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Journal articles on the topic 'Measurements'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Oleniacz, Grzegorz, Izabela Skrzypczak, and Tomasz Świętoń. "ACCURACY OF RTN MEASUREMENT IN VARIOUS MEASUREMENT CONDITIONS." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego / Inżynieria Środowiska 166, no. 46 (July 3, 2017): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6029.

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Series of GNSS receiver tests allowed to determine real accuracy of RTN measurements. Repeated measurements allowed to estimate accuracy in function of used navigation satellite system, duration of measurements and field conditions on measurement site which are related to horizon visibility by obstacles (bushes). Research results indicate no dependency between the technology used and the measurement accuracies obtained and significant impact of the conditions on set-up on the measurement's results.

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2

Łętocha, Aneta, Tatiana Miller, and Janusz Kalisz. "Influence of measurement areas selection on roughness parameters in burnished surfaces measurements." Mechanik, no. 5-6 (May 2016): 552–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2016.5-6.82.

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3

Buchholz, F. I., W. Kessel, and F. Melchert. "Noise power measurements and measurement uncertainties." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 41, no. 4 (1992): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.155910.

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4

Judish, R. M. "Quality control of measurements—Measurement assurance." Proceedings of the IEEE 74, no. 1 (1986): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/proc.1986.13394.

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5

Parekh, S. V. "The measurements column (antenna gain measurement)." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 32, no. 2 (April 1990): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/74.80503.

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6

Anderson, Neal G. "Quantum Subspace Measurements." Open Systems & Information Dynamics 14, no. 01 (March 2007): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11080-007-9035-5.

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Fundamental studies of quantum measurements and their capacity to acquire information are typically based on scenarios in which the full Hilbert space of the measured quantum system is open to measurement interactions. In this work, we consider a class of incomplete quantum measurements — quantum subspace measurements (QSM's) — for which all measurement interactions are restricted to an arbitrary but specified subspace of the measured system Hilbert space. We define QSM's formally through a condition on the measurement Hamiltonian, obtain forms for the post-measurement states and positive operators (POVM elements) associated with QSM's acting in a specified subspace, and upper bound the accessible information for such measurements. Characteristic features of QSM's are identified and discussed.

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Lingamdenne, Peter Ericson, and Pavani Marapaka. "MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF THE HUMAN SCAPULA IN TELANGANA REGION, INDIA." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 4, no. 3.2 (August 31, 2016): 2677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2016.302.

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8

Johannsen, K. G. "Measurement of satellite communication parameters-transponder measurements." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 37, no. 1 (March 1988): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.2679.

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9

Lopez-Sanchez, Ana, and Lester W. Schmerr. "Ultrasonic Nondestructive Measurement Systems – Models and Measurements." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1.

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The electroacoustic measurement model is an explicit model of an entire ultrasonic measurement system, including the pulser/receiver, cabling, and transducers. A summary is given of the measurement procedures needed for characterizing all the system elements contained in this measurement model, including a description of a new pulse-echo method for obtaining the sensitivity and impedance of an ultrasonic transducer. It is demonstrated that these models and measurement procedures can be combined to accurately simulate the measured voltage of a pulseecho immersion system.

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10

Gerhardt, J., and H. J. Schlaak. "Sinusoidal vibration measurements using optimal measurement intervals." Measurement 34, no. 2 (September 2003): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-2241(03)00030-7.

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11

Levin, S. F. "Providing unified measurements in calibrating measurement sensors." Measurement Techniques 49, no. 7 (July 2006): 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-006-0162-0.

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12

Emms, Grant, and Tony Walther. "Flanking Transmission Measurements: Part 1- Measurement Techniques." Building Acoustics 17, no. 1 (January 2010): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1351-010x.17.1.15.

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13

Fleischer, Heidi, and Kerstin Thurow. "On the Way to Efficient Analytical Measurements: The Future of Robot-Based Measurements." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 25, no. 2 (November 12, 2019): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630319886270.

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The demand for efficient and qualified measurements is high. The measurements of physical parameters in industrial environments usually are automatically executed using process measurement technologies. The close coupling of the measurement system and process equipment enables in-process data acquisition (inline or online). In contrast, compound-oriented measurements for the qualitative identification and quantitative determination of chemical elements and chemical compounds, or the determination of biological behavior, are still challenging in measurement processes. Today, biological assays as well as high-content and high-throughput screening procedures are well automated. It appears quite differently if the efficiency of analytical measurements should be improved. Due to the characteristics of the samples and processes, inline or online coupling is often not possible. Therefore, atline or offline couplings are gaining in importance. In combination with robotic systems, efficient automation of analytical measurements can be reached. The book Automation Solutions for Analytical Measurements: Concepts and Applications presents and discusses suitable automation concepts and a variety of realized robot-based analytical measurement systems. In this commentary, the main findings are highlighted and discussed.

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14

Johnson, Kryssa L., Erin G. Porter, and Clifford R. Berry. "Analysis of feline splenic radiographic measurements and their correlation to ultrasonographic measurements." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 19, no. 10 (September 12, 2016): 985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x16667440.

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Objectives The purpose of this study was to establish a method for feline splenic measurement on abdominal radiographs and evaluate for correlation between the radiographic measurements and ultrasonographic measurements. Methods One hundred cats with normal abdominal radiographs and ultrasound (US) studies of the spleen were evaluated. The hypothesis was that the measurement of the spleen on the radiographs would correlate with the measurement of the spleen on US. The radiographic and ultrasonographic measurements were tabulated and compared using linear regression and t-tests using unequal variances. Results The measurement of the spleen on the ventrodorsal projection was characterized as one of three shapes (A, B or C), and thereby based on the thickest part of the spleen (when corrected for radiographic magnification: A = 9.9 ± 2.2 mm; B = 8.1 ± 1.8 mm; C = 8.0 ± 2.3 mm). There were 48 cats where the head of the spleenwas seen on the right lateral (n = 10), the left lateral (n = 24) or both (n = 14) projections. On one left lateral, both the head and tail of the spleen were seen. There was weak correlation between the radiographic and US measurements(R ⩼0.6). Splenic thickness of shape A on the ventrodorsal projection was significantly greater than categories B and C. Conclusions and relevance Radiographic measurement of the spleen is not a reliable indicator of its ultrasonographic measurement. The ultrasonographic measurements seen in this study (mean of 8.0 ± 1.6 mm) were similar to measurements of the spleen reported in previous studies. It is rare to see the tail of the spleen on lateral feline abdominal radiographs.

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15

Unsal, Bulent, Dimosthenis Trimis, and Franz Durst. "On-line Instantaneous Mass Flow Rate Measurements Through Injection Nozzles of Internal Combustion Engines(Measurement)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Jets, Wakes and Separated Flows (ICJWSF) 2005 (2005): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicjwsf.2005.653.

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16

Norin, Veniamin. "Measurements of building structures." E3S Web of Conferences 389 (2023): 06008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338906008.

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The construction and operation of buildings and structures suggest taking measurements to determine accurate dimensions, shape, and mutual location of all structural elements. This is one of the most popular surveying services. All types of outlines (lineal, curvilinear, bevelled) and surfaces in both plan and elevation are subject to measurements and dimensioning. Depending on the goals that are set during measuring activities, measurement activities differ in the degree of accuracy and completeness. Building measurements are done to find their actual geometric characteristics and possible deviations from the project documentation for buildings and structures. Measurements are done to find structural dimensions, cross-section of individual elements, distances between structures in plan and height, elevations, and other parameters. This results in measurement diagrams. The article overviews existing measurements: schematic, architectural, and archaeological. Various measurements methods are considered: in-situ (conventional), photogrammetric, and geodetic. Their advantages and disadvantages are described. A measurement method is selected based on certain features of the surveyed facility. Sometimes all possible methods are combined to obtain accurate data.

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Norin, Veniamin. "Statistical processing of multiple measurements results." E3S Web of Conferences 389 (2023): 07004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338907004.

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The product quality is determined by improvements of equipment, technologies, and production arrangement, which directly depends on the accuracy of measurement information. To achieve high measurement accuracy, it is reasonable to automate measurement processes. In case of automation, some functions are performed by equipment computer programs. The processing of direct comprehensive measurements is a complicated process including multiple algorithms of computation and various hypothesis tests. Taking into account the complexity and duration of statistical processing of results of multiple measurements, this paper is intended to develop a software measurement suite to process direct multiple measurements. The software measurement suite is a number of tools and software programs operating together to accomplish the tasks related with acquisition of required parameters and measurement results. To achieve this goal, it was required to address the following issues: implementation of the advanced measurement technologies into the developed software measurement suite; using wireless transmission of observation findings; ensuring compatibility of the developed software with the proprietary software of the used measurement instruments; improving the quality of measurements; improving the quality of processing measurement results by minimising the human factor effects on the processing quality; minimising the time spend for processing of the obtained measurement results.

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18

Mohammady, M. Hamed, and Alessandro Romito. "Conditional work statistics of quantum measurements." Quantum 3 (August 19, 2019): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-08-19-175.

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In this paper we introduce a definition for conditional energy changes due to general quantum measurements, as the change in the conditional energy evaluated before, and after, the measurement process. By imposing minimal physical requirements on these conditional energies, we show that the most general expression for the conditional energy after the measurement is simply the expected value of the Hamiltonian given the post-measurement state. Conversely, the conditional energy before the measurement process is shown to be given by the real component of the weak value of the Hamiltonian. Our definition generalises well-known notions of distributions of internal energy change, such as that given by stochastic thermodynamics. By determining the conditional energy change of both system and measurement apparatus, we obtain the full conditional work statistics of quantum measurements, and show that this vanishes for all measurement outcomes if the measurement process conserves the total energy. Additionally, by incorporating the measurement process within a cyclic heat engine, we quantify the non-recoverable work due to measurements. This is shown to always be non-negative, thus satisfying the second law, and will be independent of the apparatus specifics for two classes of projective measurements.

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19

Wang, Yang, Chang Xiang Yan, and Zhi Liang Gao. "Angle Measurements with Laser." Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (December 2012): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.206.

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Laser is widely used in angle measurements. This paper presents several frequently used methods of angle measurement that utilize laser, including：autocollimation angle measurement, angle measurement based on internal-reflection effect, laser interference angle measurement, angle measurement with ring laser and angle measurement with CCD. The principle, actualities, application situation, superiority and defects of each method are discussed.

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20

Pohovski, Toni, Vjenceslav Kuprešanin, Filip Razum, Davor Švarc, and Matej Dorešić. "Automated Measurement System of High Accuracy for Shunt Reactors." Journal of Energy - Energija 73, no. 2 (June 4, 2024): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2024732515.

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System for automated transformer tests (ATT) enables different measurements on power transformers, from simple to the most complex, with a high degree of automation. ATT system is now expanded with modules for measurements on shunt reactors. The measurements related to shunt reactors that are covered with the system are: measurement of losses, impedance measurement, linearity test, zero impedance measurement, winding resistance measurement, temperature rise test and measurement of mutual reactance. Besides the measurement, ATT enables data analysis and report generation, all in accordance with [1,2]. Measurement of shunt reactor losses with satisfactory accuracy is a big challenge due to power factors of the reactors as low as 0,001. A system for loss measurements with high accuracy, consisting of measuring bridge, current comparator and standard capacitor is integrated into ATT. In the paper, a comparison in terms of loss measurement accuracy on shunt reactor is given for two measurement systems – a newly integrated system for shunt reactors and standard system used for transformer measurements.

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21

Shi, Zhao Yao, Jia Chun Lin, and Michael Paul Krystek. "Uncertainty Analysis of Helical Deviation Measurements." Key Engineering Materials 437 (May 2010): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.437.212.

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The helix is a complex geometrical element. During the process of a dynamical measurement of the helical deviations, many factors, including the machine and the environment, lead to measurement errors. Although ISO as well as national standards stipulate the tolerances and assessment methods for helical deviations, these standards contribute little to the uncertainty calculations concerning such measurements. According to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), all measurement results must have a stated uncertainty associated to them. But in most cases of helical deviation measurements, no uncertainty value is given, simply because no measurement uncertainty calculation procedure exists. For the case of helical deviation measurements on a Computer Numeric Control (CNC) polar coordinate machine, this paper analyses in detail all kinds of factors contributing to the measurement uncertainty, and gives the calculation procedure of the measurement uncertainty of helical deviation. As an example, the calculation of the measurement uncertainty of the helical deviations of a worm is presented.

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22

Ucar, Zennure, Ahmet Salih Değermenci, Hayati Zengin, and Pete Bettinger. "Evaluating the Accuracy of Remote Dendrometers in Tree Diameter Measurements at Breast Height." Croatian journal of forest engineering 43, no. 1 (November 10, 2021): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2022.1016.

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An accurate tree diameter (DBH) measurement is a significant component of forest inventory. This study assessed the reliability of remote dendrometers to measure tree DBH. We compared direct caliper measurements (reference measurements) to the remote measurements collected from a laser caliper and a smartphone at 0.5 m, 1 m, and 1.5 m distances from each tree within three forest types (pine, oak, and poplar forests). In general, all remote dendrometers underestimated the mean diameter compared to direct caliper measurements, regardless of forest types and distances. We observed that the mean deviation of direct caliper measurement and smartphone measurement at 1.5 m within a pine forest and oak forest were the lowest (0.3 cm and 0.36 cm, respectively). The deviations between direct caliper measurements and smartphone measurements at a 0.5 m distance, across forest types, were noticeably larger compared to others. An ANOVA test was used to determine whether significant deviations existed between caliper measurements and remote measurements at a specific distance, and among three different forest types. We rejected the null hypothesis, which suggested that there were no statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between tree DBH measurements obtained from the direct caliper measurements and indirect measurements (smartphone and laser caliper) captured at a distance. Then, a post-hoc test was performed to examine which set of estimated deviations was different from the reference data. The results suggested that indirect tree DBH measurements using the smartphone app at 1 m and 1.5 m in certain forest types (pine and oak) were not significantly different from direct tree DBH measurements. Also, our test results mostly indicated no significant difference within each forest, except for measurements using the smartphone app at 0.5 m across all forest types when the smartphone measurements were compared to laser caliper measurements. Although forest characteristics and measurement distance may play an important role in remote tree DBH measurement accuracy, the smartphone app may be used as a practical alternative to direct measurement in measuring the DBH of a tree, which may be a positive development for forestry due to the increased use of smartphones and the availability of a free measure app.

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23

Sun, Yifan, Chaozhong Wu, Hui Zhang, Wenhui Chu, Yiying Xiao, and Yijun Zhang. "Effects of Individual Differences on Measurements’ Drowsiness-Detection Performance." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 33, no. 4 (August 5, 2021): 565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v33i4.3668.

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Individual differences (IDs) may reduce the detection-accuracy of drowsiness-driving by influencing measurements’ drowsiness-detection performance (MDDP). The purpose of this paper is to propose a model that can quantify the effects of IDs on MDDP and find measurements with less impact by IDs to build drowsiness-detection models. Through field experiments, drivers’ naturalistic driving data and subjective-drowsiness levels were collected, and drowsiness-related measurements were calculated using the double-layer sliding time window. In the model, MDDP was represented by |Z-statistics| of the Wilcoxon-test. First, the individual driver’s measurements were analysed by Wilcoxon-test. Next, drivers were combined in pairs, measurements of paired-driver combinations were analysed by Wilcoxon-test, and measurement’s IDs of paired-driver combinations were calculated. Finally, linear regression was used to fit the measurements’ IDs and changes of MDDP that equalled the individual driver’s |Z-statistics| minus the paired-driver combination’s |Z-statistics|, and the slope’s absolute value (|k|) indicated the effects of ID on the MDDP. As a result, |k| of the mean of the percentage of eyelid closure (MPECL) is the lowest (4.95), which illustrates MPECL is the least affected by IDs. The results contribute to the measurement selection of drowsiness-detection models considering IDs.

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Pillarz, Marc, Axel von Freyberg, Dirk Stöbener, and Andreas Fischer. "Gear Shape Measurement Potential of Laser Triangulation and Confocal-Chromatic Distance Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030937.

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The demand for extensive gear shape measurements with single-digit µm uncertainty is growing. Tactile standard gear tests are precise but limited in speed. Recently, faster optical gear shape measurement systems have been examined. Optical gear shape measurements are challenging due to potential deviation sources such as the tilt angles between the surface normal and the sensor axis, the varying surface curvature, and the surface properties. Currently, the full potential of optical gear shape measurement systems is not known. Therefore, laser triangulation and confocal-chromatic gear shape measurements using a lateral scanning position measurement approach are studied. As a result of tooth flank standard measurements, random effects due to surface properties are identified to primarily dominate the achievable gear shape measurement uncertainty. The standard measurement uncertainty with the studied triangulation sensor amounts to >10 µm, which does not meet the requirements. The standard measurement uncertainty with the confocal-chromatic sensor is <6.5 µm. Furthermore, measurements on a spur gear show that multiple reflections do not influence the measurement uncertainty when measuring with the lateral scanning position measurement approach. Although commercial optical sensors are not designed for optical gear shape measurements, standard uncertainties of <10 µm are achievable for example with the applied confocal-chromatic sensor, which indicates the further potential for optical gear shape measurements.

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25

Sun, Yifan, Chaozhong Wu, Hui Zhang, Yijun Zhang, Shaopeng Li, and Hongxia Feng. "Extraction of Optimal Measurements for Drowsy Driving Detection considering Driver Fingerprinting Differences." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (August 31, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5546127.

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Contributions of measurements for detecting drowsy driving are determined by calculation parameters, which are directly related to the accuracy of drowsiness detection. The previous studies utilized the same Unified Calculation Parameters (UCPs) to compute each driver’s measurements. However, since each driver has unique driving behavior characteristics, namely, driver fingerprinting, Individual Drivers’ Best Calculation Parameters (IDBCPs) making measurements more discriminative for drowsiness are various. Regardless of the difference in driver fingerprinting among the drivers being tested, using UCPs instead of IDBCPs to compute measurements will limit the drowsiness-detection performance of the measurements and reduce drowsiness-detection accuracies at the individual driver level. Thus, this paper proposed a model to optimize calculation parameters of individual driver’s measurements and to extract individual driver’s measurements that effectively distinguish drowsy driving. Through real vehicle experiments, we collected naturalistic driving data and subjective drowsy levels evaluated by the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. Eight nonintrusive drowsiness-related measurements were calculated by double-layer sliding time windows. In the proposed model, we firstly applied the Wilcoxon test to analyze differences between measurements of the awake state and drowsy state, and constructed the fitness function reflecting the relationship between the calculation parameters and measurement’s drowsiness-detection performance. Secondly, the genetic algorithms were used to optimize fitness functions to obtain measured IDBCPs. Finally, we selected measurements calculated by IDBCPs that can distinguish drowsy driving to constitute individual drivers’ optimal drowsiness-detection measurement set. To verify the advantages of IDBCPs, the measurements calculated by UCPs and IDBCPs were, respectively, used to build driver-specific drowsiness-detection models: DF_U and DF_I based on the Fisher discriminant algorithm. The mean drowsiness-detection accuracies of DF_U and DF_I were, respectively, 85.25% and 91.06%. It indicated that IDBCPs could enhance measurements’ drowsiness-detection performance and improve the drowsiness-detection accuracies. This paper contributed to the establishment of personalized drowsiness-detection models considering driver fingerprinting differences.

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26

Kamimoto, Takeyuki, Masanori Kobayashi, and Mikiya Hamano. "Dynamic Measurements of Diesel Soot Particles by Extinction and Scattering Methods(Measurement, PM in Exhaust I)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2004.6 (2004): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2004.6.327.

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27

Moffat, R. J. "The measurement chain and validation of experimental measurements." ACTA IMEKO 3, no. 1 (May 7, 2014): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v3i1.196.

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<p>This is a reissue of a paper which appeared in ACTA IMEKO 1973, Proceedings of the 6th Congress of the International Measurement Confederation, "Measurement and instrumentation", 17.-23.6.1973, Dresden, vol. 1, pp. 45-53.</p><p>The paper witnesses the sophisticated discussion that, well before the publication of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), was active in the measurement science community around the subject of error and uncertainty, and its consequences on the structure of the measuring process and the way it is performed.</p>

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Nonaka, Kyoya, Tadashi Koshizuka, and Kunihiko Hidaka. "Current Measurement at Prospective Transient Recovery Voltage Measurements." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 140, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.140.700.

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29

Vulevic, Branislav, Cedomir Belic, and Luka Perazic. "Measurement uncertainty in broadband radiofrequency radiation level measurements." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 29, no. 1 (2014): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1401053v.

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For the evaluation of measurement uncertainty in the measurement of broadband radio frequency radiation, in this paper we propose a new approach based on the experience of the authors of the paper with measurements of radiofrequency electric field levels conducted in residential areas of Belgrade and over 35 municipalities in Serbia. The main objective of the paper is to present practical solutions in the evaluation of broadband measurement uncertainty for the in-situ RF radiation levels.

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30

Gustavsen, Bjorn. "Eliminating Measurement Cable Effects From Transformer Admittance Measurements." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 31, no. 4 (August 2016): 1609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2016.2536704.

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31

Johannsen, K. G. "Measurement of satellite communication parameters: satellite antenna measurements." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 37, no. 2 (June 1988): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.6068.

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32

Zheng, Huaixiu, Arpit Dua, and Liang Jiang. "Measurement-only topological quantum computation without forced measurements." New Journal of Physics 18, no. 12 (July 31, 2017): 123027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aa50bb.

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33

Leitnaker, Mary G. "COMPARING MEASUREMENT PROCESSES: IN-LINE VERSUS ANALYTICAL MEASUREMENTS." Quality Engineering 13, no. 2 (December 2000): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08982110108918652.

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34

Wittmann, R. C., B. K. Alpert, and M. H. Francis. "Near-field antenna measurements using nonideal measurement locations." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 46, no. 5 (May 1998): 716–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.668916.

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35

Bernstein, Johannes, and Albert Weckenmann. "Measurement uncertainty evaluation of optical multi-sensor-measurements." Measurement 45, no. 10 (December 2012): 2309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2011.10.032.

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36

Tsvetkov, �. I. "Scaling errors in measurements by processor measurement devices." Measurement Techniques 33, no. 4 (April 1990): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00867807.

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37

GUO, YU. "MEASUREMENT-INDUCED NONLOCALITY OVER TWO-SIDED PROJECTIVE MEASUREMENTS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 27, no. 16 (June 7, 2013): 1350067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979213500677.

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Measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN), introduced by Luo and Fu [Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 120401 (2011)], is a kind of quantum correlation which is different from entanglement and quantum discord (QD). MIN is defined over one-sided projective measurements. In this paper, we introduce a MIN over two-sided projective measurements. The nullity of this two-sided MIN is characterized, a formula for calculating two-sided MIN for pure states is proposed, and a lower bound of (two-sided) MIN for maximally entangled mixed states is given. In addition, we find that (two-sided) MIN is not continuous. Both finite- and infinite-dimensional cases are considered.

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Niemiec, Jan M., Paul C. Shang, and Stephan Schreppler. "Intermediate scale measurement system for underwater acoustic measurements." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, no. 4 (April 2005): 2481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4787686.

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39

Ray, Jr., Elden F. "Measurement uncertainty in conducting environmental sound level measurements." Noise Control Engineering Journal 48, no. 1 (2000): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1.2827978.

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40

Engel, Jan, and Joris van Kempen. "Characterizing the measurement precision of thermal resistance measurements." Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry 20, no. 3 (July 2004): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asmb.519.

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Chen, Hong, Haozhe Huang, Jianye Zhang, Xuexue Wang, Mengyang Han, Chanjun Ding, and Jinhong Wang. "Intra- and Inter-Reader Variations in Lung Nodule Measurements: Influences of Nodule Size, Location, and Observers." Diagnostics 12, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 2319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12102319.

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(1) Background: Accurate measurement of lung-nodule size is necessary, but whether a three-dimensional volume measurement is better or more reliable than the one-dimensional method is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the intra- and inter-reader variations according to nodule type, size, three-dimensional volume measurements, and one-dimensional linear measurements. (2) Methods: This retrospective study included computed tomography (CT) examinations of lung nodules and volume measurements performed from October to December 2016. Two radiologists independently performed all measurements. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots were used for analysis. (3) Results: The overall variability in the calculated volume was larger than when using the semiautomatic volume measurement. Nodules <6 mm tended to have larger variability than nodules ≥6 mm in both one-dimensional and calculated volume measurements. The isolated type showed smaller variability in both intra- and inter-reader comparisons. The juxta-vascular type showed the largest variability in both one-dimensional and calculated volume measurements. The variability was decreased when using the 3D volume semiautomated software. (4) Conclusions: The present study suggests that 3D semiautomatic volume measurements showed lower variability than the calculated volume measurement. Nodule size and location influence measurement variability. The intra- and inter-reader variabilities in nodule volume measurement were considerable.

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Choi, Chang-Hyuk, Hee-Chan Kim, Daewon Kang, and Jun-Young Kim. "Comparative study of glenoid version and inclination using two-dimensional images from computed tomography and three-dimensional reconstructed bone models." Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5397/cise.2020.00220.

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Background: This study was performed to compare glenoid version and inclination measured using two-dimensional (2D) images from computed tomography (CT) scans or three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed bone models.Methods: Thirty patients who had undergone conventional CT scans were included. Two orthopedic surgeons measured glenoid version and inclination three times on 2D images from CT scans (2D measurement), and two other orthopedic surgeons performed the same measurements using 3D reconstructed bone models (3D measurement). The 3D-reconstructed bone models were acquired and measured with Mimics and 3-Matics (Materialise).Results: Mean glenoid version and inclination in 2D measurements were –1.705º and 9.08º, respectively, while those in 3D measurements were 2.635º and 7.23º. The intra-observer reliability in 2D measurements was 0.605 and 0.698, respectively, while that in 3D measurements was 0.883 and 0.892. The inter-observer reliability in 2D measurements was 0.456 and 0.374, respectively, while those in 3D measurements was 0.853 and 0.845.Conclusions: The difference between 2D and 3D measurements is not due to differences in image data but to the use of different tools. However, more consistent results were obtained in 3D measurement. Therefore, 3D measurement can be a good alternative for measuring glenoid version and inclination.

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Roush, J. K., M. D. Unis, T. Wodiske, and S. G. Baker. "Comparison of four commercial devices to measure limb circumference in dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 23, no. 06 (2010): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-10-03-0032.

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SummaryWe evaluated four measurement devices for obtaining circumferential measurements at four locations on the canine hindlimb and forelimb. We hypothesised that these devices would be consistent and precise in the hands of veterinary professionals with varying experience levels. Circumferential measurements were made in five dogs with no history or clinical evidence of orthopaedic disease. Measurements were obtained in triplicate by three observers at mid-thigh, tibial tuberosity, hock and carpus bilaterally. Results indicated a significantly larger measurement at the left mid-thigh region than the right, with no significant differences between limbs noted at other sites. Measurements with a tape measure and a retractable tape measure resulted in significantly smaller values at each site than an ergonomic measuring tape and a circumference measuring tape. Interobserver variation was 3.6 times higher than intraob-server variation. These results illustrate the importance of consistency when obtaining these measurements. Sequential circumference measurements should be made by the same individual using the same device to decrease measurement variability. Devices were equally precise for repeat measurements although the absolute measurement varied by device.

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Emamian, S. A., M. B. Nielsen, and J. F. Pedersen. "Intraobserver and Interobserver Variations in Sonographic Measurements of Kidney Size in Adult Volunteers." Acta Radiologica 36, no. 4-6 (July 1995): 399–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519503600414.

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Estimation of renal size by sonography can be performed by measuring renal length, volume, cortical volume or cortical thickness. Observer variation in these measurements is an important factor, especially when repeated measurements are compared. This study was performed to examine the magnitude of intraobserver and interobserver variations for each of the above-mentioned measurements, and to find the measurement with the lowest observer variation. Sonographic measurements were performed by 3 observers on 18 adult volunteers. The standard deviation of the difference (SDD) between any 2 pairs of measurements was used as the indicator of the magnitude of the observer variation. Renal length measurement showed the lowest observer variation with a relative SDD of 4 to 5%. Measurement of cortical thickness showed the poorest reproducibility with a relative SDD of 18 to 23%, while volumetric estimations had a relative SDD of 14 to 17%. Renal length measurement should be preferred to renal volume estimation, especially when comparing repeated measurements.

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Magdziak, Marek. "Selection of the Best Model of Distribution of Measurement Points in Contact Coordinate Measurements of Free-Form Surfaces of Products." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 4, 2019): 5346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245346.

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The article presents a new method for determining the distribution of measurement points, which can be used in the case of contact coordinate measurements of curvilinear surfaces of products. The developed method is based on multi-criteria decision analysis. In the case of the new method, the selection of the distribution of measurement points on free-form surfaces is carried out based on the analysis of five different criteria. The selection of the best model of the distribution of measurement points results from the accuracy of coordinate measurements, the time needed to complete measurement tasks, the number of measurement points, the accuracy of the substitute surface representing the measured free-form surface and the area where measurement points are located. The purpose of using the developed method of the distribution of measurement points is to increase the performance of coordinate measurements primarily by increasing the automation of strategy planning of measurements of curvilinear surfaces and improving the accuracy of measurements of free-form surfaces of products. The new method takes into account various aspects of coordinate measurements to determine the final model of the distribution of measurement points on measured surfaces of products, thereby increasing the probability of the proper determination (i.e., identifying the highest deviations of a product) of the location of measurement points on the surfaces of a measured object. The paper presents an example of the application of the created method, which concerns the selection of the best model of the distribution of measurement points on a selected free-form surface. This example is based on, among others, the results of experimental investigations, which were carried out by using the ACCURA II coordinate measuring machine equipped with the VAST XXT measuring probe and the Calypso measurement software. The results of investigations indicate a significant reduction in time of coordinate measurements of products when using the new method for determining the distribution of measurement points. However, shortening the time of coordinate measurements does not reduce their accuracy.

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SLAVINSKA, Alla, Viktoriia MYTSA, and Viktoriia Albertovuch. "METHOD OF VERIFICATION OF STANDARD ANTHROPOMETRICAL SURVEYS FOR CLOTHING." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 311, no. 4 (August 2022): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2022-311-4-241-248.

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The performed research of normative documents made it possible to quantify the technical conditions of anthropometric body measurements and to determine how the nomenclature of anthropometric measurements depends on the classification of clothing. The aim of the study was to develop a methodology for verifying anthropometric measurements of the human body, taking into account the functional characteristics of clothing. A criteria approach to the synchronization of verification means of standards identification of measurement names by measurement method and measurement classification groups (horizontal, vertical, others) was used. Validation of standard measurements for the ergonomic design of garments and harmonization of control measurement code designations in finished garments have been performed. Standard control measurements were interpreted into additional dynamic compliance measurements to take into account the level of deformation of parts during operation and to ensure freedom of movement. Technical regulation of the anthropometric information volume is confirmed by the equivalence of the optimization problems of the considered anthropometric standards in the form of the linear programming problem of the set of anthropometric measurements. The matrix of conditions for fixing anthropometric measurements in six regulatory documents was studied. It was established that the set pair 25 < 28 determines the technical conditions of quality control on the dummy of the finished product. Using basic and auxiliary reference measurements in the clothing size designation provides a flexible combination of chest, waist and hip measurements for women and chest and waist measurements for men. Consideration of the range of additional control vertical measurements is confirmed by calculating the indices of balance in the longitudinal direction of the female figure of size 164-96-104.

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Czyżewski, Dariusz. "The Influence of a Photometric Distance on Luminance Measurements." Energies 16, no. 10 (May 18, 2023): 4166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104166.

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Luminance measurements are the least frequent of all photometric measurements. This article characterizes and systematizes the various methods of luminance measurement. In particular, the method of direct luminance measurement using modern luminance meters (ILMD) is described in detail. This paper presents the results of the study on the influence of the measurement distance on the luminance measurement results. Two ILMD meters (laboratory and portable) and a luminance standard were used in this study. The conducted research showed that an incorrectly chosen measuring distance can lead to significant measurement errors of up to several tens of percent. In addition, the possible impact of incorrect measurements on the design of an interior lighting installation was presented. It was shown that the selected interior lighting installation can consume more than 40 percent more electricity compared to the installation based on the correct luminance measurements of the luminaires with diffuse shades. In the final stage of the study, the definition of the photometric test distance for luminance measurements using ILMD was proposed. The test results can be particularly useful for the luminance measurements of OLEDs or the luminaires with diffuse luminous character. However, these results can also be used for luminance measurements of other light sources and luminaires.

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Krylov, V. P., R. A. Chirkov, M. O. Zabezhaylov, and A. N. Khramov. "Solid materials microwave dielectric properties: features of methods practical use." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 2 (April 9, 2024): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-49-54.

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Features of methods practical use for material dielectric properties measurement in different (factory and metrological) laboratories and influence of above mentioned features on measurements results are considered. Results are obtained by Obninsk Research and Production Enterprise “Technologiya” A. G. Romashin radiophysics laboratory and by East-Siberian branch Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Russian metrological institute of technical physics and radio engineering” department of radio engineering measurements. Results of microwave permittivity and loss tangent solid materials measurements are analysed. This investigation made it possible to get additional information about features of standard methods practical use for material dielectric properties measurement, which was absent in literature earlier. In laboratories for measurements used the waveguide resonator and the standardized techniques. The factory laboratory applied a measurement method at the fixed frequency with control in a resonance movement of the plunger, and in metrological laboratory a measurement method with the fixed length of the resonator and measurement at resonant frequencies. Results of measurements showed good reproducibility of results for samples that are meeting method requirements. It was revealed reducing reproducibility of measurements of hygroscopic, heterogeneous samples and in the case of nonobservance of diameter method requirements. Obtained results can be applied for reproducibility improvement of dielectric properties measurements in practical use of considered methods.

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Nuriev, Ali, Eduard Chistyakov, and Nikita Bityuckiy. "Development of the Usage of Remote Measurements to Define Wheelset Geometric Parameters." Bulletin of scientific research results 2023, no. 1 (March 27, 2023): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2023-1-7-18.

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Purpose: Measuring is an important process for finding any physical quantity values. Any measurement primary requirement is an accuracy. Processes are being replaced, improved and automated gradually. Geometric parameter measurement has become one of the most popular processes in all industries. With its improvements, the first achievements have begun. The development of the usage of remote measurements to determine wheelset geometric parameters will give huge advantages over manual measurements for railway industry as they will facilitate and accelerate measurement process with minimal error. The article is devoted to the study of remote measurement application to determine wheelset geometric parameters. The article considers the advantages of remote measurement usage when conducting wheelset geometric research. The authors propose methods and algorithms that can be used for more accurate definition of wheelset geometric parameters. The authors also propose a number of recommendations on the use of remote measurements at wheelset investigation to achieve maximum measurement accuracy. In addition, the risks of manual templates, which remote measurement method helps to avoid, are considered. Besides the measurements themselves, which are implemented by manual and remote methods, their calibrations are also considered. The calibration of manual template UT-1 in accordance with its calibration methodology is described as well as the difficulties in the calibration of wheelset control system 3DWheel on a move are given, the scheme, which shows the components for this template calibration, is given. In conclusion, the authors discuss the prospects of further use of remote measurements to research wheelset geometry. The work purpose is to consider the application of remote measurements to define wheelset geometric parameters. Methods: Evaluation of the use of remote measurements to determine wheelset geometric parameters on tester examples. Results: The possibility to use remote measurements to define wheelset geometric parameters is determined, advantages and disadvantages over manual measurements are revealed. Practical importance: The capability of using remote measurements to define wheelset geometric parameters is evaluated that’ll lower the costs on hand template transportation for template periodic calibration and reduce the time spent on metrological maintenance.

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Coyle, Meaghan, Mark Aird, DM Cobbin, and C. Zaslawski. "The Cun Measurement System: An Investigation into Its Suitability in Current Practice." Acupuncture in Medicine 18, no. 1 (June 2000): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.18.1.10.

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The Chinese anatomical inch (cun) measurement system is an essential component of traditional point location methods used in acupuncture. This study used the cun system to investigate any variation between the traditional measurements and the sample means for selected finger measurements, and for the forearm and lower leg lengths obtained from 50 volunteer subjects randomly selected from staff and students of the College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, University of Technology, Sydney. Subjects were seated while the finger and arm measurements were recorded, and were standing for leg measurement. Data were converted to ratios for analysis, with the one cun measurement for the thumb designated as the standard. There were significant differences between the traditional measurements and the sample means for all hand and leg measurements in the sample. The results were generally the same for gender and the age groups studied. The authors conclude that the cun measurement system does not provide accurate estimates for contemporary Australian adults with respect to hand and lower leg measurements nor, to a lesser extent, with respect to measurements of the forearm. Consequently, it is recommended that methods of point location that are less reliant on the cun measurements (such as the proportional method) should be used in preference to the cundependent directional method.

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