Academic literature on the topic 'Measures, corruption, albania'

Study on Money laundering in Albania for the years 2008-2015, present typologies, the most prevalent forms through the banking system, the real estate sector, transfer companies and foreign exchange bureaus, and the most common forms of money laundering by free non-financial professions and other forms in Albania, with specific data. Present on the work of statistical data through tables and graphs, made possible through the development of concrete analysis of their comparisons on their own, thus reflecting typologies, forms and methods of money laundering in Albania for the years 2008-2015. In the context the detection and investigation of money laundering remains informal economy problem and transportation of cash at the entrance/exit of the border crossing points, which have been identified that are identified as the main risk of criminal product. Meanwhile, law enforcement to prevent and fight organized crime and trafficking through preventive measures against property and corruption remains far from the expectations and opportunities that this law grants within the confiscation of criminal products. Conclusions to improve work in terms of legislation, relevant structures, cooperation, and the implementation in practice and recommendations for further improvements to the security of citizens in general looked at closely by the services of the State Police, investigations and proceedings, in terms of criminal offense in the fight against organized crime, terrorism and corruption, significantly influences in the field of money laundering. At the origin of money laundering is any criminal activity, also held out, which generates money, often called "dirty", and/or other goods.

Transnational organized criminal activities and local activities have affected both countries, Albania and Kosovo. Meanwhile, transnational crime with transnational and local base Albania-Kosovo, is of interest and influence, therefore, it is suggested that the cooperation between the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo in this regard be serving in law enforcement institutions in Albania and within law enforcement institutions in Kosovo. Transnational organized crime, terrorism, corruption and money laundering are global security threats and local, regional and international sources of crises. Organized crime knows no nationality, no countries, borders, homeland, race, ethnicity, religion and religious beliefs. That is why it is required cooperation in the fight against transnational organized crime and transnational organized crime to be implemented permanently with the main goal of the strategy implementation, action plans, joint operations between the two countries, Albania and Kosovo. Important role in this association play their respective law enforcement institutions such as the police of the two countries, prosecutions, courts and other institutions. While international cooperation is realized with major international organizations like the UN, the EU, Interpol, Europol, SECI center etc. During the years 2002-2015 between the governments, ministries of internal and Police of the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo hav signed several agreements, memoranda of understanding and common protocols. Interstate and transnational cooperation through the tabulation and graphs presented and seek to build strategies, institutions, measures, operations and joint actions with preventive, managers and common problem solvers of security and the fight against transnational organized crime. Consolidation of security in Albania and Kosovo, is closely associated with the construction, consolidation and functioning of the rule of law, and the rule of law, reaching freedom and respect for fundamental human rights. Albania-Kosovo cooperation significantly affects the strengthening of the rule of law against transnational organized crime. This cooperation is a necessary precondition for the prevention of conflicts and internal, external and regional crises, in order to achieve security and human rights and freedom.

Transnational organized criminal activities and local activities have affected both countries, Albania and Kosovo. Meanwhile, transnational crime with transnational and local base Albania-Kosovo, is of interest and influence, therefore, it is suggested that the cooperation between the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo in this regard be serving in law enforcement institutions in Albania and within law enforcement institutions in Kosovo. Transnational organized crime, terrorism, corruption and money laundering are global security threats and local, regional and international sources of crises. Organized crime knows no nationality, no countries, borders, homeland, race, ethnicity, religion and religious beliefs. That is why it is required cooperation in the fight against transnational organized crime and transnational organized crime to be implemented permanently with the main goal of the strategy implementation, action plans, joint operations between the two countries, Albania and Kosovo. Important role in this association play their respective law enforcement institutions such as the police of the two countries, prosecutions, courts and other institutions. While international cooperation is realized with major international organizations like the UN, the EU, Interpol, Europol, SECI center etc. During the years 2002-2015 between the governments, ministries of internal and Police of the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo hav signed several agreements, memoranda of understanding and common protocols. Interstate and transnational cooperation through the tabulation and graphs presented and seek to build strategies, institutions, measures, operations and joint actions with preventive, managers and common problem solvers of security and the fight against transnational organized crime. Consolidation of security in Albania and Kosovo, is closely associated with the construction, consolidation and functioning of the rule of law, and the rule of law, reaching freedom and respect for fundamental human rights. Albania-Kosovo cooperation significantly affects the strengthening of the rule of law against transnational organized crime. This cooperation is a necessary precondition for the prevention of conflicts and internal, external and regional crises, in order to achieve security and human rights and freedom.

Non - performing loans (NPLs) in the Albanian banking sector has become a crucial problem during the last global crisis. In this study, it was aimed to understand the specific reasons of and resolutions for this issue by analyzing the bank loans based on the borrower groups. Since the general increase of the business loans’ portion in the total loans has been mostly due to the loans to large enterprises, the focus of the study is on this group. The main factors of NPLs rise by the bankers answered the questionnaire are : financing unrealistic projects, lack of corporate structure in borrowers, wrong lending decisions due to external influences/corruption, negative effects of some government applications, unfair competition in some sectors from time to time, decrease in primary commodities’ prices and false external audit. According to 86 percent of them; deeper analysis of potential clients, elimination of external factors’ effects and corruption in lending decisions, government measures to prevent unfair competition, establishment of corporate structure in borrowers and more reliable external audit are the most effective remedies while 71 percent of them consider this situation as normal for Albania under its existing conditions. It is suggested that more comprehensive and objective client analysis by the banks, institutionalization in and more reliable external audit of business entities, precise and timely government decisions to prevent unfair competition and launching of new financing methods will cause considerable improvement in NPLs issue.

Today, corruption remains a challenge for most post-socialist states. Unfortunately, this social pandemic was by and large inherited by these countries from the Soviet regime. A lot of representatives of that regime, who actually were the instigators of corrupt practices while governing a state, managed to keep their posts in power even after the regime change. In this way the representatives of the old regime facilitated further spread of corrupt practices in new governments. The research, conducted in cooperation with Professor Peter Rozic (USA), indicates an interesting phenomenon: lustration (in other words, the purge of government officials once affiliated with the Communist system) is indeed an effective mechanism to do away with corrupt legacy of a previous government. In the majority of post-socialist states (except for Albania and Bulgaria), where lustration was carried out in one form or another, we can observe a cleanup of the Soviet times instigators' corrupt practices in public authorities. Interestingly enough, nowadays, the corruption situation in these countries is considerably better than in those were lustration was not conducted. However, it is worth noting that lustration per se is not the panacea for corruption, but it does help to create a fertile ground and serves as a springboard for further anti-corruption measures and reforms. Yet what we see in Slovenia is, in fact, an obvious deviation from this pattern. Lustration was not carried out here. Nonetheless, the country is among the best anti-corruption performers and can be compared with Estonia, where lustration took place. Today, Estonia is ranked by Transparency International’s CPI as a top performer among all other post-Soviet and post-socialist states. We, therefore, decided to look deeper into Slovenian anti-corruption efforts made by the new democratic government after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and to understand the reasons underlying its success in this field. Our research findings indicate that the first factor, which sets this situation apart, was filtering out the government authorities that could bring corrupt relationships or practices of the old Soviet regime, and replacing them with representatives of the nationally-oriented elites. This kind of purge, supposedly complemented by the factor of a small territorial and demographic size, created the advantageous conditions for corruption to be contained right from the start before it would become widespread. The second factor was following the GRECO recommendations to take institutional and legal anti-corruption measures during the process of accession to the European Union. Another defining characteristic of Slovenia is a relatively high quality of the political and good governance principles implementation inherent to the polyarchic democracy, which allows for corruption to be dealt with and kept at low levels through constant civil checks and balances over decisions and actions of authorities.

The object of the research in the paper is the treatment of corruption and strengthening the integrity of the Kosovo Police. The aim of the conducted research is not only to inform the public and the reader to understand the causes and the specific forms of corrupted behavior and abuse of official duty from the police officers, but to also inform them with damages that are caused to the values of police culture and ethics in general, as well as the measures to be taken. Growth and development of the Police with human resources and legal competencies, by a certain individual is often accompanied by abuse and deviation from the exercise of those powers during the exercise of official duty, and investigations conducted during 2015-2019 testify the involvement of police officers in criminal offenses with corrupt elements. This research is based on and implements a research and comparative approach and model related to the phenomenon of corruption in the Kosovo police for the period from 2015-2019. The case that is being studied aims to learn through the comparative method regarding the investigation and treatment of corruption in the police of Kosovo and Albania. In the final analysis of this paper from all the conclusions and recommendations it can be said that the ways of recognizing the existence of corrupt behaviors and identifying work in preventing, detecting and cracking down on this negative phenomenon by both the police themselves and the specialized oversight and control structures, avoids and reduces corruption.

This article is dedicated to the institution of denunciation as a specific form of disclosure of illegal and unfair practices. For determination of the conceptual legal meaning of denunciation and its prospects for modern Russia as anti-corruption legal institution, this article coordinates the interdisciplinary scientific results of research on denunciation, analyzes and summarizes the international (UN, EU) and national (United States, Great Britain, South Korea, Brazil, China, Albania, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine) regulatory approaches towards denunciation, and similar forms of disclosure of offenses. The article reveals the current state of the Russian legislation in this sphere. The research employs the methods of dogmatic analysis, comparative-legal and systemic-analytical toolset. The author correlates denunciation and denunciator with such concepts as “denouncement”, “actio popularis”, “reporting party”, “informant” and “whistleblower”; determines the twelve characteristics of denunciation, which collectively define it as a special form of information disclosure. The conclusion is made that the variants of legal regulation of denunciation are built around or within such issues as the protection of denunciator, his interaction with the authorized entities and remuneration, as well as the conclusion on the absence of specific legal means in the current Russian legislation that ensure denunciation as the social institution. The author formulates recommendations on amending the labor, administrative, criminal and procedural legislation aimed at implementation of measures for protecting the denunciators.