Journal articles on the topic 'Meat birds'
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1
Filmer, D. "Nutritional management of meat poultry." BSAP Occasional Publication 28 (2001): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500041091.
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AbstractThe shortcomings of current feeding practices for meat poultry are illustrated and alternative systems discussed. These include automatic blending between high and low protein feeds at each poultry house, to deliver appropriate predetermined nutrient intakes daily. The benefits of using whole cereal as the low protein feed on gut pH, viscosity of gut contents, nutrient digestibility, litter quality and reductions in atmospheric pollution, and coccidial damage are discussed.Comparisons between current ad-lib feeding and various developmental stages of “Automated Controlled Feeding” are made. The alternative systems lead to proper function of birds' gizzards and crops and the benefits in terms of bird health, reduced mortality and variability, improved behaviour, and feed efficiency are illustrated.Currently available integrated management systems are described, and the principles behind a current MAFF LINK project discussed. This involves a real-time growth model that uses recorded liveweight, feed and nutrient intakes to date, to calculate the next day's nutrient intakes that will get birds back on target if they start to deviate from it.Future developments where the objective function could include minimising costs per kg liveweight or breast meat or maximising margin per bird placed or per square metre per year are discussed.
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Esser, Aline Fernanda Gonçalves, Thais Lina Taniguti, Alexandra Maria da Silva, Elisangela Vanroo, Isabelle Naemi Kaneko, Tatiana Carlesso dos Santos, and Jovanir Inês Müller Fernandes. "Effect of supplementation of guanidinoacetic acid and arginine in vegetable diets for broiler on performance, carcass yield and meat quality." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 3 (May 4, 2018): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n3p1307.
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Birds fed with vegetable diets rely on the endogenous synthesis of creatine, which requires amino acids, some of which, for example arginine (Arg), are considered essential for several physiological and metabolic functions. Creatine is limited to high energy expenditure cells, particularly muscle cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of guanidinoacetic acid and arginine (as precursors of creatine) in vegetable diets, on the performance, quality, and yield of broiler chickens. The treatments consisted of diets based on corn and soybean meal (T1); corn, soybean meal + 3% meat meal (T2); corn, soybean meal + 0.08% guanidinoacetic acid (T3); and corn, soybean meal + 0.08% L-arginine (T4). The productive performance of the birds aged 7-, 21-, and 42-days-old was determined. Eighteen 7-day-old birds were sacrificed per treatment to evaluate breast and leg yield, and breast muscle fibers, and eighteen 42-day-old birds were sampled per treatment to determine serum uric acid, urea, creatine, lactate, and glucose concentrations. The same birds were slaughtered to calculate carcass yield in relation to live weight and commercial cut yield. The right pectoralis major muscle of each bird was used to test pH, color (luminosity L*, red index a*, and yellow index b*), and loss of water by pressure analysis, and the left side was used to analyze losses by defrosting and cooking. The data were analyzed using the software SAS. Diets to which meat or vegetable meal plus guanidinoacetic acid or L-Arginine were added resulted in higher live weight and breast meat percentage at 7 days old. Feed conversion was affected for a total period of 1 to 42 days of age (P < 0.0002). The birds with a diet supplemented with vegetable and meat meal had better feed conversion when compared to the birds that were fed with other diets. Treatments did not affect carcass and commercial cut yields, percent loss by cooking, pressure and defrosting of the broiler breast meat, or color (L, a*, and b*) and pH values.
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Barbut, Shai, and Emily M. Leishman. "Quality and Processability of Modern Poultry Meat." Animals 12, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 2766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12202766.
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The poultry meat industry has gone through many changes. It moved from growing dual-purpose birds (meat and egg production) taking ~110 days to reach 1.2 kg 100 years ago, to developing specialized meat breeds that grow to 2.5 kg within ~40 days. It also moved from selling ~80% whole birds to mostly selling cut up and further processed products in the Western world. This necessitated building large, centralized processing plants, capable of processing 15,000 birds per hr on a single line (60 years ago only 2500), that require higher bird uniformity (size, color, texture). Furthermore, consumer demand for convenient products resulted in introducing many cut-up fresh poultry (some companies have 500 SKU) and further processed products (chicken nuggets did not exist 50 years ago). Those developments were possible due to advancements in genetics, nutrition, medicine, and engineering at the farm and processing plant levels. Challenges keep on coming and today a rise in myopathies (e.g., so called woody breast, white striping, spaghetti meat), requires solutions from breeders, farmers, and processing plants, as more automation also requires more uniformity. This review focuses on the changes and challenges to the processing industry segment required to keep supplying high quality poultry to the individual consumer.
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Mahto, Dinesh. "Backyard poultry farming for meat and egg production: rural enterprise." International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52804/ijaas2020.1112.
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Twenty farmers selected from each village for 6 villages of the district and skill based training on various aspects of backyard poultry farming. Participants enriched with sound knowledge were distributed with 25 Vanaraja & Grampriya chicks per person. The records of mean body weight of Grampriya and Vanaraja at different week interval. The body weight of crosses differ significantly (p < 0.05) after 4th week of age from their parents. The body weights of crosses were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than Hazra (Desi) birds and nearly similar to Vanaraja birds at different period of age attaining the sexual maturity in different groups of poultry birds. Vanaraja matures at the age of 141.62 days, Hazra (Desi) bird at 186.47 days and Grampriya at 158.32 days. The pullet egg weight of Vanaraja, Hazra (Desi) and Grampriya were 38.75, 30.82 and 34.94 g, egg weight at 40 weeks of age were 55.87, 42.89 and 51.26 g and increase in egg weight were 17.12, 12.07 and 15.42 g respectively. The hatchability percentages were 87.56%, 89.36% and 85.72% on fertile egg set and 68.23%, 68.92% and 64.74% on total egg set basis respectively in Vanaraja, Grampriya and local desi birds.
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Ukoha, O. A., E. E. Nsa, D. N. Onunkwo, and J. C. Ezike. "Comparative evaluation of fish, crayfish waste, meat and blood meal for broiler production." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i1.1321.
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The effect of different animal protein sources in broiler production was investigated. 300 seven-day old broilers of equal average initial weight were randomly allotted into five treatment groups with three replications of 20 birds each and at the end of 28 days, birds were weighed again and re-randomized to the five treatment groups with three replicates of 16 birds each. The diets consisted of four animal proteins. Treatment 1 (Control) had no animal protein while diet 2, 3, 4 and 5 had 4% fish meal, 4% crayfish waste meal, 4% blood meal and 4% meat meal, respectively. The study was conducted for 56 days with 28days starter phase and 28days finisher phase. Parameters evaluated were proximate composition of test ingredients, growth performance of experimental animals, nutrient digestibility and economic analysis. The results showed blood meal had the highest (P<0.05) crude protein level (77.68%) followed by fish meal (54.53%), crayfish waste (48.08%) and meat meal (41.67%). Cray fish waste meal had the highest (P<0.05) crude fibre (6.07%) while blood meal had the least (2.98%). Fish meal had the highest ether extract (5.99%) followed by crayfish waste meal (4.03%), meat meal (3.67%) and blood meal (3.93%). There were nonsignificant (P<0.05) differences in feed intake during both starter and finisher phases across the treatment groups. Blood meal significantly (P<0.05) depressed final live weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio while other ingredients showed (P>0.05) similarities in the above parameters apart from in protein efficiency ratio for which meat meal only showed significant (P<0.05) depression. The least cost per kg feed and least cost per kg weight gain (naira) were observed with birds on crayfish diets. There was better (P<0.05) digestibility of crude protein by birds on treatment diets 1 and 2 followed by 3 and 4 while birds than on treatment diet5 had the least value (58.10%). Conclusively, the use of crayfish waste meal in broiler starter diets and combined proteins in broiler fisher diets should be encouraged.
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Davis, Melissa, Rachel Stevenson, Emily Ford, Marisa Erasmus, and Stacy M. S. Zuelly. "Heat Stress and an Immune Challenge Influence Turkey Meat Quality, but Conspecific-Directed Pecking Behavior Does Not." Foods 11, no. 15 (July 25, 2022): 2203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11152203.
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Heat stress (HS), immune challenges (IC) and pecking behavior are some of the many stressors poultry can experience in commercial settings that may affect bird welfare and meat quality after harvest. The first objective was to determine if HS or IC turkeys displayed greater negative effects on meat quality, and the second objective was to determine if the frequency of non-aggressive pecking behaviors among the birds was related to meat quality. Ninety-two, commercial male, beak-trimmed turkeys were used with a total of 15 rooms and 4–7 birds per room. Each treatment was applied for 1 week prior to harvest: the Control (CON) group had no stressors added, the HS group ambient temperature was approximately 29 °C for 120 min, and the IC group involved inoculating birds with a live vaccine for hemorrhagic enteritis virus. Birds were recorded and scored to quantify pecking behavior. Once harvested, carcasses were evaluated for feather retention force, pH, color, proximate analysis, fatty acid composition, shear force, and drip loss. Stress treatment resulted in HS breasts having the lowest protein content, and IC breasts having the lowest CIE L* values and the greatest shear force values. Pecking behavior had no impact on any meat quality attributes.
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Teixeira, Marcel, Antônio Diego Brandão Melo, George Rego Albuquerque, Patrícia Tironi Rocha, and Jomar Patrício Monteiro. "Coccidia of gallinaceous meat birds in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 24, no. 2 (June 2015): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612015029.
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Coccidiosis is a disease that limits the production and marketing of gallinaceous birds in North America, especially quails, pheasants and chukar partridges. Virtually no research has been conducted in South America on the causative agents of diseases among these birds, including coccidia. The aim of this work was to make first observations on Eimeria spp. in the chukar partridge Alectoris chukar and the grey quail Coturnix coturnix, which are reared for meat in Brazil. Fecal and tissue samples were collected from commercial farms and were examined for oocysts, gross and microscopic lesions or endogenous stages. From this examination, it was found that partridges raised in Brazil did not have any visible infection. However, grey quails presented mild infection and two Eimeria species that had previously been described in other birds were identified.
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Kirillov, Igor, Rezilya Asrutdinova, Leysan Yakupova, Rustem Gilmutdinov, and G. A. Fayzrakhmanova. "Veterinary sanitary assessment of chicken meat using squalene." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700185.
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One of the most promising sectors of agriculture is poultry farming. There are many unresolved problems, such as deaths of young birds during the first weeks of life due to the unstable immune system that develops by the end of the third week. The development and use of new immunomodulators (adjuvants) together with vaccines is a promising direction for enhancing and maintaining the natural resistance of birds and increasing their productive and economic indicators. The authors used a vaccine produced by VNIVIP – a branch of the Federal Scientific Center VNITIP RAS (St. Petersburg, Lomonosov). 45 chickens were divided into 3 groups. The control over the experimental birds was carried out until they are sixteen weeks old. An inactivated, emulsified vaccine with squalene in a dose of 0.5 cm3 was administered. Squalene is a natural unsaturated hydrocarbon which belongs to an extensive group of isoprenoids, which include Pcarotene, ubiquinone, and tocopherol. In its pure form, squalene is colorless oil, odorless and tasteless, characterized by physical and chemical stability and a high boiling point. 15 birds were vaccinated against the Newcastle disease without an adjuvant, and 15 remained intact. According to the results of organoleptic, physico-chemical and microscopic studies of chicken meat, it was found that the carcasses of experimental birds met the veterinary and sanitary requirements for high quality meat obtained from healthy birds and can be sold.
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Malik, A. A., A. Aremu, B. A. Ayanwale, A. T. Ijaiya, and B. A. Ibrahim. "Gut morphology, meat yield and sensory properties of laying hens fed water hyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach] meal diets supplemented with Maxigrain enzyme." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 43, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v43i2.876.
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In an experiment to determine the effect of feeding varying levels of Water Hyacinth Meal (WHM) supplemented with and without exogenous enzymes (Maxigrain ) on the gut morphology, meat yield and sensory properties of laying hens, a total of 216 laying hens aged 24 weeks and 4 weeks in lay were used. Six experimental diets were formulated based on the Completely Randomized Design model using a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement made up of two levels of enzyme (No enzyme, With enzyme) and three dietary inclusion levels of WHM (0, 10 and 20 %). At the end of the feeding trial, two birds per replicate were randomly selected, kept off feed for 12 hours, slaughtered, defeathered, eviscerated and dressed. The meat of the breast and thigh of each replicate sample were then selected for sensory evaluation. All parameters were expressed as percentage of live weight. Results showed that there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in live weight (LW), slaughter weight (SW), defeathered weight (DW), eviscerated weight (EWT) and dressed weight (DW) between birds fed diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes and those without exogenous enzyme supplementation; and between birds fed the varying dietary inclusion levels of WHM (0, 10 and 20 %). Also, there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in the weight of the head, neck, breast, back, thigh, drumsticks, wings and shanks between the birds fed diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes and those without exogenous enzyme supplementation; and between the birds fed the varying dietary inclusion levels of WHM (0, 10 and 20 %). Of all the internal organs assessed, only the gizzard weight was significantly (p<0.05) higher for the non-enzyme-supplemented diets than for the enzyme-supplemented diets. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in appearance, flavour, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability between the meat of birds fed diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes and those without exogenous enzyme supplementation; but the meat of birds fed 10 and 20 % dietary inclusion levels of WHM had significantly (p<0.05) higher scores for tenderness and general acceptability than the meat of birds fed the 0 % dietary inclusion level of WHM. Hence, WHM can be included up to 20 % in layer diets for optimal meat yield, gut morphology and sensory properties.
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Qaid, Mohammed M., Saud I. Al-Mufarrej, Mahmoud M. Azzam, Maged A. Al-Garadi, Abdulmohsen H. Alqhtani, Abdulaziz A. Al-abdullatif, Elsayed O. Hussein, and Gamaleldin M. Suliman. "Dietary Cinnamon Bark Affects Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Breast Meat Quality in Broiler Infected with Eimeria tenella Oocysts." Animals 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12020166.
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A total of 150 broiler chicks were used to determine the impact of dietary cinnamon bark powder (CBP; Cinnamomum verum) on breast meat quality, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of birds under coccidiosis, as one of the protozoan parasitic diseases. A total of 5 replicates of birds received 1 of the following 6 groups for 34 days: control groups (1 and 2) received a basal diet without the addition of CBP or salinomycin; group 3 received a basal diet with 0.066 g salinomycin; groups 4–6 were given a basal diet supplemented with 2, 4, and 6 g CBP/kg feed, respectively. On day 21, 4 × 104/100 µL of Eimeria tenella oocysts/bird were challenged, except for the negative control (NC). At the end of the experimental trial, five birds/group were sampled for carcass characteristics and breast attributes. Overall, emeriosis negatively affects slaughter body mass, carcass yield, and the majority of carcass characteristics in birds, and cinnamon can mitigate these effects. Cinnamon groups, particularly at the 2 g level, alleviated the negative effect on performance caused by coccidia infestation to the same or greater extent as the negative control and salinomycin treatment groups. Furthermore, when compared with the other experimental groups, the addition of cinnamon improved some physicochemical properties with some affecting meat quality, such as decreasing MFI and increasing toughness in cinnamon-treated groups. In summary, it can be concluded that CBP can enhance the shelf life, carcass, and quality of birds’ meat by maximizing the productive performance efficiency and breast meat productivity of birds under coccidiosis infestation. Further research is required to investigate the use of cinnamon to optimize the quality of meat and the productivity of both healthy and diseased broilers.
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Malik, A. A., A. Aremu, B. A. Ayanwale, A. T. Ijaiya, and B. A. Ibrahim. "Gut morphology, meat yield and sensory properties of laying hens fed water hyacinth {Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach} meal diets supplemented with Maxigrain® enzyme." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 43, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 314–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v43i1.2777.
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In an experiment to determine the effect of feeding varying levels of water Hyacinth Meal (WHM) supplemented with and without exogenous enzymes (Maxigrain®) on the gut morphology, meat yield and sensor properties of laying hens, a total of 216 laying hens aged 24 weeks and 4 weeks in lay were used. Six experimental diets were formulated based on the Completely Randomized Design model using a 2r3 factorial arrangement made up of no levels of enzyme (No enzyme, With enzyme) and three dietary inclusion levels of WHM (0.10 and 20%). At the end of the feeding trial, two birds per replicate were randomly selected, kept of feed for 12 hours, slaughtered, defeathered, eviscerated and dressed. The meat of the breast and thigh of each replicate sample were then selected for sensory evaluation. All parameters were expressed as percentage of live weight. Results showed that there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in live weight(LW), slaughter weight (SW), defeathered weight(DIN), eviscerated weight (EW) and dressed weight (DW) between birds fed diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes and those without exogenous enzyme supplementation and between birds fed the varying dietary inclusion levels of WHM (0,10 and 20%). Also, there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in the weight of the head, neck, breast, back, thigh, drumsticks, wings and shanks between the birds fed diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes and those without exogenous enzyme supplementation; and between the birds fed the varying dietary inclusion levels of WHM (0. 10 and 20% ). Of all the internal organs assessed, only the gizzard weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher for the non-enzyme-supplemented diets than for the enzyme-supplemented diets. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in appearance, flavour juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability between the meat of birds fed diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes and those without exogenous enzyme supplementation, but the meat of birds fed 10 and 20% dietary inclusion levels of WHM had significantly (p<0.05) higher scores for tenderness and general acceptability than the meat of birds fed the 0% dietary inclusion levels of WHM. Hence, WHM can be included up to 20% in layer diets for optimal meat yield, gut morphology and sensory properties.
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Phibbs, D. V., P. J. Groves, and W. I. Muir. "Leg health of meat chickens: impact on welfare, consumer behaviour, and the role of environmental enrichment." Animal Production Science 61, no. 12 (2021): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19511.
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The Australian and global chicken meat industries have benefited from rapid improvements in the efficiency of chicken meat production that have been predominantly achieved through genetic selection, optimisation of bird nutrition and improved bird health. However, this has also resulted in morphological changes in the bird with an increase in the prevalence of leg health disorders. Compromised leg health can cause pain and lameness and bodes poorly for bird wellbeing, bird mortality, and economic returns. There are also implications for the consumer who is increasingly mindful of animal welfare and is demanding more welfare friendly products. Accurate on-farm assessment of bird leg health has challenges due to the diversity of leg disorders and the variety of techniques used to assess their severity and impact. Overall prevalence of leg disorders shows great variability between properties (farms) and flocks. Opportunities to improve bird leg health have been the focus of considerable research which has frequently included an evaluation of environmental enrichment as a means to reduce lameness and improve bird mobility. To this end, currently in Australia, 78% of chicken meat is produced under the conditions of the Australian RSPCA Approved Farming Scheme, which requires perches in the birds’ environment. However, the value of perches in providing enrichment and improving bird welfare is unclear. Therefore, this review explores animal welfare and consumer attitudes towards meat chicken welfare, describes leg disorders, outlines techniques for assessing leg health and discusses opportunities to enrich the birds’ environment to improve bird mobility and leg health.
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Sugiharto, S., T. Yudiarti, I. Isroli, E. Widiastuti, H. I. Wahyuni, T. A. Sartono, N. Nurwantoro, and A. N. Al-Baarri. "Effect of dietary supplementation of formic acid, butyric acid or their combination on carcass and meat characteristics of broiler chickens." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 44, no. 3 (September 24, 2019): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.44.3.286-294.
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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of dietary supplementation of formic acid, butyric acid or their combination on carcass and meat characteristics of broiler chicks. A number of 288 day-old-chicks (Lohmann MB-202 meat broilers) were distributed to four groups, including CONT (basal diet with no additive as a control), FORM (basal diet containing 0.1% formic acid), BUTR (basal diet with 0.03% butyric acid) and FORM+BUTR (basal diet with 0.1% formic and 0.03% butyric acid). At day 35 the birds were slaughtered and eviscerated, and from which the breast meat was obtained. Carcass and cut yields of broilers were not different (P>0.05) among CONT, FORM and BUTR birds. The combination of formic and butyric acids increased (P<0.05) the relative weight of back of broilers. Meat pH value was higher (P<0.05) in organic acids treated than in non-treated birds. Organic acids lowered (P<0.05) drip loss of broiler meat. Butyric acid increased (P<0.05) moisture and decreased (P<0.05) the content of meat protein. Formic acid increased (P<0.05), whereas butyric acid and combination of formic and butyric acids decreased (P<0.05) lightness values of breast meat. Yellowness values of meat increased (P<0.05) with organic acid administration. Intense bands of 25 kDa (phosphoglycerate mutase) was observed in most of meat samples from the treated birds, but not in meat from the control birds. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of organic acids was capable of improving the meat quality of broiler meats. The treatments may prevent the pale, soft and exudative (PSE)-like condition in broiler meats.
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Angove, Joshua L., Nicky-Lee Willson, David J. Cadogan, and Rebecca E. A. Forder. "In ovo corticosterone administration alters body composition irrespective of arginine supplementation in 35-day-old female chicken meat birds." Animal Production Science 61, no. 1 (2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20254.
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Context Exposure to maternal hormones can permanently alter an embryo’s developmental trajectory. Maternal mediated effects have significant potential in the chicken meat industry, as breeder hens are feed restricted in a bid to improve performance. Evidence suggests breeder hens are chronically stressed, resulting from periods of prolonged hunger. However, evidence linking embryonic exposure to early-life stress and altered offspring phenotype in meat chickens is lacking. Additionally, methods to alleviate the phenotypic consequences of early-life stress have not been comprehensively explored. Nutritional supplementation with amino acids, such as arginine (Arg), may provide one such option, as Arg reportedly enhances performance characteristics in chicken meat birds. Aims An in ovo study was conducted to investigate whether exposure to in ovo stress altered offspring performance in meat chickens. Additionally, Arg was supplemented post-hatch to alleviate reductions in performance, hypothesised to occur as a result of exposure to corticosterone. Method A total of 400 eggs were divided into two groups and administered a corticosterone (CORT) or control (CON) solution at embryonic Day 11. At hatch, birds were separated into four groups based on in ovo and dietary treatments: CORT-Control, CORT-Arg, CON-Arg and CON-Control. Birds fed supplementary Arg diets received an Arg:lysine inclusion of 125%. Bodyweight (bwt) and feed conversion were recorded weekly. Birds were euthanised at embryonic Day 15, Day 0, 7, 21 (n = 40 birds/time point), 28 and 35 (n = 48 birds/time point) for organ collection. A total of 12 additional female birds were euthanised and subjected to a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan for body composition at Day 35. Results Neither in ovo nor diet treatments influenced bwt, bwt gain, feed conversion or plasma corticosterone at any time point, nor did any in ovo by diet interaction exist. Female birds exposed to CORT exhibited significantly greater fat mass (%bwt; P = 0.007) and reduced lean mass (%bwt; P = 0.026) compared with CON females at Day 35. Supplementary Arg did not influence bird body composition. Conclusions These findings suggest in ovo exposure to CORT may negatively influence body composition of female birds. Implications Understanding the effects of the maternal/in ovo environment may provide a novel approach to further improve carcass quality and flock uniformity.
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Kim, Byeonghyeon, Hye Ran Kim, Seul Lee, Youl-Chang Baek, Jin Young Jeong, Han Tae Bang, Sang Yun Ji, and Seol Hwa Park. "Effects of Dietary Inclusion Level of Microwave-Dried and Press-Defatted Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal on Carcass Traits and Meat Quality in Broilers." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030665.
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Limited information is available regarding the use of microwave-dried Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HILM) as a dietary protein source for broiler diets. Therefore, we investigated the effects of microwave-dried HILM on carcass traits, meat quality, fatty acid (FA) profiles of abdominal fat and meat, and heavy metal residues of the meat in broilers. A total of 126 male broilers were randomly assigned to three dietary treatment groups (6 replicates and 7 birds/pen): a control diet and two experimental diets in which soybean meal was replaced with 25 or 50% HILM. The broilers were slaughtered at 35 days; the carcasses were weighed, and breast and leg meats were excised from 12 birds per treatment (2 birds/pen) for meat analysis. The breast meat quality and proximate composition showed satisfactory results. For the higher HILM diet, the content of saturated FA in the abdominal fat was increased and that of polyunsaturated FA was decreased (p < 0.001); the FA profile of leg meat did not significantly differ between groups. The concentrations of undesirable heavy metals in the HILM and leg meat were below permissible levels. However, the carcass weight was decreased (p < 0.001) in the 50% HILM group. Microwave-dried HILM is a potential ingredient for broiler diets, with up to 25% substitution showing no detrimental effects on carcass traits, meat quality, FA profiles, and heavy metal residues in the meat.
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Hunich, V. V., Yu S. Stronskyi, Zh B. Koreneva, A. I. Holovanova, and E. V. Sultanovskaya. "Dependence of broiler chick meat quality on culture methods." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 23, no. 101 (April 5, 2021): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10115.
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For research, purchased on the market in Odessa, the carcasses of broilers TM “Nasha Ryaba” and private farms in the Odessa region, Ovidiopol district. In markets laboratory, we have determined a reference method for determining the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH). In the samples studied by us, the following pH indicators were observed: in the pectoral muscle of the farm bird 5.9–6.1, in the hip part 5.8–6.2; in the meat of farm chickens 5.6–5.8, in the hip – 5.7 6.11. These indicators correspond to consumption standards. From the data obtained from weighing individual parts of the carcasses, we see an increase in the proportionality of the development of the pectoral muscle in the carcasses of chickens “Nasha Ryaba”, which was more in percentage terms by 14.5 %, without bone – 14.2 %, without skin – 14.5 %, the pelvic limbs are more developed and amounted to 4.4 % more and compared to muscles without skin by 5.4 %. An insignificant difference was observed between the relative weight of bones in the thorax of the carcasses – by 0.3 % the weight of the sternum from the bird farm was more for the owner. In the skin, we noticed that the weight of the household carcass is 0.3 % higher than the weight of chickens “Nasha Ryaba”. Bones were 1 % larger in farm birds, while skin was 2 % larger in farm birds than in host birds. Research carried out by cooking (boiling) and taste of poultry meat indicated the freshness and good quality of the meat. On the FoodScanLabTSFOSS analyzer, the indicators of the chemical composition of broiler chicken meat in terms of fat significantly exceed the technical specifications by 3.61 % in the pelvic limb meat of “Nasha Ryaba” chickens, therefore it cannot be classified as a type of dietary meat. Histological studies have shown that the sample of the trade mark “Nasha Ryaba” has a more pronounced layer of adipose tissue, a thin layer of the dermis, muscles with pronounced fragmentation of fibers, affects the taste of the product. All private and farmer bird samples show minor signs of inflammation. From these data, we can conclude that in free-range and poultry farms, there is an infection that is expressed in minor inflammatory processes on the histological preparation, in addition, it may indicate an incorrect intensive feeding with concentrated feed of broiler chickens in order to accelerate the increase and weight gain for sale.
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Calik, Jolanta, Katarzyna Połtowicz, Sylwester Świątkiewicz, Józefa Krawczyk, and Joanna Nowak. "Effect of Caponization on Meat Quality of Greenleg Partridge Cockerels." Annals of Animal Science 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 541–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0002.
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Abstract The objective of the study was to determine the effect of caponizing Greenleg Partridge cockerels on slaughter parameters and meat quality. In total 80 Greenleg Partridge cockerels were assigned to two groups with 40 birds per group. Group I (control) consisted of uncastrated cockerels and group II contained birds that were castrated at 8 weeks of age. Birds were kept until 24 weeks of age and fed the same diet ad libitum. Body weight was recorded at 1, 8, 16 and 24 weeks of age. Dressing percentage, proportion of breast and leg muscles, giblets and abdominal fat, and microstructure of the pectoralis superficialis muscle were determined postmortem. Physicochemical characteristics of meat (pH, CIE L*a*b* colour, water holding capacity, drip loss, thawing loss, cooking loss, shear force, texture parameters and chemical composition) were determined and sensory evaluation was performed. The castration of Greenleg Partridge cockerels contributed to increases in body weight, dressing percentage, and carcass muscle and fat content, and changed the colour of bird skin and muscles. The leg muscles of capons were characterized by higher pH24h, better water holding capacity, a tendency for higher fat concentration, and better sensory quality. The breast muscles of castrated cockerels lost more water and were tougher than the same muscles from uncastrated cockerels, but received better scores for flavour. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the caponized Greenleg Partridge cockerels can be used as a valuable material for production of high quality meat.
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Jayathilakan, K., Khudsia Sultana, and M. C. Pandey. "Radiation Processing: An Emerging Preservation Technique for Meat and Meat Products." Defence Life Science Journal 2, no. 2 (May 31, 2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.2.11368.
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<p>Development of shelf stable meat and meat products is a challenging task due to physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory alterations during storage. Lot of thrust is being given in the application of radiation processing in meat sector due to its microbial safety. Maintaining and delivering quality and safety products both in civilian and service sectors is the need of the hour. Even though irradiation can ensure complete microbial sterility it can lead to lipid and protein oxidation due to the formation of free radicals which can cause flavour changes. Several studies on the usage of natural antioxidants which can arrest these changes have been reported. Irradiation can find excellent applications in the extension of shelf life of chilled and non chilled carcasses and birds in service sectors. There are several radiation processing plants in India commissioned in the private sector which can also be utilized by Armed forces for extending the shelf life of whole carcass and birds with an extension of shelf life. This will be of great<strong> </strong>significance to the defence forces.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>
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Sarker, Md Sazedul Karim, Md Masud Rana, Halima Khatun, Shakila Faruque, Nathu Ram Sarker, Farhana Sharmin, and Md Nazrul Islam. "Moringa leaf meal as natural feed additives on the growth performance and meat quality of commercial broiler chicken." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 3, no. 2 (August 29, 2017): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i2.33576.
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A study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary moringa leaf meal (MLM) as a natural alternative to antibiotic on the growth performance, meat quality and carcass yield of broiler chicken. A total of 270 day-old broiler chicks were randomly weighed and assigned to six dietary treatments having 45 birds in each. Each dietary treatment had three replicates of 15 birds and was reared in floor pens. Chicks were distributed in 4 different inclusion levels of MLM in diets; 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% with 2 control diets negative and positive. The birds were fed the experimental diets and water was provided without restriction throughout the experimental period. The results showed that significant (P<0.05) effect on final body weight and weight gain in dietary supplementation of 1.5% MLM as compared to that of control group. Better feed conversion (1.53) was observed at 1.5% MLM group. Different levels of MLM exhibit significant influence on meat yield performance of broilers. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) observed among the average live weight, thigh meat, wing meat, drumstick meat, gizzard and abdominal fat of broilers. Breast meat, heart, liver, large intestine and dressing percentage showed significant difference. Lower mortality was found on diet supplemented with MLM. It is concluded that 1.5% MLM in broiler diets can be used as natural feed additive for enhancing growth performance, organ development, meat yield and serum cholesterol of broilers as well as replacing of oxytetracycline.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2017, 3(2): 240-244
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KAREEM, KARWAN YASEEN, NAZIM RASUL ABDULLA, HOOI LING FOO, AMIRAH NABILAH MOHD ZAMRI, NURHAZIRAH SHAZALI, TECK CHWEN LOH, and MOHAMED IDRIS ALSHELMANI. "Effect of feeding larvae meal in the diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and meat quality in broiler chicken." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 88, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 1180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v88i10.84155.
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Larvae meal has been reported as a suitable alternative protein source to fish meal and soybean meal. It contains necessary essential amino acids required in poultry feeding. A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of feeding different levels of larvae meal on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass and meat quality, and bacterial count. Day-old male broiler chicks (216) were raised for 42 days. Birds were weighed and randomly allotted into 6 dietary treatments consisting of 6 replicates (pens) per treatment and 6 birds in each replicate. The dietary treatments were supplemented with earth larvae meal by 0% (control group), 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. The feed and drinking water were provided ad lib. The findings showed that body weight, average daily gain and total weight gain for group of birds fed 0% larvae meal significantly decreased compared to those chickens fed 8% and 10% larvae meal. A higher crude protein digestibility was found in birds fed with larvae meal. Control group had the highest Enterobacteriaceae count compared to the other treatments. Larvae meal supplementation improved the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and meat quality of broiler chicken and decreased excreta Enterobacteriaceae counts.
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Li, Jingjing, Chaowu Yang, Han Peng, Huadong Yin, Yan Wang, Yaodong Hu, Chunlin Yu, et al. "Effects of Slaughter Age on Muscle Characteristics and Meat Quality Traits of Da-Heng Meat Type Birds." Animals 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10010069.
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Due to the increasing demand for producing chickens with high meat quality, there is a need to determine its mode of action on chicken meat quality traits across a wider age spectrum. In this study, five groups of 200 male Da-Heng meat type birds were reared until slaughter age of 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 days old and breast muscle performance, meat quality traits, and myofiber characteristics were evaluated. The larger body weight and breast weight of chicken are based on larger myofiber diameter and area, less myofiber density for the older birds than younger birds. There was an age effect on all meat quality traits of chicken breast muscle (p < 0.05). Older chickens often presented a higher pH, lower drip loss, higher shear force, darker, and redder breast meat. The correlation coefficients showed that myofiber characteristics played an important role in breast pH values, drip loss, and meat color (p < 0.05). Besides, significant correlations were also found between meat quality traits (p < 0.05). Further studies are needed to explore the biochemical character and potential molecular mechanism of chicken breast muscle to determine the factors that causes these age-related differences in meat quality in the current study.
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Bainy, Adriane Molardi, Rodrigo Pelicioni Savegnago, Luara Afonso de Freitas, Beatriz do Nascimento Nunes, Jaqueline Oliveira Rosa, Mônica Corrêa Ledur, and Danísio Prado Munari. "Estimates of genetic parameters and cluster analyses for carcass and meat quality traits in birds." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52, no. 3 (March 2017): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017000300008.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to estimate genetic parameters for bird carcass and meat quality traits, as well as to explore the genetic patterns of the breeding values of this population using cluster analyses. Data from 1,846 birds were used to estimate the genetic parameters of production and quality traits using the multiple-trait animal model, and cluster analyses were performed. The heritability estimates ranged from 0.08± 0.03 for meat pH measured 24 hours after slaughter to 0.85± 0.09 for body weight. The genetic correlations between production traits were high and positive. The genetic correlations between meat quality traits were low and were not informative due to the high standard errors (same magnitudes as those of the genetic correlations). The genetic correlations between meat production and quality traits were negative, except between production traits and meat lightness intensity. Based on breeding values (EBVs), the evaluated population can be divided into four groups through cluster analyses, and one group is suitable for selection because the birds presented EBVs above and around the average of the population, respectively, for production and quality traits. Therefore, it is possible to obtain genetic gains for production-related traits without decreasing meat quality.
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Archer, Gregory S., and Eric B. Sobotik. "Evaluation of the Timing of Use of Phosphatidic Acid in the Diet on Growth Performance and Breast Meat Yield in Broilers." Animals 12, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 3446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12243446.
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With a growing increase in further processing of poultry, there has been an increased interest in factors, including feed additives, that may improve broiler performance, increase growth, and influence dressing percentage. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is known to play vital roles in protein synthesis; mTOR controls the anabolic and catabolic signaling of skeletal muscle mass, resulting in the modulation of muscle hypertrophy. Exogenous phosphatidic acid (PA) can stimulate the mTOR pathway via its activation of the substrate S6 kinase. A study with 648 Cobb 500 male broilers, housed in 36 floor pens (1.11 m2) from 1 to 42 days of age was conducted to evaluate the timing of PA (Mediator® 50P, Chemi Nutra, Austin, TX, USA) supplementation on the growth performance and carcass yield of broilers. Dietary treatments included T1, Control (CON), T2, 5 mg/bird/day of PA for 42 days (d0–42, PAA); T3, 5 mg/bird/day of PA for 28 days (d15–42, PAGF); and T4, 5 mg/bird/day of PA for 14 days (d29–42, PAF). All birds were weighed on d14, 28, and 42 to obtain BW (body weight), FCR (feed conversion ratio), and MORT (mortality percentage). On d42, eight birds per pen were processed to determine carcass and breast meat yield. No differences were observed in BW at d14 or d28. At d42, birds fed PAA were heavier (3.73 ± 0.02, p < 0.05) than all dietary treatments (3.68 ± 0.02). From d0 to d28, birds fed PAA had the lowest FCR (1.423 ± 0.005, p < 0.05) compared to all dietary treatments (1.441 ± 0.005). From d0 to d42, birds fed PAA and PAGF had a lower FCR (1.545 ± 0.014, p < 0.05) when compared to the CON (1.609 ± 0.013). No differences were observed in MORT between treatments during growout. Increased BW observed in birds fed PAA translated to increased breast fillet weight (0.772 ± 0.009 kg, p < 0.05) when compared to the CON (0.743 ± 0.008 kg). Carcass yields were increased in birds fed PAA (77.48 ± 0.32 kg, p < 0.05) when compared to all dietary treatments (76.24 ± 0.16 kg). Utilizing PA for 42 days increased live weights, improved FCR, increased carcass yield, and increased breast fillet weight at processing. Results from this study indicate that supplementation of PA during all phases of growth may increase the production efficiency of broilers.
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Lima, L. R. De, J. A. D. Barbosa Filho, E. R. Freitas, D. H. Souza, V. S. S. Viana, N. A. F. Machado, and R. C. Nepomuceno. "Effect of Different Breeding Densities and Inclusion of Soybean Oil on Performance, Carcass Trait and Heat Loss in Meat Quails." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 7 (May 31, 2019): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n7p130.
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Quails are homeothermic animals, in countries with a tropical climate, such as Brazil, birds face great difficulties in controlling body temperature inside the sheds. Several practices are being studied in order to keep these animals within the thermal comfort zone, and thus, to minimize the effects of thermal stress, partial substitution of carbohydrates by oils and changes in density are some of them. The objective of this study was to evaluate the different breeding densities and inclusion levels of soybean oil in performance, carcass characteristics and heat loss in quail. 450 quails, seven days old, distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, two densities (215.6 cm2 bird-1 and 188.6 cm2 bird-1) and three inclusion levels of soybean oil (0, 2, 4%) were used, totaling six treatments with five replicates each. The heat loss by radiation was estimated with the aid of infrared thermography. The results showed that there was an effect of the density on feed consumption, which was lower for birds raised in the density of 188.6 cm2 bird-1 (783.78 g of feed), but without its effect on weight gain and food conversion. No effect of inclusion levels of soybean oil was observed on any performance variables. There was no statistical difference (P > 0.05) between treatments for any variables of carcass yield and parts, and heat loss by radiation analyzed. Therefore, it is concluded that soybean oil inclusion levels do not affect the performance and yield of quails, nor do they influence the loss of heat throughout the life cycle of these animals. The birds raised in the density of 188.6 cm2 bird-1 obtained the lowest average dietary intake, with no impact on weight gain and feed conversion, allowing the creation of a greater number of birds per box.
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Owosibo, A. O., I. A. Okere, and G. A. Adedokun. "Effect of graded levels of raw roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seed meal on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality traits of broiler chicken." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i1.764.
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Means of reducing the rising cost of feed resources in livestock production is a concern in the poultry industry in Nigeria.The study was carried out to investigate the effect of graded level of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seed meal on performance traits, physical and sensory quality of broiler chicken meat. One hundred and twenty birds at day 28 were used and thirty birds were randomly allotted into respective four dietary treatments [T1 - control diet with 0% inclusion level of raw roselle seed meal (RSM) while T2, T3 and T4 had 25%, 50% and 75% inclusion level of RSM respectively] in a complete randomized design. Each treatment had three replicates with ten birds per replicate. At the end of the 28-day feeding trial being 8 weeks, 24 birds (2-birds/replicate) were slaughtered for physical and sensory meat quality characteristics: colour, appearance, flavor, texture, taste and overall acceptability. Result showed there was not significant (P>0.05) difference for final weight, weight gain and feed intake among T1, T2 and T3 but T4 had significant (P<0.05) least values in final weight (1.58kg) weight gain (1.05kg) and feed intake (3.52kg) among the treatments. The FCR was not significantly different for T1 (3.32) and T4 (3.36) while both T1 and T4 differed significantly from T2 (3.13) and T3 (3.11). There were not significant (p>0.05) differences in the carcass traits that were measured across the treatments. The cooking loss from the thigh meat in T2 (27.55%) was significantly lower in comparison to treatments T3 (36.60%) and T4 (35.62%) but was not significantly different from T1 (30.48%). The cooking loss from breast and drumstick meat showed insignificant (P<0.05) difference among the treatments. The texture of the meat had least scored value in T1 (4.93) which was significantly different from T1 (6.33) but not significantly different from T2 (5.13) and T4 (6.07). The overall acceptability of the meat from the treatments was highest in T1 (7.03) with no significantly different from T3 (6.33) and T4 (6.67) but was significantly different from T2 (5.6). It can be concluded that raw roselle seed meal can be used as a substitute for full fat soybean for use in finisher broiler diets up to 50% inclusion level without adverse effect on the performance traits and some meat quality attributes of chicken.
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Marchi, Denis Fabrício, Marco Antônio Trindade, Alexandre Oba, Adriana Lourenço Soares, Elza Iouko Ida, José Bento Sterman Ferraz, Tércio Michelan Filho, Iris Lamberti Ziober, and Massami Shimokomaki. "Sensitivity to halothane and its relationship to the development of PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative) meat in female lineage broilers." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, spe (November 2009): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000700028.
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This work aimed to evaluate female lineage broilers for halothane sensitivity and for their susceptibility to the subsequent development of PSE meat. The halothane test was carried out in an anesthetic chamber with 3.0% halothane. The unconscious birds were examined for leg muscle rigidity. If one or both legs became extended and rigid, the birds were classified as halothane sensitive (HAL+), while unresponsive birds were classified as halothane negative (HAL-). The results showed that of 298 birds aged 42 days old, 95.6% were HAL- and 4.4% were HAL+. A sample of pectoralis major muscle was collected from HAL- (n=105) and HAL+ (n=13) birds. The pH and breast fillet color were determined at 4ºC, 24 hours post-mortem. Interestingly, only 2.5% of HAL+ birds displayed PSE meat characteristics compared to 12.7% of HAL- individuals. The halothane test demonstrated that female lineage broilers displayed very little sensitivity towards halothane, indicating that the development of PSE meat is related to other environmental factors.
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Beno, Matias, and Henderite L. Ohee. "Pengetahuan Konservasi Tradisional Burung Endemik pada Masyarakat Kampung Soaib di Distrik Kemtuk, Kabupaten Jayapura." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 1, no. 1 (October 20, 2018): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.567.
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This study was to investigate the endemic birds, local knowledge and the conservation efforts on the bird species. The study was conducted in the period from February 2007 to May 2008. Methods used including observation, interviews, documentation, description and literature review. The results showed that there were 11 spesies of endemic birds occured in Soaib village: Cassowary (Casuarius unappendiculatus), Yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita), two species of Megapodes; (Aypepodius arfakianus) and (Megapodius freycinet), Papuan Hornbill (Rhyticeros plicatus), Victoria Crowned-pigeon (Goura victoria), Palm Cockatoo (Prombosciger atterimus), Parrot (Psittrichas fulgidus), Papuan crow (Cracticus cassicus) Bird of Paradise (Paradiseae sp). Local people determined the forest in three different types; primary forest, buffer zone between primary and secondary forest and secondary forest. Primary forest was being the habitat for 11 endemic birds. These birds were hunted by local people for meat consumption and cultural purposes excepted the Papuan hornbill (Rhyticeros plicatus) and Papuan crow (Cracticus cassicus). Bird of Paradise (Paradiseae sp), and yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) were captured to be sold in the market. This was happened because of lack information and education about the role of the birds in forest ecosystem. Key words: Traditional conservation, endemic birds, Soaib village, Jayapura
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Kocher, A., M. Choct, L. Morrisroe, and J. Broz. "Effects of enzyme supplementation on the replacement value of canola meal for soybean meal in broiler diets." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 4 (2001): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00072.
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A broiler growth study was conducted to investigate the replacement value of canola meal (CM) for soybean meal (SBM) in broiler diets with or without the addition of two commercial enzyme products. A total of 3600 broilers were used in this experiment. Four isoenergetic diets replicated 10 times with 90 birds each were fed ad libitum as starter (Day 0–21) and finisher (Day 21–37) crumbles. All diets included a high proportion of sorghum as the main cereal component, and soybean meal (20% and 24.5%) or canola meal (35% and 28.9%) were included as the sole protein concentrate. At Day 38 selected birds from each dietary treatment were commercially processed and carcass yield and weight of selected meat portions were measured. The inclusion of CM in place of SBM and the addition of enzyme to CM-based diets did not affect feed intake, growth, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Mortality in birds fed the unsupplemented CM diet was significantly reduced compared with the mortality in birds fed the SBM control diet or the CM diets supplemented with enzymes. Birds fed the unsupplemented CM had significantly (P < 0.05) reduced eviscerated weight, breast meat, and thigh yield and a significantly (P < 0.05) reduced water-holding capacity of muscle tissue compared with the SBM control diet. The addition of Enzyme A to CM-based diets increased breast meat and the addition of Enzyme B significantly (P < 0.05) increased dress yield, breast meat, and Marylands (thigh and drumstick portions). Carcass yield and quality on this diet was comparable to the SBM diet.
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Selaledi, Letlhogonolo, Josephine Baloyi, Christian Mbajiorgu, Amenda Nthabiseng Sebola, Henriette de Kock, and Monnye Mabelebele. "Meat Quality Parameters of Boschveld Indigenous Chickens as Influenced by Dietary Yellow Mealworm Meal." Foods 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 3094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10123094.
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An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) meal inclusion in diets of indigenous chickens. A total of 160 mixed-sex indigenous Boschveld chickens were randomly divided into four categories: control soybean meal (SBM) and yellow mealworm with percentage levels of 5, 10 and 15 (TM5, TM10 and TM15, respectively). Five replicate pens per treatment were used, with eight birds per pen/replicate. On day 60, two birds from each replicate were slaughtered and eviscerated. Meat quality parameters were measured out on raw carcass and cooked breast meat. The carcass weight, breast weight and gizzard weight of the control group was higher (p < 0.05) than the treatment group (TM15). The cooking loss was lower (p < 0.05) in the SBM control group but higher in the TM15 group. Colour characteristics of breast meat before cooking was lighter in the TM10 and TM15 group, ranged from 61.7 to 69.3 for L* and was significant (p < 0.05). The TM10 and TM15 groups showed a lighter colour than the SBM and TM5 groups. The breast meat pH taken after slaughter was different (p < 0.05) in TM5 and TM15, with the highest reading (pH 6.0) in the TM5 group. In conclusion, our experiment indicated that dietary Tenebrio molitor in growing Boschveld indigenous chickens’ diets could be considered a promising protein source for Boschveld indigenous chickens.
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Rahman, MM, S. Faruque, MS Islam, MN Islam, and MA Rashid. "Comparison of Growth Performance and Meat Yield of Hilly Chicken under two Feeding Regimens." Agriculturists 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v11i2.17485.
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A total of 108 day-old chicks of hilly chicken were randomly allocated to either pellet form of high protein-energy diet (PHPE) or mash form of low protein-energy diet (MLPE) dietary group having 3 replications in each group. Birds were reared in cages and studied upto 10 weeks of age to compare their growth, feed efficiency and meat production under two feeding regimens. Six birds from each feeding regimen at the age of 8 week were slaughtered to analyze the meat yield characteristics. The live weight of the birds fed PHPE diet was significantly higher (699±18) than that of MLPE diet (492 ±10) at 8 weeks of age. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better in PHPE diet (2.89±0.03) than in MLPE diet (3.22±0.09). The mortality was similar in birds under two different feeding regimens. Live weight (g) and edible parts weight (g) of birds fed on PHPE diet were significantly higher than that of birds fed on MLPE diet. Dressing percentage did not differ significantly between two feeding regimens. It was concluded that native chicken of hilly areas have the potentiality for meat production and they can utilize high protein energy diet more efficiently. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v11i2.17485 The Agriculturists 2013; 11(2) 38-43
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Ingweye, J. N., G. O. Egbo, and G. A. Kalio. "Influence of aidan and turmeric as additives on blood chemistry, proximate composition and organoleptic indices of broiler chickens." Journal of Agricultural Research and Development 18, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jard.v18i1.10.
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The study assessed blood chemistry, proximate composition and organoleptic indices of meat from broiler chickens fed aidan and turmeric as additives. One hundred and eighty Cobb 500 strain day-old chicks were used for an 8-week study. Birds were divided into six groups (30 birds/group) of three replicates (10 birds/replicate) each. The groups were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments (A, B, C, D, E, and F). Group A was the control, fed basal diet without aidan or turmeric. Groups B, C, D, E and F were fed diets containing 0.5% aidan, 1.0% aidan, 0.5% aidan + 0.5% turmeric, 1.0% turmeric and 0.5% turmeric, respectively. Blood was drawn from one bird per replicate at end of study for blood chemistry analysis. One bird per treatment was selected, slaughtered and loin meat taken for proximate and sensory evaluation using 20 semi-trained test panelists and nine-point hedonic scale questionnaire. Completely randomized design, one-way analysis of variance was used. Dietary inclusion of turmeric and aidan alone or in combination showed no apparent pathological concerns but significantly (p<0.05) elevated PCV, RBC, thrombocytes, heterophils, lymphocytes, AST, ALT, albumin, globulin, protein, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, creatinine values and decreased (p<0.05) haemoglobin and glucose concentrations. Also, treatments did not affect (p>0.05) monocytes and potassium levels and showed normal WBC and eosinophils counts. Furthermore, dietary treatments improved (p<0.05) crude protein content of the meat without affecting (p>0.05) fat, ash and dry matter as well as sensory indices. Nevertheless, no meat was disliked by consumers. Inclusion of aidan and turmeric up to 1.0% could support antiglycaemic and phosphorus activity. But, beyond 1.0% inclusion, anaemia and dehydration of the birds may occur.
Keywords: Phyto-additive, Non-antibiotic, Natural growth promoter, Sensory indices
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Miftakhutdinov, A. V., E. R. Sayfulmulyukov, S. G. Dorofeeva, and D. E. Anosov. "Correction of the development of heat stress in broiler chickens in the complex of veterinary and sanitary measures used in an industrial-type poultry farm." Agrarian science 1, no. 7-8 (October 6, 2022): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-361-7-8-44-54.
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Relevance. The degree of development of heat stress in poultry is associated with the influence of a number of factors: the value of the peak temperature, the duration of its influence on broiler chickens, air humidity in the poultry house, ventilation, age and live weight of the birds. Based on the heat load on the body of the bird, feed consumption, productivity and quality of the products obtained are reduced to varying degrees. Thermal load exceeding adaptive capacity can be fatal.Methods. To determine the degree and depth of the effect of heat load on the body of a bird, production data from the leading poultry farms of the Chelyabinsk and Belgorod regions were studied. A production experiment on the correction of heat stress was carried out in the conditions of poultry houses with cage keeping of broiler chickens. The birds of the experimental group were fed a solution of the drug "PARATERM" through medicators for 5 days before slaughter, at a dose of 70 mg/kg of body weight. On the 39th day, the birds were slaughtered.Results. Against the background of the use of the drug "PARATERM", the safety of birds in the experimental group increased by 1.6% compared to the control group, the mortality during transportation decreased by 6.6 times. Against the background of the accumulation of protein mass in the poultry meat of the experimental group, there was an increase in the amount of moisture and a decrease in amount oflipids. The content of heavy metals and toxic elements in the poultry meat of the experimental groups did not exceed the permissible level, that indicates the safety of the meat raw materials obtained. Statistically significant changes in the meat of the experimental group were observed in the content of copper and zinc.
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Lyadova, L. V., V. I. Kotarev, and D. A. Belousov. "INFLUENCE OF PROFORT FEED ADDITIVE ON MEAT PRODUCTIVITY OF TURKEY OF «HYBRID CONVERTER» CROSS." Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy 212 (March 22, 2021): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18286/1816-4501-2021-1-193-197.
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An acute problem in industrial turkey breeding is maintaining a high immune status of birds in order to increase the safety of the stock, productivity and, accordingly, the quality of meat. At the same time, the most important factor is proper bird feeding arrangement. In recent years, there has been a tendency in industrial turkey feeding to use various products that improve the birds’ digestion physiology which can replace feed antibiotics. The search for biologically active substances that can stimulate development of the natural microflora of turkeys in order to suppress pathogenic bacteria by increasing the number of bifido and lactoflora are of great interest in science and practice. Various probiotic products have similar properties. The aim of our research was to study the effect of Profort probiotic feed additive on meat productivity of turkeys of Hybrid Converter cross. A production experiment was carried out on turkeys of Hybrid Converter cross. Control slaughter of turkeys was carried out at the age of 98 days. Ten birds were selected from each group. The birds were fed for 60 days, the eed additive was given at a dose of 1 kg per 1 ton of the combined feed. Poultry processing and anatomical and morphological analysis of the carcasses were carried out in the laboratory of the research center of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “All-Russian Research Veterinary Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy”. The results were statistically processed using Statistica v6 program . Studies showed that application of Profort feed additive had a positive effect on meat production of turkeys. The superiority of the experimental group was clearly expressed in all the studied parametres. The results obtained allow us to recommend Profort probiotic feed additive for use in turkey breeding in order to increase productivity
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Obrzut, Joanna, Józefa Krawczyk, Jolanta Calik, Sylwester Świątkiewicz, Mariusz Pietras, and Katarzyna Utnik-Banaś. "Meat quality of poulards obtained from three conserved breeds of hens." Annals of Animal Science 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2017-0034.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the effect of genotype (breed/line) and spaying of pullets on body weight, estradiol level, carcass and meat quality. Subjects were Rhode Island Red (R-11), Yellowleg Partridge (Ż-33) and Sussex hens (S-66), 100 birds per line, which were divided into 2 groups, each having 50 pullets and 50 poulards. Spaying was performed at 10 wk of age, under local anesthesia by a veterinarian. The present study showed that blood estradiol levels in poulards were much lower than in pullets regardless of genotype. Poulards showed higher body weight and their carcasses higher lightness and yellowness. In the sensory evaluation, poulard breast meat was more tasty and leg meat also more juicy and tender compared to pullet meat. Among the three conserved breeds, Rhode Island Red (R-11) and Yellowleg Partridge (Ż-33) hens are the best starting material for poulard production. Their carcasses showed good muscling and intense yellowness desirable to the consumers. R-11 birds achieved highest body weight. Spaying of pullets had no significant effect on the profile of fatty acids, but greater and statistically significant differences in this regard were found between hen lines. Compared to S-66 birds, breast muscles of R-11 and Ż-33 birds contained more polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The breast and leg muscles of these birds had a lower content of saturated fatty acids (SFA ).
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Faustin-Evaris, Esther, Luis A. Sarmiento-Franco, Concepción M. Capetillo-Leal, and Carlos A. Sandoval-Castro. "Composition of Slow-Growing Male Chicken’s Meat and Bone Quality as Affected by Dietary Moringa oleifera Lam. Meal." Animals 12, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 3482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12243482.
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This study investigated the impact of Moringa oleifera Lam. meal (MOM) on meat nutritional properties and bone quality of slow-growing layer-type male chickens raised in semi-intensive conditions. A total of 198, 72-d-old Dominant Blue D 107 male chickens, with an average weight of 1093 ± 15.2 g, were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments supplemented with 0, 3, and 6% of MOM that corresponded to T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Each treatment, consisting of six replicated floor pens of 11 birds, had access to the outdoors for 49 days. The results showed that breast muscle ash percentage was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) in T2 in comparison to the T1 group. Meat dry matter, protein, and fat content were not influenced by the treatments (P > 0.05). Regardless of the treatments, oleic acid (C18:1N9C) was numerically more abundant in the breast than in the leg muscle. Alternatively, femoral and tibial lengths were shorter (P ≤ 0.05) in birds fed 3% MOM than the two other groups. Moreover, birds fed with MOM had greater tibial diameter (P ≤ 0.05) than those that were fed without MOM. In addition, bone ash content and phosphorous amount were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in birds fed 6% MOM compared to those fed without MOM. The data of this study indicate that up to 6% of MOM may be added to the diet of slow-growing layer-type male chickens raised with outdoor access under tropical conditions to improve bone quality traits.
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Roselli, Carla, Donatella Desideri, Maria Assunta Meli, Ivan Fagiolino, and Laura Feduzi. "Essential and toxic elements in meat of wild birds." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 79, no. 21 (September 6, 2016): 1008–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2016.1216490.
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Thema, Kwena Kgaogelo, Caven Mguvane Mnisi, and Victor Mlambo. "Stocking density-induced changes in growth performance, blood parameters, meat quality traits, and welfare of broiler chickens reared under semi-arid subtropical conditions." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): e0275811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275811.
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Broiler production in semi-arid tropics must contend with high levels of heat stress, which have implications on stocking density, bird welfare, and profitability. Under these conditions, optimal stocking densities are likely to be lower than expected, thus must be experimentally determined. Therefore, this study investigated growth performance, haematology, serum biochemistry, carcass and meat quality, sizes of internal organs, and stress biomarkers in response to different stocking densities in broilers reared under semi-arid subtropical conditions. Five hundred, day-old Ross 308 broilers (44.0 ± 5.24 g live-weights) were randomly distributed to 25 replicate pens (1.32 m2 floor space each) to create five stocking densities: 1) 10 birds/pen (SD10); 2) 15 birds/pen (SD15); 3) 20 birds/pen (SD20); 4) 25 birds/pen (SD25); and 5) 30 birds/pen (SD30). There was a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in overall feed intake and weight gain in weeks 2 and 3 as stocking density increased. However, weight gain showed positive and negative quadratic responses (P < 0.05) in weeks 5 and 6, respectively, as stocking density increased. No linear or quadratic effects (P ˃ 0.05) were observed for overall feed conversion ratio, haematological parameters, and meat quality traits in response to stocking density. Symmetric dimethylarginine, alanine transaminase, and albumin levels quadratically increased (P < 0.05) in response to increasing stocking densities. Serum glucose and thigh weight were not affected (P < 0.05) while final body, drumstick, breast, and wing weights linearly declined with stocking density. Increasing stocking density linearly reduced (P < 0.05) the weights of gizzard, proventriculus, caecum, and colon. Stocking density had no effect (P ˃ 0.05) on latency-to-lie. It was concluded that higher stocking densities compromised feed intake, resulting in poor weight gains. Based on weight gain trends observed in week 5, it was determined that Ross 308 broilers should be reared at no more than 20 birds/pen (~15 birds/m2 or 27.27 kg/m2) under the experimental ambient conditions compared to the much higher globally accepted industry standard of 20 birds/m2.
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Pérez, Francisco L. "The Silent Forest: Impact of Bird Hunting by Prehistoric Polynesians on the Decline and Disappearance of Native Avifauna in Hawai’i." Geographies 1, no. 3 (October 18, 2021): 192–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geographies1030012.
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This research focuses on the historical demise of Hawaiian avifauna due to hunting by ancient Polynesians. Numerous documents, published since the early 1800s, were scrutinized and evaluated; these provided information on bird hunting and traditional Hawaiian practices. Hawaiians used birds as sources of feathers and food. Feathers were important symbols of power for Polynesians; in Hawai’i, feathers were more highly prized than other types of property. Feathers used for crafts were obtained from at least 24 bird species, however, the golden feathers of ‘ō‘ō and mamo birds made them primary targets for birdhunters; both birds became extinct by the late 1800s. Feathers were utilized for many items, including ‘ahu‘ula [cloaks], mahiole [war helmets], and kāhili [standards]. Most garments utilized a considerable number of feathers; a cloak for Kamehameha consumed the golden feathers of 80,000 mamo birds. Bird meat was an important food item for native Hawaiians. It is believed that most birds were killed after being plucked; historical sources mention ~30 bird species were consumed. The ‘ua‘u (Pterodroma sandwichensis), a currently endangered seabird, was ruthlessly hunted and avidly eaten. Its current geographical range is just a minute fraction of its former one; now, ‘ua‘us are largely restricted to inaccessible cliffs at Haleakalā Crater (Maui).
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Kurugala, GC Subhashini. "Comparison of degree of liking for “Consumer sensory characteristics” of organic and conventional broiler meat by young consumers in Sri Lanka." South Florida Journal of Environmental and Animal Science 2, no. 2 (May 18, 2022): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53499/sfjeasv2n2-013.
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Chicken meat does not get restrictions when compare to beef & pork within Sri Lankan community. There is increasing trend of consuming broiler chicken meat as the per capita consumption has grown up to 9.8kg /year in 2020. Consumer sensory characteristics such as appearance, smell, tenderness, taste, colour, juiciness and overall likeness are used to compare the preference of organic and conventional chicken meats by using young consumers. Objective of the study is to discover the acceptance level of organic chicken meat over conventional broiler chicken meat among young generation by analyzing consumer sensory characters of both chicken meats. Local breed (organic) and fast growing conventional (non-organic) birds were reared in two batches with equal facilities each comprising of 100 birds. 10 birds were selected randomly from each group which was fed with organic and non-organic broiler feed having same nutritional composition. Conventional birds & organic birds were slaughtered at 32 & 75 days of age respectively. 10 young both sexed tasters of 20-25 years old age were randomly selected and were served with two samples of organic and conventional broiler meat. Breast meat of 10 Nos of selected chicken was received from the processing and cooked to 82 0C internal muscle temperature. A 10g muscle of P. major muscle, and served for analysis of sensory characteristics. The tasters were instructed to eat crackers, drink water between each sample to clear the palate, and pause for 20 s between samples. All samples were consumed. Results of consumer sensory characteristics appearance, smell, tenderness, taste, colour, juiciness and overall likeness are reported in the sheet after eating both chicken meat samples from each category. Degree of liking for sensory characters were recorded by a questioner having 1 to 5 scale; (1= strongly unlike; 2 = unlike; 3 = average; 4 = like & 5 = strongly like) after tasting. According to analyzed results 70% of the population likes the appearance of organic chicken while 50% of them like conventional. The population prefers taste (40%); colour (30%) & juiciness (60%) of conventional meat. There is no difference regarding the preference of tenderness of both type of meat. Overall (60%) prefer organic chicken meat where as 40% for conventional. Therefore it can conclude that young generation readily accepts organic chicken meat.
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Wiedemann, S. G., F. A. Phillips, T. A. Naylor, E. J. McGahan, O. B. Keane, B. R. Warren, and C. M. Murphy. "Nitrous oxide, ammonia and methane from Australian meat chicken houses measured under commercial operating conditions and with mitigation strategies applied." Animal Production Science 56, no. 9 (2016): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15561.
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Greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia emissions are important environmental impacts from meat chicken houses. This study measured ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) in two trials from paired, commercial meat chicken houses using standard (control) and mitigation strategies. In Trial 1, emissions from houses with standard litter depth of 47 mm (LD47) or increased litter depth of 67 mm (LD67) were compared. When standardised to a 42-day-old bird, emissions were 11.9 g NH3/bird, 0.30 g N2O/bird and 0.16 g CH4/bird from the LD47 and 11.7 g NH3/bird, 0.69 g N2O/bird and 0.12 g CH4/bird from the LD67. Emissions per kilogram of manure N were 0.14 and 0.11 for NH3-N, 0.003 and 0.005 N2O-N and CH4 conversion factors were 0.08% and 0.05%. Total direct and indirect GHG emissions reported in carbon dioxide equivalents were found to be higher in LD67 in response to the elevated direct N2O emissions. Trial 2 compared the impact of reduced crude protein (CP19.8) and a standard diet (CP21.3) developed using least-cost ration formulation, on emissions. Emissions per bird for the CP19.8 diet were 7.7 g NH3/bird, 0.39 g N2O/bird and 0.14 g CH4/bird, while emissions from birds fed the CP21.3 diet were 10.6 g NH3/bird, 0.42 g N2O/bird and 0.19 g CH4/bird. Significant differences were observed only in the NH3 results, where emissions were reduced by 27% for the low-CP diet. Because of the low emission levels, total mitigation potential from indirect GHG emissions was relatively small in Trial 2, corresponding to 11 t carbon dioxide equivalents/year per million birds.
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R. S. Al-Mahdawi. "STUDY THE EFFECT OF STRAIN MEASURES OF POST-RESUSCITATE AGING AND AGE AT SLAUGHTER ON BROILER MEAT QULITY." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 53, no. 6 (December 29, 2022): 1512–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i6.1667.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between broiler strain, slaughter age, and post-chill (PC) aging duration in terms of measurable meat quality parameters. Two hundred fifty Hubbard on one day old chicks classic and two hundred fifty Lohman were bread in a commercial setting. Each strain had half of its broiler chicks slain at 32 days of age and the other half at 42 days of age. A total of 168 bodies (84 Hubbard and 84 Lohman) were selected at random on each day of processing, with each strain being divided into 28 groups and aged for 0, 4, and 24 hours. Each strain had a comparable average weekly body weight. Hubbard strain animals demonstrated greater feed conversion ratios during weeks two and three of life (P≥ 0.05). A bird's age had a significant effect (p≥0.05) on initial pH of the carcass, with birds that were 32 days old having lower pH values (41 days old). Carcass temperature of Lohman’s was higher than Hubbard's at 0h, 2h, and 4h post-PC (p≥0.001). Breast temperature was lower in younger birds throughout all PC assessment intervals (p≥0.001). Stress, age, and aging time had no effect on thaw loss, cook loss, and water holding capacity. Meat of Lohman strain was softer (P≥0.05) than meat of Hubbard strain, and as broiler age and aging time rose, softness also improved. The Hubbard strain produced meat was lighter in color and less red than that of Lohman strain, which came from birds of that darker. It was determined that the breast meat quality features were most affected by strain, slaughter age and PC aging period and that softer fillet could be achieved by maturing for 4 hours before to deboning.
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Batkowska, Justyna, Kamil Drabik, Małgorzata Karwowska, Umair Ahsan, Ifrah Raza, Agnieszka Adamczuk, and Beata Horecka. "Growth performance and meat quality of meat-type guinea fowl fed different commercial diets." Archives Animal Breeding 64, no. 2 (July 28, 2021): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-64-325-2021.
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Abstract. The aim of study was to assess the growth performance, meat quality, and fatty acid composition of meat-type guinea fowl fed balanced commercial diets under two different feeding programs, similar to those for slaughter turkeys and broiler chickens, respectively. A total of 80 4-week-old meat-type guinea fowl divided into two groups (four replicates per group; 10 birds in each replicate) were raised for 14 weeks. One group received commercially available diets in a three-phased program (TM group), whereas the other group was fed commercial diets in a two-phased program (CM group). Growth-performance-related traits were recorded. At the end of rearing (14 weeks of age), eight birds from each group were slaughtered. Carcass yield and technological traits of meat (pH, color, water-holding capacity, natural and thermal loss, tenderness, fatty acid profile) were analyzed. Groups did not differ in terms of body weight as well as carcass yield and characteristics. There was no difference in meat quality and the fatty acid profile of breast and thigh meat of guinea fowl from TM and CM groups. The findings of this study suggest that both commercial diets (for broiler chickens and turkeys) can be used in meat-type guinea fowl rearing. Due to the lower price of diets fed to the CM group and the lack of significant variation in meat quality traits, its use seems to be more justified from an economic point of view.
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Egbeyale, L. T., O. J. Olaniran, A. O. Ademakin, and O. M. Onagbesan. "Effect of intensive and semi –intensive systems of management on egg and meat quality of layer chickens." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 41, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v41i2.784.
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The study was carried out to determine the effect of management systems on the egg and meat quality of layers. A total of 150 (21 weeks old) dominant black pullets were used and randomly divided into two groups of 75 birds per treatment (free range and deep litter production systems). Each treatment was sub-divided into three replicates of 25 birds each. The birds were fed with commercial layers mash continuously for 10 weeks with those on the th semi-intensive system having access to green forages for consumption. At the end of 10 week, two birds were randomly selected from each replicate, slaughtered, scaled, and de –feathered for sensory evaluation, determination of cooking weight loss and meat composition. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using T-test. The yolk colour was significantly (P<0.05) by the rearing system. The results indicated no significant (P>0.05) differences in nutritive value of egg from both management systems. Carbohydrate value of thigh muscle was significantly (P<0.05) affected by the management system. There was significant (P<0.05) difference in the juiciness and overall acceptance of the breast meat of the birds. There was no significant (P> 0.05) difference on the cooking weight loss between the meat samples from the two management systems. It was concluded that semi - intensive production system improve yolk colour, thus semi- intensive is recommended for farmer because eggs produced from birds with this management system have an improved yolk colour while layers raised intensively on deep litter management system have a tender breast muscle.
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Petrović, Jelena, Igor Stojanov, Vera Gusman, Jelena Lekić, Radomir Ratajac, and Snežana Medić. "THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTER SPP. IN POULTRY MEAT PRODUCTION." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v12i2.60.
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Th ermophilic Campylobacter spp. are the leading cause of zoonotic enteric disease in Europe and USA. In Serbia, it has an upward trend in human population. Th e disease is usually indirectly transmitted to humans through the consumption of food contaminated by the faeces of infected animals. Th e aim of this paper was to analyze data on the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in poultry meat production chain and the risk for the development of the disease in humans. Th e Campylobacter jejuni/coli was identifi ed at farm level in 73.3% of poultry, 66.6% calves and 58.3% pig samples of already ill or suspected cases. Clinical manifestation of the disease in birds can be expected if an additional immunosuppressive factor is present. Artifi cial infection of healthy chickens with 6.77 log cfu C. jejuni per chicken on day 21st of life leads to 5.26 log cfu/g faeces aft er only fi ve days with a tendency to decrease during the next 18 days. Although chilling and freezing may signifi cantly reduce Campylobacter contamination of carcasses, it cannot completely eliminate the initial contamination. According to our experimental results the prevalence of Campylobacter contaminated chickens from positive fl ock appears to drop from 100% live birds (with 3.02 log cfu/g faeces) to 50% of chicken carcasses. Contamination of the carcasses depends on initial contamination of live birds, good hygiene practices andgood manufacturing practices. Th erefore, high variability in contamination of carcasses can be considered; prevalence range from 11.43 to 90.00% ofcarcases was established in various slaughterhouses. At retail, Campylobacter was detected in 18.8% poultry meat samples and 10.0% samples of othermeat types. Campylobacter is frequently found in the entire production chain of poultry meat and represents high risk for consumers’ health.
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Wójcik, A., J. Sowińska, K. Iwańczuk-Czernik, and T. Mituniewicz. "The effect of a housing system in slaughter turkeys on mechanical damage to carcass and meat quality." Czech Journal of Animal Science 49, No. 2 (December 12, 2011): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4283-cjas.
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The aim of the experiment was to find out whether the housing of Polish white broad-breasted heavy type turkeys J-22 on slatted floor (group I) and litter floor (group II) has an effect on the final body weight, body weight loss during transportation, mechanical damage to carcass and physical and chemical properties of breast meat. The turkeys were kept in controlled environment: turkey hens for 16 weeks (group I – 29 birds; group II – 30 birds) and turkey cocks for 23 weeks (group I – 21 birds; group II – 28 birds) in compliance with the parameters recommended for this species. The turkey cocks kept on the slatted floor made of metal mesh had lower final body weight (11 929 g), higher body weight losses during transportation (2.41%) and higher number of birds with damaged carcasses (95%) in comparison with the turkey cocks kept on the litter floor (13 307 g, 1.94% and 54%, respectively). Moreover, higher levels of lactic acid (turkey hens 119.83 µM/g; turkey cocks 148.09 µM/g) and larger juice area (6.5 cm<sup>2</sup>, 8.27 cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively) in breast meat after slaughter were found in the turkeys of both sexes kept on the slatted floor compared to the turkeys kept on the litter floor (108.79 µM/g and 6.25 cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively for turkey hens and 128.29 µM/g and 5.23 cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively for turkey cocks). The values of meat pH<sub>1</sub>, pH<sub>2</sub> and pH<sub>3</sub> for all the groups were typical of good quality meat and ranged between pH<sub>1</sub> 6.22–6.27, pH<sub>2</sub> 5.85–6.06 and pH<sub>3</sub> 5.55–5.64. However the production performance results indicate that the housing of heavy turkeys on slatted floor is not recommended.
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Shaymuratova, Dilyara N., Igor V. Askeyev, and Leonard F. Nedashkovsky. "The importance of birds in the Golden Horde rural settlements of the Lower Volga region (by the example of the Bagaevka settlement)." Golden Horde Review 10, no. 4 (December 29, 2022): 851–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.851-867.
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Objective: The purpose of this work is a comprehensive analysis of bird remains from the archaeozoological collection of the Bagaevka settlement, including species, quantitative data, size-age composition, and an interpretation of the results obtained taking into account archaeological data. The importance of birds is considered, using the example of rural settlements of the Uvek site region and the Golden Horde city Ukek itself. Research materials: The article presents a study of the bird remains from the Bagaevka settlement (trench I) – a large settlement of a region centered on the Golden Horde city Ukek from the second half of the 13th century through the 14th century. As a comparison of the consumption and importance of birds in the life of the people of the city and rural settlement of the Golden Horde period of the Saratov Volga region, we present the results of a study of a collection of bird remains from the excavations of the Uvek site. Results and novelty of the research: This study is the first comprehensive analysis of bird remains and their interpretation for this area in the Golden Horde period. In the archaeozoological collection of the Bagaevka settlement, 24 species have been identified: 3 species of domestic birds and 21 species of wild birds. In a quantitative ratio, bones of domestic chickens prevail – 70.1% of all found bird bones. Among the remains of wild species, the largest number of bones belonged to the black grouse. Interesting are the finds of the remains of birds of prey, Accipitriformes, and the presence of remains from synanthropic species. The study of the collections revealed a high diversity of bird species and the versatility of their use: food; breeding of domestic species for meat and eggs; hunting with birds of prey; and the use of some species of wild birds (owls) as sacred animals.
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Xu, Lei, Haiming Yang, Xiaoli Wan, Xin Zhang, Zhi Yang, and Zhiyue Wang. "Effects of High-Frequency Electrical Stunning Current Intensities on Pre-Slaughter Stunning Stress and Meat Lipid Oxidation in Geese." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 2376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082376.
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Intensive slaughtering with electrical stunning (ES) is replacing traditional manual slaughtering of geese in China. This study aimed to assess stunning stress and meat lipid oxidation in geese stunned by high-frequency current intensities. Forty male Yangzhou geese, 92 days old, were randomly allocated into five treatments with eight replicates per treatment. The geese in the control group were not stunned, while the other birds were stunned by alternating current (AC) in a water bath. Each bird received a current intensity of 20 mA (E20mA), 40 mA (E40mA), 70 mA (E70mA), or 100 mA (E100mA) for 10 s at 500 Hz. The gene expression of c-jun N-terminal kinase 1 tended to decrease in the E40mA birds (p = 0.08). Stunning with 40 mA resulted in the maximum serum uric acid and urea among the ES groups and decreased serum adrenocorticotropin and creatine kinase (p < 0.01) compared with 70 mA and 100 mA. Increasing the current intensity reduced the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl free radical elimination ability and total-superoxide dismutase linearly in goose breast meat at d 2 and in thigh meat at d 0 (all p < 0.01). Stunning geese with 40 mA at 500 Hz for 10 s could alleviate stunning stress and meat lipid oxidation.
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Fotina, T., A. Berezovsky, R. Petrov, O. Shkromada, A. Nechiporenko, O. Fotin, and P. Bondarenko. "Changes in the chemical composition of broiler meat when chelated compounds are added to the diet." Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences 5, no. 1 (April 27, 2022): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/ujvas5-1.07.
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The paper considers the use of chelated forms of micronutrients for feeding broilers. The study aims to investigate the chemical composition of broiler meat in the case of broiler chickens of Cobb-500 cross, provided Zn, Cu, and Mn chelated forms are supplied to the diet. Experimental studies were conducted in 2020 on broiler chickens of Cobb-500 cross. Two groups of 20 birds were formed to study the chemical composition of poultry meat. The birds of the control group received an essential diet supplied with sulfates of Zn, Cu, and Mn. The birds of the experimental group received a diet enriched with chelated compounds of Zn, Cu, and Mn. The study has shown that introducing Zn, Cu, and Mn chelated compounds into the diet of broiler chickens has no adverse effect on the chemical composition of meat. It has also been determined that the meat of broilers eating feed supplied with chelated micronutrients contains significantly less cholesterin but more Ca, Zn, Cu, and Mn, and several essential amino acids. These indicators prove an increase in the health benefits of chicken meat.
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Allouche, L., T. Madani, Ait Hamouda, M. R. Boucherit, H. Taleb, O. Samah, K. Rahmani, and A. Touabti. "Effect of addition of exogenous enzymes in hypocaloric diet in broiler chicken on performance, biochemical parameters and meat characteristics." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 31, no. 4 (2015): 551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1504551a.
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In developing countries, broiler farmers often use imbalanced energy diets, hence our study aims to evaluate the combined effect of addition of commercial exogenous enzymes (CEE), in low energy level corn/soybean meal based-diet on performance, serum biochemical parameters, meat characteristics in male and female of broiler chickens. A total of 120 one day old Hubbard F15 broiler chickens were divided on 2 groups (60 animals/group) with 5 replicates/group. The control group received a standard diet, while CEE group received the same diet supplemented with enzymes (250 g/ton). Addition of enzymes reduced significantly feed (p<0.001) and water intakes (p<0.05); in meantime, feed conversion ratio tended to be lower (p=0.08). No changes were observed in pH, protein or moisture contents of meat in both sexes broiler between CEE and control groups. No perturbation was found in all serum biochemical parameters in both sexes between CEE and control groups, except total protein and albumin levels were significantly higher in male birds fed enzymes when compared to male birds of the control group (p<0.001; p<0.01) respectively. Addition of enzymes allowed a decrease of 950 g/bird in feed intake for the total rearing period, hence save 337 ?/1000 birds; thus, use of CEE in hypocaloric diet enhances broilers feed efficiency and procures an economic benefit to farmers.
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LIANG, WEI, YAN CAI, and CAN-CHAO YANG. "Extreme levels of hunting of birds in a remote village of Hainan Island, China." Bird Conservation International 23, no. 1 (December 16, 2011): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270911000499.
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SummaryIn China, many bird species are generally thought to be threatened mainly, or at least partly, by hunting. However, there have been few studies of bird hunting at a local scale. Bird hunting and trade in Nanmao, a remote mountainous village of Hainan Island, China, was investigated during March–July 2003 and September–October 2005. In total, 86 households were visited, of which 43% reported that they engaged in hunting of birds while 91% of households were seen to have hunted birds or hunting tools. This indicated that hunting by village people was widespread. Most hunters were male, and were between 12 and 68 years old. A total of 78 bird species were hunted, including 2 First Class and 19 Second Class national protected species. This extreme level of hunting has changed from a more moderate subsistence hunting tradition since about 1980, when local urban markets for wild meat started to develop. We outline a strategic plan designed to conserve birds, other wildlife and their forest habitats, whilst improving the livelihoods and preserving the minority tribal traditions of the people of Nanmao forest.