Academic literature on the topic 'Measurements'

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Journal articles on the topic "Measurements"

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Oleniacz, Grzegorz, Izabela Skrzypczak, and Tomasz Świętoń. "ACCURACY OF RTN MEASUREMENT IN VARIOUS MEASUREMENT CONDITIONS." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego / Inżynieria Środowiska 166, no. 46 (July 3, 2017): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6029.

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Series of GNSS receiver tests allowed to determine real accuracy of RTN measurements. Repeated measurements allowed to estimate accuracy in function of used navigation satellite system, duration of measurements and field conditions on measurement site which are related to horizon visibility by obstacles (bushes). Research results indicate no dependency between the technology used and the measurement accuracies obtained and significant impact of the conditions on set-up on the measurement's results.
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Łętocha, Aneta, Tatiana Miller, and Janusz Kalisz. "Influence of measurement areas selection on roughness parameters in burnished surfaces measurements." Mechanik, no. 5-6 (May 2016): 552–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2016.5-6.82.

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Buchholz, F. I., W. Kessel, and F. Melchert. "Noise power measurements and measurement uncertainties." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 41, no. 4 (1992): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.155910.

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Judish, R. M. "Quality control of measurements—Measurement assurance." Proceedings of the IEEE 74, no. 1 (1986): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/proc.1986.13394.

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Parekh, S. V. "The measurements column (antenna gain measurement)." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 32, no. 2 (April 1990): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/74.80503.

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Anderson, Neal G. "Quantum Subspace Measurements." Open Systems & Information Dynamics 14, no. 01 (March 2007): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11080-007-9035-5.

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Fundamental studies of quantum measurements and their capacity to acquire information are typically based on scenarios in which the full Hilbert space of the measured quantum system is open to measurement interactions. In this work, we consider a class of incomplete quantum measurements — quantum subspace measurements (QSM's) — for which all measurement interactions are restricted to an arbitrary but specified subspace of the measured system Hilbert space. We define QSM's formally through a condition on the measurement Hamiltonian, obtain forms for the post-measurement states and positive operators (POVM elements) associated with QSM's acting in a specified subspace, and upper bound the accessible information for such measurements. Characteristic features of QSM's are identified and discussed.
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Lingamdenne, Peter Ericson, and Pavani Marapaka. "MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF THE HUMAN SCAPULA IN TELANGANA REGION, INDIA." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 4, no. 3.2 (August 31, 2016): 2677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2016.302.

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Johannsen, K. G. "Measurement of satellite communication parameters-transponder measurements." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 37, no. 1 (March 1988): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.2679.

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Lopez-Sanchez, Ana, and Lester W. Schmerr. "Ultrasonic Nondestructive Measurement Systems – Models and Measurements." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1.

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The electroacoustic measurement model is an explicit model of an entire ultrasonic measurement system, including the pulser/receiver, cabling, and transducers. A summary is given of the measurement procedures needed for characterizing all the system elements contained in this measurement model, including a description of a new pulse-echo method for obtaining the sensitivity and impedance of an ultrasonic transducer. It is demonstrated that these models and measurement procedures can be combined to accurately simulate the measured voltage of a pulseecho immersion system.
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Gerhardt, J., and H. J. Schlaak. "Sinusoidal vibration measurements using optimal measurement intervals." Measurement 34, no. 2 (September 2003): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-2241(03)00030-7.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Measurements"

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Brougham, Thomas. "joint measurements on qubits and measurement correlation." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487858.

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Pretorius, Shaun. "Development of flexible automotive measurement adaptors for the PQ25 VWSA platform." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1632.

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The following work describes all knowledge required in the creation of new automotive optical Photogrammetrical adaptors, which allow the user thereof to measure a fully assembled vehicle in its natural position, i.e. on its wheels for the PQ25 platform at Volkswagen of South Africa. The system is the only method available to the manufacturing plant to measure a fully assembled vehicle in this manner. The FlexMess system allows for a quick portable measurement of a vehicle at all stages of Vehicle manufacturing, aligned via the Volkswagen RPS standards. In the first part of the work, the problem of establishing a system capable of measuring the PQ25 platform is achieved by redesigning the PQ24 platform (previous generation Polo) to the new PQ25 vehicle platform. Once the system was redesigned a prototype adaptor system was created. In the second part of the work, the redesigned adaptor system is checked for its accuracy and repeatability. In a statistical analysis of the adaptors ability to measure the reference points needed for alignment of a vehicle, the system is compared to a CMM and verified that the limits fall within the limits of the original FlexMesśs certified accuracy limits. The last part of the work looks at addressing some of the problems of the FlexMess system by creating concepts for an ideal future FlexMess adaptor system.
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Bartsch, Christian [Verfasser]. "Flow-Adaptive Measurement Sequence for Pneumatic Probe Measurements / Christian Bartsch." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149579595/34.

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Yang, Xuan. "Distributed state estimation with the measurements of Phasor Measurement Units." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4479/.

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The world-wide application of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) brings great benefit to power system state estimation. The synchronised measurements from PMUs can increase estimation accuracy, synchronise states among different systems, and provide greater applicability of state estimation in the transient condition. However, the integration of synchronised measurements with state estimation can introduce efficiency problems due to the substantial burden of data. The research is divided into two parts: finding a solution to cope with the computational efficiency problem and developing a transient state estimation algorithm based on synchronised measurements from PMUs. The computational efficiency problems constitute important considerations in the operation of state estimation. To improve the low computational efficiency, two distributed algorithms are proposed in Chapters 4 and 5. In these two algorithms, the modelling, structure, and solution are described, and the corresponding procedures of bad data processing are presented. Numerical results on the IEEE 30-bus, 118-bus and 300-bus systems can verify the effectiveness of the two proposed algorithms. A novel transient state estimation algorithm based on synchronised measurements is proposed in Chapter 6. Considering the scanning cycle and sampling rate of PMU measurements, the proposed algorithm can estimate transient states in a practical way. The performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated in a transient simulation on the IEEE 14-bus system.
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Syed, Mohammad Imran. "Wireless passive measurements : tool, redundancy, measurements, and analyses." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS265.

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La compréhension du trafic sans fil est fondamentale pour améliorer les réseaux et concevoir des algorithmes et des protocoles avancés. Dans ce contexte, les mesures passives ont l'avantage sur les mesures actives, car elles ne dépendent d'aucune modification des équipements réseau existants. Elles sont souvent moins coûteuses et plus faciles à déployer que d'autres méthodes. Cette approche consiste à surveiller le support sans fil et à collecter des données sur divers paramètres de réseau, tels que la force du signal, l'occupation des canaux et la perte de paquets. Elle consiste à déployer plusieurs sniffeurs dans la zone cible (les sniffeurs sont des dispositifs fonctionnant en « monitor mode » qui collectent les paquets sans fil indépendamment de leur nature). Cependant, l'un des principaux défis des mesures passives est d'assurer la complétude de la trace, c'est-à-dire la capacité à collecter un ensemble de données complet et précis. Nous montrons qu'un seul sniffeur ne peut pas capturer tout le trafic en raison des caractéristiques inhérentes du support sans fil, où l'environnement peut être hautement dynamique et imprévisible. Il existe plusieurs facteurs qui peuvent affecter la complétude de la trace dans les mesures passives sans fil. Celles-ci incluent des facteurs environnementaux, tels que les interférences provenant d'autres dispositifs sans fil, les changements dans l'environnement physique (comme les objets en mouvement) et les variations de propagation du signal sans fil dues aux changements des conditions atmosphériques. De plus, des problèmes avec l'équipement de mesure lui-même, tels que des erreurs de calibration ou des problèmes de traitement des données, peuvent également affecter la complétude de la trace. L'importance de la complétude de la trace dans les mesures passives sans fil ne peut être surestimée. Des données inexactes ou incomplètes peuvent conduire à des conclusions incorrectes sur les performances du réseau, ce qui peut avoir des implications significatives pour la planification, l'optimisation et le dépannage du réseau. Par exemple, des données incomplètes peuvent entraîner des opportunités manquées pour identifier et résoudre des problèmes de réseau, ainsi qu'une reconstruction de trajectoire incorrecte ou incomplète. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la qualité des traces capturées par des sniffeurs et examinons les améliorations résultantes en introduisant de la redondance dans le nombre de sniffeurs. Nous étudions l'impact des deux aspects suivants sur la qualité des traces sans fil : le nombre de sniffeurs et le type de matériel utilisé. Nous étudions la variation de l'indicateur de force du signal reçu (RSSI) et son impact sur l'estimation de la distance. L'analyse est facilitée par le développement d'un outil facilement utilisable et disponible appelé PyPal pour la synchronisation et la fusion de traces Wi-Fi collectées simultanément
Understanding wireless traffic is fundamental for improving networks and designing advanced algorithms and protocols. In this context, passive measurements have the edge over active measurements, as there is no requirement for any modification in existing network devices. Passive measurements are often less expensive and easier to deploy than other methods. This approach involves monitoring the wireless medium and collecting data on various network parameters, such as signal strength, channel occupancy, and packet loss. It consists of deploying multiple sniffers throughout the target area (sniffers are devices operating in monitor mode that collect the wireless packets regardless of their nature). However, one of the main challenges with passive measurements is ensuring trace completeness, or the ability to collect a complete and accurate dataset. We know that a single sniffer cannot capture all the traffic due to the inherent characteristics of the wireless medium where the environment can be highly dynamic and unpredictable. Several factors can impact trace completeness in wireless passive measurements. These include environmental factors, such as interference from other wireless devices, changes in the physical environment (such as moving objects), and variations in wireless signal propagation due to changes in atmospheric conditions. Additionally, issues with the measurement equipment itself, such as calibration errors or data processing issues, can also impact trace completeness. The importance of trace completeness in wireless passive measurements cannot be overstated. Inaccurate or incomplete data can lead to incorrect conclusions about network performance, which can have significant implications for network planning, optimization, and troubleshooting. For example, incomplete data can result in missed opportunities to identify and address network issues, and incorrect or incomplete trajectory reconstruction. In this thesis, we study the quality of traces captured by a sniffer and investigate the resulting improvements by introducing redundancy in the number of sniffers. We explore the impact of the following two aspects on the quality of wireless traces: the number of sniffing devices and the type of hardware used. We study the variation in the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and its impact on distance estimation. The analysis is helped by the development of a readily-usable and easily-available tool, called PyPal, for the synchronization and merging of Wi-Fi traces collected simultaneously
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Naftali, Verena Kashikuka. "Implementation of a reverberation chamber for electro-magnetic compatibility measurements." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2566.

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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
This research project focuses on the implementation of a Reverberation Chamber (RC) by the transformation of an existing electromagnetically shielded room. The reverberation chamber is a kind of shielded room designed to create a statistically random internal electromagnetic environment. The reverberating environment makes it possible to obtain high field strengths from a relatively low input power. The electric fields in the chamber have to be stirred to achieve a statistically uniform field. The first part of this thesis presents an overview of reverberation chamber principles and preliminary calculations are done: the lowest usable frequency is estimated to be close to 300 MHz from empirical criteria. Modelling of the statistical environment is then presented, where electromagnetic quantities are characterised by probability density functions (Gaussian, Rayleigh and exponential); correlation issues are also presented. Measurements are performed in the frequency range of 800 MHz – 4 GHz, dictated by the antennas available for this research study. An investigation of cable losses is conducted, followed by a discussion on measurement accuracy. Mechanical stirrers are designed and manufactured. Electromechanical components are selected based on the literature study. Measurements are obtained through an automated setup using MATLAB®. To verify that the RC, with its in-house designed mechanical stirrers, is well-operated, the stirring ratio is experimentally determined. After this first test, an exhaustive investigation of probability density functions is conducted, taking into account correlation issues. Measurements show that the quality factor of the chamber is close to 2000 at 3 GHz, and that 60 independent stirrer positions at 4 GHz can be used for statistical analyses. Finally, the uniformity test is performed with an improved accuracy using frequency stirring. In conclusion, the CPUT RC passes the validation procedure according to the IEC 61000-4-21 standard by generating the required field uniformity within the accepted uncertainty level.
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Snethlage, Tim. "Balanciertes Performance measurement : Grundzüge eines an nachhaltigem Unternehmenserfolg orientierten Performance measurements /." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=010671315&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Brenander, Johan. "Display measurements." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-95252.

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Detta examensarbete avser att höja kunskapen inom displaymätningar och utveckla mer objektiva testmetoder. I den här rapporten tas flera mätparametrar upp. Dock är det inte nödvändigt att optimera alla dessa för att en display ska upplevas bra. Därför är det viktigt att utvärdera displayen efter sitt användningsområde och i vilken miljö den ska användas i . En svårighet med displayjämförelser är hur hjärnan tolkar det ögat ser. Ögats olinjära egenskaper gör det heller inte lättare. För att optimera eller veta vad man ska mäta på en display är det därför viktigt att känna till hur ögat fungerar. Därför beskrivs ögats uppbyggnad och matematiska formler introduceras för att beskriva hur ögat beter sig. Subjektiva upplösningsmätningar är något som vill frångå för att de varierar mycket för olika personer, vilket innebär att resultaten inte kan jämföras rakt av. Målet är att få en mer objektiv metod och därför introduceras en modell för det mänskliga ögat. Ögonmodellen utvärderas med subjektiva avläsningar både på display och verkliga mål där resultatet blir mycket bra.
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Harrison, Philip. "Making accurate formant measurements : an empirical investigation of the influence of the measurement tool, analysis settings and speaker on formant measurements." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7393/.

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The aim of this thesis is to provide guidance and information that will assist forensic speech scientists, and phoneticians generally, in making more accurate formant measurements, using commonly available speech analysis tools. Formant measurements are an important speech feature that are often examined in forensic casework, and are used widely in many other areas within the field of phonetics. However, the performance of software currently used by analysts has not been subject to detailed investigation. This thesis reports on a series of experiments that examine the influence that the analysis tools, analysis settings and speakers have on formant measurements. The influence of these three factors was assessed by examining formant measurement errors and their behaviour. This was done using both synthetic and real speech. The synthetic speech was generated with known formant values so that the measurement errors could be calculated precisely. To investigate the influence of different speakers on measurement performance, synthetic speakers were created with different third formant structures and with different glottal source signals. These speakers’ synthetic vowels were analysed using Praat’s normal formant measuring tool across a range of LPC orders. The real speech was from a subset of 186 speakers from the TIMIT corpus. The measurements from these speakers were compared with a set of hand-corrected reference formant values to establish the performance of four measurement tools across a range of analysis parameters and measurement strategies. The analysis of the measurement errors explored the relationships between the analysis tools, the analysis parameters and the speakers, and also examined how the errors varied over the vowel space. LPC order was found to have the greatest influence on the magnitude of the errors and their overall behaviour was closely associated with the underlying measurement process used by the tools. The performance of the formant trackers tended to be better than the simple Praat measuring tool, and allowing the LPC order to vary across tokens improved the performance for all tools. The performance was found to differ across speakers, and for each real speaker, the best performance was obtained when the measurements were made with a range of LPC orders, rather than being restricted to just one. The most significant guidance that arises from the results is that analysts should have an understanding of the basis of LPC analysis and know how it is applied to obtain formant measurements in the software that they use. They should also understand the influence of LPC order and the other analysis parameters concerning formant tracking. This will enable them to select the most appropriate settings and avoid making unreliable measurements.
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Arlos, Patrik. "On the Quality of Computer Network Measurements." Doctoral thesis, Karlskrona : Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2005. http://www.bth.se/fou/forskinfo.nsf/01f1d3898cbbd490c12568160037fb62/6f935ee3049f95d7c125709800464cac!OpenDocument.

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Books on the topic "Measurements"

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C, Radha Krishna H., ed. Mechanical measurements. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 1991.

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Barry, B. Austin. Construction measurements. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1988.

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Susko, Michael. Wind measurements by electromagnetic probes. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1988.

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M, Zhang Zhuomin, Tsai Benjamin K, and Machin Graham, eds. Radiometric temperature measurements. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2009.

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Gulakov, I. R. Metod scheta fotonov v optiko-fizicheskikh izmerenii͡a︡kh. Minsk: "Universitetskoe", 1989.

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NATO Advanced Study Institute on Optical Metrology (1984 Viana do Castelo, Portugal). Optical metrology: Coherent and incoherent optics for metrology, sensing and control in science, industry, and biomedicine. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1987.

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Escuela Mexicana de Instrumentación y Metrología (1st 1991 UASLP). Instrumentación en la fisica: Memorias de la Escuela Mexicana de Instrumentación y Metrología en la UASLP, 1991. San Luis Potosí, México: Editorial Universitaria Potosina, 1992.

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Jean-Louis, Besson, and Comte Maurice, eds. Des mesures. Lyon: Presses universitaires de Lyon, 1986.

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Veit, Clairice T. Can people compare stimulus information by a ratio operation? Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1991.

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Venkateshan, S. P. Mechanical Measurements. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73620-0.

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Book chapters on the topic "Measurements"

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Venkateshan, S. P. "Measurements and Errors in Measurement." In Mechanical Measurements, 3–45. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119115571.ch1.

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Venkateshan, S. P. "Measurements and Errors in Measurement." In Mechanical Measurements, 3–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73620-0_1.

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West, Philip W. "Measurements." In Tree and Forest Measurement, 5–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05436-9_2.

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West, P. W. "Measurements." In Tree and Forest Measurement, 5–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14708-6_2.

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Imre, Sándor, and Ferenc Balázs. "Measurements." In Quantum Computing and Communications, 43–60. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd,., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470869048.ch3.

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Salicone, Simona, and Marco Prioli. "Measurements." In Measuring Uncertainty within the Theory of Evidence, 9–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74139-0_2.

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West, P. W. "Measurements." In Tree and Forest Measurement, 5–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-95966-3_2.

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Funtowicz, Silvio O., and Jerome R. Ravetz. "Measurements." In Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy, 69–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0621-1_7.

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Harris, Mark. "Measurements." In The Science of Global Warming Remediation, 33–44. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003341826-4.

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Von der Wense, Lars. "Measurements." In Springer Theses, 131–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70461-6_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Measurements"

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"Electromagnetic measurements. Microwave measurement." In 2017 Radiation and Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves (RSEMW). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsemw.2017.8103683.

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Stecher. "Measurement uncertainty in EMI emission measurements." In Proceedings of International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility. IEEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elmagc.1997.617139.

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Ullrich, Christoph, and Hicham Tazi. "Measurement uncertainties in automotive antenna measurements." In 2010 IEEE International Symposium Antennas and Propagation and CNC-USNC/URSI Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2010.5561451.

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Ertl, T. "Laser Doppler pulp vitality measurements: simulation and measurement." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Peter Rechmann and Daniel Fried. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2257249.

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Learman, Cara, and Kevin Campbell. "Lining Wear Measurements using a Coordinate Measurement Machine." In Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - 39th Annual. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-1270.

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Peters, J. W., M. R. Ozgur, O. S. Gebizlioglu, and D. Teller. "Field measurements of PMD using four measurement techniques." In OFCNFOEC 2006. 2006 Optical Fiber Communication Conference and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ofc.2006.215385.

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Filatov, Yu V., E. D. Bohkman, P. A. Ivanov, R. A. Larichev, and P. A. Pavlov. "Calibration of angle-measurement system for direction measurements." In SPIE/COS Photonics Asia, edited by Sen Han, Toru Yoshizawa, and Song Zhang. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2245626.

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Liu, Entao, Edwin K. P. Chong, and Louis L. Scharf. "Greedy adaptive measurements with signal and measurement noise." In 2012 46th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acssc.2012.6489218.

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Frollo, I., P. Andris, A. Krafcik, D. Gogola, and T. Dermek. "Comparative magnetic field measurements for homogeneity adjustment of magnetic resonance imaging equipments." In 2017 11th International Conference on Measurement. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/measurement.2017.7983585.

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Holmes, Tom. "Measurements." In 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC 2008. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isemc.2008.4652247.

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Reports on the topic "Measurements"

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Wolf, Zachary. Temperature Measurements in the Magnetic Measurement Facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1000389.

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Saarnio, Karri, Mika Vestenius, and Katriina Kyllönen. Attestation of conformity of particulate matter measurements (HIVATO) 2019–2020. Finnish Meteorological Institute, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361331.

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The National Reference Laboratory for Air Quality (NRL) ensures the high quality of air quality measurements in Finland by organising audits and intercomparison campaigns. In this project, the conformity of the particulate matter measurements was evaluated with a particular focus on the measurement used for calculating the average exposure index (AEI) of Finland. The representativity and applicability of the AEI measurements made at the Kallio station in Helsinki were evaluated. It was noticed that the results of the Kallio measurement represent well the average fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations and the yearly based trend of fine particles in Finland. In addition, the yearly average concentrations of fine particles have been smaller than the AEI limit value of 8.5 µg/m3, at all individual urban background stations in Finland since year 2015. The measurement results made with the PM monitor used for AEI measurement, i.e. TEOM 1405 analyser at the Kallio station, were compared to the results from the reference method that follows the standard SFS-EN 12341:2014. It was noticed that the uncertainty requirement of 25% was reached and therefore the quality of the measurement is sufficient to use it for the calculation of AEI. However, the fine particle concentrations were generally very low and therefore the requirements given in the standard SFS-EN 16450:2017 for an intercomparison against the reference method were not perfectly fulfilled. This report presents also results from intercomparison measurements made for automated continuous measurement systems (AMS). At the Virolahti station and at the Mäkelänkatu station in Helsinki, PM10 and PM2.5 measurements were compared. In Kuopio and in Lahti, intercomparison measurements were made for PM2.5 only. Based on the results from these intercomparisons, the calibration coefficients both for PM10 and PM2.5 were defined for the first time in Finland for a FIDAS 200 analyser that is a new PM monitor in the Finnish market. It was concluded that FIDAS 200 analysers can be used for the PM measurements in Finland when the calibration coefficients are applied for the data; however, one must note that the presented calibration coefficients do not fulfil the requirements given for the demonstration of equivalence (DoE). Nevertheless, these coefficients are recommended to be used until the official coefficients will be delivered from the next DoE campaign. Two AMS (SHARP 5030 and TEOM 1405) were compared to the reference method for the measurements of PM10 and PM2,5 in Virolahti and in Helsinki, respectively. It was revealed that the calibration coefficients based on the DoE in Kuopio (2014–2015) do not always fit ideally at different locations and seasons due to differences in the environmental characteristics of the measurement sites. Therefore, NRL recommends that DoE should be organised every five years and in between the DoE’s so called ongoing-intercomparison measurements should be carried out continuously. In the ongoing-intercomparison, suitability of the calibration coefficients from DoE will be verified in different locations with varying environmental characteristics. The ongoing-intercomparison campaigns should take place at one site from a half a year to one year and after that, the campaign should continue at a different location similarly. This would ensure that the influence of seasonal differences to the suitability of coefficients will be verified at each measurement site.
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3

Weier, Dennis R., and Allan F. Pardini. Evaluation of UT Wall Thickness Measurements and Measurement Methodology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1035013.

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4

Kyllönen, Katriina, Karri Saarnio, Ulla Makkonen, and Heidi Hellén. Verification of the validity of air quality measurements related to the Directive 2004/107/EC in 2019-2020 (DIRME2019). Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361256.

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This project summarizes the results from 2000–2020and evaluates the trueness andthequality control (QC) procedures of the ongoing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)and trace element measurements in Finlandrelating to Air Quality (AQ) Directive 2004/107/EC. The evaluation was focused on benzo(a)pyrene and other PAH compounds as well as arsenic, cadmium and nickel in PM10and deposition. Additionally, it included lead and other metals in PM10and deposition, gaseous mercury and mercury deposition, andbriefly other specificAQ measurements such as volatile organic compounds (VOC)and PM2.5chemical composition. This project was conducted by the National Reference Laboratory on air quality and thiswas the first time these measurements were assessed. A major part of the project was field and laboratory audits of the ongoing PAH and metal measurements. Other measurements were briefly evaluated through interviews and available literature. In addition, the national AQ database, the expertise of local measurement networks and related publications were utilised. In total, all theseven measurement networks performing PAH and metal measurements in 2019–2020took part in the audits. Eleven stations were audited while these measurements are performed at 22 AQ stations in Finland. For the large networks, one station was chosen to represent the performance of the network. The audits included also six laboratories performing the analysis of the collected samples. The audits revealed the compliance of the measurements with the AQ Decree 113/2017, Directive 2004/107/EC and Standards of the European Committee for Standardization(CEN). In addition, general information of the measurements, instruments and quality control procedures were gained. The results of the laboratory audits were confidential,but this report includes general findings, and the measurement networks were informed on the audit results with the permission of the participating laboratories. As a conclusion, the measurementmethodsusedwere mainly reference methods. Currently, all sampling methods were reference methods; however, before 2018 three networks used other methods that may have underestimated concentrations. Regarding these measurements, it should be noted the results are notcomparable with the reference method. Laboratory methods were reference methods excluding two cases, where the first was considered an acceptable equivalent method. For the other, a change to a reference method was strongly recommended and this realized in 2020. For some new measurements, the ongoing QC procedures were not yet fully established, and advice were given. Some networks used consultant for calibration and maintenance, and thus theywere not fully aware of the QC procedures. EN Standards were mostly followed. Main concerns were related to the checks of flow and calculation of measurement uncertainty, and suggestions for improvement were given. When the measurement networks implement the recommendations given inthe audits, it can be concluded that the EN Standards are adequately followed in the networks. In the ongoing sampling, clear factors risking the trueness of the result were not found. This applies also for the laboratory analyses in 2020. One network had concentrations above the target value, and theindicative measurementsshould be updated to fixed measurements.
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5

Jay. L51723 Guidelines for Sound Power Level Measurements Compressor Equipment. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010419.

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Increasing legislation and public awareness of noise are intensifying the efforts of industries today to reduce the noise. The natural gas industry has proved that it is one of the industrial leaders in its awareness of noise problems and has maintained a vigorous research program in noise control for over 30 years. A noise survey can be done in several ways: point measurements, grid point methods, contour methods, scanning techniques, etc. The selection of the method depends on the accuracy required, available personnel, expertise etc. For the most accurate determination of sound power, the scanning method using sound intensity measurements is considered to be the best available in present day circumstances. This method is discussed in detail in later chapters. Point and grid point measurements are useful to determine the Sound Pressure Level, but are of limited use in quantifying the Sound Power Level of a noise source in a complex and multi-source environment such as a compressor station. Guidelines for Sound Power Level Measurements for Compressor Station Equipment Report documents the development of guidelines for in-situ sound power level measurements for compressor station equipment, with sample calculations. Measurement of equipment noise levels in a complex, multi-source environment is very difficult and may be accomplished by several methods. These guidelines specify the sound intensity approach that can be used in almost any field situation. The sound power guidelines described in this report specify the sound intensity approach as the primary measurement method since it can be used in almost any field situation to determine the sound power of a source. In open spaces without reflecting surfaces (except the ground plane) sound pressure measurements may give satisfactory estimates of the sound power of noise sources if background noise is low and other sources can be turned off. Inside a compressor building, the modified reverberation room approach may be allowed, but then only the total sound power can be determined unless background sources can be controlled or other sources turned off. Lastly, the standard guidelines developed were used to conduct field measurements of the sound power of four equipment noise sources including: a) turbine casing, b) turbine air inlet, c) cooler and d) exhaust stack.
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Muckenthaler, F. J., R. R. Spencer, H. T. Hunter, J. L. Hull, and A. Shono. Measurements for the JASPER Program Axial Shield Re-measurement Experiment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/432822.

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Fleissner, J. G. Measurement control for plutonium isotopic measurements using gamma-ray spectrometry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5538667.

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8

Smith, Susan, Jake Daughhetee, Gomez Wright, and Daniel Archer. Measurement Plan for Uncertainty Contributions to Cf-252 Waste Measurements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1908061.

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9

Martinez, Benny J. Facility Measurements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1183416.

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10

Taylor, A. E., and V. S. Allen. Geothermal Measurements. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/132226.

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