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Pate, Russell R. "Measurement Protocol." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000272668.39734.16.
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Golowasch, Jorge, Gladis Thomas, Adam L. Taylor, Arif Patel, Arlene Pineda, Christopher Khalil, and Farzan Nadim. "Membrane Capacitance Measurements Revisited: Dependence of Capacitance Value on Measurement Method in Nonisopotential Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 4 (October 2009): 2161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00160.2009.
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During growth or degeneration neuronal surface area can change dramatically. Measurements of membrane protein concentration, as in ion channel or ionic conductance density, are often normalized by membrane capacitance, which is proportional to the surface area, to express changes independently from cell surface variations. Several electrophysiological protocols are used to measure cell capacitance, all based on the assumption of membrane isopotentiality. Yet, most neurons violate this assumption because of their complex anatomical structure, raising the question of which protocol yields measurements that are closest to the actual total membrane capacitance. We measured the capacitance of identified neurons from crab stomatogastric ganglia using three different protocols: the current-clamp step, the voltage-clamp step, and the voltage-clamp ramp protocols. We observed that the current-clamp protocol produced significantly higher capacitance values than those of either voltage-clamp protocol. Computational models of various anatomical complexities suggest that the current-clamp protocol can yield accurate capacitance estimates. In contrast, the voltage-clamp protocol estimates rapidly deteriorate as isopotentiality is reduced. We provide a mathematical description of these results by analyzing a simple two-compartment model neuron to facilitate an intuitive understanding of these methods. Together, the experiments, modeling, and mathematical analysis indicate that accurate total membrane capacitance measurements cannot be obtained with voltage-clamp protocols in nonisopotential neurons. Furthermore, although current-clamp steps can theoretically yield accurate measurements, experimentalists should be aware of limitations imposed by step duration and numerical errors during fitting procedures to obtain the membrane time constant.
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Ventham, Jonathan C., and John J. Reilly. "Reproducibility of resting metabolic rate measurement in children." British Journal of Nutrition 81, no. 6 (June 1999): 435–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599000781.
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The aim of the present study was to determine the reproducibility of measurement of resting metabolic rate (RMR) using a ventilated-hood indirect calorimeter in children using a short protocol suitable for the outpatient setting or home visit. The protocol consisted of an overnight (10–12 h) fast, 5–10 min supine rest, 5–10 min ‘settling in’ under the ventilated hood, and 12–16 min of measurement. Three measurements of RMR were made in eighteen healthy children (nine boys, nine girls, aged 6–11 years) on alternate days. Reproducibility of RMR was assessed using a reproducibility index and by calculating the CV for intra-individual measurements. The mean CV was 2·6 (sd 1·7)% and the reproducibility index was 95·0 %, indicating excellent reliability. The short protocol had higher reproducibility than more stringent protocols described in the literature. The new protocol has a number of practical advantages and should be adequate for most clinical or research purposes.
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Haah, Jeongwan, and Matthew B. Hastings. "Measurement sequences for magic state distillation." Quantum 5 (January 20, 2021): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-01-20-383.
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Magic state distillation uses special codes to suppress errors in input states, which are often tailored to a Clifford-twirled error model. We present detailed measurement sequences for magic state distillation protocols which can suppress arbitrary errors on any part of a protocol, assuming the independence of errors across qubits. Provided with input magic states, our protocol operates on a two-dimensional square grid by measurements of ZZ on horizontal pairs of qubits, XX on vertical pairs, and Z,X on single qubits.
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Forsyth, Ann, Kathryn H. Schmitz, Michael Oakes, Jason Zimmerman, and Joel Koepp. "Standards for Environmental Measurement Using GIS: Toward a Protocol for Protocols." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 3, s1 (February 2006): S241—S257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.3.s1.s241.
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Background:Interdisciplinary research regarding how the built environment influences physical activity has recently increased. Many research projects conducted jointly by public health and environmental design professionals are using geographic information systems (GIS) to objectively measure the built environment. Numerous methodological issues remain, however, and environmental measurements have not been well documented with accepted, common definitions of valid, reliable variables.Methods:This paper proposes how to create and document standardized definitions for measures of environmental variables using GIS with the ultimate goal of developing reliable, valid measures. Inherent problems with software and data that hamper environmental measurement can be offset by protocols combining clear conceptual bases with detailed measurement instructions.Results:Examples demonstrate how protocols can more clearly translate concepts into specific measurement.Conclusions:This paper provides a model for developing protocols to allow high quality comparative research on relationships between the environment and physical activity and other outcomes of public health interest.
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Liggett, W., K. ‐W Moon, and C. Handwerker. "An Experimental Method for Refinement of Solderability Measurement." Soldering & Surface Mount Technology 9, no. 2 (December 1, 1997): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540919710195181.
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An experimental method for measurement system improvement is presented and applied to development of a protocol for solderability measurement with a wetting balance. Protocol development is central to development of reliable monitoring systems for manufacturing. This paper illustrates the method with an experiment in which sets of nearly identical test leads, each with a different solderability, are obtained by steam ageing of hot‐solder‐dipped copper and then measured according to alternative protocols. The protocols entail different flux types and solder bath temperatures. This method can be used wherever solderability measurements are made and thus satisfies the need for in‐house refinement of wetting balance protocols.With the experimental method, one can both compare alternative measurement protocols and estimate the relative solderability of sets of test leads. The results of both depend on what feature of the wetting force curve one selects to portray solderability. The comparison of measurement protocols is based on what is variously called precision, sensitivity, or signal‐to‐noise ratio. The solderability estimates show that different physical properties of the test leads affect different parts of the wetting force curve, and that changes in the steam ageing procedure affect solderability in a generally predictable way.
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Zhou, Zishuai, Qisheng Guang, Chaohui Gao, Dong Jiang, and Lijun Chen. "Measurement-Device-Independent Two-Party Cryptography with Error Estimation." Sensors 20, no. 21 (November 7, 2020): 6351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216351.
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We present an innovative method for quantum two-party cryptography. Our protocol introduces joint measurement and error estimation to improve the security of two-party cryptographic protocols. Our protocol removes the assumption of the attacker’s limited power and catches the attacking actions through highly estimated bit error rate. Our protocol is formally proved to be secure against both eavesdroppers and dishonest communication parties. We also utilize our designed protocol to construct two specific two-party cryptographic applications: Quantum bit commitment and quantum password identification.
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Alharbi, Samah, Sijung Hu, David Mulvaney, Laura Barrett, Liangwen Yan, Panos Blanos, Yasmin Elsahar, and Samuel Adema. "Oxygen Saturation Measurements from Green and Orange Illuminations of Multi-Wavelength Optoelectronic Patch Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010118.
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Photoplethysmography (PPG) based pulse oximetry devices normally use red and infrared illuminations to obtain oxygen saturation (SpO2) readings. In addition, the presence of motion artefacts severely restricts the utility of pulse oximetry physiological measurements. In the current study, a combination of green and orange illuminations from a multi-wavelength optoelectronic patch sensor (mOEPS) was investigated in order to improve robustness to subjects’ movements in the extraction of SpO2 measurement. The experimental protocol with 31 healthy subjects was divided into two sub-protocols, and was designed to determine SpO2 measurement. The datasets for the first sub-protocol were collected from 15 subjects at rest, with the subjects free to move their hands. The datasets for the second sub-protocol with 16 subjects were collected during cycling and walking exercises. The results showed good agreement with SpO2 measurements (r = 0.98) in both sub-protocols. The outcomes promise a robust and cost-effective approach of physiological monitoring with the prospect of providing health monitoring that does not restrict user physical movements.
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Peyrard, Fabrice. "Real-time performance evaluation of Bluetooth ARQ protocol." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 3, no. 4 (December 20, 2007): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v3i4.246.
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These research tasks present a measurement platform of Bluetooth asynchronous links in order to get the intrinsic time constraints of this network and communications protocols. These time measurements are necessary for the application we wish to implement for mobile robot control through Bluetooth link communication. We present the platform as well as the measurement protocol which we have carried out from real-time communicating operating systems. We have developed an application of radio and time data processing allowing a real-time evaluation of the global behavior of the communicating system.
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Migdall, A. L. "Absolute quantum efficiency measurements using: toward a measurement protocol." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 50, no. 2 (April 2001): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.918170.
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Leung, Debbie, Andreas Winter, and Nengkun Yu. "LOCC protocols with bounded width per round optimize convex functions." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 33, no. 05 (January 30, 2021): 2150013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x21500136.
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We start with the task of discriminating finitely many multipartite quantum states using LOCC protocols, with the goal to optimize the probability of correctly identifying the state. We provide two different methods to show that finitely many measurement outcomes in every step are sufficient for approaching the optimal probability of discrimination. In the first method, each measurement of an optimal LOCC protocol, applied to a [Formula: see text]-dimensional local system, is replaced by one with at most [Formula: see text] outcomes, without changing the probability of success. In the second method, we decompose any LOCC protocol into a convex combination of a number of “slim protocols” in which each measurement applied to a [Formula: see text]-dimensional local system has at most [Formula: see text] outcomes. To maximize any convex functions in LOCC (including the probability of state discrimination or fidelity of state transformation), an optimal protocol can be replaced by the best slim protocol in the convex decomposition without using shared randomness. For either method, the bound on the number of outcomes per measurement is independent of the global dimension, the number of parties, the depth of the protocol, how deep the measurement is located, and applies to LOCC protocols with infinite rounds, and the “measurement compression” can be done “top-down” — independent of later operations in the LOCC protocol. The second method can be generalized to implement LOCC instruments with finitely many classical outcomes: if the instrument has [Formula: see text] coarse-grained final measurement outcomes, global input dimension [Formula: see text] and global output dimension [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] conditioned on the [Formula: see text]th outcome, then one can obtain the instrument as a convex combination of no more than [Formula: see text] slim protocols; that is, [Formula: see text] bits of shared randomness suffice.
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Liu, Dong-Mei, Li-Li Yan, Yan Chang, Shi-Bin Zhang, and Tian Cao. "Two quantum private query protocols based on Bell states and single photons." Modern Physics Letters A 36, no. 02 (January 12, 2021): 2150005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773232150005x.
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This paper proposes two quantum privacy query protocols. In the single vector sub-privacy query of protocol 1, it is proposed for the first time to distinguish different measurement results by publishing 2 bits of classic information. In the protocol, the database Bob selects the Z base and the Bell base to measure the particles sent by Alice according to the key value of the encrypted database and publishes 2 bits of classic information based on the measurement results. The user Alice infers the key value of the encrypted database through these two pieces of classic information. In the two-way quantum privacy query of protocol 2, the database Bob measures the particles sent back by Alice, converts the measurement result into a key value of length 3, and prepares a particle that is the same as the measurement result and sends it back to Alice. Alice returns the measurement of particles can infer a set of data encryption keys, and the length of each key is 3 bits. Users in the two protocols proposed in the article can obtain the query key with a probability of 1/4. As the key length increases, the number of query bits in protocol 2 decreases, but the probability of execution failure increases. But protocol 2 has a higher quantum efficiency. Both protocols can guarantee the privacy of users and databases.
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BOUCHARD, CLAUDE, ARTHUR S. LEON, D. C. RAO, JAMES S. SKINNER, JACK H. WlLMORE, and JACQUES GAGNON. "Aims, design, and measurement protocol." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, no. 5 (May 1995): 721???729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199505000-00015.
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Hartawan, I. Nyoman Buda, and I. Gusti Made Ngurah Desnanjaya. "ANALISIS KINERJA PROTOKOL ZIGBEE DI DALAM DAN DI LUAR RUANGAN SEBAGAI MEDIA KOMUNIKASI DATA PADA WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK." Jurnal RESISTOR (Rekayasa Sistem Komputer) 1, no. 2 (October 28, 2018): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31598/jurnalresistor.v1i2.320.
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Wireless sensor network is a technology used in supporting monitoring activities both inside and outside environment. Data communication on wireless sensor networks is done wirelessly. The Zigbee protocol is one of the protocols used in data communication on wireless sensor networks as an implementation of XBEE devices. In this study measurement of Zigbee protocol performance on XBEE devices inside and outside environment. The measurement conditions in the room are limited by the wall partition, while the outdoor conditions are line of sight. Measurements were made by sending packet data using XCTU software, by testing distance parameters, packet delay, packet loss, RSSI, and throughput with 84 Bytes packet data size. The results showed that the measurement results of XBEE Pro S2 devices that were carried out indoors were able to communicate with a maximum distance of 30 meters, while the outdoor measurements showed the communication capability of XBEE Pro S2 devices reached a maximum distance of 600 meters.
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Bayer, Ramazan, and Özgür Eken. "Effects of Time-of-Day on Repeated Sprint Performance of Aromatherapy Massage Applied Young Futsal Players." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2022): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22162384.
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Background: Different protocols are applied in order to increase the performance of athletes in sports that include high-intensity activities such as futsal. Massage protocols applied before or after exercise are frequently used for performance improvement. The differences in oils used in the massage and the time of day may vary performance levels of the futsal players. Aim: This study was planned to determine the effects of time-of-day on repeated sprint performance of aromatherapy massage applied young futsal players. Methods: Twelve male athletes between the age of 18-25, who exercised regularly for five days a week and played futsal for at least 4 years, participated in the study (age, 20.50± 1.78 years; height, 171.92± 2.23 cm; 67.92 ± 2.42 kg; BMI 23.06±.77). The research protocols consisted of three different protocols as single group, non-massage protocol (NM), Swedish massage applied protocol (SM), and aromatherapy massage applied protocol (ATM). In addition, three measurements were taken for each protocol and measurements were made at different times of the day (09.00 in the morning; 13.00 in the afternoon; 17.00 in the evening). After each measurement, the Repetitive Sprint Test (RST) (6x20m) measurements of the athletes were taken. While evaluating RST results, the fastest sprint time (FS), total sprint time and percent change (PC) from the first sprint to the last sprint were calculated. Results: It was determined that there was a statistical difference between RST values observed at different times of the day after NM, SM and ATM protocols. In addition, among all protocols, ATM protocol was found to be more effective. Conclusion: It was determined that ATM had a positive effect on RST performance compared to NM and SM protocols and the ATM protocol applied in the evening was more effective than the ATM protocol applied in the morning and afternoon. Keywords: Futsal, Diurnal Variation, Aromatherapy Massage, Repetitive Sprint.
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Bayer, Ramazan, and Özgür Eken. "Effects of time-of-day on repeated sprint performance of aromatherapy massage applied young futsal players." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 4030–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211594030.
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Background: Different protocols are applied in order to increase the performance of athletes in sports that include high-intensity activities such as futsal. Massage protocols applied before or after exercise are frequently used for performance improvement. The differences in oils used in the massage and the time of day may vary performance levels of the futsal players. Aim: This study was planned to determine the effects of time-of-day on repeated sprint performance of aromatherapy massage applied young futsal players. Methods: Twelve male athletes between the age of 18-25, who exercised regularly for five days a week and played futsal for at least 4 years, participated in the study (age, 20.50± 1.78 years; height, 171.92± 2.23 cm; 67.92 ± 2.42 kg; BMI 23.06±.77). The research protocols consisted of three different protocols as single group, non-massage protocol (NM), Swedish massage applied protocol (SM), and aromatherapy massage applied protocol (ATM). In addition, three measurements were taken for each protocol and measurements were made at different times of the day (09.00 in the morning; 13.00 in the afternoon; 17.00 in the evening). After each measurement, the Repetitive Sprint Test (RST) (6x20m) measurements of the athletes were taken. While evaluating RST results, the fastest sprint time (FS), total sprint time and percent change (PC) from the first sprint to the last sprint were calculated. Results: It was determined that there was a statistical difference between RST values observed at different times of the day after NM, SM and ATM protocols. In addition, among all protocols, ATM protocol was found to be more effective. Conclusion: It was determined that ATM had a positive effect on RST performance compared to NM and SM protocols and the ATM protocol applied in the evening was more effective than the ATM protocol applied in the morning and afternoon. Keywords: Futsal, Diurnal Variation, Aromatherapy Massage, Repetitive Sprint.
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WEI, ZHAN-HONG, XIU-BO CHEN, XIN-XIN NIU, and YI-XIAN YANG. "A NOVEL QUANTUM STEGANOGRAPHY PROTOCOL BASED ON PROBABILITY MEASUREMENTS." International Journal of Quantum Information 11, no. 07 (October 2013): 1350068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749913500688.
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Quantum steganography is the art of hiding the fact that communications, which transmit the secret message in an insecure quantum channel, are occurring. This paper presents a novel quantum steganography protocol based on probability measurements for transmitting n qubits secret message in an insecure quantum channel. In the protocol, senders embed the secret message into the cover data by POVM measurements. Then, receivers can correctly extract the secret message and recover the cover data with a certain probability by selecting two sets of appropriate protective measurement operators to act projective measurements, respectively. More importantly, the existence of the secret message has no influence on the cover data. In addition, the security of our protocol does not rely on other protocols. The paper analyzes the secrecy and the security in detail.
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Wilinska, Malgorzata E., and Roman Hovorka. "Glucose Control in the Intensive Care Unit by Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring: What Level of Measurement Error Is Acceptable?" Clinical Chemistry 60, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 1500–1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2014.225326.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Accuracy and frequency of glucose measurement is essential to achieve safe and efficacious glucose control in the intensive care unit. Emerging continuous glucose monitors provide frequent measurements, trending information, and alarms. The objective of this study was to establish the level of accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) associated with safe and efficacious glucose control in the intensive care unit. METHODS We evaluated 3 established glucose control protocols [Yale, University of Washington, and Normoglycemia in Intensive Care Evaluation and Surviving Using Glucose Algorithm Regulation (NICE-SUGAR)] by use of computer simulations. Insulin delivery was informed by intermittent blood glucose (BG) measurements or CGM levels with an increasing level of measurement error. Measures of glucose control included mean glucose, glucose variability, proportion of time glucose was in target range, and hypoglycemia episodes. RESULTS Apart from the Washington protocol, CGM with mean absolute relative deviation (MARD) ≤15% resulted in similar mean glucose as with the use of intermittent BG measurements. Glucose variability was also similar between CGM and BG-informed protocols. Frequency and duration of hypoglycemia were not worse by use of CGM with MARD ≤10%. Measures of glucose control varied more between protocols than at different levels of the CGM error. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of CGM-informed and BG-informed commonly used glucose protocols is similar, but the risk of hypoglycemia may be reduced by use of CGM with MARD ≤10%. Protocol choice has greater influence on glucose control measures than the glucose measurement method.
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Markham, Damian, and Alexandra Krause. "A Simple Protocol for Certifying Graph States and Applications in Quantum Networks." Cryptography 4, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryptography4010003.
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We present a simple protocol for certifying graph states in quantum networks using stabiliser measurements. The certification statements can easily be applied to different protocols using graph states. We see, for example, how it can be used for measurement based verified quantum computation, certified sampling of random unitaries, quantum metrology and sharing quantum secrets over untrusted channels.
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Vishwakarma, Dr Suresh, and SS Ali. "Global Importance of Measurement and Verification in Energy Conservation." Journal of Global Economy 18, no. 2 (June 14, 2022): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v18i2.642.
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Measurement and Verification (M & V) is the rule of the game in Energy Conservation Projects where mode of the payment is “Pay as you save” and modus operandi is “Performance Contracting”. International Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP) has four M & V protocols that are being practiced by Energy Servicing Companies (ESCO) in developed countries for evaluating the performance of any energy conservation project. This paper highlights the importance of M & V protocol.
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Farkas, Loránd, and Lajos Losonczi. "Communication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network, Dedicated for Real Time Biosignal Acquisition, Implemented on Top of Contiki OS." MACRo 2015 2, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/macro-2017-0012.
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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to present a communication protocol designed for Wireless Sensor Network based biosignal measurement system. The protocol addressees the issue of time synchronization of the measuring nodes and real time transmission of the acquired measurements. We run the Contiki OS on the sensor nodes and the protocol was implemented as a process. The proposed protocol was tested on custom built hardware, developed by our team for biosignal measurement.
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Child, Timothy, Owen Sheekey, Silvia Lüscher, Saeed Fallahi, Geoffrey C. Gardner, Michael Manfra, and Joshua Folk. "A Robust Protocol for Entropy Measurement in Mesoscopic Circuits." Entropy 24, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24030417.
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Previous measurements utilizing Maxwell relations to measure change in entropy, S, demonstrated remarkable accuracy in measuring the spin-1/2 entropy of electrons in a weakly coupled quantum dot. However, these previous measurements relied upon prior knowledge of the charge transition lineshape. This had the benefit of making the quantitative determination of entropy independent of scale factors in the measurement itself but at the cost of limiting the applicability of the approach to simple systems. To measure the entropy of more exotic mesoscopic systems, a more flexible analysis technique may be employed; however, doing so requires a precise calibration of the measurement. Here, we give details on the necessary improvements made to the original experimental approach and highlight some of the common challenges (along with strategies to overcome them) that other groups may face when attempting this type of measurement.
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Šupić, Ivan, Daniel Cavalcanti, and Joseph Bowles. "Device-independent certification of tensor products of quantum states using single-copy self-testing protocols." Quantum 5 (March 23, 2021): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-03-23-418.
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Self-testing protocols are methods to determine the presence of shared entangled states in a device independent scenario, where no assumptions on the measurements involved in the protocol are made. A particular type of self-testing protocol, called parallel self-testing, can certify the presence of copies of a state, however such protocols typically suffer from the problem of requiring a number of measurements that increases with respect to the number of copies one aims to certify. Here we propose a procedure to transform single-copy self-testing protocols into a procedure that certifies the tensor product of an arbitrary number of (not necessarily equal) quantum states, without increasing the number of parties or measurement choices. Moreover, we prove that self-testing protocols that certify a state and rank-one measurements can always be parallelized to certify many copies of the state. Our results suggest a method to achieve device-independent unbounded randomness expansion with high-dimensional quantum states.
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Mayer, Otto, Jitka Seidlerová, Markéta Mateřánková, Julius Gelžinský, Štěpán Mareš, Martina Rychecká, Veronika Svobodová, Jan Bruthans, and Jan Filipovský. "To what extent can the chosen blood pressure measurement technique affect the outcomes of an observational survey?" Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research 8, no. 11 (August 2019): 841–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/cer-2018-0149.
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Aim: We analyzed to what extent measurement protocol influenced individual blood pressure (BP) and achievement of treatment target in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods: In a subsample of Czech EUROASPIRE III–V survey participants (n = 913), we compared the per-protocol BP measurement (by automated oscillometric device OMRON at the beginning of survey procedure) with control auscultatory measurement (by physician during interview). Results: Per-protocol approach produced significantly (p < 0.0001) higher BP values (by 9/6 mmHg in median) than auscultatory measurements and led to markedly higher proportion of patients over target BP (less than 140/90 mmHg; 59.3 vs 34.9% [p < 0.0001], per-protocol vs auscultatory technique, respectively). Conclusion: Per-protocol oscillometric technique was not equivalent to conventional auscultatory measurement and seriously over-rated the real nonachievement of BP target in observational surveys.
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Fortin, Maryse, and Michele C. Battié. "Quantitative Paraspinal Muscle Measurements: Inter-Software Reliability and Agreement Using OsiriX and ImageJ." Physical Therapy 92, no. 6 (March 8, 2012): 853–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20110380.
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Background Variations in paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and composition, particularly of the multifidus muscle, have been of interest with respect to risk of, and recovery from, low back pain problems. Several investigators have reported on the reliability of such muscle measurements using various protocols and image analysis programs. However, there is no standard protocol for tissue segmentation, nor has there been an investigation of reliability or agreement of measurements using different software. Objective The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed muscle measurement protocol and determine the reliability and agreement of associated paraspinal muscle composition measurements obtained with 2 commonly used image analysis programs: OsiriX and ImageJ. Design This was a measurement reliability study. Methods Lumbar magnetic resonance images of 30 individuals were randomly selected from a cohort of patients with various low back conditions. Muscle CSA and composition measurements were acquired from axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance images of the multifidus muscle, the erector spinae muscle, and the 2 muscles combined at L4–L5 and S1 for each participant. All measurements were repeated twice using each software program, at least 5 days apart. The assessor was blinded to all earlier measurements. Results The intrarater reliability and standard error of measurement (SEM) were comparable for most measurements obtained using OsiriX or ImageJ, with reliability coefficients (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs]) varying between .77 and .99 for OsiriX and .78 and .99 for ImageJ. There was similarly excellent agreement between muscle composition measurements using the 2 software applications (inter-software ICCs=.81–.99). Limitations The high degree of inter-software measurement reliability may not generalize to protocols using other commercial or custom-made software. Conclusion The proposed method to investigate paraspinal muscle CSA, composition, and side-to-side asymmetry was highly reliable, with excellent agreement between the 2 software programs.
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BARROS, MARCOS AMSTALDEN, TIAGO LAZZARETTI FERNANDES, DIMITRIS DIMITRIOU, ANDRÉ PEDRINELLI, and ARNALDO JOSÉ HERNANDEZ. "COMPARISON BETWEEN RENDERING 3D-CT AND TRANSPARENT 3D-CT IN ACL TUNNEL POSITIONING." Acta Ortopédica Brasileira 25, no. 1 (February 2017): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-785220172501167914.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the transparent 3D computed tomography (CT) image protocol against conventional 3D-CT image-rendering protocol to assess femoral tunnel position in anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions . Methods: Eight knee CT scans from cadavers were analyzed by image rendering 3D-CT protocol, using Rhinoceros(r) software. The central point of the ACL tunnel was set using the sagittal plane. Same CT scans were analyzed using transparent 3D-CT measurement protocol with OsiriX(r) software. Central point of the ACL tunnel was set using sagittal, coronal and axial planes. The grid system described by Bernard and Hertel was used to compare tunnel positions between protocols, using height and length parameters . Results: There was a significant difference between measurements using image rendering 3D-CT and transparent 3D-CT protocol for height (23.8 ± 7.9mm and 33.0 ± 5.0mm, respectively; p=0.017) and no differences for length (18.6 ± 4.2mm and 18.3 ± 4.5mm, respectively; p=0.560) . Conclusion: Height in transparent CT protocol was different and length was the same as compared to 3D-CT rendering protocol in Bernard and Hertel method for tunnel measurements. Level of Evidence II, Descriptive Laboratory Study.
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Pirlich, Nina, Franz Grehn, Katja Mohnke, Konrad Maucher, Alexander Schuster, Eva Wittenmeier, Irene Schmidtmann, and Esther M. Hoffmann. "Anaesthetic protocol for paediatric glaucoma examinations: the prospective EyeBIS Study protocol." BMJ Open 11, no. 10 (October 2021): e045906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045906.
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IntroductionNeonates and young infants with diagnosed or highly suspected glaucoma require an examination under anaesthesia to achieve accurate intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, since crying or squinting of the eyes may increase IOP and lead to falsely high values. IOP considerably depends on perioperative variables such as haemodynamic factors, anaesthetics, depth of anaesthesia and airway management. The aim of this paper is to report the design and baseline characteristics of EyeBIS, which is a study to develop a standardised anaesthetic protocol for the measurement of IOP under anaesthesia in childhood glaucoma, by investigating the link between the magnitude of IOP and depth of anaesthesia.Methods and analysisThis is a single-centre, prospective cohort study in 100 children with diagnosed or highly suspected glaucoma all undergoing ophthalmological examination under general anaesthesia. 20 children, who undergo general anaesthesia for other reasons, are included as controls. The primary outcome measure is the establishment of a standardised anaesthetic protocol for IOP measurement in childhood glaucoma by assessing the relationship between IOP and depth of anaesthesia (calculated as an electroencephalography variable, the bispectral index), with special emphasis on airway management and haemodynamic parameters. The dependence of IOP under anaesthesia on airway management and haemodynamic parameters will be described, using a mixed linear model. Restricting the model to patients with healthy eyes will allow to determine a 95% reference region, in which 95% of the measurement values of patients with healthy eyes can be expected.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the local ethics committee of the Medical Association of Rhineland-Palatine (Ethik-Kommisssion der Landesaerztekammer Rheinland-Pfalz), Germany (approval number: 2019-14207). This work will be disseminated by publication of peer-reviewed manuscripts, presentation in abstract form at national and international scientific meetings and data sharing with other investigators.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT03972852).
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Pirlich, Nina, Franz Grehn, Katja Mohnke, Konrad Maucher, Alexander Schuster, Eva Wittenmeier, Irene Schmidtmann, and Esther M. Hoffmann. "Anaesthetic protocol for paediatric glaucoma examinations: the prospective EyeBIS Study protocol." BMJ Open 11, no. 10 (October 2021): e045906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045906.
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IntroductionNeonates and young infants with diagnosed or highly suspected glaucoma require an examination under anaesthesia to achieve accurate intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, since crying or squinting of the eyes may increase IOP and lead to falsely high values. IOP considerably depends on perioperative variables such as haemodynamic factors, anaesthetics, depth of anaesthesia and airway management. The aim of this paper is to report the design and baseline characteristics of EyeBIS, which is a study to develop a standardised anaesthetic protocol for the measurement of IOP under anaesthesia in childhood glaucoma, by investigating the link between the magnitude of IOP and depth of anaesthesia.Methods and analysisThis is a single-centre, prospective cohort study in 100 children with diagnosed or highly suspected glaucoma all undergoing ophthalmological examination under general anaesthesia. 20 children, who undergo general anaesthesia for other reasons, are included as controls. The primary outcome measure is the establishment of a standardised anaesthetic protocol for IOP measurement in childhood glaucoma by assessing the relationship between IOP and depth of anaesthesia (calculated as an electroencephalography variable, the bispectral index), with special emphasis on airway management and haemodynamic parameters. The dependence of IOP under anaesthesia on airway management and haemodynamic parameters will be described, using a mixed linear model. Restricting the model to patients with healthy eyes will allow to determine a 95% reference region, in which 95% of the measurement values of patients with healthy eyes can be expected.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the local ethics committee of the Medical Association of Rhineland-Palatine (Ethik-Kommisssion der Landesaerztekammer Rheinland-Pfalz), Germany (approval number: 2019-14207). This work will be disseminated by publication of peer-reviewed manuscripts, presentation in abstract form at national and international scientific meetings and data sharing with other investigators.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT03972852).
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He, Jinjun, Qin Li, Chunhui Wu, Wai Hong Chan, and Shengyu Zhang. "Measurement-device-independent semiquantum key distribution." International Journal of Quantum Information 16, no. 02 (March 2018): 1850012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749918500120.
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Semiquantum key distribution (SQKD) allows two parties to share a common string when one of them is quantum and the other has rather limited quantum capability. Almost all existing SQKD protocols have been proved to be robust in theory, namely that if an eavesdropper tries to gain information, he will inevitably induce some detectable errors. However, ideal devices do not exist in reality and their imperfection may result in side-channel attacks, which can be used by an adversary to get some information on the secret key string. In this paper, we design a measurement-device-independent SQKD protocol for the first time, which can remove the threat of all detector side-channel attacks and show that it is also robust. In addition, we discuss the possible use of the proposed protocol in real-world applications and in QKD networks.
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Kunritt, Jaruta, Raweewan Lekskulchai, and Peemongkon Wattananon. "How Many Trials are Needed to Assess Ankle Joint Proprioception in Children with Chronic Ankle Instability?" Trends in Sciences 18, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2021.25.
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The assessment of ankle joint repositioning is commonly used to detect joint impairment in people with chronic ankle instability (CAI). To decrease measurement fluctuation errors, it has been suggested that an average of 10 measurements be utilized. However, learning and tiredness difficulties, particularly in children, might make this difficult. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the repeatability of 3 and 10 measures of ankle joint repositioning using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex) in children with CAI. Ten children with CAI with an average age of 11.21 years were recruited in the study. The ankle inversion and eversion angles for 3 and 10 trials using active and passive reproduction protocols were recorded using Biodex Multi-Joint System 4TM. The error of reproduction angle was presented by the mean, correlation, and percentage changes for both active and passive reposition angles. The means of the error for ankle joint reproduction angles revealed no significant differences between 3 and 10 trials for both active and passive protocols (p > 0.05). The ICC(3,1) revealed high correlations between 3 and 10 trials of assessments (ICC(3,1) = 0.82 - 0.91). The percentage changes of means and standard deviations showed learning effect of ankle joint proprioception measurement after the 4th and the 5th trials for inversion and eversion, respectively. Therefore, to prevent learning and fatigue effects, a 3-trial protocol would be more appropriate than a 10-trial protocol. However, a 4-trial protocol and a 5-trial protocol were suggested for inversion and eversion, respectively. The suggested protocols are recommended to use for further reliability studies of the ankle joint proprioception in children with CAI. HIGHLIGHTS Ankle joint reproduction assessments using active and passive protocols are needed to identify the impairment of joint position sense in children with chronic ankle instability To prevent fatigue effect, 3 trials are sufficient for testing of ankle joint position sense in children with chronic ankle instability In research setting, a 4-trial protocol for ankle joint inversion and a 5-trial protocol for ankle joint eversion are more appropriate than a 10-trial protocol
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Schneider, Miklós, Orsolya Szekeres, Huba Kiss, Mária Kis, András Papp, and János Németh. "Comparison of thickness values in nine macular subfields using time-domain and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography." Orvosi Hetilap 154, no. 52 (December 2013): 2059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2013.29785.
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Aim: To compare macular thickness measurements with spectral-domain (Cirrus HD-OCT) and time-domain (StratusOCT) optical coherence tomography. Method: Macular thickness was measured in nine ETDRS subfields in the same eye of 20 healthy subjects using both instruments. Using Cirrus HD-OCT both the Macular Cube 512×128 and Macular Cube 200×200 protocol, using StratusOCT the Fast Macular Thickness Map protocol was performed. Reproducibility of all three measurement series was assessed and the average of the measurement series was compared on each field. Results: Measurement values obtained by StratusOCT were significantly lower than those obtained by Cirrus HD-OCT (p<0.001) in all subfields. Correlation coefficient between the results obtained by the two protocols of Cirrus HD-OCT was 0.977. Conclusions: By using Cirrus HD-OCT we could observe better repeatability than with StratusOCT. Using Cirrus HD-OCT significantly higher measurement values could be obtained in all subfields than those measured with Stratus. Using different OCT instruments we get significantly different values, therefore care needs to be taken when comparing data. Orv. Hetil., 154(52), 2059–2064.
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Viro, Gabriel, Francisco Ruffa, Daniel Gavinowich, Oscar Bonello, Pablo Ciccarella, and Erica Barkasz. "Measurement protocol for normalized noise maps." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 112, no. 5 (November 2002): 2213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4778726.
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Murray, M. D., and B. W. Darvell. "A protocol for contact angle measurement." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 23, no. 9 (September 14, 1990): 1150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/23/9/003.
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Wiley, Joshua F. "Birth cohort or measurement protocol differences?" Journal of Hypertension 35, no. 7 (July 2017): 1366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000001363.
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Krawec, Walter O. "Quantum key distribution with mismatched measurements over arbitrary channels." Quantum Information and Computation 17, no. 3&4 (March 2017): 209–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic17.3-4-2.
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In this paper, we derive key-rate expressions for different quantum key distribution protocols. Our key-rate equations utilize multiple channel statistics, including those gathered from mismatched measurement bases - i.e., when Alice and Bob choose incompatible bases. In particular, we will consider an Extended B92 and a two-way semi-quantum protocol. For both these protocols, we demonstrate that their tolerance to noise is higher than previously thought - in fact, we will show the semi-quantum protocol can actually tolerate the same noise level as the fully quantum BB84 protocol. Along the way, we will also consider an optimal QKD protocol for various quantum channels. Finally, all the key-rate expressions which we derive in this paper are applicable to any arbitrary, not necessarily symmetric, quantum channel.
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Fu, Min Cang, and Jia Chen Wang. "Efficient and Secure Two-Way Asynchronous Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol by Using Entangled States." Applied Mechanics and Materials 135-136 (October 2011): 1171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.135-136.1171.
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An efficient and secure two-way asynchronous quantum secure direct communication protocol by using entangled states is proposed in this paper. Decoy photons are utilized to check eavesdropping; the securities of the protocol are equal to BB84 protocol. After ensuring the security of the quantum channel, both parties encode the secret message by using CNOT operation and local unitary operation separately. The two-way asynchronous direct transition of secret message can be realized by using Bell measurement and von Neumann measurement, combined with classical communication. Different from the present quantum secure direct communication protocols, the two parties encode secret message through different operations which is equivalent to sharing two asymmetric quantum channels, and the protocol is secure for a noise quantum protocol. The protocol is efficient in that all entangled states are used to transmit secret message.
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Gross, Colin F., Lisa Jungblut, Sebastian Schindera, Michael Messerli, Valentin Fretz, Thomas Frauenfelder, and Katharina Martini. "Comparability of Pulmonary Nodule Size Measurements among Different Scanners and Protocols: Should Diameter Be Favorized over Volume?" Diagnostics 13, no. 4 (February 8, 2023): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13040631.
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Background: To assess the impact of the lung cancer screening protocol recommended by the European Society of Thoracic Imaging (ESTI) on nodule diameter, volume, and density throughout different computed tomography (CT) scanners. Methods: An anthropomorphic chest phantom containing fourteen different-sized (range 3–12 mm) and CT-attenuated (100 HU, −630 HU and −800 HU, termed as solid, GG1 and GG2) pulmonary nodules was imaged on five CT scanners with institute-specific standard protocols (PS) and the lung cancer screening protocol recommended by ESTI (ESTI protocol, PE). Images were reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP) and iterative reconstruction (REC). Image noise, nodule density and size (diameter/volume) were measured. Absolute percentage errors (APEs) of measurements were calculated. Results: Using PE, dosage variance between different scanners tended to decrease compared to PS, and the mean differences were statistically insignificant (p = 0.48). PS and PE(REC) showed significantly less image noise than PE(FBP) (p < 0.001). The smallest size measurement errors were noted with volumetric measurements in PE(REC) and highest with diametric measurements in PE(FBP). Volume performed better than diameter measurements in solid and GG1 nodules (p < 0.001). However, in GG2 nodules, this could not be observed (p = 0.20). Regarding nodule density, REC values were more consistent throughout different scanners and protocols. Conclusion: Considering radiation dose, image noise, nodule size, and density measurements, we fully endorse the ESTI screening protocol including the use of REC. For size measurements, volume should be preferred over diameter.
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Ang, ChuanHan, JinRong Low, JiaYi Shen, Elijah Zheng Yang Cai, Eileen Chor Hoong Hing, YiongHuak Chan, Gangadhara Sundar, and ThiamChye Lim. "A Protocol to Reduce Interobserver Variability in the Computed Tomography Measurement of Orbital Floor Fractures." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 8, no. 4 (December 2015): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1399800.
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Orbital fracture detection and size determination from computed tomography (CT) scans affect the decision to operate, the type of surgical implant used, and postoperative outcomes. However, the lack of standardization of radiological signs often leads to the false-positive detection of orbital fractures, while nonstandardized landmarks lead to inaccurate defect measurements. We aim to design a novel protocol for CT measurement of orbital floor fractures and evaluate the interobserver variability on CT scan images. Qualitative aspects of this protocol include identifying direct and indirect signs of orbital fractures on CT scan images. Quantitative aspects of this protocol include measuring the surface area of pure orbital floor fractures using computer software. In this study, 15 independent observers without clinical experience in orbital fracture detection and measurement measured the orbital floor fractures of three randomly selected patients following the protocol. The time required for each measurement was recorded. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the surface area measurements is 0.999 (0.997–1.000) with p-value < 0.001. This suggests that any observer measuring the surface area will obtain a similar estimation of the fractured surface area. The maximum error limit was 0.901 cm2 which is less than the margin of error of 1 cm2 in mesh trimming for orbital reconstruction. The average duration required for each measurement was 3 minutes 19 seconds (ranging from 1 minute 35 seconds to 5 minutes). Measurements performed with our novel protocol resulted in minimal interobserver variability. This protocol is effective and generated reproducible results, is easy to teach and utilize, and its findings can be interpreted easily.
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Franco, Luca, Raj Sengupta, Logan Wade, and Dario Cazzola. "A novel IMU-based clinical assessment protocol for Axial Spondyloarthritis: a protocol validation study." PeerJ 9 (January 26, 2021): e10623. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10623.
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Clinical assessment of spinal impairment in Axial Spondyloarthritis is currently performed using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrological Index (BASMI). Despite being appreciated for its simplicity, the BASMI index lacks sensitivity and specificity of spinal changes, demonstrating poor association with radiographical range of motion (ROM). Inertial measurement units (IMUs) have shown promising results as a cost-effective method to quantitatively examine movement of the human body, however errors due to sensor angular drift have limited their application to a clinical space. Therefore, this article presents a wearable sensor protocol that facilitates unrestrained orientation measurements in space while limiting sensor angular drift through a novel constraint-based approach. Eleven healthy male participants performed five BASMI-inspired functional movements where spinal ROM and continuous kinematics were calculated for five spine segments and four spinal joint levels (lumbar, lower thoracic, upper thoracic and cervical). A Bland–Altman analysis was used to assess the level of agreement on range of motion measurements, whilst intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standardised error measurement, and minimum detectable change (MDC) to assess relative and absolute reliability. Continuous kinematics error was investigated through root mean square error (RMSE), maximum absolute error (MAE) and Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ). The overall error in the measurement of continuous kinematic measures was low in both the sagittal (RMSE = 2.1°), and frontal plane (RMSE = 2.3°). ROM limits of agreement (LoA) and minimum detectable change were excellent for the sagittal plane (maximum value LoA 1.9° and MDC 2.4°) and fair for lateral flexion (overall value LoA 4.8° and MDC 5.7°). The reliability analysis showed excellent level of agreement (ICC > 0.9) for both segment and joint ROM across all movements. The results from this study demonstrated better or equivalent accuracy than previous studies and were considered acceptable for application in a clinical setting. The protocol has shown to be a valuable tool for the assessment of spinal ROM and kinematics, but a clinical validation study on Axial Spondyloarthritis patients is required for the development and testing of a novel mobility index.
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Simovska, Venka, and Catriona O'Toole. "Making of Wellbeing Measurement:." Outlines. Critical Practice Studies 22 (May 10, 2021): 170–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ocps.v22i.125608.
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In this paper, we propose a ‘study protocol’ for researching the becomings of the Danish national wellbeing survey for schools. We engage with the idea of a published research protocol that originates from positivist research paradigms and medical research in particular. Within these paradigms, protocol serves the purpose of ensuring the objectivity and replicability of the research in question, and provides a sense of security to the researcher in terms of the quality of the research design. In contrast, with ideas of transmethodology in mind, we suggest a protocol that endeavours to support researchers to engage with ambiguity, uncertainty and singularity in research while still being attentive to quality. We suggest a protocol that helps de-stabilize the concept of wellbeing in schools and looks at how wellbeing as an object of measurement is (re)configured, who the human and non-human actors involved are, and what effects their assembling produces. These questions require research practices that acknowledge the complexities of the human condition and the richness of the social and material world. Instead of suggesting a “paradigm shift”, we are inspired by Patti Lather, who argues for a proliferation of paradigms, where proliferation refers to forming a pattern of interference. In other words, proliferation calls for reflection on the inconsistencies, confusion, disorganization of the research process, and both our need and caution to position ourselves epistemologically and ontologically. The protocol we suggest deploys diverse, sometimes complementary, sometimes contrasting methods, analytical strategies or theoretical perspectives in order to explore the problem at hand and engage with the ironies, tensions and uncertainties inherent to research.
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Xu, Chao, Xin-Xin Wen, Lu-Yu Huang, Lei Shang, Zhao Yang, Ya-Bo Yan, and Wei Lei. "Reliability of the Footscan® Platform System in Healthy Subjects: A Comparison of without Top-Layer and with Top-Layer Protocols." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2708712.
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The Footscan platform is a useful tool for plantar pressure measurement. However, there is still controversy over whether or not the platform should be covered by top-layer during the test. This study was designed to compare the reliability of the Footscan platform and identify the differences of the foot loading parameters between without top-layer (WOT) and with top-layer (WT) protocols. Measurements were taken from thirty-two healthy subjects. Participants were tested with a Footscan platform using the WOT and WT protocols. Three trials were performed during two separate testing sessions with a 7-day interval. Peak pressure, contact time, contact area, and pressure-time integral at ten foot zones were recorded and calculated for intra- and intersession reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficients of variation (CVs). The reliability and values of the analyzed parameters for the two protocols were compared. Both protocols produced a moderate to good level of intra- and intersession reliability. Compared with the WT protocol, the WOT protocol showed higher ICCs, lower CVs, and higher values in most of the parameters analyzed. The results suggest that the WOT protocol showed better reliability than the WT protocol. We recommend not using the top-layer when performing the plantar pressure test.
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Zhang, De Xi, and Xiao Yu Li. "Information Delay Protocol Using the Bell State Measurement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 1605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.1605.
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in this paper we present an information delay protocol using quantum the Bell state measurement. By sharing EPR(Einstain-Rosen-Podolsky) pairs and perform Control-NOT operation and the Bell state measurements, one person can give the other person some information which cannot be read until he or she lets the latter do. The unconditional security of the protocol is guaranteed by the laws of quantum physics. When the one decides to let the other get the information, he or she need only to send some dictates through a public classical channel. So the protocol is easier to carry out and more robust in practice.
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Hasan, Mohammad Kamrul, Shayla Islam, Muhammad Shafiq, Fatima Rayan Awad Ahmed, Somya Khidir Mohmmed Ataelmanan, Nissrein Babiker Mohammed Babiker, and Khairul Azmi Abu Bakar. "Communication Delay Modeling for Wide Area Measurement System in Smart Grid Internet of Things Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (July 13, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9958003.
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We present communication frameworks, models, and protocols of smart grid Internet of Things (IoT) networks based on the IEEE and IEC standards. The measurement, control, and monitoring of grid being achieved through phasor measurement unit (PMU) based wide area measurement (WAM) framework. The WAM framework applied the IEEE standard C37.118 phasor exchange protocol to collect grid data from various substation devices. The existing frameworks include the IEC 61850 protocol and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) based supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. These protocols have been selected as per the smart grid configuration and communication design. However, the existing frameworks have severe synchronization errors due to the communication delays of IoT networks in the smart grid. Therefore, this article designs the timing mechanism and a delay model to reduce the timing delay and boost real-time measurement, monitoring, and control performance of the smart grid WAM applications. The result shows that the proposed model outperformed the existing WAM system.
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Varney, Esther J., Ashley M. Van Drunen, Emily F. Moore, Kristen Carlin, and Karen Thomas. "Blood Pressure Measurement Error in Children: Lessons in Measurement Reliability." Journal of Nursing Measurement 27, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.27.1.114.
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Background and PurposeBlood pressure measurement represents the pressure exerted during heart ejection and filling. There are several ways to measure blood pressure and a valid measure is essential. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the approach to noninvasive blood pressure measurement in children.MethodsBlood pressure measurements were taken using the automatic Phillips MP30 monitor and compared against Welch Allyn blood pressure cuffs with Medline manual sphygmomanometers.ResultsA total of 492 measurements were taken on 82 subjects, and they demonstrated comparability between automatic and manual devices.ConclusionsAlthough our study indicated acceptable agreement between automatic and manual blood pressure measurement, it also revealed measurement error remains a concern, with sample size, study protocol, training, and environment all playing a role.
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He, Ye-Feng, and Wen-Ping Ma. "Two-party quantum key agreement based on four-particle GHZ states." International Journal of Quantum Information 14, no. 01 (February 2016): 1650007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749916500076.
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Based on four-particle GHZ states, the double CNOT operation and the delayed measurement technique, a two-party quantum key agreement (QKA) protocols is proposed. The double CNOT operation makes each four-particle GHZ state collapse into two independent quantum states without any entanglement. Furthermore, one party can directly know the two quantum states and the other party can be aware of the two quantum states by using the corresponding measurement. According to the initial states of the two quantum states, two parties can extract the secret keys of each other by using the publicly announced value or by performing the delayed measurement, respectively. Then the protocol achieves the fair establishment of a shared key. The security analysis shows that the new protocol can resist against participant attacks, the Trojan horse attacks and other outsider attacks. Furthermore, the new protocol also has no information leakage problem and has high qubit efficiency.
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Novakovic, Djordje, Platon Sovilj, and Nemanja Gazivoda. "Multisensory platform based on NEC protocol." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 14, no. 1 (2017): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee1701023n.
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Multisensory signal acquisition represents one of the main concepts necessary to perform measurements in various industrial and consumer-oriented applications. This paper presents a development platform which provides a data acquisition from multiple sensors. The main module of the platform is the UNIDS-3 development board with PIC18F8520 microcontroller. Data acquisition from the sensors is performed on user demand by remote control. NEC protocol is implemented and IR receiver TSOP31238 is used. The measurement data are sent to a computer, which performs digital data processing, data visualization and data storage.
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Levä, Tapio, Antti Riikonen, Juuso Töyli, and Heikki Hämmäinen. "A Framework for Measuring the Deployment of Internet Protocols." International Journal of IT Standards and Standardization Research 12, no. 1 (January 2014): 38–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitsr.2014010103.
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Internet protocols spread to potential adopters through several successive phases of implementation, commercialization, acquisition, and adoption of the protocol. This process of protocol deployment involves several stakeholders and varies depending on the deployment environment and the protocol in question. This complexity and the lack of comprehensive measurement studies call for a further conceptualization of measuring protocol diffusion along the whole deployment process. Therefore, this article develops a framework for measuring the deployment of Internet protocols, consisting of deployment steps, deployment models, deployment measures, and data sources. The measures are further linked to each other through deployment gaps and delays. In order to demonstrate the framework, it is used to assess how a set of pre-installed protocols spread in the Finnish mobile market. The framework highlights the differences between the deployment models and the importance to use both the deployment measures and gaps in the analysis of protocol success. Furthermore, the illustrative results indicate that protocol deployment is driven by applications, and show the existence of large deployment gaps between the protocol possession and usage. The results are relevant especially to researchers interested in holistically analyzing protocol deployment and protocol developers for measuring and improving the success of their protocols.
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PN, Kaloyerou. "A brief overview and some comments on the weak measurement protocol." Physics & Astronomy International Journal 1, no. 5 (December 1, 2017): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/paij.2017.01.00030.
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The main purpose of this short article is to give a brief overview of the development of the very interesting weak measurement protocol. I add some comments relating to the reality of weak values, and also comment on the allowed values of observables between measurements.
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Ismail, Nanang, Eki Ahmad Zaki, and Muhamad Arghifary. "Interoperability and Reliability of Multiplatform MPLS VPN: Comparison of Traffic Engineering with RSVP-TE Protocol and LDP Protocol." CommIT (Communication and Information Technology) Journal 11, no. 2 (October 31, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/commit.v11i2.2105.
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One of the alternatives to overcome network scalability problem and maintaining reliability is using MPLS VPN network. In reallity, the current network is already using a multiplatform of several different hardware vendors, i.e., Cisco and Juniper platforms. This paper discusses the comparison of the simulation results to see interoperability of multiplatform MPLS VPN andreliability through traffic engineering using RSVP-TE and LDP protocols. Both the RSVP and LDP protocols are tested on a stable network and in a recovery mode,as well as non-load conditions and with additional traffic load. The recovery mode is the condition after the failover due to termination of one of the links in the network. The no-load condition means that the network is not filled with additional traffic. There is only traffic from the measurement activity itself. While network conditions with an additional load are conditions where there is an additional UDP packet traffic load of 4.5 Mbps in addition to the measurement load itself. On a stable network and without additional traffic load, the average delay on LDP protocol is 59.41 ms, 2.06 ms jitter, 0.08% packetloss, and 8.99 Mbps throughput. Meanwhile, on RSVP protocol, the average delay is 52.40 ms, 2.39 ms jitter, 12.18% packet loss, and 7.80 Mbps throughput. When failover occurs and on recovery mode, LDP protocol is48% of packet loss per 100 sent packets while on RSVP packet loss percentage is 35.5% per 100 sent packets. Both protocols have interoperability on the third layer of multiplatform MPLS VPN, but on heavy loaded traffic condition, RSVP protocol has better reliability than the LDP protocol.
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Imamura, Gaku, and Genki Yoshikawa. "Development of a Mobile Device for Odor Identification and Optimization of Its Measurement Protocol Based on the Free-Hand Measurement." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 6190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216190.
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Practical applications of machine olfaction have been eagerly awaited. A free-hand measurement, in which a measurement device is manually exposed to sample odors, is expected to be a key technology to realize practical machine olfaction. To implement odor identification systems based on the free-hand measurement, the comprehensive development of a measurement system including hardware, measurement protocols, and data analysis is necessary. In this study, we developed palm-size wireless odor measurement devices equipped with Membrane-type Surface stress Sensors (MSS) and investigated the effect of measurement protocols and feature selection on odor identification. By using the device, we measured vapors of liquids as odor samples through the free-hand measurement in different protocols. From the measurement data obtained with these protocols, datasets of transfer function ratios (TFRs) were created and analyzed by clustering and machine learning classification. It has been revealed that TFRs in the low-frequency range below 1 Hz notably contributed to vapor identification because the frequency components in that range reflect the dynamics of the detection mechanism of MSS. We also showed the optimal measurement protocol for accurate classification. This study has shown a guideline of the free-hand measurement and will contribute to the practical implementation of machine olfaction in society.