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Thompson, Wyatt. "An econometric model of Japanese meat markets /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9904869.
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Jayasooriya, Sriyani Dhammika. "High power ultrasound in meat processing /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19070.pdf.
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Turkki, Pekka. "Production control of integrated meat plants /." Helsinki : Finnish Academy of Technology, 1994. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=006588148&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Mixon, Bobby J. "Competitiveness of U.S. processed meat industries in the Pacific Rim." online access from Digital dissertation consortium access full-text, 1996. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9632953.
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Robbins, David Howard. "The availability of energy in meat and bone meal and poultry by-product meal in poultry rations /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418060.
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Sirolli, Ryan T. "An examination of price transmission in the United States beef, pork, and broiler industries." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.32 Mb., 84 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1435251.
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Phelps, Steven Kirk. "Nutrient characterization of color modified and unaltered flaked turkey thigh meat." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46058.
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Flaked, skinless and boneless turkey thighs were successively washed in 0.03M sodium phosphate buffers at pH 5.8, 7.4 and 8.0. Proximate, mineral and riboflavin composition, as well as protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent digestibility (AD) using the rat bioassay technique were determined for three replications. The color modified tissue (CMT) had a higher (P=0.0429) moisture content and less (P=0.0527, 0.1240 and 0.0047, respectively) crude protein, fat and ash than flaked thigh (THI). Percentage of iron, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium and manganese decreased (P=0.0187) after color modification, whereas calcium, zinc and copper concentrations did not change (P=0.1184) and sodium increased (P=0.0058). Riboflavin was reduced by 30%.
The PER of CMT evaluated was lower (P=0.0318) than THI, but higher (P=0.0001) than either casein or egg albumin diets. AD of CMT was 90.7% which is comparable to other meat products. The overall nutritional evaluation of CMT determined that it has potential as a raw material in further processed foods.
Master of Science
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Dakwa, Tinoonga. "The meat industry : a Namibian case study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/821.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Livestock production forms a significant part of the agricultural activities in Namibia. This study is an analysis of the red meat (beef and mutton) supply chain in the country, south of the Veterinary Cordon Fence. The supply chain from production of animals on the farms through processing to placing of meat on the market is analyzed. The red meat supply chain is split into three sectors for the purpose of the study. The three sectors are the supply sector involved in the production of animals on the farms, the processing sector involved with the slaughtering and value addition on the livestock products and the demand sector that is involved in the placing on the market of the livestock and livestock products. Each of the sectors is then analyzed as an entity. The three tools that are used to analyze the sectors are: a) The market competitiveness done using the Porter’s 5 force analysis; b) The SWOT analysis for determination of intrinsic and extrinsic environments of the respective sectors and c) Trend review of the activity in each sector for the years 2000-2005. The aim of the analysis is to create a deeper insight into the forces and the impact these forces are having on the meat supply chain.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Veeboerdery vorm ‘n vername deel van landbou-aktiwiteite in Namibië. Hierdie navorsingsverslag is ’n analise van die rooivleis (bees en skaap) leweringsketting in die land suid van die veeartsafbakeningsheining. Die studie ondersoek die leweringsketting van produksie van vee op plase tot by die plaas van vleis op die markte. Die rooivleis leweringsketting is, vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie, in drie dele verdeel. Hierdie drie dele is die lewerings-sektor wat verantwoordelik is vir die produksie van vee op die plase, die prosesserings-sektor wat verantwoordelik is vir die slag en waardetoevoeging tot die vee-produkte, en die vraag-sektor wat verantwoordelik is vir die plasing van vee en vee-produkte op die mark. Elk van hierdie sektore word ontleed as ’n entiteit. Die drie instrumente wat gebruik word om die sektore te analiseeer is: a) Die markkompeterendheid word gedoen aand die hand van Porter se 5 kragte analise; b) Die “SWOT” analise vir die bepaling van die intrinsieke en ekstrinsieke omgewings van die onderskeie sektore, en c) Tendens oorsig van die aktiwiteite in elke sektor vir die jare 2000-2005. Die doel van die analises is om dieper insig te skep van die kragte en die impak wat hierdie kragte het op die vleis leweringsketting.
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Pintér, Judit Klementina. "A need analysis and the selection of a distribution channel for an imported meat product In South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/11832.
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Owing to the increase in urbanisation and disposable income, South Africa offers the food industry enormous growth opportunities. According to Louw, Jordaan, Ndanga and Kirsten (2008: 287), supermarkets have become vital role players in South African food consumption. Within this market, it is especially important to note that “preferences for high quality… foods are emerging” (Louw et al, 2008:288). This highlights the need to introduce superior quality foods to the South African food market. This study took this need one step further by asking the question, “is there a need for a high-quality foreign product in the South African market?” The primary objective of this study was to conduct a needs analysis to determine whether there is a need to introduce a selected foreign product into the South African market. The high-quality product chosen for this research is a meat product called PICK salami. In addition, the distribution channel that would be the most appropriate for the possible introduction of the product to the market was also identified in the study. To accomplish this, a relevant literature study was performed. To realise the research objective, a triangulated research approach was selected and a multiple-case study conducted. The units of analysis chosen for this study were the four major South African supermarket chains: SPAR Group Limited, Shoprite Checkers, Woolworths (Pty) limited and Pick ’n Pay Retailers (Pty) Limited. The data from this study was then analysed to determine meaningful results. From the research, it was concluded that there is a need for a high-quality meat product such as PICK Salami in South Africa and that SPAR Group Limited is the most viable distribution channel to use. Both South Africa and Hungary can benefit from such a business venture as gaps in the market can be filled and both countries can profit, despite the current global economic downturn.
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Wagude, Bethsheba Emily Akinyi. "Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) in a red meat abattoir." Diss., University of Pretoria, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28615.
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Lea, Emma J. "Moving from meat : vegetarianism, beliefs and information sources." Connect to this title online, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl4335.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 327-346). A random population survey and a survey of vegetarians were conducted to examine South Australians' beliefs about meat and vegetarianism. Meat beliefs, barriers and benefits of vegetarianism, meat consumption, personal values, use of and trust in sources of food/nutrition/health information and demographic variables were measured.
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Gebhardt, Roberto C. "River plate meat industry since c.1900 : technology, ownership, international trade regimes and domestic policy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1512/.
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Ellis, Christina M. "An integrated model for conservation case study on the role of women in the commercial bushmeat trade in Cameroon /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0007/MQ59545.pdf.
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Stahl, Chad A. "Growth parameters, carcass merit, and meat quality of market hogs fed diets containing creatine monohydrate /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3137750.
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Wessels, Philippus Lodewikus. "An analysis of the potential for the marketing of ostrich meat in S.A." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/202.
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The research program addressed in this study was to do an analysis of the potentials of the marketing of ostrich meat in the South African market. Being the world leader in the ostrich industry, the research’s emphasis was to establish reasons why the meat industry does not explore the South African meat market. To achieve this object, a literature study to determine the key components of the current situation was undertaken and used as a theoretical model to analyse the current situation in the market as well as in the ostrich industry. In addition to the literature study, an empirical study was conducted to identify some critical issues that have an influence on the potential of the domestic market. The survey method used, based on the key components gained from the literature study, consisted of an in-depth scan of the macro-environment and thorough investigation of the target industry. The investigation involved using the Internet and World Wide Web, print media, personal interviews and telephonic interviews. The result of the literature study was finally combined with the results of the empirical study and some recommendations were made. The recommendations were applicable to the ostrich industry in so far that implementing some plans for the meat industry can have serious consequences for the other products of the ostrich industry
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Pruett, Wayne P. "Sanitizer efficacy against bacteria attached to synthetic meat processing surfaces." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37443.
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Vázquez, Benítez María Cecilia. "Computer-aided formula optimization." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29202.
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The purpose of this research project was to establish a formula optimization computer program to be used for quality control in the meat processing industry. In contrast to linear programming, such a program would search for the best quality formulations that meet predetermined product specifications within allowable cost ranges. Since quality as a function of the ingredients has been found to be explained better by nonlinear equations, the program had to be able to handle nonlinear equations as objective functions as well as constraints to make it an effective formula optimization method.
The first part of the study established the IBM BASIC formula optimization computer program (FORPLEX). The FORPLEX is based on the modified version of the Complex method of Box. The FORPLEX was found to be effective in the optimization of nonlinear objective function problems that were linearly constrained, making it suitable for formula optimization purposes.
The second part of this study involved the development of statistically significant quality prediction equations for a 3-ingredient model frankfurter formulation. The three ingredients were: pork fat, mechanically deboned poultry meat and beef meat. Ingredient-quality equations were generated through mixture experimentation. Specific quality parameters were evaluated at observation points given by an extreme vertices design. Scheffe's canonical special cubic model for three components was fitted to
the experimental data using multiple regression analysis. The statistical validity of the equations for prediction purposes was assessed by analysis of variance, adjusted multiple coefficient of determination, standard error of the estimate and analysis of residuals. Fourteen of 17 regression models developed were considered adequate to be used for prediction purposes.
In order to have a better understanding of the relationship between ingredient proportions and the quality parameters, three different techniques were used: (a) response surface contour analysis, (b) correlation analysis and (c) scatterplot matrices analysis.
The third part of this study consisted of the computational optimization of frankfurter formulations using the FORPLEX program. Several frankfurter formulation optimization trials were performed. In each trial, different combinations of quality parameters were considered measures of the formulations' quality. Target quality values were either selected based on a target formulation or were individually selected. In both cases the FORPLEX was able to find best quality formulations that met the constraints imposed on them. Differences between predicted and target quality values existed in all the computed optimum formulations when the target values were individually selected. Differences existed because it was difficult for the formulations to meet all the target quality values. Target quality values should be selected carefully since failure to obtain formulations that meet the target quality as closely as possible lay not with
the performance of the FORPLEX but with the selection of the target quality values.
Five optimum formulations found by FORPLEX were compared with seven least-cost formulations which were found by increasing the lower limit of the fat binding constraint. The predicted quality of each FORPLEX optimum formulation was close to its respective target quality. The least-cost formulations showed, in general, considerable departure from the target quality values set in the FORPLEX formulations.
The adequacy of the models for predicting the quality of frankfurter formulations could not be evaluated since the meat ingredients had been stored frozen for 6 months. The models did not account for the effect of extended frozen storage on the quality of the formulations.
Results of this study indicated that formula optimization based on the Complex method (FORPLEX) is the more suitable technique for food formulation. The FORPLEX may be able to replace linear programming computer programs currently being used in the processed meat industry.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Sŏng, Myŏng-hwan. "Korean beef import demand and impacts of exchange rate changes /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9717152.
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Mellett, F. D. "The ostrich as meat animal : anatomical and muscle characteristics." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2956.
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Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 1985.The domestication of ostriches and commercial ostrich breeding has a long and interesting history. Orstriches were successfully domesticated in Algeria during 1857 and also successfully bred in Italy during 1859. In South Africa the domestication of wild ostriches started in the Cape Colony with 80 tame birds during 1865. This number increased to 32 247 birds within ten years (De Mosenthal, 1877). Ostrich farming reached a peak during 1913 with 757 000 birds (De Jager, 1985, personal communication). Currently (1985) there are approximately 120 000 domesticated ostriches in South Africa. The commercial production of ostrich meat started in 1958 and the first abattoir was built in 1964. At the present moment 85 000 birds are slaughtered anually. Although the income from the carcass of a 14 month old ostrich comprise only 15% of the total income of a 14 month old bird (With the hide comprising 65% and, the first harvest feathers 20%), the subjects of carcass characteristics and meat quality has long been neglected. Very little is known about the anatomy of the skeleton and muscles of the ostrich, the post mortem reactions of these muscles and the effects of different slaughtering, chilling and deboning practices. The necessity of the above mentioned have proved very usefull in the beef, sheep, pork and poultry industries. With this present study we described the essential skeletal and muscular anatomy and included well known practices to the meat industry, such as electrical stimulation of the carcasses, post mortem pH monotoring of certain muscles, different deboning practices and vacuum packed ageing of selected cuts of ostrich meat. The obtained results are in agreement with general meat science, with expected inter-species variation, e.g. where the final pH-values of pork is relatively low at approximately 5,5; that of beef is higher at 5,7 and ostrich meat even higher at 6,0. Certain other fields of essential research are pointed out in this study, such as the growth and development of the ostrich, as well as certain basic biochemical research on the meat of the ostrich.
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Huang, Huilin. "Modelling structural change in the U.S. demand for meat." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42003.
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Recent empirical research on meat demand has debated whether or not
the effects of changing meat prices can explain all the observed changes
in meat consumption patterns. This thesis provides a framework for
modelling and testing for structural change using three commonly used
demand system -- a linear demand system, an inverse demand system, and
the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). Emphasis is placed on the
statistical adequacy of the models. Two specific issues are carefully
addressed: consumer concern for cholesterol and its effect on meat
demand, and the dynamics of adjustment in meat consumption.
When modelling the demand for beef, pork, chicken and turkey, none
of the three demand systems are found to be statistically adequate, and
consequently, cannot be used to address structural change issues for
these particular data and commodities. The AIDS models are re-estimated
in an attempt to model the demand for beef, pork, chicken and fish
instead of turkey. The dynamic versions of the AIDS models using either
a gradual shift spline path, a Farley-Hinich path, a variable measuring
cholesterol awareness, or the log of the cholesterol awareness variable
are all statistically adequate. Likelihood ratio tests on these models
indicate that structural change has occurred. The significance of the
cholesterol variable in the demand models indicates that health concern
is an important factor in meat purchasing decisions.
Master of Science
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Hoffman, Louwrens Christiaan. "Die doeltreffendheid van sekere parameters ter bepaling van die weefselsamestelling van varkkarkasse." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/65559.
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Thesis (MScAgric) -- Stellenbosch University, 1987.INLEIDING: Van al die plaasdiere, is die vark die enigste spesie wat slegs vir vleisprodukte aangehou word. Alhoewel daar verskeie varkrasse in Suid-Afrika bemark word, word hierdie varke, ongeag die ras, hoofsaaklik in die vleisbedryf vir twee doeleindes aangewend. Die ligter varkkarkasse (karkasmassa onder 50kg word as vleisvarke, en die swaarder varkkarkasse (karkasmassa bo 50kg) word as spekvarke verwerk. In hierdie projek is die doeltreffendheid van verskeie karkaspararneters ondersoek en as onafhanklike veranderlikes, afsonderlik of in kombinasie, in lineêre regressievergelykings gebruik, om sodoende regressievergelykings te verkry wat 'n hoë voorspellingswaarde van die varkkarkassamestelling i.t.v. vleis, vet en been sowel as van die groothandelsnitopbrengs en -samestelling van die karkasse besit.
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Keskinen, Lindsey Ann. "Impact of biofilm formation and sublethal injury of listeria monocytogenes on transfer to delicatessen meats." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 2006.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 19, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 209-220). Also issued in print.
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Shih, Yang-Ter. "Development of a low-fat Chinese-style sausage /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16207.pdf.
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Bull, Gregory Simon. "Marketing fresh venison in the Eastern Cape Province using a niche marketing strategy." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/136.
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There is a need in the Eastern Cape Province to expand the market for fresh venison. This need is due in part to fluctuations in the export market and fragmentation of consumption in the food industry, which has led to an increased demand for specialised and customised products. A suitable method for addressing these issues and successfully marketing fresh venison in the Eastern Cape Province was required, and based on the findings of this study, niche marketing was found to be a possible marketing method to explore. This study evaluated how a strategy of niche marketing could be used to market fresh venison within the Eastern Cape Province. By analysing this main problem the research attempted to identify and understand the challenges of marketing fresh venison to the final consumer in the Eastern Cape Province and to determine whether niche marketing would be a viable option when taking into account venison’s unique characteristics. Niche marketing was characterised and discussed in the light of other marketing approaches and the most important elements of a successful niche marketing strategy were highlighted. The information resulting from scrutiny of all of these sub-problems was then used to address the challenge of marketing fresh venison to the final consumer. In-depth interviews were deemed most suitable for this study based on the nature of the topic and the depth of expertise of qualified personnel in the Eastern Cape Province fresh venison industry. Consequently, four interviews were conducted with experts in the field. Using the niche marketing concept and the strategy that drives it, namely differentiation, possible niche markets were identified. A strategy of multiple niching was adopted to address the differentiation opportunities available, based on the relevant specialist roles of fresh venison. These differentiation opportunities in turn lead to competitive advantage. Possible niche target markets identified and analysed included the tourist market, travellers (foreign and local) by air and sea, the organic aware market and the pet food market. Branding was found to be an integral element for the niche marketing of venison and is also discussed. The main problems hindering fresh venison marketing in the Eastern Cape Province were found to be consumers’ lack of knowledge of venison, cultural differences and consumer preferences, lack of a formal infrastructure and control, and a lack of accurate data. These challenges need to be addressed before fresh venison can be successfully marketed in the Eastern Cape Province. Research needs to be conducted on the venison industry and formal supply chains and control channels need to be implemented before a quality product in substantial and consistent quantities can be successfully marketed to the final consumer. Consumers and industry personnel must be educated about venison and its merits, and fresh venison must initially target white tablecloth restaurants and specialised delicatessens, where service is as important as the product itself.
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Folk, Mary Kay. "Identifying Production Facility Characteristics in Small and Very Small Meat Processing Plants with Reference to FSIS Salmonella Test Results." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1218552809.
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Karaan, Abolus Salam Mohammad. "Informal red meat marketing : a case study in the Western Cape townships." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/58013.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1993.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Informal red meat trade was investigated as it occurs in the townships of the Cape Town metropole. To achieve this, an interactive research approach was followed, initially involving months of observation before scientific and empirical analysis was conducted. The informal marketing activities were described and analysed with the purpose of establishing its strengths; weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Criteria of efficiency and effectiveness were constantly employed. ln this regard, the prevailing system was tested against consumer needs and preferences. A large degree of consistency was found between the nature of supply by the informal sector and the nature of demand from its target consumer base. On this basis, it was deduced that the informal red meat marketing system has the potential to further contribute to development and township food security. The informal marketing system, how~ver, operates under specific constraints. These were identified and subsequently recommendations were made to alleviate these constraints, in order to maximise the contribution of informal red meat trade to local development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die informele bemarking van rooivleis, soos dit in die stadswyke (townships) van die Kaapstadse metropolis voorkom, is ondersoek. Deur middel van 'n interaktiewe navorsingsbenadering is daar aanvanklik maande lank net waargeneem voordat 'n wetenskaplike en empiriese analise gedoen kon word. Die werksaamhede van die informele rooivleismark is omskryf en ontleed met die oog op vasstelling van die sterk punte en swakhede, geleenthede en bedreigings van die bedryf. Kriteria van doeltreffendheid en effektiwiteit is deurgaans aangewend. In hierdie opsig is die huidige stelsel getoets aan verbruikersbehoeftes en voorkeure. Die wyse van aanbieding van die informele sektor het in 'n ruim mate ooreengestem met die aanvraag van die teikenverbruiker. Op grond hiervan word afgelei dat die stelsel van informele bemarking van rooivleis die potensiaal het om nog 'n groter bydrae te lewer tot die ontwikkeling van voedselsekuriteit in die 'townships'. Sekere faktore werk egter beperkend m op die informele bemarkingstelsel. Hierdie faktore is gei'dentifiseer en aanbevelings is gemaak ter opheffing van die beperkinge om sodoende die stelsel se bydrae tot plaaslike ontwikkeling·te maksimeer.
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Grover, John Hanley. "Winnipeg meat packing workers' path to union recognition and collective bargaining." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq23324.pdf.
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Kammer, Annelene. "Using geographical information systems to investigate the bushmeat phenomenon in KwaZulu-Natal." Diss., Pretoria ; [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03292007-153153.
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Crafford, Karlien. "An exploratory study in the Western Cape on game meat as a consumer product." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52670.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this research was to study the current purchasing and marketing behaviour of game meat by supermarkets, butcheries and restaurants in the Western Cape Province, and to investigate perceptions on, purchasing and consumption of game meat by South African consumers and overseas tourists visiting South Africa. Research was done by the survey method with the aid of structured, self-administered questionnaires. Chi-squared frequencies were used to test for significant influences of data. The research showed that South African consumers are poorly educated regarding the nutritional benefits and cooking methods of game meat. Consumers indicated that they would buy game meat if they were better informed on its qualities. Just over 73% of the respondents indicated that they have eaten game meat, whilst 66% of the respondents indicated that they would eat game meat again. South African consumers, however, indicated that they are not willing to pay more for game meat than other meat types. Race and educational level were the only two socio-demographical variables that showed significant differences. White respondents and respondents that were in the "post-High school diploma/degree" educational group, were better informed on game meat and were also more likely to buy game meat than either the black or coloured racial groups. The respondents indicated the leanness of meat as one of the most important quality considerations when they buy meat. This provides an opportunity for game meat marketers to market game meat as a low-fat meat product. This research succeeded in identifying target markets for game meat. Restaurants should market game meat for European tourists, whilst supermarkets and butcheries should focus on marketing game meat to white consumers and consumers with higher educational qualifications, but also target coloured and black consumers. This research confirmed that the South African game meat industry is plagued by numerous misconceptions and contradictions. It is evident that both consumers and marketers of game meat have contradictory beliefs regarding the seasonal availability of game meat. Consumers as well as some of the supermarket, butchery and restaurant meat buyers, are ill-informed regarding the sensory qualities, health benefits and preparation and cooking methods of game meat. Ironically, the research showed that tourists visiting South Africa were the respondent group that were the most knowledgeable regarding the sensory qualities and health benefits of game meat. This research provides a valuable pilot-study into the marketing possibilities of game meat.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om die huidige aankoop en bemarkingsgedrag vir wildsvleis deur supermarkte, slaghuise en restaurante in die Wes-Kaap gebied, en persepsies oor en aankoop van wild deur Suid-Afrikaanse verbruikers en oorsese toeriste wat Suid-Afrika besoek, te ondersoek. Gestruktureerde vraelyste is ontwerp om die navorsing volgens die opname metode uit te voer. Chi-kwadraat frekwensies is gebruik om beduidende invloede te meet. Die navorsing het gewys dat Suid-Afrikaanse verbruikers oningelig is aangaande die gesondheidsvoordele en gaarmaakmetodes van wildsvleis. Verbruikers het aangedui dat hulle wildsvleis meer gereeld sou koop indien hulle beter ingelig word oor wildsvleis se kwaliteite. Die navorsing het bewys dat toeriste wat Suid-Afrika besoek, beter ingelig is oor die sensoriese kwaliteite en gesondheidsvoordele van wildsvleis as Suid-Afrikaners. Net meer as 73% van die Suid-Afrikaanse respondente het aangedui dat hulle al voorheen wildsvleis geëet het, terwyl 66% aangedui het dat hulle weer wildsvleis sal eet. Suid-Afrikaanse verbruikers het egter genoem dat hulle nie bereid is om meer vir wildsvleis te betaal as vir ander vleis nie. Ras en opvoedkundige vlak is die enigste sosio-demografiese veranderlikes wat 'n beduidende invloed gehad het. Blanke respondente en respondente in die "post-hoërskool diploma/graad" opvoedkundige vlak, was beter ingelig oor wildsvleis en ook meer geneig om wildsvleis te koop. Die vetinhoud van vleis was vir meeste respondente 'n belangrike maatstaf by die keuse en aankoop van vleis. Aangesien wildsvleis 'n lae-vet produk is, is daar dus geleentheid vir vleisbemarkers om wildsvleis as 'n lae-vet produk te bemark. Hierdie navorsing het daarin geslaag om teikenmarkte vir wildsvleis te identifiseer. Restaurante moet fokus op oorsese toeriste wat Suid-Afrika besoek, terwyl supermarkte en slaghuise bemarking moet rig op verbruikers met 'n hoër opvoedkundige vlak en blanke verbruikers. Hierdie navorsing het bevestig dat die Suid-Afrikaanse wildbedryf geknel word deur verskeie wanpersepsies en teenstellings. Dit is duidelik dat sowel verbruikers as bemarkers van wildsvleis, teenstellende persepsies het aangaande seisoenale beskikbaarheid van wildsvleis. Hierdie navorsing verskaf 'n waardevolle voorloperstudie vir verdere navorsing oor die bemarkingsmoontlikhede van wildsvleis.
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Mulunga, Immanuel. "The impact of the SA-EU FTA and the Cotonou Agreement on the economy of Namibia with particular emphasis on the fisheries and meat sectors." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51982.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.On October 1999 South Africa signed a historic TDCA with the European Union. The main objective of this agreement is to liberalise most trade between the two parties over time through a free trade agreement. Namibia as a member of SACU became automatically a de facto member of the SA-EU FTA. At the same time the EU concluded another 20-year agreement with the ACP countries effectively changing its traditional trade relationship with these countries. Namibia also being a member of the ACP group of countries finds itself in the middle of these two agreements. South Africa and the EU however opted to leave some of the sectors that are considered sensitive out of the free trade agreement in order to mitigate some of the adjustment costs likely to be faced by lesser-developed partners in SACU such as Namibia. Beef is one of those sensitive sectors as it is the main Namibian agricultural export to both the EU and South Africa. The fisheries sector likewise contributes a lot to Namibia's export earnings and the fact South Africa and the EU are negotiating for a fisheries agreement could mean a change in Namibia's competitive position in this sector. The impact that these two agreements will have on the beef sector is not very significant or at least manageable at this stage. The impact on the fisheries sector is mainly uncertain at this stage in the absence of an EU-SA fisheries agreement. The major impact of the SA-EU FTA will be on government revenues, which rely heavily on receipts from the SACU common revenue pool. The SADC has also started its regional economic integration process, which the EU hopes to be a move towards a REPA with which it hopes to do business as part of the new Cotonou Agreement. However the vast disparities in economic development between the EU and SADC does not favour such a move. The benefits will most probably accrue to the EU and the costs to SADC countries, especially those countries that are not part of SACU. It is important that if the new Cotonou Agreement is to be mutually beneficial steps need to be taken to strengthen the industrial and export capacities of the ACP countries. Otherwise this wave of globalisation will be nothing but a zero sum game.
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Sell, Cameron W., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Environment and Agriculture. "An investigation into the Australian duck industry with particular reference to the energy and amino acid requirements of commercially farmed Australian pekin ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos)." THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Sell_C.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/522.
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Limited published data exists on the Australian duck industry, particularly in relation to the nutritional requirements of the commercial duck (Anas Platyrhynchos). A series of seven experiments was designed to determine whether current nutritional recommendations for energy, lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan were sufficient to optimise growth, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics of the duck. The ability of the duck to perform diet self selection was then examined for its potential use in the Australian industry. The outcome of the diet self selection experiments showed that ducks sometimes self select diets when offered choices from four diets differing in nutrient density. A key outcome of this research was the development of a revised set of nutrient specifications designed to maximise the performance of the Australian commercially grown duck. These proposed specifications could be economically beneficial to the expanding Australian duck industryDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Palmer-Boyes, Ashley E. Bader Christopher David. "Labor "meats" religion economic restructuring in the meatpacking industry and religious adherence in the Midwest /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5165.
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Brouwer, Adele. "Multi-market analysis of the impact of trade restrictions on importing live animals into South Africa." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04142005-145135.
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Sell, Cameron W. "An investigation into the Australian duck industry with particular reference to the energy and amino acid requirements of commercially farmed Australian pekin ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos)." Thesis, View thesis, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/522.
Full textAbstract:
Limited published data exists on the Australian duck industry, particularly in relation to the nutritional requirements of the commercial duck (Anas Platyrhynchos). A series of seven experiments was designed to determine whether current nutritional recommendations for energy, lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan were sufficient to optimise growth, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics of the duck. The ability of the duck to perform diet self selection was then examined for its potential use in the Australian industry. The outcome of the diet self selection experiments showed that ducks sometimes self select diets when offered choices from four diets differing in nutrient density. A key outcome of this research was the development of a revised set of nutrient specifications designed to maximise the performance of the Australian commercially grown duck. These proposed specifications could be economically beneficial to the expanding Australian duck industry
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Muchenje, Voster. "Growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Nguni, Bonsmara and Angus steers raised on natural pasture." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/199.
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The objective of the current study was to compare tick loads, growth, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Nguni, Bonsmara and Angus steers raised on natural pasture. A total of 30, 7-month old steers each of Bonsmara and Angus, and 40 Nguni steers were kept at the University of Fort Hare Farm till slaughter at 18 months. Monthly weights of the steers were recorded. Carcasses were electrically stimulated. The m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum was sampled for the measurement of meat colour, pH, drip loss, sarcomere length (SL), water holding capacity (WHC), cooking losses, myofibrillar fragmentation length (MFL), Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF), fatty acid profiles and sensory characteristics of the steers. Urine samples were collected at the slaughter line for the determination of stress hormone concentrations. The Nguni had the lowest tick load (P < 0.05) while the Angus had the highest tick load (P < 0.05). Tick load did not affect the growth rate and carcass characteristics of the steers. Bonsmara and Angus steers had higher (P < 0.05) carcass weight and dressing percentage than the Nguni steers. Meat quality characteristics were similar (P > 0.05) among all the breeds, except that Nguni meat was darker (L*) (P < 0.05) than meat from the other two breeds. The Bonsmara had the highest (P > 0.05) concentrations while the Nguni had the lowest (P > 0.05) concentrations of stress hormones. There were significant (P < 0.05) correlations between WB values of meat aged for two and 21 days in Nguni and Bonsmara, but not in Angus. The correlations among stress responsiveness hormones and meat quality were breed-dependent. Except monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and the n-6/n-3 ratio, fatty acid profiles among the breeds were similar (P > 0.05). Cholesterol levels among the breeds were similar (P > 0.05). The Nguni had the best (P < 0.05) sensory characteristics, such as flavour and tenderness. It can be concluded that while the Nguni is a small framed breed, its meat quality is similar to that of Bonsmara and Angus and has the best meat taste when raised on natural pasture.
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Mellett, Francois D. "Die volstruis as slagdier : aspekte van groei /." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1424.
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Thesis (PhD(Agric) (Animal Sciences))--Univsersity of Stellenbosch, 1992.The anatomy of the muscles of the hindquarters of the ostrich is described and presented graphically for the purpose of the present and future studies in meat science involving the ostrich. In the past, the lack of an accurate anatomical description of this species has led to the incorrect identification of certain muscles by researchers. The process of growth is described for 51 components of the ostrich body, which includes 21 muscles and four organs. Gompertz functions were calculated to formulate growth models for these components. Acceptable goodness-of-fit was obtained for the formulated models regarding the raw skin area, mass of the head, heart, filet and other muscles as well as certain bones. No information on similar models could he found for the description of growth of individual muscles or body parts of other meat animals. However, similar growth models are available for the description of live mass changes over time. Since the general growth curve is sigmoidal it is difficult to fit accurate curves by arithmetical methods. This has led to the development of simpler linear models, which express the growth of a body part relative to the growth of the same entire body. Time based predictions of yield are thus impossible. In fact, many of these allometric equations are simply in a different mathematical form, rather than being totally different equations. Furthermore, the latter equations cannot be used to predict accurate values at the positive and negative extremes since unrealistic values are obtained. Computer programs are presented in the dissertation which can be used without modification on various species, such as fish, poultry, plants and forests, as well as micro organisms in plant pathology, food science and sewage. With the development in computer technology and by means of the suggested programs, it is possible to describe the growth process on a time scale with ease. It is also possible to estimate the mass of any body part at birth (and possibly at conception) as well as at maturity. Evidence is provided that unrealistic asymptotic values are obtained with time based linear and polynomial functions as well as with published non linear allometric models for the description of growth in the ostrich. A goodness-of-fit test for the Gompertz function is presented. It is advisable to carry out this test before fitting alternative models, since the relationship between two variables is only linear on a double log scale when both variables can be described by similar functions on a time scale. A method for the calculation of the standard error at the point where maximum growth occurs is also presented. These methods can successfully be used for any of the above mentioned species. The point at which maximum growth occurred was used to compare the muscles of the hindquarters of the ostrich with that of Merino rams. This showed that these two species differ markedly in this regard. Furthermore, it was proved that certain economically important muscles still gained weight after the optimal skin size (120 dm2) was reached at the age of ten months. It is also shown that the fat content of ostrich meat (filet) varied independently of the abdominal fat content, and that it reached a minimum value of 0.3% at the popular slaughter age of 14 months. Reliable methods for age estimation of a slaughtered bird is presented, based on the growth models. This information can be used to develop a classification system for ostrich meat and other meat animals.
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Sell, Cameron W. "An investigation into the Australian duck industry with particular reference to the energy and amino acid requirements of commercially farmed Australian pekin ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos) /." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20051007.105841/index.html.
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Cook, Margaret M. "Can we prevent carpal tunnel syndrome in the red meat industry?: A study of job and personal factors associated with carpal tunnel syndrome." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36780/1/36780_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.
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Carpal tunnel syndrome is a disorder of the wrist and hand induced by compression of the median nerve between the inelastic carpal ligament and other structures within the carpal tunnel, and is a significant cause of disability in the working population. There has been much debate over the last few decades of the role not only played by occupational factors in the onset of the syndrome but also to the importance of personal factors. This debate as to whether it is an occupationally caused or personally attributed syndrome plays a major part in determining the role of employers in the prevention of the condition.
This study explores the occupational and personal factors associated with the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome within the red meat processing industry. With an aim of better understanding the causative factors, resulting in better workplace strategies for the prevention of the condition.
The specific objectives of the research are:
- to determine the incidence and prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in a sample of Australian red meat processing plants;
- to determine the association between a range of personal factors and the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome;
- to determine the association between a range of occupational factors and the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome; and
- to determine the natural history of carpal tunnel syndrome, and the uptake of medical services amongst red meat process workers who present with probable carpal tunnel syndrome
A cross-sectional study included nearly 600 workers employed across 7 plants; the longitudinal component of the study included 246 workers employed across 3 plants.
The case definition for carpal tunnel syndrome was based on a combination of both classic symptoms and median nerve neuropathy as determined by nerve conduction study. Utilising this case definition 23 percent of workers demonstrated carpal tunnel syndrome in at least one hand. Workers were more likely to present with carpal tunnel syndrome in the non-dominant hand (14 percent) than the dominant hand (11 percent). The prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in the general population has been determined in a number of studies to be approximately 2-3 percent (Atroshi et al., 1999, deK.rom et al., 1992, Tanaka et al., 1994). The current study results show a 7-fold increase in the prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome within this industry group compared to the general population.
The personal factor that demonstrated the strongest contribution to the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome was age. Forty percent of participants in the over 46 years age group presented with carpal tunnel syndrome, with only 15 % of participants in the under 26 years age group meeting the case definition.
When occupational factors were explored as a risk factor it was evident that certain jobs contributed highly to the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome, with these contributions being different for dominant-hand and non-dominant-hand presentation. Dominant-hand carpal tunnel syndrome was strongly associated with boning and slicing, both of which jobs require constant use of a knife in the dominant-hand in conjunction with high repetition and high use of hand force. Non-dominant-hand carpal tunnel syndrome was strongly associated with packing and slicing, both of which jobs require highly repetitive work from the non-dominant-hand.
Carpal tunnel syndrome was determined to be a major health issue for the red-meat processing industry, and the contributing factors appeared to be entrenched in the nature of its most fundamental jobs - slicing, packing and boning. Despite this, medical referrals were extremely low, and when medical opinion was sought, treatment options were often limited. The introduction of conservative injury management strategies appeared to offer the most immediate solution for the industry, while further research should seek to reduce the fundamental risk factors.
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Mussa, Dinna Mathemi. "High pressure processing of milk and muscle foods : evaluation of process kinetics, safety and quality changes." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35473.
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High pressure (HP) kinetics of the microbial destruction and changes in the physicochemical characteristics of milk and pork were studied. Raw milk samples containing indigenous microflora of approximately 106 CFU/mL were heat sealed in dual peel sterilization pouches and subjected to HP treatment from 150--400 MPa with holding times ranging 5--120 min. The kinetic parameters (rate constant, k and decimal reduction time, D) for the microorganisms, alkaline phosphatase, color and viscosity were evaluated, based on first order kinetics and the pressure dependence of kinetic parameters was evaluated using pressure destruction time (PDT) and Arrhenius models. Kinetic data was well described by the first order model (R 2 > 0.90).The application of pressure pulse was explored for pressure destruction of microorganisms as well as changes in physical-chemical characteristics of pork chops. Pork chops (2 days post-rigor) were subjected to HP treatment from 200--350 MPa for 0--120 min. Results showed that pressure changes of pork variables followed a dual effect consisting of an instantaneous pressure kill (IPK) with the application of pressure pulse (no holding) and a subsequent first order rate of destruction during the pressure hold time. The IPK values were pressure dependent and increased with pressure level. Parameters k and D indicated a higher rate of pressure destruction of microorganisms compared to quality attributes.
Kinetics of pressure destruction of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A were studied in relation to those of indigenous microorganism of milk and pork. The IPK was more pronounced with L. monocytogenes than with indigenous microflora. However, the kinetic parameters (k and D values) indicated a larger pressure resistance for L. monoctyogenes. HP processes were developed based on the standard plate count (SPC) kinetic data for indigenous microflora of milk as well as L. monocytogenes in milk and pork. The results showed that SPC kinetics permitted good estimation of microbial destruction in low pressure-lethality processes of milk and pork but its application at higher pressure-lethality levels were inaccurate. On the other hand, processes established based an destruction of L. monocytogenes were more predictable. Pressure pulse application to microbial lethality was also well predicted.
The shelf-life of milk and pork increased with the level of applied pressure lethality, but Q10 values suggested that low storage temperature was nevertheless required to control microbial growth and maintain quality. Storage of HP treated park offered some improvement in the texture but resulted in large color changes and drip losses. L. monocytogenes were not detected in any of the stored milk samples HP treated to achieve a lethality ≥10D.
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Engelbrecht, Anel. "Establishing genetic and environmental parameters for ostrich (Struthio camelus domesticus) growth and slaughter characteristics." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80204.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The ostrich industry is a predominantly quantitative industry; focused mainly on the production of large numbers of slaughter birds for maximum meat and leather yield. Competing in the international market in the current economic environment necessitates a more qualitative approach. Productivity and product quality are aspects that need to be improved in order to stay competitive and economically viable. Genetic parameters for ostrich slaughter traits are lacking, however, and breeding programs are yet to be developed. Data on quantitative and qualitative production and slaughter traits from a commercial ostrich breeding flock was consequently analysed to establish the relative importance of genetic and non-genetic influences on these traits. Genetic and environmental (co)variances as well as estimates of heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for and among the various traits using standard software for multi-trait genetic analyses. Substantial variation, high and favourable genetic correlations as well as moderate to high heritability estimates were found among, and for distinguished body weight traits of growing ostriches. Heritability estimates of 0.14, 0.22, 0.33, 0.43 and 0.43 for 1-month, 4-month, 7-month, 10-month and 13-month-old ostrich weights were estimated in a five-trait animal model analysis. All carcass component weight traits, with the exception of the weight of the liver, showed significant genetic variation. No significant maternal permanent environmental variance was evident for these traits. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.21 (for subcutaneous fat weight) to 0.45 (for neck weight) in multi-trait analyses. The only potentially unfavourable correlation was a high genetic correlation between live weight and subcutaneous fat weight, as fat is considered as a waste product in the present system. The heritability estimates for individual muscle weights ranged from 0.14 to 0.43, while the genetic correlation between these weights and pre-slaughter live weight were all positive, ranging from 0.59 to 0.82. When meat quality traits were analysed it was evident that lightness (L*) and ultimate pH (pHu) showed significant genetic variation, with heritability estimates of 0.37 and 0.42, respectively. L* and pHu were negatively correlated (-0.65 ± 0.19). Since pH is an indicator of various meat quality parameters, it could be considered as an appropriate selection criterion for enhanced meat quality. With the exception of skin grading and crown length, all quantitative and qualitative skin traits showed significant genetic variation. Nodule traits were accordingly moderate to highly heritable. A negative, but favourable, correlation between weight and hair follicle score was ascertained, as hair follicles is a defect that should be selected against. This study demonstrated that sufficient genetic variation exists for most slaughter traits to allow sustained genetic progress for these traits, should it be desired as part of the overall selection objective. Combining some of the current economically important slaughter traits in a provisional selection index, it was clear that weight and crust skin size contributed most to monetary gain (approximately 54 and 38%, respectively). It was also demonstrated with this simple index that monetary gains in slaughter bird production should be easy to achieve at all levels of production performance and data recording.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die volstruisbedryf is hoofsaaklik ‘n kwantitatiewe bedryf wat meerendeels fokus op die produksie van groot getalle slagvolstruise vir die produksie van vleis en leer. Siende dat die bedryf hoofsaaklik op uitvoere fokus, word aanvaar dat ‘n verandering in strategie na ‘n meer kwalitatiewe benadering nodig is, in ag geneem die huidige ekonomiese situasie en marktoestande. Produktiwiteit sowel as produkgehalte moet in ag geneem word vir die bedryf om lewensvatbaar te bly. Daar is egter ‘n gebrek aan genetiese parameters vir volstruisslageienskappe, terwyl doeltreffende teeltstelsels nog ontwikkel moet word. Data van kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe produksie- en slageienskappe is gevolglik van ‘n kommersiële volstruis teeltkudde verkry en ontleed om die relatiewe belang van genetiese en nie-genetiese effekte op die eienskappe te kwantifiseer. Genetiese- en omgewings (ko)variansies, asook beramings van oorerflikheid sowel as genetiese en fenotipiese korrelasies, is vervolgens vir en tussen die onderskeie eienskappe beraam deur van standaard sagteware vir veelvuldige-eienskap genetiese ontledings gebruik te maak. Aansienlike variasie, hoë en meestal gunstige korrelasies, sowel as matige tot hoë oorerflikhede, is tussen en vir die onderskeie ligaamsgewigte van groeiende volstruise gevind. Oorerflikheidsberamings van 0.14, 0.22, 0.33, 0.43 en 0.43 is vir 1-maand, 4-maande, 7-maande, 10-maande en 13-maande-oue volstruise in ‘n vyf-eienskap dieremodel ontleding gekry. Alle karkaskomponentgewigte, met die uitsondering van die gewig van die lewer, het betekenisvolle genetiese variasie getoon. Oorerflikheidsberamings het tussen 0.21 (vir onderhuidse vetgewig) en 0.45 (vir nekgewig) gevarieer in veelvuldige-eienskapontledings. Die enigste moontlike ongunstige korrelasie was tussen liggaamsgewig en onderhuidse vetgewig, siende dat vet as ‘n afvalproduk gereken word in die huidige stelsel. Die oorerflikhede van die gewigte van indiwiduele spiere het van 0.14 tot 0.43 gevarieer, terwyl die genetiese korrelsies tussen hierdie gewigte en voorslaggewig deurgaans positief was, met waardes wat van 0.59 tot 0.82 gewissel het. Tydens die ontleding van vleisgehalte eienskappe was dit duidelik dat ligtheid (L*) en uiteindelike pH (pHu) genetiese variasie getoon het, met oorerflikheidsberamings van onderskeidelik 0.37 en 0.42. L* en pHu was negatief gekorreleerd op die genetiese vlak (-0.65 ± 0.19). Aangesien pH ‘n aanduiding is van verskeie vleisgehalteparameters, kan dit moontlik as ‘n indirekte seleksie-kriterium vir verbeterde vleisgehalte gesien word. Alle kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe veleienskappe het genetiese variasie getoon, met die uitsondering van velgradering en kroonlengte. Knoppie-eienskappe van die veerfollikels op die vel was ooreenstemmend matig tot hoog oorerflik. ‘n Negatiewe, maar gunstige, genetiese korrelasie is tussen liggaamsgewig en haarfollikelpunt beraam, siende dat haarfollikels ‘n defek is waarteen daar geselekteer moet word. Hierdie studie dui op voldoende genetiese variasie vir die meeste slageienskappe om voldoende genetiese vordering te verseker indien dit verlang sou word. Somminge van hierdie eienskappe wat tans van ekonomiese belang is, is vervolgens in ‘n voorlopige seleksie-indeks gekombineer. Dit was duidelik dat liggaamsgewig en velgrootte die meeste tot monetêre vordering bygedra het (onderskeidelik ongeveer 54 en 38%). Dit is vervolgens aangetoon dat monetêre vordering maklik haalbaar behoort te wees op alle vlakke van produksieprestasie en data-aantekening.
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Tuengerthal, Hansjürgen. "Zur Umsetzung von EG-Richtlinien und staatengerichteten EG-Entscheidungen in deutsches Recht : und Überprüfung der Umsetzung der Fleischhygienegebührenrechtsakte der EG /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/365118710.pdf.
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Lehrke, Linda. "Determining and Evaluating Cost-Effective Food Safety Risk Reduction Strategies at Retail Meat Facilities." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2006. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29906.
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In spite of the documented success of Pathogen Reduction and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (PR/HACCP) at the processing level, farm-level and retail-level application is optional. Several factors impact the gap of food safety regulations from farm to fork. This thesis focuses on the retail level. At the retail level, pathogen survival and the associated ability to cause further disease to humans even after being subjected to certain processing and packaging conditions have varying implications on the probability of sickness or death. This issue also arises over the fact that, sometimes, appropriate handling and processing instructions are not properly followed by consumers. The primary goals of the project are to develop an optimal food safety intervention strategy that incorporates risk, cost, and the value of pathogen reduction with alternative control mechanism. We wish to evaluate incentives for PR/HACCP-like planning and adherence to best management practices that promote safe food production. These incentives will be evaluated for the retail level. In addition, we will develop optimal intervention strategies for ready-to-eat meats and poultry products that incorporate risk assessment, cost of intervention, and the value of risk reduction of alternative strategies for the farm-to-table continuum. The model adopted in this study is an expansion of the stochastic optimization model developed by Nganje, Kaitibie, and Sorin (2005) to include the optimal intervention strategy at the retail ( consumer) level. These components are simulated with firm-level microbial data at the processing and retail level using stochastic optimizer software. Stochastic dominance was also used to compare across the optimal strategies and determine if there is one clear choice that is preferred. This allowed us incorporate risk preferences of firms. The scenario method was used to determine what factors would likely affect the adoption of PR/HACCP at the retail level. Finally, this thesis provides firms and policymakers a direction for future options concerning risk mitigation strategies.
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Nyamakwere, Faith. "Microbiological analyses of beef slaughtering process and meat safety knowledge of handlers at selected high and low thoughput abattoirs." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2238.
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The objective of the study was to evaluate meat hygiene practices among meat handlers and microbiological analysis of beef carcasses, slaughtermen hands, equipment and water from low throughput (LTA) and high throughput (HTA) abattoirs in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. In stage one of the study, the level of knowledge, practices and attitudes towards meat safety and personal hygiene of slaughtermen were assessed. Forty workers directly involve in beef cattle slaughtering process were surveyed. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, it contained questions on some of the most important meat safety cues such as knowledge, attitudes, personal hygiene and handling practices. Cross tabulation and Chi-square Test of Association were performed to examine the relationships between the demographic information and the knowledge regarding meat safety using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Overall, a significant adherence to basic hygiene practices and a satisfactory level of knowledge were observed. Workers from a HTA yielded comparatively better statistically significant scores. Moreover, knowledge and practices of respondents were significantly associated (P<0.05) due to educational level and professional training. The second stage of the study involved evaluating the level to which cattle carcass, equipment, slaughtermen hands and water were contaminated with Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella, Escherichia coli and aerobic colony counts (ACC) at different stages during the slaughter process (skinning, evisceration, carcass slitting, inspection, washing and packing). Cattle carcasses were sampled at four sites (rump, neck, flank and brisket) from a LTA (n= 240) and HTA (n= 384) abattoirs. Using conventional biochemical tests, HTA yielded significantly (P<0.05) higher ACC (5.2 log CFU/cm2), E. coli (2.6 log CFU/cm2) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.9 log CFU/cm2) carcass mean scores than LTA after skinning and evisceration. Specific abattoir hygiene differences were noted from washed and chilled carcasses. Salmonella was not detected across all sampled slaughter process stages. In addition, the equipment had bacterial load ranging from 10 to 4 CFU/cm2 for LTA, whereas in HTA this was found to be 7 to 3 CFU/cm2. The bacterial counts for slaughtermen hands were estimated to be 15 to 8 CFU/cm2 in HTA and 10 to 5 CFU/cm2 in LTA. Overall, slaughtermen hands and equipment in the dirty area (skinning and evisceration) yielded more bacterial counts compared to those in the clean area (slitting, inspection, washing and packing) from both abattoirs. For all the sampled carcasses, equipment and slaughtermen hands, HTA yielded comparatively higher (P<0.05) bacterial counts than the LTA. Although the results showed a significant adherence to basic hygiene practices, some aspects such as routine medical examination, health certificates and professional training of slaughtermen still need to be improved. Therefore, these findings show that slaughtermen, equipment and water can be sources of contamination during the slaughter process.
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De, Bruyn Pietersarel. "Transaction cost as a basis for deciding on marketing channels in the rural meat markets of the northern communal areas of Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53198.
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Thesis (MAgricAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Transaction cost economics has travelled a difficult and long path to general acceptance in current economic opinion. The general theory of transaction cost has however developed in various paradigms with little or no empirical backing. It is mostly the difficulty of measurement that caused economists to shy away from empirical testing and rather, to quote Coase (1992), "to write in prose". The last 10 years there has been a renewed thrust for the empirical measurement of transaction cost. This study is an attempt to measure transaction cost by using case study data gathered in the run of the NOLIDEP study in the meat markets of the Northern Communal areas of Namibia. Until recently the method of data analysis that has been used in most empirical studies was variations of the regression technique. Regression as a tool is most useful in economics, giving quick answers and general trends to the researcher. It is however a technique that is linear in nature and therefore some information in the data will always be sacrificed. In general- and multi industry surveys this do not pose a great problem as general trends can usefully be applied in making policy recommendations. In smaller and especially rural industries this is not the case. The dynamic interactions within the industry and its dynamic linkages with the rest of the economy will surely be underrated when using a linear method. Consequently, a non-linear technique was applied in this study - the Non-linear Dynamic Model. This model gave the interactions between all variables enabling one to describe the dynamics of the market. As mentioned elsewhere the first aim of this study was to measure transaction cost so that the second aim could be fulfilled. The second aim of this study was to prove that transaction cost has an important influence on marketing channel decision. The analysis of the data satisfied the above two aims: Firstly it showed that it was possible to measure transaction cost. Secondly that transaction cost has a large and sometimes overriding influence on marketing channel decisions. A third and last point that became apparent was that a non-linear method of data analysis allows for better description of a dynamic market.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit het 'n lang tyd gevat vir transaksie koste om as konsep in ekonomie aanvaar te word. Die algemene teorie van transaksie koste het egter ontwikkel binne verskeie paradigmas sonder werklike empiriese ondersteuning. Dit is meestal die meting van transaksie koste wat empiriese werk in die rigting belemmer het. Daar is egter in die laaste 10 jaar hernude pogings gewees om transaksie koste empiries te meet. Hierdie studie is 'n poging om transaksie koste te meet deur gebruik te maak van data wat verkry is gedurende die NOLIDEP studie in die noordelike kommunale gebiede van Namibia. Tot onlangs was die metode van data analise vir empiriese studies variasies op die regressie tegniek. As 'n hulpmiddel is regressie baie bruikbaar in ekonomie waar vinnige antwoorde en algemene tendense verwag word. Die tegniek is egter inhirent liniêr en daarom sal daar altyd interpretasies rondom data opgeoffer word. In algemene studies is dit egter nie 'n probleem nie en kan voldoende beleids aanbevelings gedoen word. Dit is egter nie die geval in kleiner en plantelandse industriëe nie. Die dinamiese interaksies binne die industrie en die dinamiese skakels met die res van die ekonomie word dan onderskat met die gebruik van 'n liniêre metode. Daarom is 'n nie-liniêre metode gebruik, die Non-linear Dynamic Model. Die model neem die interaksie tussen veranderlikes in ag wat die beskrywing van dinamika moontlik maak. Soos reeds genoem is die eerste doel van die studie om transaksie koste te meet sodat die tweede doelwit van die studie bereik kan word. Die tweede doel is om te bewys dat transaksie koste bemarkingskanaai besluite bëinvloed. Die data analise het beide bogenoemde doelwitte bevredig. Eerstens dat transaksie koste meetbaar is. Tweedens dat transaksie koste 'n groot en selfs oorweldigende effek het op bemarkingskanaai besluite. 'n Derde punt wat sterk na vore gekom het is dat nie-liniêre metodes 'n beter beskrywing van dinamika toelaat.
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Santos, Elison Matos. "Análise econômica da produção de ovinos em sistemas de seleção genética e vendas de cordeiros para abate." Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6365.
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When you verify the economic profitability and quantify the centers of costs of a productive activity you are developing an analysis of production costs. This analysis allows a clearer reading and a more accurate diagnosis of the actual economic situation of the property. The objective of this study was to verify the main costs of production, between two systems of sales of sheep. The systems were characterized in S1 - this occurred when the product was animals for sale of breeding; and S2 - when the product was the sale of lambs to the slaughter. All data were obtained according to costs and performance of activity during the period of 15 January 2013 to 15 January 2014, of a property in south-central Sergipe. For storage and interpretation of the data we used two software management of the agricultural Prodap GP® (2007) to assess the economic indicators and the MultOvinos® for analysis zootecnical indicares. Variable costs possessed greater representation on the operational costs, for both the S1 and S2 representing 86.7% and 85.5% respectively. The greater representation of variable costs, in both systems, was with the concentrated feed used in animal nutrition S1 59.7% and S2 58.5%. The forage represented 14.2% and the hand labor 8.7% in S1, while in S2 13.9% for the forage and 17.1% with hand labor. Already fixed costs represented 13.3% in S1 and 14.5% in S2, the greatest contribution of fixed cost comes from the cost of depreciation of assets S1 98.8% and S2 98.6 %. Revenue from the sale S1 was composed of a ruffian and breeding animals both males and females. Revenue from S2 was composed by selling lamb to the slaughter and disposal of animals. The S1 totaled a gross income of R$ 77,850.00 and S2 R$ 34,149.28. During the study period the two systems evaluated achieved gross margin (difference between gross income and effective operational cost) negative S1 R$ $-9,267.31 and S2 R$ -10,310.88, leading to a short decapitalisation term and showing be precise a rapid decision- making by the producer so he can continue in the activity.Quando se busca verificar a rentabilidade econômica e quantificar os centros de gastos de uma atividade produtiva está se desenvolvendo uma análise de custos de produção. Esta análise permiti uma leitura mais clara e um diagnóstico mais preciso da real situação econômica da propriedade. Objetivou-se com esse estudo verificar os principais custos de produção em dois sistemas de comercialização de ovinos. Os sistemas foram caracterizados em S1 - quando o produto eram animais para comercialização de reprodutores; e S2 quando o produto era a comercialização de cordeiros para o abate. Foram obtidos todos os dados quanto as despesas e as receitas da atividade durante o período de 15 de janeiro de 2013 a 15 de janeiro de 2014 de uma propriedade no centro-sul sergipano. Para armazenamento e interpretação dos dados foi utilizado dois softwares de gerenciamento agropecuário, o PRODAP GP® (2007) para as análises econômicas e o MultOvinos® para avaliação dos indicadores zootécnicos. Os custos variáveis possuíram maior representação sobre o custo operacional, tanto do S1 como do S2 representando 86,7% e 85,5% respectivamente. A maior representatividade dos custos variáveis em ambos os sistemas foi com o alimento concentrado fornecido aos animais S1 59,7% e S2 58,5%. O volumoso representou 14,2% e a mão-de-obra 8,7% no S1, enquanto que no S2 13,9% para o alimento volumoso e 17,1% com mão-de-obra. Já os custos fixos representaram 13,3% no S1 e 14,5% no S2. Dos custos fixos, a maior contribuição provém dos custos com a depreciação dos bens S1 98,8% e S2 98,6%. A receita do S1 foi composta pela venda de um rufião e de animais reprodutores tanto machos como fêmeas. A receita do S2 foi composta pela venda de cordeiro para o abate e de animais de descarte. O S1 totalizou uma renda bruta de R$ 77.850,00 e o S2 de R$ 34.149,28. Durante o período estudado os dois sistemas avaliados obtiveram margem bruta (diferença entre a renda bruta e o custo operacional efetivo) negativa S1 R$-9.267,31 e S2 R$ -10.310,88, levando a uma descapitalização em curto prazo e mostrando ser preciso uma rápida tomada de decisão por parte do produtor para que ele possa continuar na atividade.
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Xu, He Kensinger John W. "Crude oil and crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-5106.
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Cloete, Johanna Cecilia. "Die rol van waardetoevoeging in die produksie, verwerking en verspreiding van rooivleis in die Langeberg." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19919.
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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates, primarily, value adding in the red meat value chain, and secondary, the scope of red meat consumption in the Langeberg on a formal level. The value chain is proposed as a value system, since the latter dispose of feedback capacity. This ability of a system means that the elements identified can change and influence each other, unlike a value chain, where information is traditionally sent linearly. Vanaf a systems approach, the production, processing and distribution of red meat are investigated by means of a qualitative and quantitative analysis of data. Critical points of change are identified to improve resource use within the value chain in order to decrease the price of meat. Changes in the red meat industry over the past 80 years had a distinct influence on the current structure of the red meat value chain. It is therefore necessary to understand the history in order to predict the future. Vanaf this viewpoint the Red Meat Scheme is discussed, as well as the typical structure of the value chain, which serves as a benchmark for the analysis to follow. Red meat refers to beef, sheep/lamb and pork. The analysis of data is done using Interactive Qualitative Analysis© and descriptive statistics. Open and close ended questions are included in questionnaires for the interviews. Respondents included are role players in the Langeberg red meat industry which are situated in the area as well as those who are directly involved, but not situated in the area. Role players in the Langeberg include producers, feedlots, agents, abattoirs, supermarkets and butcheries, while wholesalers vanaf outside who are involved in the area, are also contacted. Some interesting finding vanaf the quantitative analysis include 1) supermarkets and butcheries in the Langeberg differ, on average, only 29c/kg on a selection of meat cuts, 2) labour is the single largest expense for the majority of respondents, and 3) the per capita consumption of red meat in the area is considerably lower that the national norm: 15.78kg versus 25.39kg. If is apparent that the role of the informal market cannot be ignored and questions arise about the validity of the national norm. After analysing around 700 data cards the Red Meat Value System of the Langeberg were constructed. The most important characteristics of the system are that government regulations and supermarket standards seems to be the largest driver of change within the system, while price is the biggest receiver of influence (and therefore the largest “variable”). Recommendation that are supported by the analysis: Increase in genetic material of weaned animals leads to better quality meat; Direct supply by abattoirs to retailers increase both parties‟ ability to add value; Vertical integration in the value chain can increase the viability of enterprises; Availability of meat of different grading on retail level can increase the quality of carcasses within a given grading level; The regressive nature of VAT can decrease with the abolition of VAT on lower graded carcasses, while total abolition will benefit both the industry and consumers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie ondersoek primêr die waardetoevoeging in die rooivleis waardeketting en sekondêr die omvang van verbruik in die Langeberg op 'n formele vlak. Die waardeketting word voorgestel as 'n waardestelsel, aangesien laasgenoemde oor wederkerende/terugvoer kapasiteit beskik. Hierdie vermoë van 'n stelsel beteken dat die elemente wat geïdentifiseer word mekaar kan verander en beïnvloed, terwyl 'n waardeketting, tradisioneel, inligting slegs lineêre aanstuur. Vanuit 'n stelselsbenadering word die produksie, verwerking en verspreiding van rooivleis ondersoek, deur gebruik te maak van beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe ontledings van data. Kritiese punte van verandering word geïdentifiseer om hulpbronne in die waardeketting beter te benut en sodoende vleis goedkoper aan die verbruiker beskikbaar te stel. Oor die afgelope 80 jaar het veranderinge in die rooivleisbedryf bepaald 'n invloed gehad op die huidige struktuur van die rooivleis waardeketting. Dit is dus nodig om die geskiedenis te verstaan om die toekoms te voorspel. Met hierdie uitgangspunt is die Rooivleisskema bespreek asook die tipiese struktuur van die waardeketting, as maatstaf vir die ontleding van data wat volg. Rooivleis verwys na bees-, skaap- en varkvleis. Die ontleding van data is gedoen m.b.v. Interactive Qualitative Analysis© en beskrywende statistiek. Vraelyste met ope en geslote vrae is gebruik tydens onderhoude. Respondente wat ingesluit is, is rolspelers in die bedryf in die Langeberg wat binne die area gesetel is, sowel as diegene wat direk betrokke is, maar nie in die area gesetel is nie. Rolspelers in die Langeberg sluit in produsente, voerkrale, agente, abattoirs, supermarkte en slaghuise, terwyl groothandelaars van buite die area wat in die area betrokke is, ook genader is. Verskeie interessanthede is gevind met die kwantitatiewe data ontleding; onder andere dat 1) supermarkte en slaghuise in die Langeberg, vir 'n mandjie van vleissnitte, met gemiddeld slegs 29c/kg verskil, 2) arbeid die grootste enkele uitgawe is vir die meerderheid van respondente en 3) die per kapita verbruik van rooivleis in die area heelwat laer is as wat die nasionale norm is, naamlik 15.78kg teenoor 25.39kg. Dit is dus duidelik dat die rol van die informele mark nie geïgnoreer kan word nie en vrae ontstaan oor die geldigheid van die nasionale norm. Na 'n ontleding van ongeveer 700 data kaarte is die Rooivleis-waardestelsel vir die Langeberg gekonstrueer. Die belangrikste kenmerke van die stelsel is dat dit wil voorkom asof regering regulasies en kettingwinkel standaarde die grootste drywer van verandering in die stelsel is, terwyl prys die grootste ontvanger van invloed (en dus die grootste “veranderlike”) is. Aanbevelings wat deur die ontleding ondersteun word: Verbetering in die genetiese materiaal van gespeende diere lei tot beter kwaliteit vleis; Direkte verskaffing deur abattoirs aan kleinhandelaars verbeter beide partye se vermoë om waarde toe te voeg; Vertikale integrasie in die waardeketting die lewensvatbaarheid van ondernemings kan verhoog; Beskikbaarstelling van verskillende graderings vleis op kleinhandelvlak die kwaliteit van die karkasse binne 'n gegewe graderingsvlak kan verbeter; Die regressiewe aard van BTW kan verminder word deur die afskaffing van BTW op laer gradering karkasse, alhoewel totale afskaffing tot groter voordeel van die bedryf en verbruikers sal wees.
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Van, Niekerk Pieter du Preez. "Product development as part of a positioning strategy for the hunting industry in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/111.
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In this study on product development and positioning in the hunting industry in the Eastern Cape, two conceptual frameworks were developed, based on a literature study. These positioning and product development concepts were tested against primary and secondary information gathered about the hunting industry. The game and hunting industries were in a strong growth phase at the time of this study. These industries are playing an increasingly important role in the economy of the Eastern Cape, and more and more agricultural land is utilised for game ranching. From the perspective of obtaining a competitive advantage in an increasingly competitive environment, it is therefore important for hunting providers to develop suitable products, and to position these products correctly. It is also important to investigate the characteristics of the game and hunting industries in the Eastern Cape and to get information about the characteristics of the market in which product development and positioning take place. Hunting is the most important form of game utilisation in the Eastern Cape, followed by cropping of game and live game sales. At the time of this study, the total value of the game utilised annually in the Eastern Cape was in excess of R168 million. Game utilisation seemed to be taking place on a sustainable basis, as the number of animals utilised annually was less than the annual production. Kudu and springbok provide the biggest total income, and, together with mountain reedbuck, are the most abundant species in the Eastern Cape. The main game-producing areas in the Eastern Cape coincide with the areas where extensive beef, sheep and goat farming are practised. The hunting products on offer from hunting providers, differ in certain ways. Aspects like price, type of hunting provided, game species available for hunting, terrain where hunting takes place, and various other aspects in connection with the hunt, differ from hunting provider to hunting provider. Characteristics of the hunting experience that hunters desire may be divided into core and variable elements. The core elements include: · the conditions pertaining to the hunt being spelt out clearly; · the maintenance of safety standards; · reasonable day fees; · the presence of game in sufficient numbers; and · other aspects generally desired by hunters. In the study it was found that the needs of hunters also differ regarding certain aspects of the hunting experience. These variable elements include price levels, type and availability of accommodation, and the role of the hunting provider. The core aspects that hunters desire are as a rule part of the product offering. From a product development perspective, the variable elements provide an opportunity to customise products to hunter needs. The inclusion or exclusion of variable elements from the product offering give rise to certain unique product features, and therefore provide the opportunity for product differentiation. After development, products are positioned firstly by selecting a market segment to focus on. Secondly, the needs of hunters in the target segment should be clearly identified, followed by the development of suitable products based on hunter needs, and taking into account the features of competitive offerings. Decisions should also be taken about the features to be included in the product offering to achieve product differentiation. After development of a suitable product, an image or brand should be chosen for the product, and this image should be effectively communicated to the market. A number of possible positioning options were identified for hunting providers. It was found that factors like the physical features of the ranch, available infrastructure, the market segment chosen, desires of the hunting providers, and the perception of the needs of hunters, eventually influence decisions about product development and positioning. The final decisions on positioning should take the core competencies of the hunting provider into account and should ensure that the hunting provider has the ability to fill the chosen position in the market.
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Shang, Xia. "The Effect of Food Safety and Quality on the Consumption and Price of Meat in Beijing, China." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29312.
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China's economic success has helped it become one of the largest markets in the world. As a result, the demand for agricultural commodities in China has experienced a significant increase. Increasingly affluent Chinese people are paying increasing attention to food safety and quality instead of just quantity. Understanding how meat demands and prices are related to food safety and quality in Beijing will provide guidance for industry and policymakers interested in the Chinese meat market. The purpose of this study is to develop two models to analyze meat demand and prices associated with food safety and quality respectively. First, An Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is used to investigate the effects of food safety on meat consumption. To address the potential bias of zero consumption in the estimation procedures, a simulated maximum likelihood (SML) estimation is applied in the regression. Second, we analyze the
implicit price of meat with the intrinsic and extrinsic attributes using a hedonic price model. Five meat categories are regressed on several intrinsic and extrinsic attributes in the model using household survey data collected in Beijing in 2007. The key results of this research have two major outcomes. First, food safety has a significant and positive influence on meat consumption for Beijing residents. Second, the
quality-related attributes or characteristics such as meat appearance, supermarket, meat brand, and processed meat as well as demographic variables such as household head's income have a significantly positive influence on the price of meat, which suggest that the consumers in Beijing are willing to pay a price premium to guarantee the quality and safety of meat.
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Derbyshire, Walter. "Game meat production in the Xhariep district of the Free State province : evaluating and optimising resources." Thesis, [Bloemfontein?] : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/137.
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Thesis (D. Tech. Environmental health) -- Central University of technology, Free State, 2011In addition to one national park and six nature reserves, the Free State Province boasts several privately owned game reserves, as well as game farmers and commercial stock farmers who keep game. A survey conducted in 1985 showed that the majority of game could be found in the Xhariep District situated in the southern and south-western parts of the province. Game export abattoirs and processing facilities are situated in provinces other than the Free State, which results not only in an outflow of game carcasses for export purposes, but also a loss of employment opportunities and opportunities for the generation of foreign currency from a district (Xhariep) which, from a socio-economic perspective, is seen as deprived. There are 21 non-export highthroughput red meat abattoirs in the province, posing the question as to whether these could be used for the slaughtering of game. This study aimed firstly to compile guidelines for the wild game meat industry regarding the production of wild game meat for the international market and to assess wild game production and utilisation in the Xhariep District through a comprehensive survey of game farming practices, game numbers and species, as well as the utilisation of game through various consumptive and non-consumptive methods. A further aim was to investigate practices at existing slaughter facilities in order to determine their potential to be adapted into wild game meat export facilities and assess such potential via a standardised protocol. The research commenced with an investigation into processing and export requirements for wild game meat in South Africa through a literature study of all EU legislation, directives and other relevant literature on the subject, and provides comprehensive reference material for entrepreneurs and developers in the wild game meat industry. Methodologies utilised included audits to determine the extent to which abattoirs conform to the structural, operational and documentation meat hygiene requirements followed by the development of a novel assessment matrix for measuring the level of compliance of existing abattoirs and their potential to be developed into European Union (EU) export facilities. The survey of the Xhariep area concluded that a significant potential exists for the expansion of the game industry, as several respondents indicated that they were interested in expanding their game production and that they had land available for this purpose. A further indication was that the game would be highly marketable because it was free ranging and could be regarded as organic due to the absence or controlled use of additives and pesticides that could result in chemical residues in the meat. The establishment of a wild game export facility was favoured by nearly 70% of the respondents. The hygiene evaluation of existing slaughter facilities in the Free State Province resulted in six slaughtering facilities being rated as good or excellent, demonstrating the potential to successfully process game meat for the export market. This was tested by utilising the proposed evaluation matrix, which rated the abattoirs most suited to be adapted into game meat processing facilities for export purposes. The value of this approach lies in the fact that it is not only restricted to local markets, but can be utilised internationally by the abattoir industry, as well as the fact that it is not species specific. It should, however, be applied objectively by knowledgeable operators in the industry. It is concluded that institutions in the Free State Province possess the knowledge and ability to not only produce wild game meat, but also to successfully process this commodity through the optimal utilisation of existing high-throughput red meat abattoirs. By utilising existing management skills and affecting relatively minimal adjustments to existing structures, these resources should be utilised to successfully enter the wild game meat export market which should, in turn contribute towards the prosperity of the Xhariep District.