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1
Szűcs, István, and Viktoria Vida. "Global tendencies in pork meat - production, trade and consumption." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 11, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2017): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2017/3-4/15.
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World meat production is anticipated to stagnate in 2016, rising by a mere 0.3% to 320.7 million tonnes. Increases in output are expected in the United States, Brazil, the EU, India and the Russian Federation, while reduced production is foreseen for China, Australia and South Africa. Global meat trade is forecast to recover in 2016, growing by 2.8% to 30.6 million tonnes, which would represent a return to trend, after a fall in 2015. World production of pig meat in 2016 is forecast to decrease marginally, by 0.7% to 116.4 million tonnes, thus registering a second year of virtual stagnation. As in 2015, lower output in China, which accounts for almost half the world total, is the main reason for the slowdown. An unfavourable feed-pork price ratio in the country and new environmental regulations have caused farmers to reduce breeding sows, stalling growth. China’s production is projected to be 54 million tonnes, down 2.5% from the previous year. Elsewhere in Asia, the Philippines and Vietnam could boost output. Also, production in Japan and the Republic of Korea may expand, as the industry recovers from outbreaks of PED, which reduced piglet numbers in the previous two years. Recovery from the effects of PED has been faster in the United States, where a second year of growth is anticipated, when production could increase by 1.9% to a record 11.3 million tonnes. Output in Mexico also continues to recover, following a PED outbreak in 2014, and may rise in 2016 by 2.0% to 1.3 million tonnes. Pork meat trade could experience a second year of growth, increasing by 4.4% to 7.5 million tonnes – a record level. Lower international prices have stimulated trade. Most of the principal importing countries are anticipated to increase their purchases, including Mexico, China, the Russian Federation, the United States, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Australia. In response to rising demand, exports are projected to grow, in particular those of the United States, Canada, the EU and Brazil (FAO, 2016). Summarizing, in this study we wish to examine how evolve the world pork meat production, trade and consumption, and to demonstrate the main consuming countries, highlighting the role of China, as it is the most populated country in the world with its 1.4 billion inhabitants.
JEL Code: Q13, Q12
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Ellies-Oury, Marie-Pierre, Jean-François Hocquette, Sghaier Chriki, Alexandre Conanec, Linda Farmer, Marie Chavent, and Jérôme Saracco. "Various Statistical Approaches to Assess and Predict Carcass and Meat Quality Traits." Foods 9, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9040525.
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The beef industry is organized around different stakeholders, each with their own expectations, sometimes antagonistic. This article first outlines these differing perspectives. Then, various optimization models that might integrate all these expectations are described. The final goal is to define practices that could increase value for animal production, carcasses and meat whilst simultaneously meeting the main expectations of the beef industry. Different models previously developed worldwide are proposed here. Two new computational methodologies that allow the simultaneous selection of the best regression models and the most interesting covariates to predict carcass and/or meat quality are developed. Then, a method of variable clustering is explained that is accurate in evaluating the interrelationships between different parameters of interest. Finally, some principles for the management of quality trade-offs are presented and the Meat Standards Australia model is discussed. The “Pareto front” is an interesting approach to deal jointly with the different sets of expectations and to propose a method that could optimize all expectations together.
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McWatters, Cheryl S., and Peter Foreman. "Reaction to World War I constraints to normal trade: the meat-packing industry in Canada and Australia." Accounting History 10, no. 2 (July 2005): 67–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103237320501000204.
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Horn, Henrik, and Petros C. Mavroidis. "US – Lamb: United States – Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand and Australia: What Should be Required of a Safeguard Investigation?" World Trade Review 2, S1 (2003): 72–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745603001071.
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The United States (US) imposed, in July 1999, a safeguard on lamb meat, in the form of tariff rate import quotas, which were to be applied for a period of three years. The measure was based on findings by the US International Trade Commission that increased imports of lamb meat were a substantial cause of threat of serious injury to the US industry producing the like product. Following complaints by New Zealand and Australia that the measure was inconsistent with Articles I, II and XIX of GATT 1994, and several provisions of the Agreement on Safeguards, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body established, in November 1999, a panel to review the consistency of the US measure with the mentioned WTO rules.
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HORN, HENRIK, and PETROS C. MAVROIDIS. "US – Lamb United States – Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand and Australia: what should be required of a safeguard investigation?" World Trade Review 2, no. 3 (November 2003): 395–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745604001521.
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The United States (US) imposed, in July 1999, a safeguard on lamb meat, in the form of tariff rate import quotas, which were to be applied for a period of three years. The measure was based on findings by the US International Trade Commission that increased imports of lamb meat were a substantial cause of threat of serious injury to the US industry producing the like product. Following complaints by New Zealand and Australia that the measure was inconsistent with Articles I, II and XIX of GATT 1994, and several provisions of the Agreement on Safeguards, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body established, in November 1999, a panel to review the consistency of the US measure with the mentioned WTO rules.
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DuBois, Thomas David. "Many roads from pasture to plate: a commodity chain approach to China’s beef trade, 1732–1931." Journal of Global History 14, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022818000335.
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AbstractThe advent of refrigerated transport made fresh beef a global commodity, linking South American and Australian producers to hungry consumers in Europe and North America. With vast supplies of cattle, and growing markets in Japan, Russia, and beyond, China was the last great frontier of this global transformation. Rather than a single export trade, China’s beef industry was a complex and multidirectional network of producers, processors, and consumers, its many production chains each facing distinct commercial, logistic, and political challenges. This article examines three such chains, the Qing-era caravan trade that drove live sheep and cattle to Beijing, the Harbin meat-packing industry that grew up around the Russian China Eastern Railway, and Japanese-dominated export of beef from Qingdao. A cross-section of these issues shows how the industry as a whole adapted to the new pressures and opportunities of globalization, as well as those presented by technology, foreign investment, imperialism, and war.
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Bindon, B. M. "A review of genetic and non-genetic opportunities for manipulation of marbling." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 7 (2004): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02173.
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The biology of marbling is a considerable issue for the Australian beef industry. Measurement of the trait is still a concern: subjective assessment based on the degree of visual fat deposition and its distribution is the 'industry standard' and the basis for payment of marbling grades. Yet this measurement may be subject to operator error and is influenced by chiller temperature. Chemical extraction gives an unequivocal measure of all fat in the muscle (intramuscular fat percentage: IMF%) and has higher heritability and genetic variation than marble score; but does this mirror exactly what the trade regards as 'marbling'?Progeny test results from the Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Cattle and Beef Quality breeding projects provide improved understanding of breed and genetic effects on IMF% and marble score. Estimated breeding values (EBVs) for IMF% have been released to the industry for 7 breeds. Heritability estimates confirm that genetic progress will be faster when selection is based on IMF% rather than marble score. Genetic correlations of IMF% with growth, retail beef yield (RBY%), P8 fat, residual feed intake (RFI) and tenderness are now available to underpin selection indices. A favourable allele for marbling (TG5) on chromosome 14 has been identified by CSIRO/MLA as a direct gene marker for the trait. This is now being marketed as GeneSTAR marbling. Other favourable chromosomal regions are under investigation by the CRC.Nutritional manipulation of marbling remains problematic. It is accepted that high-energy grain diets achieve higher marbling than pasture diets. Within grain-based feedlot diets higher marbling is achieved with maize than barley, while barley diets in turn are better than sorghum. Steam flaking produces higher marbling than dry rolled grain and this effect is more marked with sorghum than maize. Beyond these establishments there are many uncertainties: experiments have examined the effects of diets with high protein; low protein; protected lipid; protected protein; added oil with and without calcium; vitamin A deficiency. None of these manipulations gave consistent improvement in marble score or IMF%. Commercial feedlots supplying Japanese B3/B4 markets may have successful dietary manipulations to enhance marbling but because of its proprietary nature the information is not normally available for scientific scrutiny.Japan is the only market for Australian beef where marbling is an important component of the market specification. There can be no doubt that marbling meets a special consumer preference in that niche market. In other markets scientific evidence for a link between marbling and beef tenderness or eating quality has been difficult to define (marbling is a key component of the USA grading scheme for primal cuts but Australia is not a big supplier to that market). In the domestic Meat Standards Australia market there is a trend for marbling to become more important as a consumer issue in 5-star products where higher order sensory attributes of beef come into play. Early meat science investigations concluded that beef flavour elements were water-soluble. This would exclude marbling fat as having a notable influence on flavour.Marbling remains the major determinant of carcass value in Australia's most valuable beef market. Research should continue to assist Australian producers to meet the specifications of that market with increased precision and reduced costs.
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Croft, DB. "Sustainable use of wildlife in western New South Wales: Possibilities and problems." Rangeland Journal 22, no. 1 (2000): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj0000088.
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Sustainable use of wildlife has become equated with exploitation of animal products (meat, skin or feathers) and/or removal of wild progenitors into the pet trade. This consumption of the wildlife is therefore largely ex situ and so removes nutrients and energy from the rangelands. Demand for lethal or a removal action is often driven by the severity of the perceived conflict between the wildlife and other enterprises, especially agriculture, rather than for the resulting products. Such uses also raise community concerns about humane treatment of animals and a valuing of the natural heritage. Wildlife-based tourism, as part of the valuable and growing nature-based or ecotourism industry in Australia, is an in situ use that may be a more ecologically sustainable and economically twble option for use of rangeland wildlife. This paper examines these possibilities and their problems with a focus on the commercial kangaroo industry and the use of arid-zone mammals, birds and reptiles for pets. It provides new evidence that wildlife-tourism based on free-living kangaroos in the rangelands is both feasible and in demand. This industry should be given advocacy in the on-going debate on the management and future of the rangelands. Key words: kangaroos, wildlife management, wildlife tourism, game harvesting
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Gourley, C. J. P., and D. M. Weaver. "Nutrient surpluses in Australian grazing systems: management practices, policy approaches, and difficult choices to improve water quality." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 9 (2012): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12154.
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Nutrient surpluses, inefficiencies in nutrient use, and inevitable leakage of nutrients from grazed animal production systems are putting growing pressure on Australian inland and coastal water resources. While there are some examples of regulatory policy approaches in Australia which aim to reduce nutrient emissions and improve water quality around important and impaired coastal and inland waters, most policy options involve voluntary schemes, often including financial incentives to both industry organisations and farmers to offset the costs of implementing improved management practices. In contrast, much stronger land management regulations have been implemented in the European Union, USA, and to a lesser extent New Zealand. In the near future, greater societal expectations for water quality, stricter standards from international markets, and increasing costs for purchased nutrients will mean that improving nutrient-use efficiency and reducing nutrient losses will be a necessary part of Australia livestock production systems. This is likely to require somewhat varied and difficult choices to better balance production and environmental goals. Policy responses may include voluntary adoption of appropriate nutrient management practices, caps on nutrient inputs, mandatory nutrient surplus targets, limits to stock numbers per hectare, and re-positioning of higher input farms to more resilient parts of the national landscape. Alternatively, society may have to accept that there are unavoidable trade-offs between water quality standards and livestock productivity, with increasing treatment of polluted water at the community’s expense.
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Chinarov, A. V. "Foreign Trade Potential of Russian Meat Industry." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 5 (May 2018): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2018-0-5-22-24.
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Takahashi, Shunjo, and Clem Tisdell. "The trade in wild pig meat: Australia and Japan." Australian Geographer 20, no. 1 (May 1989): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049188908702979.
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Bano, Sayeeda. "Intra-Industry Trade and Determinant: Evidence for ASEAN-Australia and New Zealand in the Context of AANZFTA." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 8, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v8i4.13778.
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This study examines the changing patterns and direction of trade between Association of South- East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Australia and New Zealand in the context of the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area/Agreement (AANZFTA) signed in 2010. It investigates the extent of ASEAN’s intra-industry trade with Australia and New Zealand at the 3-digit disaggregated SITC level for the period 1990 to 2014. The study includes an analysis of intra-industry trade indices of trade intensities, the marginal intra-industry trade and the econometric model to identify the determinants of intra-industry trade. The results show that trade in general has increased and intra-industry trade between ASEAN-Australia increased specifically in manufacturing. New Zealand has developed intra-industry trade in both the manufacturing and agriculture sectors. Marginal intra- industry results suggest that some industries transforming from inter-industry trade patterns to intra-industry trade. The results of regression analysis provide some support to the thesis that increase in IIT comes naturally with high average incomes of trade partners and large average market size. As a country’s level of income goes up and its standard of living rise, its citizens tend demand and consume more high quality differentiated products, leading to higher levels of intra-industry trade. This study differs from the existing literature in terms of its scope, methods and policy perspectives. The findings have policy relevance for the ongoing negotiations for a regional comprehensive economic partnership with ASEAN 10, India, China, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. It is reasonable to suggest that intra-industry trade be given due consideration in ongoing regional and bilateral trade negotiations for potential mutual gains from trade for a sustainable regional economic growth.
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MENON, JAYANT, DAVID GREENAWAY, and CHRIS MILNER. "Industrial Structure and Australia– UK Intra-Industry Trade." Economic Record 75, no. 1 (March 1999): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1999.tb02430.x.
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Kolsen, H. M. "Industry Policy And Trade Practices Legislation In Australia." Economic Analysis and Policy 24, no. 2 (September 1994): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0313-5926(94)50015-8.
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Chinarov, A. V. "METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR TRADE POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT OF RUSSIAN MEAT INDUSTRY." Экономика сельского хозяйства России, no. 5 (2018): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32651/2070-0288-2018-5-49-53.
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Wu, Laping. "Rabbit meat trade of major countries: regional pattern and driving forces." World Rabbit Science 30, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2022.13390.
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In in the last 60 or so years, the global rabbit industry has been growing steadily. This paper studies the global rabbit meat trade by focusing on trade growth and regional pattern. First, rabbit meat productionand regional structure are introduced, as the basis of trade. Then, the global rabbit meat trade is studied in detail, including trade growth, regional structural changes, comparative advantages and competitiveness of major countries. Finally, a gravity model is built to test major factors affecting the rabbit meat trade andexplore the driving forces behind the trade. The data come from different channels, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Bank, the World Trade Organization and related government statistics. The results show that: (1) Over the past 60 yr, the global rabbit industry has achieved great progress. In the first half of the period, rabbit meat was mainly produced in Europe; then, rabbit meat production in Asia increased steadily and rapidly in the second half period, while European production decreased continuously. (2) The rabbit meat trade had been increasing for about 20 yr from 1961 to 1979, after which it fluctuated for another 20 yr. However, since 2001 it has been stable around an average level of 37 thousand tonnes, with only minor fluctuation. The trade pattern is currently from Asia (mainly China) and South America (mainly Argentina) to European countries. In 2018, the top 5 export destinations were Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal and France (3). Hungary and Argentina have been two strong competitorsin the last two decades, while Spain and Belgium are two new and promising countries in the rabbit meat trade. Now China no longer has comparative advantages in the rabbit meat trade (4). The gravity model results show that rabbit meat trade is mainly driven by demand. Countries with a high Gross Domestic Product tend to increase their imports more, but decrease their exports. Countries with higher populations export more rabbit meat but import less. Common language and contiguity of two countries have significant impacts on rabbit meat trade. Based on the above results, some suggestions and policy implications are provided. Rabbit farmers or processing companies should pay more attention to domestic consumers or neighbouring countries to survey potential markets; traders should explore more markets in order to reduce the degree of trade concentration and lower risks. Governments should popularise the nutritional knowledge of rabbit meat to encourage people (especially young people) to consume more healthy rabbit meat instead of pork, with a view to reducing obesity or other heart diseases, etc.
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Bamidele Oyedele, Joseph. "Performance and significance of UK-listed infrastructure in a mixed-asset portfolio." Journal of European Real Estate Research 7, no. 2 (July 29, 2014): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-08-2013-0015.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine the performance of UK-listed infrastructure over a unique investment period covering the global financial crisis and investigates the significance of UK infrastructure in a multi-asset portfolio. The analysis reveals the level of correlation of UK infrastructure with other major assets classes and substantiates the potential diversification benefits of including UK infrastructure within a mixed-asset portfolio. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses monthly investment return indices obtained from Thomson Reuters DataStream over a ten-year period (2001-2010). The paper analyzed the UK-listed infrastructure investment return characteristics including average annual return, annual risk, Sharpe indices, mean variance portfolio and maximum return portfolio and computes the efficient portfolio frontiers using the risk-solver optimization tool. Findings – The performance results show that UK infrastructure produced better risk-return trade-offs than those of UK property, private equity, hedge funds and UK stocks over 2001-2010. Overall, for the ten-year period, UK Water was the best performing asset class, outperforming all other asset classes having the highest Sharpe ratio of 0.75. Practical implications – Using the monthly return indices over the ten-year period, UK-listed infrastructure investment was found to play a consistently significant role in the optimality of mixed-asset portfolios. However, the diversification benefits were more return enhancing than risk reducing, offering investors a platform for matching investment objectives with expectations resulting from a better understanding of the characteristics of UK-listed infrastructure investments. Originality/value – As investors seek better understanding of the performance of infrastructure across the globe, with most previous studies focusing on Australia, USA and China, the paper makes significant contribution to the body of knowledge by focusing on UK, a promising investment space for infrastructure industry. Also, given the debate surrounding the emergence of infrastructure as a separate asset class, the paper particularly projects the potential benefits of investing in UK-listed infrastructure, offering investors a distinctive platform to launch into a vibrant asset class.
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Hopkins, D. L., E. S. Toohey, K. L. Pearce, and I. Richards. "Some important changes in the Australian sheep meat processing industry." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07393.
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In the last 5 years there has been a dramatic increase in the adoption in the Australian sheep meat processing industry of electrical technologies designed to streamline processing and improve product quality. Part of this change was initiated by an Australia-wide audit of lamb tenderness in 1997–98 and the development of a program to establish an eating quality scheme for sheep meat across Australia. Critically, these initiatives coincided with the development of new ways of administering electrical currents to either bodies or carcasses. Underlying this new approach is the electrocution of carcasses individually on segmented electrodes in a dose responsive way with electricity that has short pulse widths and lower voltages. This paper documents the pivotal factors which have contributed to this level of industry adoption and which has seen 14 abattoirs install the new technology. Of these abattoirs only one previously had any form of stimulation and these abattoirs represent more than 70% of the throughput of sheep and lambs on a tonnage basis per year in Australia.
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Lyakhovska, Olena. "Ukraine’s foreign trade in meat and meat products: trends and geographical aspects." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 3(143) (2020): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2020-3-7.
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Current trends in meat and meat products exports are considered. The dynamics and structural changes in meat exports by types and degree of processing (beef and veal, pork, poultry, finished meat products) are analyzed. The paper proves that in recent years, only meat and edible poultry by-products have taken a competitive position in the world market. Accordingly, the dynamics of exports of this type of meat is positive, and the share of these products in the structure of exported meat is the largest (86.09%). Possible threats to the growth of import dependence on certain types of meat products, in particular, chilled and frozen beef and veal, pork, are indicated. The rating of the largest countries-importers of meat and meat products (by types) from Ukraine is built, their share in the structure of meat exports is determined. Changes in the geographical structure of exports have been studied, which indicate a low level of diversification of the geography of exports of certain types of meat (pork, beef). At the same time, a positive development of the geographical structure of poultry meat exports (exported to more than 100 countries) was revealed. Problems of the export potential development in the meat industry of Ukraine are revealed. In particular, the problems of livestock development (outdated technologies and production techniques that reduce the efficiency and productivity; inefficiency of the organization of purchase and processing of meat, which leads to reduced breeding in small businesses and households; inefficiency of state incentives, etc.) and industrial meat production (lack of raw materials, obsolescence of fixed assets and production technologies, poorly developed logistics, etc.). The solution of these problems requires: a systematic approach, which will encourage the cooperation of agricultural and industrial production, cooperation with importers of meat products and protection of domestic producers in the domestic and international markets, creating a favorable investment and information environment that will promote the meat industry development.
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Warren, Wilson J. "The Meat Industry Goes Back to the Jungle." Current History 120, no. 822 (December 21, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.822.21.
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Major outbreaks of the coronavirus among workers in meatpacking plants have brought renewed public scrutiny to a hazardous industry. Working conditions had improved through the mid-twentieth century, after investigations by muckraking journalist Upton Sinclair and others early in the century exposed unsafe and unsanitary practices. But benefits and protections for workers have steadily eroded in recent decades, due to the decline of unions and rise of globalized trade and labor sourcing. The backsliding in an industry with a mostly immigrant workforce occurred largely out of the public eye, until the pandemic raised concerns about the food supply.
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Arida, Evy, Arief Hidayat, Mulyadi Mulyadi, Noor Laina Maireda, Dadang Rahadian Subasli, and Mumpuni Mumpuni. "Consumption and Trade of Asian Water Monitor, Varanus salvator as Reliance on Wildlife for Livelihoods among Rural Communities in North Sumatra, Indonesia." Journal of Tropical Ethnobiology 3, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.46359/jte.v3i2.40.
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The water monitor, Varanus salvator has been exploited for its skin to supply international demands for reptile leather, whereas meat, liver, and fat are consumed locally in some communities in North Sumatra. Demands for skin seems to be paralleled with meat consumption in this province for more than 25 years. We conducted direct interviews with hunters and collecting managers in five abattoirs in five towns in North Sumatra to obtain preliminary data on consumption and trade of Water monitor. Additionally, we explore the association between consumption, trade, and livelihood of rural communities. We found that lizards of all sizes were taken and processed in the abattoirs for skin and meat trade. Consumption of Water monitor meat in North Sumatra is partially driven by a cultural background and has been occurring probably longer than the skin trade for leather industry. We noted that meat of Water monitor also becomes an alternative protein source because of its lower price. In conclusions, benefits of Water monitor harvest are extended across levels of participants in the local trade, including hunters, collectors, and meat consumers. Meat consumption and skin trade are closely linked with one another in North Sumatra; nevertheless sustainability of the trade needs to be evaluated in the near future to predict demands and production capacity.
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Shang, Xia, and Glynn T. Tonsor. "Sanitary and phytosanitary regulations and international red meat trade." British Food Journal 121, no. 10 (October 7, 2019): 2309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-10-2018-0663.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an ex post econometric examination of SPS measures and their influences on red meat trade. Design/methodology/approach The authors conduct multiple new assessments to further assess the particular effects of specific SPS measures related to animal health, human health and maximum residue limits on red meat trade values. This finer assessment provides updated and more detailed insights into the marginal trade impacts of different SPS measures. Findings The current study sheds important light on the determinants of red meat trade. The economic conditions of destination countries and production capability of suppliers are key to determining trade values. Factors including personal income and exporters’ meat supply are identified as trade facilitators. Since the restrictiveness of SPS measures vary across beef and pork sectors, maintaining commodity-specific SPS measures is essential for accurate assessment of trade determinants. Originality/value This paper provides multiple contributions to the existing literature and more broadly the authors’ economic understanding on the increasingly contentious issue of global meat trade. Combined, this study yields several implications for food policy, trade negotiators and industry leaders given the growing role and surrounding controversies of trade in meat and livestock markets around the world. The authors further believe the paper would be of notable interest to fellow researchers consistent with the existence of a sizable published literature and ongoing debates in international meat trade.
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Clop-Gallart, Mercè, María Isabel Juárez, and Montserrat Viladrich-Grau. "Has the euro been fattening the European pig meat trade?" Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 67, No. 12 (December 14, 2021): 500–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/109/2021-agricecon.
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The introduction of the euro is one of the great achievements of the European integration process. We ask whether the creation of the euro led to a significant increase in pig meat trade in the eurozone. The pig meat industry is the most important in the European meat sector, and the EU is the world's second-biggest producer of pork and the leading supplier of pig meat to the global market. No study has yet been conducted in this respect for this sector. Our results suggest that pig meat trade was encouraged between countries sharing the euro, although the impact of EU single market was still greater. Trade creation was also observed, increasing pig meat exports from eurozone to non-eurozone countries. Also, non-eurozone EU exporters suffer from a diversion effect that benefits eurozone exporters.
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Bułkowska, Małgorzata. "THE POSITION OF PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN IN POLISH AGRI-FOOD TRADE." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 5 (November 30, 2017): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6203.
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The aim of the paper is to present the position of meat and dairy industries in the Polish agri-food trade in 2010-2016. The paper analyzes the changes in the geographical and commodity structure of trade in selected products in relation to the entire agri-food sector as well as evaluates their competitive position based on the comparative advantage (RCA) indicator. Analyzes has shown that despite import restrictions, the meat sector is crucial for the Polish food industry. It corresponds to about 20% of exports and generates 1/3 of surplus in trade in agri-food products. The fastest growing sector in Poland is the poultry industry, which has gradually increased its comparative advantages in analyzed period.
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Kabir, Shahriar. "Growing Halal Meat Demand: Does Australia Miss Out A Potential Trade Opportunity?" Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 34, no. 1-2 (May 9, 2015): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1759-3441.12101.
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Burton, Bob. "US-Australia trade deal strengthens power of Australian drugs industry." BMJ 328, no. 7440 (March 11, 2004): 604.9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7440.604-h.
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Ubaid, Ayesha, Farookh Hussain, and Muhammad Saqib. "Container Shipment Demand Forecasting in the Australian Shipping Industry: A Case Study of Asia–Oceania Trade Lane." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (September 6, 2021): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090968.
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Demand forecasting has a pivotal role in making informed business decisions by predicting future sales using historical data. Traditionally, demand forecasting has been widely used in the management of production, staffing and warehousing for sales and marketing data. However, the use of demand forecasting has little been studied in the container shipping industry. Improved visibility into the demand for container shipments has been a long-held objective of industry stakeholders. This paper addresses the shortcomings of both short-term and long-term shipment demand forecasting for the Australian container shipping industry. In this study, we compare three forecasting models, namely, the seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA), Holt–Winters’ seasonal method and Facebook’s Prophet, to find the best fitting model for short-term and long-term import demand forecasting in the Australian shipping industry. Demand data from three years, i.e., 2016–2018, is used for the Asia–Oceania trade lane. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean squared error (RMSE) and 2-fold walk-forward cross-validation are used for the model evaluation. The experiment results observed from the selected metrics suggest that Prophet outperforms the other models in its comparison for container shipment demand forecasting.
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Polkinghorne, R., J. M. Thompson, R. Watson, A. Gee, and M. Porter. "Evolution of the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) beef grading system." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 11 (2008): 1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07177.
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The Australian Beef Industry identified variable eating quality as a major contributor to declining beef consumption in the early 1990s and committed research funding to address the problem. The major issue was the ability to predict the eating quality of cooked beef before consumption. The Meat Standards Australia (MSA) program developed a consumer testing protocol, which led to MSA grading standards being defined by consumer score outcomes. Traditional carcass grading parameters proved to be of little value in predicting consumer outcomes. Instead a broader combination of factors forms the basis of an interactive prediction model that performs well. The grading model has evolved from a fixed parameter ‘Pathway’ approach, to a computer model that predicts consumer scores for 135 ‘cut by cooking method’ combinations for each graded carcass. The body of research work conducted in evaluating critical control points and in developing the model predictions and interactions has involved several Australian research groups with strong support and involvement from the industry.
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Shapoval, B. "ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF THE DOMESTIC MARKET AND EXPORTS OF DAIRY AND MEAT INDUSTRIES OF UKRAINE." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 288, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2020-288-6-28.
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The article analyzes the dairy and meat industries of Ukraine, their condition and potential vectors of development. The place of the meat and dairy industry in the country’s economy and its influence on the general development of the economy were determined. General trends in dairy and meat production, their development and prospects. The current state of the dairy industry, the level of dairy production by type, sees of the sales and sales in retail and wholesale trade. The change in production in combination with the last years, the level of sales for the last three years in percentage terms and export of dairy products to other countries are analyzed. The meat industry of Ukraine, its current state and prospects of development were also studied. The production of products for years and types, the size of wholesale sales of such products on the Ukrainian market are highlighted. The indicators of retail trade in food and mixed products in the context of recent years have been studied, as well as trends in increasing and decreasing production, sales on the domestic market and exports of meat and dairy products have been identified. The countries to which Ukraine exports the most meat, meat products, sausages and dairy products, including condensed and powdered milk, cheese and whey, have been identified. For comparison, the indicators of meat and dairy exports to Ukraine, Ireland, New Zealand and Poland were taken. These countries were selected in connection with similar conditions of development of the meat and dairy market. In terms of exports and production of the meat and dairy industry, the above countries are not leaders in the world market, but are certainly role models. Recommendations for further actions for meat and dairy producers for successful entry into foreign markets are provided.
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Iovlev, G. A., V. V. Pobedinsky, V. S. Zorkov, T. B. Popova, and I. I. Goldina. "Opportunities for agricultural industry in Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 282 (2021): 07004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128207004.
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The principal global manufacturers of agricultural products are: on the American continent: the USA, Canada, Brazil, Mexico; on the European continent: France, Germany, Italy, Belgium; in Asia and Australia: China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, and Australia. Due to its large areas of farmland and arable land, Russia also occupies a leading position in the manufacture of the main types of agricultural products, both in crop and in animal husbandry. Russia is second only to China, India and the United States in terms of wheat performance. It makes 3.8% of the world's milk production, and it is second only to the United States and China in terms of meat production.
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Harris, Peter W., and Bernadette K. McCabe. "Process Optimisation of Anaerobic Digestion Treating High-Strength Wastewater in the Australian Red Meat Processing Industry." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 9, 2020): 7947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217947.
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This work represents and reviews a compilation of investigations into improving anaerobic digestion performance of high-strength wastewater in the Australian Red Meat Processing industry. The industry produces significant quantities of organic-rich wastewater which requires treatment prior to release to the environment. Anaerobic lagoons are a cost-effective method of waste treatment where land availability is not an issue; however, the high fat load in the wastewater can negatively impact the anaerobic lagoon system and result in compromised anaerobic digestion performance. This paper will discuss the importance of upstream primary pre-treatment and review a series of investigations focused on optimising digester performance and improving fat biodegradability. These studies include: 1. the effect of temperature and mixing; 2. the influence of feedstock trace element composition and supplementation, and; 3. the potential benefit from pre-treatments such as chemical, thermobaric, thermochemical and bio-surfactant. This paper discusses the implications of these findings for covered anaerobic lagoon operation and provides recommendations to promote optimum digester performance and future opportunities in adopting alternate anaerobic digestion technology options. Finally, the paper provides recent trends toward the use of other waste streams for co-digestion and discusses this in terms of digester optimization and technology options.
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Devine, C. E. "International significance of Australian research on beef quality - a view from the periphery." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 7 (2001): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01004.
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Australia produces agricultural products, including meat, as major items for export as well as being consumed locally. It is no accident that Australia is one of the major exporters of meat to distant markets and the success is predicated on adapting animal production practices and processing to produce a highly desirable product that is safe to eat. Research plays a large part in this strategy, but one would have to say that for some time the view that ‘a prophet hath no honour in his own country’ has predominated. The Cattle and Beef CRC is designed to improve the profitability of the Australian beef industry by bringing in partners, some of whom were prominent in previous research endeavours to coordinate a research effort in order to benefit the whole industry — it is a unique and effective approach. It has taken some time to demonstrate that a ‘nice’ looking animal is not a predictor of meat quality — rather it needs to be processed correctly in order for it to meet the most critical consumer requirements. The researchers in Australia have in fact been the world leaders in advocating procedures such as electrical stimulation that have been taken up by the industry. There are still areas where the research results from Australia differ from that in other countries. CRC-based research in Australia in controlled studies using large numbers of animals with a wide genetic base, has shown that both cattle with a significant component from tropical genotypes and non-tropical genotypes, processed correctly, produce highly acceptable meat. To get further improvements, we merely need to identify the causes of outliers and this should not be difficult. This concept is of course important in the context of the relatively dry Australian climate that results in different problems from other countries. One important outcome of the CRC has been to show that sectors of the industry need to work together to use research and, if necessary, challenge current thinking imposed from outside. In other words, Australians should believe in themselves.
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Whan, I., G. Bortolussi, and R. Backus. "The impact of innovation on beef production in far northern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 2 (2006): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05175.
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In this paper we examine the forces that have shaped Australia’s far northern (north of 20° south) beef industry over the past 35 years. This is done for the purpose of tracing its transformation from a state of relative isolation to an integral part of the national beef industry. We note that integration is being accompanied by a greater focus, particularly by corporate producers, on specialised breeding in the far north and this is being assisted by innovations that increase herd fertility and raise the meat quality of the progeny, while retaining adaptation of the breeding herd to the local environment. Among a range of technologies, genetic improvement has significant potential to bring about rapid improvement in the meat quality of tropically adapted cattle. With respect to gene-based technology, however, independent producers will have to be convinced about the rigour of the technology and the prospects of economic gains before they make significant management changes. To this end, innovative marketing systems are needed that will reveal the link between expected meat returns and the offer prices applying to groups of growing cattle in any location. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to develop and introduce a descriptive and informative trading language for growing cattle that incorporates inherent qualities including those that influence meat quality. Innovations that will complement those applying to enhancement of meat quality are more general but will significantly raise herd productivity. We also compare the operating systems of both corporate and independent producers in the region.
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Gredell, Devin, Heather Rode, and David McKenna. "102 Developing Industry-Relevant Academic Research Programs in Meat Science." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.106.
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Abstract A synergistic relationship exists between the meat industry and meat science academic programs, leading to frequent collaboration between the two groups. This not only provides applied experience for students, but also allows the meat industry to utilize resources unique to academia and align academic research efforts to address industry issues. The meat industry is driven by efficiency; generally requiring ideas to be further along in development before thoroughly considering the incorporation of new ideas or technologies. This can lead to valuable improvements being overlooked simply because their full potential has not been previously demonstrated. In contrast, the university setting encourages the development of new ideas from the ground up. Therefore, academic research has frequently been the source of innovative concepts that have later been adopted by industry as common practice. It is this link between conceptualization and commercialization of new ideas that makes relationships between academic and industry scientists so valuable. By maintaining these relationships, the meat industry can express areas for improvement and innovation, so that academic scientists can adapt their research programs to address industry-relevant concerns. This not only fills a void in the industry research and development process but also provides funding opportunities for academic scientists, both directly from industry and from trade organizations funding academic research on behalf of industry members. Changes in the diversity of market animals, increased consumer interest in production history, labor shortages, and increased concern for sustainable food production only describe a few of the challenges facing the meat industry. To rise above these challenges, collaboration between industry and academia will undoubtedly be necessary. This session will focus on current and future areas of interest to promote industry-focused research within meat science academic programs.
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Kibona, Cornel Anyisile, Zhang Yuejie, and Lu Tian. "Towards developing a beef meat export oriented policy in Tanzania: -Exploring the factors that influence beef meat exports-." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): e0270146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270146.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that influence beef meat exports in Tanzania, with a particular focus on the years 1985 to 2020, in enhancing the development of beef meat export-oriented policy in Tanzania, thereby enhancing beef exports in Tanzania. A time-series panel dataset was analyzed using both descriptive statistics and ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression analyses models. As per the descriptive analyses, beef meat exports reached the highest pick of 4,300 tons per year in 1990, whereas from 1991 to date, beef meat exportation in Tanzania has been in declining trends despite an increase in beef meat output and trade openness from 162,500 to 486,736 tons and 7.6 to 98.7%, respectively. Nevertheless, while the prospect of Tanzanian beef meat exports appears bright and promising, the industry will continue to encounter trade barriers and must stay competitive to produce enough volume and quality beef meat to meet the needs of its existing and expanding markets. This is because, Tanzanian beef meat competes for market share with beef meat from other countries in the global markets, where customers pay a premium for lines of beef meat that meet quality standards while discarding those that do not. This indicates that the quantity of beef meat produced has no relevance to its world market share, but its quality standards do. Furthermore, the econometric results revealed that the coefficients of the terms of trade, Tanzania GDP per capita, global beef meat consumption, trade openness, and beef meat outputs were found to be significantly positive (P < 0.05) influencing beef meat exports in Tanzania, whereas the trading partners’ GDP per capita and exchange rate were not. The findings have varying implications as to what factors need to be addressed to further improve beef meat exports. From the farmer’s perspective, better access to adequate funds as a result of increased income benefit from export will assist in improving beef cattle productivity and quality to compete effectively in the global markets. From the government’s perspective, because trade openness promotes economic growth through export benefits, the Tanzania government and policymakers need to establish balanced policies to strengthen bilateral trade relationships to generate more opportunities in global markets.
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Jacka, Liz. "The Film Industry in Australia: Trends in the Eighties." Media Information Australia 42, no. 1 (November 1986): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x8604200103.
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In this companion to Thomas Guback's paper on the American film industry I survey the changes in the film industry in Australia. One could as well say, echoing his title, the American film industry in Australia because the cinema trade here is still dominated by Hollywood. To illustrate this, in 1980 there were 223 movies from the US registered in Australia and only 20 from Australia.1 Although 827 films in total were registered that year (including 176 from Hong Kong), the vast majority of these films received no major theatrical release. Movies emanating from the traditional American-owned sources continue to dominate the major city cinemas.
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BOLSHAKOVA, Іevgeniia. "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MEAT-PROCESSING ENTERPRISES: PECULIARITIES OF STATE REGULATION." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 260–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-3-29.
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The article deals with the specificity and orientation of sustainable development of Ukrainian meat processing enterprises. Weaknesses in the state regulation of meat processing enterprises are identified. The necessity of forming a mechanism of state regulatory influence is substantiated within the framework of ensuring the sustainable development of the meat processing industry in Ukraine. The main directions of the state policy implementation are given in order to ensure sustainable development of the meat processing industry in Ukraine. The tool for sustainable growth of meat processing enterprises in Ukraine has been identified. The practical application of the proposed tools has its advantages, namely: producers of meat products receive the necessary credit resources as collateral for manufactured products; guarantee of a high-quality and effective system of raw material security, which enables to carry out operations under pre-regulated conditions that meet the criteria of relevance, transparency and objectivity; the possibility of regulating the financial and economic relations between meat producers and procurement organizations for wholesale and retail sales. Based on the conclusions drawn, it has been proved that the end result of the sale of meat products should be shared among all participants in the production and trade relations, depending on their costs. It is important to simultaneously and promptly adjust the financial and economic relations between the parties in the context of industrial-trade relations. At present, modern meat processing companies are experiencing significant difficulties due to the need to reduce production volumes and shortage of staff. As a result, much of the production capacity is half-force, which results in operating costs and, as a consequence, a significant increase in the price of final products. According to the study results, it is possible to achieve positive trends in the functioning of the meat processing industry as a whole and the socio-economic sustainability of the domestic industrial enterprises of the analyzed industry in particular by successfully implementing national, regulatory, financial, licensing, tariff and antitrust standards at the national level. Keywords: meat processing enterprises, directions of state regulation, mechanism of state regulatory influence, tools for sustainable growth of enterprises.
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Oraz, G. T., A. B. Ospanov, U. Chomanov, and A. A. Tursunov. "Method for cutting semi-carried beef for export." Bulletin of the National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 80, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47533/2020.1606-146x.94.
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The experiment relates to the meat industry and can be used for cutting beef half-carcasses in slaughterhouses for wholesale trade, mainly for export. The technical result of the claimed experiment is the cutting of beef half-carcass in accordance with international standards, which allows to export beef meat to foreign companies, since it fully meets all the stated requirements for these companies.
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Capie, F. "Taste, Trade, and Technology: The Development of the International Meat Industry since 1840." English Historical Review CXXII, no. 497 (June 1, 2007): 845–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cem163.
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Christodoulou, Maria. "Intra-industry trade in agrofood sectors: the case of the EEC meat market." Applied Economics 24, no. 8 (August 1992): 875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036849200000055.
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Aleksic, S., V. Pantelic, and C. Radovic. "Livestock production: Present situation and future development directions in Republic of Serbia." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 25, no. 5-6-1 (2009): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0906267a.
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Livestock production is important branch of agriculture in Republic of Serbia. Over 700.000 households are engaged in this production, which is over 55% of total number of households. Livestock production provides necessary products (milk, meat, eggs) for nutrition of domestic population. Also, livestock production provides raw materials for food industry (dairy plants, slaughterhouses, meat industry, conditory industry and leather industry). Livestock production is expected to provide high quality products for export, primarily beef and lamb meat. Chance/opportunity for export exists also for cheeses of high quality (especially sheep and goat cheeses) of defined origin and quality. Based on available data, current situation in livestock production is assessed as inviolable. Number of heads of all species of domestic animals and poultry has been constantly decreasing over the period of last 12 years. The greatest decrease of number of heads of livestock was recorded in years 2000, 2001 and 2002, in all species of domestic animals. During this period, number of cattle decreased by 18,6%, of pigs by 11,8%, sheep by 12,3%, number of goats by 54,1%, horses by 66,0% and poultry by 28,0%. So, by the end of 2007, number of cattle was 1.087.000, pigs 3.832.000, sheep 1.606.000, goats 149.000, horses 18.000 and poultry 16.422.000. Republic of Serbia will in its near future become member of European Union (EU) and World Trade Organization (WTO), which means that livestock production should prepare for competition on unique developed market, without any state trade barriers. Serbia has been preparing for this since 2006 when it signed bilateral agreement on free trade with neighbouring countries - Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) and in this way became part of the market and accepted the competition rules on the free market. Accession to EU and WTO includes liberalization of trade in livestock products, low possibility for import protection, implementation of quality standards (HACCP; ISO, Global GAP), reduction of the level of domestic support, discontinuing of export subsidies, increase of profitability and ability to be competitive on the international market.
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Sidorov, M. A. "Features of forming the regional meat-industry balance models." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 1 (April 27, 2019): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2019-1-32-38.
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The article discusses the nature and history of the development of intersectoral balance models, the specifics of their construction, questions the feasibility of expanding the practice of applying the balance sheet liability method and reflect the advantages of its use in the context of development of regional socio-economic systems. Despite the fact that the region is an independent separate system, it is economically connected with the external environment, the structure of its production is influenced from the outside by commodity and financial flows and prices in the markets of goods and services. These interrelations have quantitative and qualitative characteristics, to quantitative it is possible to refer branch volumes of the made and consumed resources, to qualitative-their interindustry proportions. The basis for the purpose of trade is the cost of production, which varies by industry specialization of the regions within the framework of the combined interregional and international division of labor, which formed the value chain. As an example, given the cost factors in the production of food processing industry of the Vologda region compared to the national average, the conclusion is made about the availability of measurable quantitative differences between them.
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Fenghe, Zhang. "Measurement and Analysis of Agricultural Products Trade Level between China and Ukraine." Oblik i finansi, no. 4(94) (2021): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2021-4(94)-137-146.
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The analysis of intra-industry trade and inter-industry trade in international trade in different regions can fully explain the status of export trade and the advantages and disadvantages of products in different regions. The purpose of this research is to analyze the overall agricultural trade situation between China and Ukraine and the nature of the specific trade. To analyze agricultural import and export trade data between China and Ukraine, the author uses the Grubel-Lloyd index (intra-industry trade index) and the Brulhart index (the marginal inter-industry trade index in a specific period). The Grubel-Lloyd index measures the intra-industry trade of a particular product. The Brulhart index is closely related to that of intra-industry trade, that being the export and import of the same items, but concerns changes in exports and imports between two points in time as opposed to their values at a given point in time. The research is based on data for 2011-2020, which are contained in the UN Comtrade database. The research results show that agricultural trade between China and Ukraine is mutually beneficial. The difference in agricultural resource endowment and agricultural structure directly affects the trade of agricultural products between the two countries. The agricultural products exported from China to Ukraine are mainly unprocessed or primary processed agricultural products. Seafood, meat products, fruits, and vegetables account for a large proportion. The main imports are also primary processed agricultural products such as grains and vegetable oils. The agricultural product trade between the two countries is mainly based on intra-industry trade, and the difference in agricultural technology level is an important factor in determining bilateral agricultural exports.
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Polkinghorne, R., R. Watson, J. M. Thompson, and D. W. Pethick. "Current usage and future development of the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) grading system." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 11 (2008): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07175.
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Progress in the development and adoption of the Meat Standards Australia system has encouraged substantial change and an improved consumer awareness at all points of the Australian beef production chain. The system is moving from niche to mainstream market application with the exciting potential to transform many industry practices and build a more direct consumer focus. The system aims to accurately predict consumer satisfaction levels for individual cooked beef portions. This is a major advance on grading systems that classify carcasses into groups of like appearance. A prediction model was developed based on consumer testing and has proved to be useful in categorising a wide range of beef into consumer grades within cooking methods. These provide a basis to ensure a predictable eating quality result for the consumer and a mechanism to align product description and pricing throughout the production chain. When used in value-based marketing systems financial reward can be directly linked to consumer satisfaction encouraging a consumer-focussed industry. Research is proceeding to extend and improve the accuracy of the prediction model encompassing additional cattle types and cooking methods. Several projects in other countries are adding insights into the relative response of consumers from varied cultural backgrounds. It is hoped that further international collaboration will facilitate use of the developed technology to improve consumer value and industry returns through improved product consistency in global markets.
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Fenna, Alan. "Shaping comparative advantage: the evolution of trade and industry policy in Australia." Australian Journal of Political Science 51, no. 4 (October 2016): 618–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2016.1239565.
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Bahmani-Oskooee, Mohsen, and Artatrana Ratha. "The S-Curve at the Industry Level: Evidence from US-Australia Trade*." Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 30, no. 4 (November 10, 2011): 497–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.2011.00134.x.
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Yu, Wen, Guangyan Cheng, and Jun Yang. "Impact of Sino-Australia free trade Agreement's talks on China's dairy industry." Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 1 (2010): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2010.09.059.
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Beeson, Mark. "Australia-Japan Trade Relations: The Coal Industry as a Case in Point." Australian Quarterly 67, no. 3 (1995): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20635828.
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Siriwardana, A. Mahindapala. "Intra-industry trade: A note on new evidence from Australia, 1968–1982." Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 126, no. 1 (March 1990): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02706318.
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Francis, R. "Representations of Restructuring in the Meat-Packing Industry of Victoria." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 12 (December 1993): 1725–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a251725.
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Disappointment with narrowly cast industrial—political agendas and an irreconcilable gap between theory and everyday life has brought under scrutiny post-Fordist-derived accounts of industrial restructuring and capitalist social change. In this paper, it is suggested that this inadequacy can be traced to the commitment of post-Fordist writers to periodizing capitalist development as a way of defining the philosophy of capitalism. Both these tasks are pursued with, at best, a limited awareness of postmodern critiques of the modernist project. After a critique of post-Fordist methodologies, an alternative for understanding industrial restructuring is outlined by means of a case study. Recently, in Victoria, a southern state of Australia, a bitter industrial dispute has ensued concerning various attempts at restructuring. It is argued that the role of language is crucial in defining communities of interest and in defining social norms. The economic circumstances of this case indicate that they are not an automatic determinant of industrial restructuring.