hypoxia
Garcia, Marine. "Développement d’une plateforme d’imagerie pour la caractérisation du transfert de masse dans les microsystèmes : application aux piles à combustible microfluidiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, HESAM, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024HESAE007.
Full textFuel cells are devices that convert the energy stored in an oxidant and a reductant into electricity through electrochemical reactions. The most mature technology for this conversion is the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), but other alternative systems are emerging. In particular, microfluidic fuel cells (MFCs) have overcome the problems associated with the use of a membrane and gas storage by using liquid reagents at ambient temperature and pressure. The dimensions of the channel (1-5 mm wide and 20-100 µm high) allow co-laminar flow of the two liquid reagents and the electrolyte in a microchannel containing the electrodes. Therefore, PCMs do not need membrane to separate reactants and performances are driven by charge and mass transport.Experimental characterization of all the physical phenomena involved in PCMs is difficult because actuals methods are more based on electrochemical characterisation. These methods provide an overall characterisation of the system but they do not give precise information on the mass transport phenomena occurring in the channel. To investigate concentration field, numerical modelling is generally used. Numerical methods evaluate the impact of the geometry or the operating conditions on MFC performances. However, the use of these models relies on the knowledge of in-situ parameters such as the diffusion coefficient D and the reaction rate k0. In numerical studies, these parameters are generally approximated leading to a qualitative understanding of the transport phenomena. Furthermore, these numerical studies have not yet been verified by experimental studies.Thus, the main scientific challenge of this thesis is to develop quantitative imaging methods for characterising the concentration field in an operating PCM.To meet this need, an imaging platform based on spectroscopy and three characterisation methods were developed in this thesis. First of all, the work focused on developing an experimental setup based on spectroscopy to study the interdiffusion phenomenon. This study reports the estimation of the diffusion coefficient of potassium permanganate in formic acid. These solutions were specifically chosen because they are used in the PCM developed for the rest of the study.The imaging plateform was then adapted to study the in operando MFC 2D concentration field in steady-state. An analytical mass transfer model (advection/reaction/diffusion) coupled to the 2D concentration field was used to determine the reaction rate. As the concentration variations involved can be very small (few micro-moles), another characterisation technique was implemented to reduce the measurement noise.To improve the signal-to-noise ratio, a method based on modulation of the concentration field was developed. Demodulation of the signal significantly reduced the noise and concentrations of 20 µM were estimated. An analytical model describing the modulated field was established in order to implement an inverse method. The proposed method made it possible to recover the reaction rate associated with the concentration variation.To conclude, the proposed characterisation methods enable the estimation of the mass transfer and the reaction kinetics using the 2D concentration field from an in operando MFC. This technique has been applied to the MFC, but it can be transferred to a micrometric system in which diffusion-advection-reaction phenomena take place
Luukkonen, Sohvi. "Hydration of drug-like molecules with molecular density functional theory and the hybrid-4th-dimension Monte Carlo approach." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASF030.
Full textThe development of a drug takes on average over 10 yr. for a cost of 1B dollars. To speed up the process, and reduce its cost, in-silico methods are used at the drug discovery stage. It consists of screening ~10⁵ drug-like molecules to propose few candidates to the pre-clinical stages. The main criterion is the affinity between the potential drug molecule and biological target. As the interaction happens the body, these affinities need to be predicted in water and the molecule needs to be water-soluble to access the receptor. Overall, solvation properties play an important role in drug design. Numerically, for a given force-field, solvation can be studied either with exact but time-consuming simulation methods, fast continuum models that lose the molecular nature of the solvent, or approximate liquid state theories that keep the solvent molecular information while speeding-up the computation. In this thesis, we focus on the prediction of the hydration free energies (HFE) of drug-like molecules with methods that are as fast and precise as possible, and we concentrate on two original approaches: Hybrid-4th-dimension Monte Carlo, a novel method that computes the HFEs according to the Jarzynski principle from short non-equilibrium simulations in which the solute is inserted or removed from the solvent with a time-depending coupling parameter. This approach is shown to predict the HFEs of drug-like molecules 4-6 times faster than the classical free energy perturbation approach. Molecular density functional theory, a liquid-state-theory approach that allows the study of the equilibrium solvation properties of any rigid solute. In its current level, the hyper netted-chain approximation coupled with a pressure correction, it is shown to predict the HFEs of drug-like molecules within 0.5 and 1.0 kcal/mol of simulations and experimental data, respectively, for an average computational speed-up 10³-10⁴ with respect to simulations. H4D-MC is considered here as a source of reference data for MDFT developments. MDFT is itself fast enough to be foreseen in a high-throughput screening pipeline
Neyraud, Vincent. "L'ubiquitination des GTPases Ral : Un nouveau mécanisme de régulation diu trafic intracellulaire de Ral et des micro-domaines menmbranaires lipidiques." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T085.
Full textGuillaume, Anne Ivy. "Les effets mécaniques induits par les accélérations +Gz sur les structures encéphaliques." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05S029.
Full textTran, Cong Chi. "Adaptations myocardiques et accélerations + GZ chez l'animal : Un nouveau modèle d'insuffisance ventriculaire gauche par surcharge mécanique?" Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05S017.
Full textLinez-Bataillon, Patricia. "Contribution à l'étude du mécanisme de l'adhésion d'ostéoblastes (MC3T3-E1) sur des alliages métalliques polis miroir." Lille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LIL2S037.
Full textThe cellular adhesion is essential for the osteointegration of a implant. In this study, we estimate the influence of the chemical composition and the surface energy of different alloys on hte behaviour of osteoblasts : Ti-cp, Ti6A14V, Ti1. 5A125V, Co-Cr and the stainless steel 316L Physical and chemical surface characterization of these biomaterials are performed by energy dispersive spectrometry (E. D. S. ) analysis and goniometric measurements. The cytocompatibility is assessed by scanning electron microscopy (S. E. M. ) observations of the cell morphology and through cell proliferation tests. A time-course study of the early cell adhesion events is performed by the pNPP method on uncoated surfaces and on precoated surfaces with proteins of the extracellular matrix. The expression of several proteins prommoting cell adhesion (actine, FAK, pFAK, collagène-I et fibronectin) is then evaluated by cytochemical immune-labelling. All the biological results indicate an excellent tolerance of osteoblasts towards the alloy Ti6A14V compared with the other alloys
Molimard, Mathieu. "Mécanisme d'action de la bradykinine sur les voies aériennes : application à l'analyse des effets protecteurs du furosémide dans l'asthme." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05CD06.
Full textPauchard, Laure-Anne. "Analyse et modulation de la réponse inflammatoire au cours de l'agression pulmonaire liée à l'infection bactérienne et à la ventilation mécanique." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOMU05/document.
Full textDespite major advances since decades in the management of ventilated patients, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) continues to complicate the course of approximately 28% of the patients receiving mechanical ventilation (MV). Among patients hospitalized in intensive care units, the risk of pneumonia is 3- to 10- fold increased in MV patients. However, MV is often the only way to care for critically ill patients with respiratory failure. It has now been clearly demonstrated that MV, in particular adverse ventilatory strategies could activate lung cells, thus leading to a proinflammatory response, even in the absence of pathogen. This is the biotrauma paradigm, which accounts, at least in part, for the ventilator induced lung injury (VILI). In one way, MV primes airway cells to respond massively to a second proinflammatory insult, through the subsequent release of large amounts of cytokines (as interleukin (IL)‐ 8), thus leading to additional lung injury, particularly through the recruitment of neutrophils attracted by the massive release of IL-8. Accordingly, innate immunity plays an important role in the developement of VILI. The involvement of Toll-like receptors has been suggested by several experimental studies. Ventilation in the prone position (PP) has been described to have beneficial effects on patients under MV, especially in those with lobar involvement. Our team focused particularly on the TLR2, which interacts with Gram-positive bacteria, and we have previously demonstrated in vitro that cyclic stretch of human pulmonary cells resulted in TLR2 overexpression and enhanced TLR2 reactivity to Gram-positive cell wall components. We confirmed these datas in an in vivo model of ventilated rabbits which immune response had been stimulated with Pam3CSK4. In a first project, we assessed the impact of the PP on unilateral pneumonia to Enterobacter aerogenes in rabbits subjected to MV. Our results shows that the prone position could be protective if the host is subjected to MV and unilateral bacterial pneumonia. To ensure the relevance of our hypothesis on TLR2 in our animal model of VAP, we conducted experiments using live bacteria specifically recognized by TLR2 (Methicilin resist. aureus). We demonstrate that mild-‐stretch MV impaired lung bacterial clearance, hastened tissue injury and promoted a systemic inflammatory response. Both pulmonary and peripheral blood TLR2 overexpression could account for such an impact. The third project assessed the impact of a statins therapy in the context of MRSA VAP, treated with linezolid, in our model of ventilated rabbits. Our results suggest that statin exposure prior to pneumonia provides an anti-‐inflammatory effect within the lung and the systemic compartment of rabbits with MRSA VAP. Although LNZ enhances pulmonary bacterial clearance, dampening the host systemic inflammatory response with statin could impede defense against MRSA in this compartment. It could be subsequent to enhanced antibacterial defences and improvements in lung mechanics, thereby blunting overwhelming inflammation. In the last project, in collaboration with the University of Geneva, we assessed whether mitochondrial alarmins are released during VILI and can generate lung inflammation. Our results confirmed the hypothesis made and showed indeed that alarmins are released during during cyclic stretch of human epithelial cells, as well as in BAL fluids from rabbits ventilated with an injurious ventilatory regimen. These alarmins stimulate lung cells to produce bioactive IL-‐1, and are likely to represent the proximal endogenous mediators of VILI and ARDS, released by injured pulmonary cells