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Journal articles on the topic 'Measurement tolerance'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Teven, Jason J., James C. McCroskey, and Virginia P. Richmond. "Measurement of tolerance for disagreement." Communication Research Reports 15, no. 2 (March 1998): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08824099809362115.

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2

Appleyard, R., K. Ball, F. E. Hughes, W. Kilby, R. Nicholls, V. Rabett, J. Sage, M. Smith, and E. Thomson. "Systematic in vivo dosimetry for quality assurance using diodes 2: Assessing radiotherapy techniques and developing an appropriate action protocol." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 4, no. 4 (December 2004): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396905000208.

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Purpose: Having previously reviewed the implementation of systematic in vivo dosimetry at the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital this paper examines the results of entrance dose measurements for specific sites/techniques and determines whether different action/alert protocols are required for these different categories.Methods and materials: Entrance dose measurements using p-type diodes were analysed for the following treatment categories: Breast, head and neck in beam direction shell, abdomino-pelvic and intrathoracic. A 4% tolerance was applied.Results: Mean deviations from expected dose and proportion of measurements exceeding tolerance were: Breast: +1.15%±3.04% (1SD), 238/1073≥4%; Head and neck: +0.35%±2.20% (1SD), 21/326≥4%; Abdomino-pelvic: +0.52%±2.75% (1SD), 93/712≥4%; Intrathoracic: −0.01%±2.75% (1SD), 22/119≥4%. Significant improvements in results for breast patients were noted following the introduction of a commercial breast board. The results for abdomino-pelvic patients confirmed a substantial variation in diode response under short FSD, wedged fields at 16MV (that had not been corrected for). The statistical uncertainty in dose measurement for each treatment category was calculated in order to assist determination of appropriate tolerance levels.Conclusions: A blanket tolerance of 4% was generally too low given the extent of measurement uncertainty. The relatively high number of readings outside tolerance where identification of errors was difficult/impossible resulted in inconsistent application of the action protocol. Some widening of tolerances is likely to improve quality of procedure and treatment. Appropriate action levels are recommended for each treatment category.

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3

Kim, Wonsik, Jaeil Cho, Daisuke Komori, Masatoshi Aoki, Masayuki Yokozawa, Shinjiro Kanae, and Taikan Oki. "Tolerance of eddy covariance flux measurement." Hydrological Research Letters 5 (2011): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3178/hrl.5.73.

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4

Castañeda, Luis E., Gemma Calabria, Luz A. Betancourt, Enrico L. Rezende, and Mauro Santos. "Measurement error in heat tolerance assays." Journal of Thermal Biology 37, no. 6 (October 2012): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2012.03.005.

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5

Dai, Haiming, Husheng Ding, Kevin L. Peterson, X. Wei Meng, Paula A. Schneider, Katherine L. B. Knorr, and Scott H. Kaufmann. "Measurement of BH3-only protein tolerance." Cell Death & Differentiation 25, no. 2 (October 20, 2017): 282–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2017.156.

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6

Choi, W., and T. R. Kurfess. "Dimensional Measurement Data Analysis, Part 1: A Zone Fitting Algorithm." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 121, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831211.

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Measured data taken from Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) are in the form of Cartesian coordinates of points from a part surface. In order to interpret the data, a numerical analysis must be performed on them. Currently, data fitting techniques such as a least squares fit or a min-max fit are employed to compare the measured points to the design model. As the objectives of the various techniques differ, they often yield conflicting results. Since this discrepancy may lead to a different conclusions in the process dimensional inspection, it is critical that inspection procedures are based on well defined criteria that employ the appropriate technique to achieve the desired inspection goals. If tolerances are represented by tolerance zones, a zone fitting algorithm, introduced in this paper, provides a more consistent means of verify conformance to the tolerance zone. It determines whether a set of measured points fits into a specified tolerance zone. If the point set can fit into the zone, a rigid body transformation placing the points inside the zone is returned. The algorithm is numerically stable and addresses a general type of tolerance zone. The examples demonstrate that the zone fitting algorithm is more consistent compared to the least squares fit and the min-max fit in tolerance zone conformance verification. A subsequent paper (Part 2) addresses the determination of a minimum zone that extends inspection from a pass/fail mode to a quality analysis operation.

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7

Qin, Bin, Fanping Zeng, and Kesong Yan. "Uncertainty Measurement for a Tolerance Knowledge Base." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 28, no. 02 (April 2020): 331–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488520500142.

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A knowledge base is an important notion of rough set theory. A tolerance knowledge base is its generalization. Measures of uncertainty as important evaluation tools in the fields of machine learning can measure the dependence and similarity between two targets. This paper investigates uncertainty measurement for a tolerance knowledge base by using its knowledge structure. The knowledge structure of a given tolerance knowledge base is first introduced by means of set vectors. Then, the dependence and independence between knowledge structures of tolerance knowledge bases are depicted. Next, the measurement uncertainty of tolerance knowledge bases is investigated. Finally, to obtain two tolerance knowledge bases with additional data, two information systems from the UCI Repository of machine learning databases are selected to construct two numerical experiments, and an effectiveness analysis is performed from the perspective of statistics to show the feasibility of the proposed measures.

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8

Szemik, Kamil, and Pawel Bogacz. "Measurement system analysis for one-sided tolerance." ITM Web of Conferences 15 (2017): 05011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20171505011.

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9

Janik, Witold, Cezary Grabowik, and Grzegorz Ćwikła. "The Practical Approach to Freeform Shape Elements Reverse Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 657 (October 2014): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.657.755.

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Element geometry can be restored with basic measurement techniques. However if the element geometry is too complex (free form surfaces), it is not possible to take all measurements in that way. Example presented in the paper is a drop forged element (car suspension link). In situation when spare element is out of reach (product withdraw from market, producer technological process tooling redesign), the element can be reproduced (singularly or in series, what depends on producer). Reconstructed element is slightly different from a master element (impossible existence of reliably identically designed and manufactured parts), because of measurement uncertainty. Another problem is that original element is usually worn out or during disassembly process can be damaged, so it has different geometry,(when worn out is not fitting to tolerances) than newly manufactured one. The practical approach for reverse engineering is based on: measurement uncertainty extrapolation, 3D part scanning, transformation of point cloud to solid model, composition examination of an alloy. The method is a complex solution that brings: geometrical description and material assignment and heat treatment. Important part of the method is typical measurement techniques. In cases when tolerances have to be preserved, additional tolerance assignment is needed according to linkage between redesigned part of element and parts of other elements in assembly. The insurance of measurement was checked according to typical tolerance of the drop forged element. The retrieved 3D model was compared with virtual mass to real master element mass. The technological tooling reconstructed prototype and element reconstructed prototype have been made. Finally the alloy material is assigned according to measurement result analysis (electron spectroscopy EDS). Proposed example shows many important clues that can be used in order to provide properly redesigned element.

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10

Molnár, Dániel, András Surányi, Viktor Grónás, and Julianna Skutai. "Possible influence factors of technical tolerance." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 8, no. 2 (May 12, 2014): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2014.2.60-65.

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Legitimate users of agricultural areas can receive land-based payments based on the area of either the cultivated plants or the uncultivated land kept, in line with the provisions of community and national legislation, in condition eligible for support. Furthermore, land-based support can be received via other rural development measures as well.According to European Commission regulation the appropriate and eligible claim of the land-based supports shall be controlled by the member states. The most robust technique of this process is the remote sensing control. The observed discrepancies shall be sanctioned based on their extent and intentional nature. A measurement tolerance interval shall be set in case of remote sensing operations so that the extent of discrepancy is to be determined in the most objective way possible. As far as the measurement tolerance interval is concerned the goal is to minimise the cumulative faults appearing during the measurements (such as the scale of agricultural activities, the inaccuracy of farmers’ drawings necessary for the claiming of support and the inaccuracy of control materials and methods).The establishment of the measurement tolerance interval is based on the fact that the reference parcels selected by the validation protocol are made by several operators in iterations. As a result of this process the following conclusions can be drawn:The validation method of multi-level tests required by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) properly detects the measurement results strongly affected by faults. Although this method is to be used exclusively to determine the technical tolerance in the Control with Remote Sensing (CwRS) process of the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS), as independent validation process it does not take the further imagery and other vector references into account. In our examination we assessed the possible inclusion of the smallest identification unit of the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) – i.e. the physical block – as well as its impact on the value of technical tolerance.

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11

Reymond Alexander, Parjiman, and Massus Subekti. "ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN TINGKAT AKURASI AVOMETER SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN DENGAN DUNIA USAHA DAN INDUSTRI MENGGUNAKAN MC5." Journal of Electrical Vocational Education and Technology 3, no. 1 (March 29, 2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jevet.0031.06.

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Abstract For measurement of voltage, the avometer that meets the standard of the tolerance limits set by the user of calibration measurements with MC5 is 17 avometer samples (89.5%) of the 19 samples avometer studied, including 9 avometer SMK and 8 avometers World Business Partners and Industries. For the measurement of the current, the avometer that meets the standards of the tolerance limits set by the user guide of each avometer at the time of calibration measurements with MC5 is 14 avometer samples (73.68%) of 19 samples avometer studied, including 6 avometer SMK and 7 avometers World Business Partners and Industries.. 3 pieces of avometer or 30% of which have exceeded the tolerance limit set by the manufacturer standard in the manual (user guide). From all the avometer samples that have been studied both analog and digital avometers available in Business Partners and Industries it can be concluded that 7 sample avometers (77.8%) that meet all the standards of tolerance limits set by the user guide are each avometer of flat the measurement of the voltage, current, and resistance of the 9 samples of the avometer studied. 2 pieces of avometer or 22.2% of them have exceeded the tolerance limit set by the manufacturer standard in the manual (user guide). Abstrak Untuk pengukuran tegangan, avometer yang memenuhi standar dari batas toleransi yang telah ditetapkan menurut user guide masing – masing avometer pada saat dilakukan pengukuran kalibrasi dengan MC5 yaitu 17 buah sample avometer (89,5%) dari 19 sample avometer yang diteliti, diantaranya 9 avometer SMK dan 8 avometer Dunia Mitra Usaha dan Industri. Untuk pengukuran arus, avometer yang memenuhi standar dari batas toleransi yang telah ditetapkan menurut user guide masing – masing avometer pada saat dilakukan pengukuran kalibrasi dengan MC5 yaitu 14 buah sample avometer (73,68%) dari 19 sample avometer yang diteliti, diantaranya 6 avometer SMK dan 7 avometer Dunia Mitra Usaha dan Industri. Untuk pengukuran hambatan, avometer yang memenuhi standar dari batas toleransi yang telah ditetapkan menurut user guide masing – masing avometer pada saat dilakukan pengukuran kalibrasi dengan MC5 yaitu 16 buah sample avometer (84,2%) dari 19 sample avometer yang diteliti, diantaranya 8 avometer SMK dan 8 avometer Dunia Mitra Usaha dan Industri. Dan dari 7 sample avometer (70%) yang memenuhi semua standar dari batas toleransi yang telah ditetapkan menurut user guide masing–masing avometer dari rata-rata pengukuran tegangan, arus, maupun hambatan dari 10 sampel avometer yang diteliti. 3 buah avometer atau 30% diantaranya sudah melewati batas toleransi yang telah ditetapkan standar pabrikan dalam buku manual (user guide). Dari semua sample avometer yang telah diteliti baik avometer analog maupun digital yang ada di Mitra Usaha dan Industri dapat disimpulkan bahwa 7 sample avometer (77,8%) yang memenuhi semua standar dari batas toleransi yang telah ditetapkan menurut user guide masing–masing avometer dari rata-rata pengukuran tegangan, arus, maupun hambatan dari 9 sampel avometer yang diteliti. 2 buah avometer atau 22,2% diantaranya sudah melewati batas toleransi yang telah ditetapkan standar pabrikan dalam buku manual (user guide).

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12

Wu, Weiqiang, Ning Huang, Lina Sun, and Xiaolu Zheng. "Measurement and Analysis of MANET Resilience with Fault Tolerance Strategies." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9806365.

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Resilience is usually considered as the ability of network fault tolerance. To improve the resilience of MANET, fault tolerance strategies such as routing protocols are usually employed which will impact resilience of MANET. For resilience measurement and fault tolerance strategies’ efficiency evaluation, the impact of fault tolerance strategies deserves a detailed study. However, the general MANET resilience measurement methods do not consider the fault tolerance strategies as individual resilience influence factors, let alone reflecting the interplay among strategies that deployed on different network layers. Thus, it results in a limitation on efficiency assessment of fault tolerance strategies. In this paper, it models fault tolerance strategies for MANET resilience measurement with considering strategies as individual resilience influence factors. Firstly, through analyzing the features of fault tolerance strategies that deployed on physical and logical layers of network, we built a hierarchical network model to describe the resilience impact of strategies. Then, based on this network model, we proposed fault tolerance strategies model to measure resilience of MANET. Particularly, the model can well support the interplay study among different strategies through contrasting the quantitative value defined by strategy model. At last, a case study was given for verification and analysis.

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13

Edelstein, Sari. "Measurement of Diversity Tolerance of Nutrition Professionals Using the Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale." Topics in Clinical Nutrition 22, no. 2 (April 2007): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tin.0000270132.25648.6f.

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14

Смазнова, І. С. "PARTIALITY OF AGGRESSION AND TOLERANCE CATEGORIES: LEGAL MEASUREMENT." Constitutional State, no. 32 (December 15, 2018): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2411-2054.2018.32.149510.

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15

LIU Huaa, 刘华, 卢振武 LU Zhen-wua, and 闫勇 YAN Yongb. "Large Aperture Diffractive Telescope Tolerance Analysis and Measurement." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 42, no. 10 (2013): 1203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20134210.1203.

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16

Boulton, A. J. M., and R. A. Malik. "Neuropathy of Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Its Measurement." Diabetes Care 33, no. 1 (December 29, 2009): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1728.

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17

Lee, I., D. Tang, R. K. Iyer, and M. C. Hsueh. "Measurement-based evaluation of operating system fault tolerance." IEEE Transactions on Reliability 42, no. 2 (June 1993): 238–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/24.229493.

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18

Kethara Pasupathy, T. M., Edward P. Morse, and Robert G. Wilhelm. "A Survey of Mathematical Methods for the Construction of Geometric Tolerance Zones." Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1572519.

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The physical realization of any part always yields imperfect forms with respect to the ideal geometry specified in the engineering design. To describe and preserve functional requirements of design, the allowable variation is specified using modern geometric tolerances via tolerance zones. Specification using geometric tolerances is intended for unambiguous communication. Mathematically unambiguous specification is required for the application of computing machinery across manufacturing enterprises to lower costs and improve efficiency. Several computer-based tools have been developed to aid in tolerance specification and also in subsequent processing, or applications that utilize tolerance specification information, such as analysis, synthesis, manufacture and measurement. In order to execute these activities, the tolerance zones have to be unambiguously captured by computer programs. The geometric tolerance specification is complex and not completely free of ambiguities. These difficulties pose as challenges in realizing the tolerance zones and limit the applicability of any particular method developed so far. This paper presents a survey of the current computer based methods available to capture tolerance zones of parts. The limitations of the methods are analyzed based on the following criteria: the range of applicability, compatibility with standards, ease in realization and the effects of singularities in shapes that are application specific. Various assembly analysis techniques that utilize the tolerance zone construction and other recent approaches for tolerance design are also reported.

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Müller, Andreas Michael, Thomas Oberleiter, Kai Willner, and Tino Hausotte. "Implementation of Parameterized Work Piece Deviations and Measurement Uncertainties into Performant Meta-models for an Improved Tolerance Specification." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 3501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.357.

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AbstractGeometrical work piece deviations are unavoidable and directly affect the function and quality of technological products. Tolerance management is regarded as a crucial subtask of the development of technological products, because it ensures the function as well as a sufficient product quality while maintaining reasonable production costs. That means, that geometric tolerances as an essential part of the product description greatly affect the functional capability, manufacturability, mountability, verifiability and the costs of the final product. The research group FOR 2271 was founded to enable the computer-aided specification of tolerances, which meet the requirements of production, assembly, verification and function by close cooperation between the departments responsible for product design, assembly and metrology. The aim of this contribution is to determine the manufacturing process scatter as well as the measurement uncertainty and establish ways and means to include that information into efficient meta-models, ultimately enabling improved and accurate tolerance analyses.

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20

Cuesta, E., B. J. Álvarez, F. Sánchez-Lasheras, R. I. Fernández, and D. Gonzalez-Madruga. "Feasibility Evaluation of Photogrammetry versus Coordinate Measuring Arms for the Assembly of Welded Structures." Advanced Materials Research 498 (April 2012): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.498.103.

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The present paper studies the technical feasibility of Photogrammetry and Coordinate Measuring Arms (AACMM or CMA) for the geometrical inspection of welded pins used for the assembly of medium-sized sheetmetal structures. As a result of this evaluation it was found that the deviations (measurement recorded by the device minus the nominal value of the measurement) obtained by means of Photogrammetry and the CMA were equivalent. Moreover, the number of measurements found to be out of tolerance by both methods was statistically equivalent. According to our results both methods are feasible for performing the dimensional inspection of the position of the welded cylinders of the structure as they are able to distinguish measurements inside and outside of tolerance and are equally capable of detecting the data variance.

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Preising, B., and T. C. Hisa. "Robot performance measurement and calibration using a 3D computer vision system." Robotica 13, no. 4 (July 1995): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700018762.

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SummaryPresent day robot systems are manufactured to perform within industry accepted tolerances. However, to use such systems for tasks requiring high precision, various methods of robot calibration are generally required. These procedures can improve the accuracy of a robot within a small volume of the robot's workspace. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the use of a single camera 3D computer vision system as a position sensor in order to perform robot calibration. A vision feedback scheme, termed Vision-guided Robot Control (VRC), is described which can improve the accuracy of a robot in an on-line iterative manner. This system demonstrates the advantage that can be achieved by a Cartesian space robot control scheme when end effector position/orientation are actually sensed instead ofcalculated from the kinematic equations. The degree of accuracy is determined by setting a tolerance level for each of the six robot Cartesian space coordinates. In general, a small tolerance level requires a large number of iterations in order to position the end effector, and a large tolerance level requires fewer iterations. The viability of using a vision system for robot calibration is demonstrated by experimentally showing that the accuracy of a robot can be drastically improved. In addition, the vision system can also be used to determine the repeatability and accuracy of a robot in a simple, efficient, and quick manner. Experimental work with an IBM Electric Drive Robot (EDR) and the proposed vision system produced a 97 and a 145 fold improvement in the position and orientation accuracy of the robot, respectively.

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Thimmhardy, Eugene G., and Robert M. Korol. "Geometric imperfections and tolerances for steel box girder bridges." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-059.

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An investigation to determine the magnitude of geometric imperfections induced during the fabrication of welded steel box girders is reported for nine highway bridges constructed in Canada. Measurement data were collected to compare the significance of dead load on initial imperfections obtained following fabrication. Existing bridges were found to have out-of-plane deviations of plate panels about 10% higher than unloaded bridge values. A statistical interpretation of measurements of initial plate imperfections and out-of-straightness of stiffeners culminates in tolerance levels, deemed to be appropriate for Canadian-built box girders, and well within the capability of the fabricating industry to achieve. Key words: box girder, bridges, field measurements, geometric imperfections, plate panels, stiffeners, structural steel, tolerances.

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Gdoura, Ahmed, Jacquelyn D. Parente, Sabine Hensler, Sabine Krüger-Ziolek, Claudia Kuehlbach, Margareta M. Mueller, and Knut Möller. "Method Comparison of In Vitro Wound Area Measurements." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2018-0075.

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AbstractWound area is a primary outcome measure in wound healing studies. This method comparison study evaluates differences of wound area measurements of a newly developed image analysis method based on wound edge contour to an existing method based on contrast tolerance. Digital images of 64 wounds were taken immediately after wounding matured in vitro 3D organotypic tissues with a biopsy punch. Wound area measurements were calculated using each image analysis method and then normalized. The method comparison study evaluates the difference of each paired measurements for all 64 wound areas. Measurement differences are demonstrated and evaluated in normalized data boxplots, scatter plots with a line of equality, data histogram and Normal probability plots, and a Bland-Altman plot of paired measure difference against mean. The measured wound areas using the tolerance method have large variability in comparison to the contour method measures. The tolerance method measures often underestimate and overestimate what is assumed to be an approximately repeatable initial wound size. Skewness in comparison plots are due to the ‘fat tails’ introduced by the variability of measurements of the tolerance method. In contrast, the contour method results in larger wound area measurements on average at a statistically significant level of difference. The relatively less variable range of contour method measurements suggest this method has more potential to agree with the ‘true’ wound area. Future work to improve the method are proposed for application of image analysis methods to distinguish true wound area and measurement error in time for wound healing treatment-control experiments.

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Herrera-Marti, David A., and Terry Rudolph. "Loss tolerance with a concatenated graph state." Quantum Information and Computation 13, no. 11&12 (November 2013): 995–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic13.11-12-6.

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A new way of addressing loss errors is introduced which combines ideas from measurement-based quantum computation and concatenated quantum codes, allowing for universal quantum computation. It is shown that for the case where qubit loss is detected upon measurement, the scheme performs well under $23\%$ loss rate. For loss rates below $10\%$ this approach performs better than the best scheme known up to date \cite{varnava2006loss}. If lost qubits are tagged prior to measurement, it can tolerate up to $50\%$ loss. The overhead per logical qubit is shown to be significantly lower than other schemes. The obtention of the threshold is entirely analytic.

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Fu, Tianzhao, Ruiqiang Lyu, Mingyang Wang, Weimin Yang, Mingyang Wang, and Pengcheng Xie. "Research on Tolerance Redistribution Method Based on Measurement Data." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 772 (March 31, 2020): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/772/1/012002.

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ISHIHARA, Toshikazu, Isao WATANABE, and Yuko NAKAHIRA. "Measurement of the Impact Tolerance of the Pig Lung." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2004.16 (2004): 423–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2004.16.423.

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Wandebäck, F., P. J. Wahlborg, and R. Söderberg. "Use of measurement data in computer-aided tolerance management." Journal of Engineering Design 13, no. 1 (March 2002): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09544820110090313.

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Martin, Christopher S., and Howard B. Moss. "Measurement of Acute Tolerance to Alcohol in Human Subjects." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 17, no. 2 (April 1993): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00751.x.

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BEST, R. P. "Colour Measurement and Colour Tolerance in the Plastics Industry." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 84, no. 2 (October 22, 2008): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1968.tb02808.x.

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30

Meshkov, V. A. "Check maps for tolerance control on means of measurement." Measurement Techniques 30, no. 12 (December 1987): 1220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00864659.

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31

Kupriyanov, Oleksandr. "The influence of measurement error on the risks of the consumer and the manufacturer when completing connections." Ukrainian journal of mechanical engineering and materials science 6, no. 1 (2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ujmems2020.01.022.

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The influence of the measuring device error on the consumer’s and manufacturer’s risks was studied for three cases of the organization of completing: complete interchangeability, selective completing and completing with ranking. The presence of measurement error does not allow to avoid risks; however, their values must be estimated so that they do not have a significant impact on manufactured products. The study was carried out for a “shaft-hole” connection by statistical modeling, the laws of dimension distribution were accepted as normal, as well as the laws of distribution of measurement errors. For the case of completing with complete interchangeability, the accuracy of two-stage control was studied; it is recommended to establish the accuracy of the initial measurements at 20–25 % of the tolerance field, repeated measurements at 10–12 % of the tolerance field, while the manufacturer’s risk does not exceed 0.2 %, the consumer’s risk is practically zero. In the case of selective completing, the requirements for the accuracy of the measuring device are significantly higher than in the case of completing with complete interchangeability, since errors are possible not only at the limits of the tolerance field but also at the limits of the selection groups. Therefore, the measurement error should not exceed 5 % of the tolerance field width; it is also advisable to limit the number of selection groups. When completing with ranking, the accuracy of the measuring device has the least impact on risks, especially if the number of parts in the batch is large enough and the measurement error complies with the standards in mechanical engineering. It was established that for the number of sets greater than 10, almost complete assemblability is achieved and the risks associated with the measurement error become insignificant. Thus, if it is necessary to increase the accuracy of products at the assembly stage, it is recommended to use completing with ranking instead of selective completing.

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Müller, Andreas Michael, Dominik Schubert, Dietmar Drummer, and Tino Hausotte. "Determination of the single point uncertainty of customized polymer gear wheels using structured-light scanning with various polygonization settings." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 9, no. 1 (February 21, 2020): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-51-2020.

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Abstract. During the manufacturing of work pieces, geometrical deviations from the intended nominal geometry of the designer are inevitable. The procedure of conformance testing defined in ISO 14253-1:2018-07 is used to ensure the function of a work piece by verifying the geometrical compliance with pre-defined tolerance specifications. Depending on the measurement setup used for the validation step, it is possible that the local measurement uncertainty is too large in order to provide a meaningful conformance evaluation. This paper aims to demonstrate the complete workflow of the determination of the locally defined single point uncertainty and its components (systematic and random measurement error, respectively) for a given measurement task. It was shown for an optical measurement setup in combination with an industrial X-ray computed tomography reference measurement system that different necessary colouring methods of polymer (POM) gear wheels, which are required to enable measurements using structured-light scanning, have a measurable influence on the local distribution of the measurement uncertainty. Because of the fact that the presented method is dependent on a discrete surface sampling, the effects of different polygonization settings during the creation of the areal measurement result were evaluated in order to rate the reduced data complexity against the hereby possibly increased measurement uncertainty. The gained information regarding the local measurement uncertainty of a measurement setup can then be used for downstream processes in various use cases, e.g. for the improvement of holistic tolerance simulation models or the improvement of geometrical measurements using weighted regression analysis. Additionally, the visualization of the areal distribution of the measurement uncertainty enables a powerful tool to optimize the used measurement setup.

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Yulianto, Evan Sulton, and Abdul Haris Farid. "Kajian Akurasi Pengukuran dan Pemetaan Bidang Tanah Produk Kantor Jasa Surveyor Berlisensi (Studi di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Kediri dan Tulungagung)." Tunas Agraria 3, no. 2 (May 31, 2020): 140–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31292/jta.v3i2.113.

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Abstract: The collection of physical data is regulated in JUKNIS PMNA/KBPN Number 3 of 1997. In the technical guidelines, determinate where the results of measuring and mapping land parcels have to accordance with determined tolerances, namely tolerance of distance, area, form and registration map. But in reality, the results of the measurement and mapping of land parcels by KJSKB still do not fulfill the tolerance requirements. This study aims to determine the level of accuracy of the results of measurements and mapping of land parcels conducted by KJSKB. This study uses a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The comparison of distances in Butuh Village were 42 distances (36.52%) suitable and 73 distances (63.48%) did not, in Jeli Village, there were 74 distances (55.64%) suitable and 59 distances (44.36%) did not. The results of the comparison of area in Butuh Village are 23 land parcels (76.67%) suitable and 7 land parcels (23.33%) did not, in Jeli Village as many as 20 land parcels (66.67%) suitable and 10 land parcels (33.33%) did not. In addition to the form variables and registration maps, some land parcels do not match between the Measuring Image and the field conditions.Keywords: accuracy, measurement, mapping, KJSKB. Intisari: Pelaksanaan pengumpulan data fisik diatur dalam JUKNIS PMNA/KBPN Nomor 3 tahun 1997. Di dalam Juknis tersebut, terdapat ketentuan dimana hasil pengukuran dan pemetaan bidang tanah harus sesuai dengan toleransi yang telah ditetapkan yaitu toleransi jarak, luas, bentuk, dan peta pendaftaran. Namun kenyataannya, hasil pengukuran dan pemetaan bidang tanah oleh KJSKB masih belum memenuhi syarat toleransi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat akurasi hasil pengukuran dan pemetaan bidang-bidang tanah yang dilakukan oleh KJSKB. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Hasil perbandingan jarak di Desa Butuh sebanyak 42 jarak (36.52%) Sesuai dan 73 jarak (63.48%) Tidak Sesuai, di Desa Jeli sebanyak 74 jarak (55.64%) Sesuai dan 59 jarak (44.36%) Tidak Sesuai. Hasil perbandingan luas di Desa Butuh sebanyak 23 bidang tanah (76.67%) Sesuai dan 7 bidang tanah (23.33%) Tidak Sesuai, di Desa Jeli sebanyak 20 bidang tanah (66.67%) Sesuai dan 10 bidang tanah (33.33%) Tidak Sesuai. Selain itu pada variabel bentuk dan peta pendaftaran, beberapa bidang tanah tidak sesuai antara Gambar Ukur dan keadaan lapangan.Kata Kunci: akurasi, pengukuran, pemetaan, KJSKB.

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Hjerm, Mikael, Maureen A. Eger, Andrea Bohman, and Filip Fors Connolly. "A New Approach to the Study of Tolerance: Conceptualizing and Measuring Acceptance, Respect, and Appreciation of Difference." Social Indicators Research 147, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 897–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02176-y.

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Abstract Previous empirical research on tolerance suffers from a number of shortcomings, the most serious being the conceptual and operational conflation of (in)tolerance and prejudice. We design research to remedy this. First, we contribute to the literature by advancing research that distinguishes analytically between the two phenomena. We conceptualize tolerance as a value orientation towards difference. This definition—which is abstract and does not capture attitudes towards specific out-groups, ideas, or behaviors—allows for the analysis of tolerance within and between societies. Second, we improve the measurement of tolerance by developing survey items that are consistent with this conceptualization. We administer two surveys, one national (Sweden) and one cross-national (Australia, Denmark, Great Britain, Sweden, and the United States). Results from structural equation models show that tolerance is best understood as a three-dimensional concept, which includes acceptance of, respect for, and appreciation of difference. Analyses show that measures of tolerance have metric invariance across countries, and additional tests demonstrate convergent and discriminant validity. We also assess tolerance’s relationship to prejudice and find that only an appreciation of difference has the potential to reduce prejudice. We conclude that it is not only possible to measure tolerance in a way that is distinct from prejudice but also necessary if we are to understand the causes and consequences of tolerance.

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Sun, Zhanxian, Feihuang Chu, Jiang Wang, and Haibing Wang. "A method of jamming tolerance automatic measurement for communication receiver." JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENT 26, no. 11 (February 7, 2013): 999–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1187.2012.00999.

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Huang, Yi-Chieh, Ping-Ying Wang, and Shen-Iuan Liu. "An All-Digital Jitter Tolerance Measurement Technique for CDR Circuits." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 59, no. 3 (March 2012): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2012.2184378.

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37

Kopittke, Peter M., Rosemary A. Kopittke, and Neal W. Menzies. "Measurement and Interpretation of Salinity Tolerance in Four Perennial Grasses." Journal of Plant Nutrition 32, no. 1 (January 2, 2009): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904160802530995.

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Guo, Xiaoting, Xiaojun Liu, Zili Lei, Cheng Chen, and Wenjun Yang. "Unambiguous measurement range and error tolerance in dual-wavelength interferometry." Applied Optics 59, no. 29 (October 9, 2020): 9272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.401876.

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Barmuta, Leon A., Louise Emmerson, and Petr Otahal. "Tolerance of a rapid biological assessment method to measurement errors." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 28, no. 2 (July 2002): 798–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2001.11901823.

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40

Gebizlioglu, Omer L., and Banu Yagci. "Tolerance intervals for quantiles of bivariate risks and risk measurement." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 42, no. 3 (June 2008): 1022–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2007.12.003.

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41

Jarjoura, David. "Tolerance Intervals for True Scores." Journal of Educational Statistics 10, no. 1 (March 1985): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986010001001.

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Issues regarding tolerance and confidence intervals are discussed within the context of educational measurement and conceptual distinctions are drawn between these two types of intervals. Points are raised about the advantages of tolerance intervals when the focus is on a particular observed score rather than a particular examinee. Because tolerance intervals depend on strong true score models, a practical implication of the study is that true score tolerance intervals are fairly insensitive to differences in assumptions among the five models studied.

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Tanaka, Fumiki. "Current Situation and Problems for Representation of Tolerance and Surface Texture in 3D CAD Model." International Journal of Automation Technology 5, no. 2 (March 5, 2011): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2011.p0201.

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This paper explores current problems in representing of tolerances and surface textures in 3D computeraided design (CAD) models. Today, all available 3D product data, such as dimensioning and tolerance, are not used in digital form throughout the product development processes. Tolerance and surface texture data for product are very important in design data. In downstream processes, such as process planning and manufacturing, such data are referenced to determine machining processes and process parameters. In inspection, such data provide criteria for verifying functionality of the machined product based on measurement results. Previously, such data were communicated using 2D drawing and not included in 3D CAD data.3D models are widely used and demand is increasing for the annotations in 3D model, e.g., standard for the digital product definition data practices was developed by ISO, and the guidelines for 3D drawing were developed by the automobile industry. This paper explores needs and requirements of tolerance and surface texture representations which are associated with 3D CAD data in product development processes, together with current status, problems, and future works in representing tolerances and surface textures associated with 3D CAD data.

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Carey, Vincent J., Savita Pahwa, and Adriana Weinberg. "Reliability of CD4 Quantitation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Children: Implications for Definition of Immunologic Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12, no. 5 (May 2005): 640–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.12.5.640-643.2005.

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ABSTRACT Our objective was to develop data-based algorithms for definition of immunologic response to AIDS therapies in pediatric patients, taking account of T-cell subset measurement errors. The study design involved cross-protocol analysis of 2,148 enrollees in six completed Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group trials. We used standard quantitation of T-cell subsets; linear modeling with mean-dependent measurement error variance was used to develop 95% tolerance limits for change in CD4%. For individuals with a CD4% of approximately 25%, the measurement error-based 95% tolerance interval ranges from 15% to 35%, whereas for individuals with a CD4% of approximately 5%, the tolerance interval ranges from 3% to 7%. When pairs of CD4% measures taken within a time interval of less than 30 days are averaged to estimate steady-state CD4%, tolerance interval width decreases by approximately 30%. A simple graphical tool that provides a data-based criterion for immunologic response over and above variation ascribable to T-cell measurement error is provided. Variability in CD4% due to measurement error is substantial, increases with level of CD4%, and complicates assessment of immunologic response to therapy. Replicates of CD4% measures could be used to improve precision of interpretation of CD4% measures.

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Kim, Sun Young, Chang Ho Kang, and Jin Woo Song. "1-Point RANSAC UKF with Inverse Covariance Intersection for Fault Tolerance." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020353.

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The fault tolerance estimation method is proposed to maintain reliable correspondences between sensor data and estimation performance regardless of the number of valid measurements. The proposed method is based on the 1-point random sample consensus (RANSAC) unscented Kalman filter (UKF), and the inverse covariance intersection (ICI)-based data fusion method is added to the update process in the proposed algorithm. To verify the performance of the proposed algorithm, two analyses are performed with respect to the degree of measurement error reduction and accuracy of generated information. In addition, experiments are conducted using the dead reckoning (DR)/global positioning system (GPS) navigation system with a barometric altimeter to confirm the performance of fault tolerance in the altitude. It is confirmed that the proposed algorithm maintains estimation performance when there are not enough valid measurements.

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THOMASON, K., and K. L. SMITH. "The Reliability of Measurements Taken from Computer-Stored Digitalised X-Rays of Acute Distal Radius Fractures." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 33, no. 3 (June 2008): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193407087509.

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Sixteen observers measured eight anatomical parameters on digitalised images of six acute distal radial fractures using the Patient Archiving Communication System software and repeated the measurements at least 2 weeks later. Inter- and intraobserver reliability was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients and tolerance limits. The highest interobserver agreement was demonstrated in the dorsal tilt (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.858; tolerance limit 14.2°). When compared with the results of a study looking at observer reliability in measurement of healed distal radial fractures, the reliability of computerised measurements is not significantly different from those achieved by manual techniques (dorsal tilt interobserver tolerance limits on computer system 16°, compared to 15° using ruler and protractor). These results suggest that the recommended radiological reduction limits for distal radius fractures of <10° change in palmar tilt, <2 mm radial shortening, <5° change in radial angle and a <1 to 2 mm articular step cannot be reliably measured.

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MKRTCHYAN, Tariel Mher. "A NEW DEVICE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF SEDIMENT IN THE WASTEWATER NETWORK." Urban construction and architecture 3, no. 4S (December 15, 2013): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2013.s4.14.

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An analyses of data of determine sediment degree in wastewater collector has been introduced in the article. Described the diffi culty of process and measurement tolerance of the sediment at present time. A new practical equipment for measuring sediments and fi lling of wastewater in the sewage networks has been provided and developed. Equipments measurement tolerance is 1-2 mm. The equipment is portable and easy to use in practice. Also it can be made and fi x in the sewage workshops.

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47

Yoshida, Masayuki, Brian Gordon, Makoto Nakazawa, and Rui Biscaia. "Conceptualization and Measurement of Fan Engagement: Empirical Evidence From a Professional Sport Context." Journal of Sport Management 28, no. 4 (July 2014): 399–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0199.

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In the sport management literature, limited attention has been devoted to the conceptualization and measurement of fan engagement. Two quantitative studies were completed to validate the proposed fan-engagement scale composed of three defining elements (management cooperation, prosocial behavior, and performance tolerance). The results from Study 1 provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the threefactor model of fan engagement. In Study 2, we assess nomological validity by examining the antecedents and consequences of fan engagement and found that team identification and basking in reflected glory played a particularly important role in increasing the three dimensions of fan engagement. Furthermore, the results indicate that performance tolerance has a positive effect on purchase intention. These findings highlight the importance of the sequential relationships between team identification, performance tolerance, and purchase intention.

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Sieber, Ingo, Richard Thelen, and Ulrich Gengenbach. "Enhancement of High-Resolution 3D Inkjet-Printing of Optical Freeform Surfaces Using Digital Twins." Micromachines 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12010035.

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3D-inkjet-printing is just beginning to take off in the optical field. Advantages of this technique include its fast and cost-efficient fabrication without tooling costs. However, there are still obstacles preventing 3D inkjet-printing from a broad usage in optics, e.g., insufficient form fidelity. In this article, we present the formulation of a digital twin by the enhancement of an optical model by integrating geometrical measurement data. This approach strengthens the high-precision 3D printing process to fulfil optical precision requirements. A process flow between the design of freeform components, fabrication by inkjet printing, the geometrical measurement of the fabricated optical surface, and the feedback of the measurement data into the simulation model was developed, and its interfaces were defined. The evaluation of the measurements allowed for the adaptation of the printing process to compensate for process errors and tolerances. Furthermore, the performance of the manufactured component was simulated and compared with the nominal performance, and the enhanced model could be used for sensitivity analysis. The method was applied to a highly complex helical surface that allowed for the adjustment of the optical power by rotation. We show that sensitivity analysis could be used to define acceptable tolerance budgets of the process.

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정지현. "The Development of Behavioral Measurement Task for Distress Tolerance: Preliminary Study." Korean Journal of Health Psychology 22, no. 2 (June 2017): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2017.22.2.004.

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50

Mahshid, Rasoul, Zahra Mansourvar, and Hans Nørgaard Hansen. "Tolerance analysis in manufacturing using process capability ratio with measurement uncertainty." Precision Engineering 52 (April 2018): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2017.12.008.

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