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Journal articles on the topic 'Measurement of transmission parameters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Vlahinic, Sasa, Dubravko Frankovic, Marijana Zivic Durovic, and Nino Stojkovic. "Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation of Transmission Line Parameters." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 70 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3070600.

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2

Xu, Minhu, Yun Guo, Yubo Shen, Kexin Zhang, Dewen Zhang, Siwei Han, Sen Lan, Heqian Liu, Hang Zhang, and Chao Xu. "Measurement and Analysis of 220kV Overhead Transmission Line Parameters." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1754, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1754/1/012078.

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3

Li, Ming, Rony E. Amaya, Robert G. Harrison, and N. Garry Tarr. "X-Parameter Measurement of Pulse-Compression Nonlinear Transmission Lines." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/415315.

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X-parameters provide a powerful and eminently practical solution for interoperable measurement, modeling, and simulation of nonlinear microwave and RF components. UsingX-parameters to do large-signal measurements has been brought into the spotlight. This paper introduces a newX-parameter application: measuring large-signal behaviour of pulse-compression nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs). A specially configured Nonlinear Vector Network Analyzer (NVNA) was used to measure theX-parameters in the frequency-domain, and then the measured data was transformed into a nonlinear time-domain waveform. The results show both rise-time and fall-time reduction (double-edge compression) as expected and indicate that this newly developedX-parameter method implemented with an NVNA could correctly predict NLTLs' pulse-compression performance.

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Vydmysh, Andriy, Oleksandr Voznyak, and Mykhailo Zamrii. "DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM ACHIEVABLE GAIN (TRANSMISSION) KmS." Vibrations in engineering and technology, no. 3(98) (October 30, 2020): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2306-8744-2020-3-3.

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Increasing the level of semiconductor devices, improving their characteristics significantly affects the potential stability in a wide range of frequencies. Classical methods and standard measuring equipment are not designed to measure the parameters of potentially unstable transistors. Measuring systems are excited uncontrollably, which increases the measurement error. Therefore, today there is an urgent task of measuring the parameters of both transistors in particular and quadrupoles in general, in the frequency range of potential instability. The clock frequency at which modern computer equipment works is close to the microwave range (ultrahigh frequencies), which makes the problem of measuring and calculating the various functional units of the computer quite relevant. The development of new methods and means of measuring the parameters of potentially unstable quadrupoles in the microwave range is an important scientific field that can significantly improve the accuracy of their measurement on standard equipment. The conducted researches and the developed technique allow to increase accuracy of measurement of parameters of four-poles and to provide stability of experimental installation at measurement of parameters of any four-pole. The proposed methods are more efficient and solve the problem of measuring the S-parameters of potentially unstable quadrupoles in the microwave range. The parameters of the quadrupole have the dimensions of the elements of standard W-parameters, their measurements are performed in the microwave range with an error of less than 5%, and to a lesser extent depends on the coefficient of stability of the measuring path than when measuring S-parameters. When measuring the parameters of the quadrupole, there is no need to use the modes of short circuit and XX or make measurements with a coordinated measuring path, which allows to increase the measurement accuracy and ensure stability when measuring potentially unstable quadrupoles with Ks> 0.

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Skierucha, W., A. M Wilczek, and R. T Walczak. "Application of smart sensors in the measurement of soil physical parameters ." Research in Agricultural Engineering 50, No. 3 (February 8, 2012): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4933-rae.

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The study presents the project and partial implementation of a modern monitoring system for the measurement of soil physical parameters. It is provided with smart sensors equipped with signal conversion electronics, individual identification and communication means decreasing the complexity of the measurement system and also the measurement errors that can appear during analog signal transmission along the cables from the sensors to the measuring unit. The applied wireless communication system operates in the 433MHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) licence free frequency band for transmission of commands and data between a remote PC compatible computer (Master unit) and the smart sensors (Slave units) in the distance of several hundred meters. The presented partial implementation of the system measures the temperature at several locations in the soil profile in field conditions and communicates with the host PC computer in wireless way. The developed hardware and software is intended to be adapted to more complex monitoring systems working in compliance with IEEE 1451 smart transducer interface standard and covering large areas as an element of air-borne or satellite remote sensing and serve for ground reference measurements. It is shown that the currently available technical means enable to apply smart sensors and wireless communication in the environmental monitoring in the economically justified way. The small increase of the system price by providing the measuring smart sensors, already equipped some element of control or computation, with radio communication assures the decrease of measurement errors and makes the collection of environmental data convenient for the system operator.

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Staszek, Kamil, Slawomir Gruszczynski, and Krzysztof Wincza. "Tunable multiport system for measurement of two-port scattering parameters." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 1 (August 17, 2015): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715001312.

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A novel multiport system, allowing for measurements of scattering parameters in over-two-octave frequency range is proposed. It is composed of two directional couplers and a standard 4 × 4 Butler matrix, and does not require any isolators. The presented system features a uniform power distribution providing the high precision of measurements, which can be further enhanced by a simple adjustment of the system's parameters. A comprehensive analysis of the proposed system configurations, a fully analytical calibration for transmission coefficient measurement, and the estimation of maximum measurement error are given. The proposed measuring system has been experimentally verified in a wide frequency range 1–5 GHz, by measurements of S-parameters of exemplary components. The measurement results are very close to the values obtained with the use of a commercial vector network analyser within the 50 dB range of measured values’ magnitude.

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Pawar, V. P., N. M. More, and S. C. Mehrotra. "Measurement of Transmission Line Parameters using the Time Domain Technique." IETE Technical Review 17, no. 6 (November 2000): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2000.11416927.

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8

Santisteban, Javier Roberto, A. Steuwer, L. Edwards, P. J. Withers, and M. E. Fitzpatrick. "Mapping of unstressed lattice parameters using pulsed neutron transmission diffraction." Journal of Applied Crystallography 35, no. 4 (July 18, 2002): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889802009044.

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Stress measurement by neutron diffraction depends critically on knowledge of the unstressed lattice parameter (a0) of the specimen under study. As a result, measurement of stress profiles in components wherea0is not homogeneous throughout the sample, such as welds or carburized surfaces, can be particularly difficult. An efficient solution to this problem is proposed based on the pulsed neutron transmission diffraction technique. This technique exploits the sharp steps in intensity, the so-called Bragg edges, appearing in the transmitted neutron spectra of polycrystalline materials, such steps being produced by coherent scattering from lattice planes. The position of these Bragg edges as defined by the time-of-flight technique is used to determine precisely local interplanar distances. In this work it is shown that the unstressed lattice parameter of thin specimens subjected to plane stress fields can be defined by recording transmission spectra at different sample inclinations, in complete analogy with the sin2ψ technique used in X-ray diffraction. Moreover, by using an array of detectors it is possible to produce a radiographic `image' ofa0for plane specimens or thin sections out of three-dimensional ones. The capability of the technique is exemplified by mapping the changes ina0for a ferritic weld that was used as a round robin sample in an international program for standardization of stress measurements by neutron diffraction.

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Gimpilevich, Yu B., and S. E. Zebek. "QUADRATURE MEASUREMENT METHOD FOR COMPLEX PARAMETERS OF MICROWAVE TWO-POLES." Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2019-22-1-29-38.

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A new method based on direct frequency conversion is developed for measuring complex reflection coefficient of microwave two-poles. The method is based on the use of quadrature synchronous detection of the signal branched by omnidirectional probe with subsequent quadrature processing of the detected signal components. Such approach makes it possible to solve measuring task by simultaneously analyzing both amplitude and phase distribution of the field in transmission line which leads to redundancy. In addition, the use of direct frequency conversion provides the detection linearity in considerably higher dynamic range of the levels of the signal forwarded from the transmission line. So, both of these factors can improve the measurement accuracy. The method is performed by excitation of probing harmonic microwave oscillation in transmission line and formation of reference microwave oscillation with the same frequency. The reference signal and the signal branched from the transmission line by omnidirectional mobile probe are fed to the inputs the quadrature synchronous detector. At its outputs, I and Q components of the detected signal are formed. By means of these components, the amplitude and phase field distribution in the trans-mission line is obtained. It is followed by calculation of module and phase estimations using the expressions presented in the paper. The measurement result is obtained as arithmetic average of these estimations. A mathematical model of the proposed method is developed. The relations for the module and phase of the complex reflection coefficient are derived based on the analysis of both the amplitude and phase distribution of electromagnetic field in the transmission line. The paper describes the experimental unit in the form of vector measuring line that implements the quadrature method of measurement. The experimental analysis of the amplitude and phase distribution of the field in microwave path is carried out for standard loads with different parameters. Based on the analysis results, the estimations of measured parameters are calculated and measurement errors are defined. It is shown that highprecision measuring instruments can be designed using the proposed method.

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Men, Xiuhua, Fangzhen Song, and Haiyan Shao. "Investigation on transmission parameters of vibration measurement on high temperature environment." Procedia Engineering 15 (2011): 5531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.08.1026.

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11

Wu, Fan, Aiqin Li, Saihua He, Mohammad Ikbal, and Mohamed A. Sharaf Eldean. "Research on Measurement and Control System of Common Parameters of Agricultural Equipment Based on Wireless Transmission." International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 12, no. 2 (April 2021): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.20210401.oa6.

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To resolve the limited transmission and complicated layout, the common parameter measurement and control system of agricultural equipment use virtual instrument technology and embedded technology. The research results show that the wireless transmission data of the system is accurate and reliable. The linearity errors of acquisition divestiture (AD) and frequency counting (FI) channel measurements are only 0.38% and 0.006%, respectively, and the resolution is 0.01V and 1 Hz. This performance evaluation fully meets equipment detection in agricultural use. The system is integrated with various wireless transmission platforms, intelligent agricultural equipment, and computer wireless reception and processing. These parameters can significantly improve the automation level and quality of agricultural equipment.

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12

Lezaca, Jorge E., Patrick Quéffélec, and Alexis Chevalier. "Broadband permeability measurement method for ferrites at any magnetization state: direct problem." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 3, no. 3 (April 4, 2011): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078711000341.

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A broadband permeability measurement method based on the full-wave electromagnetic (EM) analysis of a non-reciprocal transmission line is presented. The dispersion diagram for the first significant modes inside the ferrite loaded section of the line is obtained. The presence of magnetostatic modes generated by the magnetized ferrite inside the line is verified. Using a mode matching technique, the theoretical scattering parameters (S-parameters) of the transmission line are calculated. The full-wave analysis is validated with measurements of material properties in limit cases.

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Remond, Didier, and Jarir Mahfoudh. "From Transmission Error Measurements to Angular Sampling in Rotating Machines with Discrete Geometry." Shock and Vibration 12, no. 2 (2005): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/205291.

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The benefits of angular sampling when measuring various signals in rotating machines are presented and discussed herein. The results are extracted from studies on transmission error measurements with optical encoders in the field of power transmissions and can be broadened to include phase difference measurements, such as torsional vibrations, and applied to control, monitoring and measurement in rotating machines with discrete geometry. The main conclusions are primarily that the use of angular sampling enables the exact location of harmonics and, consequently, the obtaining of spectral amplitude components with precision. This is always true even if the resolution of encoders is not directly related to the studied discrete geometry. It then becomes possible to compare these harmonics under different operating conditions, especially when speed varies, without changing any parameters in spectral analysis (window length, spectral resolution, etc.). Moreover, classical techniques of improving signal to noise ratio by averaging become fully efficient in the detection of defective elements. This study has been made possible thanks to the technique of transmission error measurement with optical encoders that allows the comparison of sampling procedures, based on the same raw data.The intensive use of such transducers and the development of an original transmission error measurement technique lead to advocate the use of angular sampling in experimental measurements in rotating machines with discrete geometry.

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Brown, Jesse M., R. C. Block, A. Youmans, H. Choun, A. Ney, E. Blain, D. P. Barry, M. J. Rapp, and Y. Danon. "Validation of Unresolved Neutron Resonance Parameters Using a Thick-Sample Transmission Measurement." Nuclear Science and Engineering 194, no. 3 (December 10, 2019): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00295639.2019.1688087.

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15

Bol’shanin, G. A., L. Yu Bol’shanina, and E. G. Mar’yasova. "Indirect Measurement of Aggregate Primary Parameters of a Two-Wire Transmission Line." Measurement Techniques 59, no. 5 (August 2016): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-016-1001-6.

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16

Indulkar, C. S., and K. Ramalingam. "Estimation of transmission line parameters from measurements." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 30, no. 5 (June 2008): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2007.08.003.

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17

Mann, Kulwinder Singh, and Sukhmanjit Singh Mann. "Investigation of Gamma-Ray’s Transmission Geometries for the Measurement of Attenuation Coefficients." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 73, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 1083–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2018-0282.

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AbstractFor the measurement of attenuation parameters of any material for gamma (γ)-rays, the narrow-beam transmission geometry is one of the essential requirements. Linear attenuation coefficient (μ, cm−1), half value layer thickness and mean free path are some fundamental parameters used for the analysis of γ-ray attenuation behaviour of any material. The complete experimental setup used to measure these parameters is termed as γ-ray transmission geometry. The geometrical parameters such as the size of collimator aperture, thickness of sample (absorber), source to absorber (SA) distance, absorber to detector distance and source to detector distance (STD) are deciding factors for the nature of γ-ray transmission geometry. A novel geometrical parameter, scattered-to-transmission ratio (STR), has been proposed in this investigation. STR provides qualitative information of various geometrical parameters. It provides influence on the nature of transmission geometry for experimental measurements by various geometrical parameters and buildup factor. To investigate its influence, STR values have been analysed by varying sizes of collimator aperture between 3 and 12 mm and absorber thicknesses between 20 and 280 mm for fixed SA and STD. Six standard building materials (cement black, cement white, clay, red mud, lime stone and plaster of paris) have been used for the investigation. The point isotropic γ-ray sources Cs-137 (3700 M Bq) and Co-60 (370 M Bq) have been used in this study. It has been found that STR provides better information of scattered γ-rays by the material than its buildup factor (B). Additionally, CSTR (the critical value of STR) serves as an extensive parameter to distinguish between narrow-beam (good) and broad-beam (poor) γ-ray transmission geometries.

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18

Cheng, Jia, Yi Wang, and Chuan Jin Cui. "Finite Element Dynamic Analysis of the Shafting of Transmission-Laser-Scanning-Emitter." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.190.

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The transmission laser-scanning diameter-measurement system uses the parallel laser-scanning principle to achieve high-precision measurements of radial dimensions of shaft parts. The transmission laser-scanning emitter is a mechanical scanning device of which scanning accuracy has a significant impact on stability of the measurement system. The dynamic model of the emitter's shaft rotor is established. Dynamic performances according to variant parameters are derived by finite element analysis simulation. Characteristics of high-speed-rotors with different structures, such as vibration mode and natural frequency, are summarized to provide theoretical basis for shafting design.

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19

Kucukonder, A., and S. Tekerek. "Measurement of Photon Matter Interaction Parameters for some Iodine Compounds." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 1, no. 8 (December 16, 2020): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1173.

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In this study, total atomic cross-section (σta), total moleculer cross-section (σtm) total electronic cross-section (σte), effective atomic number (Zeff), effective electron density (Neff) and Kerma (K) were determined both experimentally and theoretically values for some iodine compounds. Experimental mass attenuation coefficient (µ/ρ) values for some iodine compounds were calculated with the data obtained from the test results. The theoretical mass attenuation coefficient values of these compounds were calculated with the WinXCOM data program. Also, we have performed the measurements for the calculations of experimental values mass attenuation coefficient using direct transmission experimental geometry. The transmission photon intensity of halogene iodine compounds were measured in a narrow beam experiment geometry was used 59.543 keV γ-ray from an 241Am radioactive source. The tranmissions spectra from iodine compounds were recorded with a Si (Li) detector having a resolution of 155 eV FWHM at 5.9 keV (55Fe) and coupled to a 1024 channel analyzer through a spectroscopic amplifier. This study was provided that new insights into the literature since mass attenuation coefficient experimental values of some I compounds have not been determined previously. More research should be done to observe the changes in the chemical structure of iodine compounds with gamma-ray interaction. This study will shed light on further research.

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Huo, Xiao Di, and Zhi Rui Liang. "Study on Mixed-Measurement of Zero-Sequence Parameters of Two Parallel Coupled Transmission Lines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 530-531 (February 2014): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.530-531.127.

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Based on WAMS technology and the demand of real projects, a method of mixed measurement of zero-sequence parameters for two parallel coupled transmission lines is proposed. The principles and specific methods of mixed measurement mainly based on the incremental method are explained in details.The mathematical model is given and a digital simulation of coupled transmission lines with different zero-sequence parameters is conducted to verify the method.

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21

Tong, Zhi Min, Li Hong Rong, and Cao Jun Huang. "Grain Moisture Content Measurement System Based on Time-Domain Transmission Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.214.

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To measure the grain moisture content with time-domain transmission technology (TDT), electromagnetic wave propagation characteristics was studied to find the relationship of electromagnetic wave propagation and the dielectric parameters of grain. Basic structure of measurement sensor was designed to be coaxial transmission line based on TDT theories. The main parameters of the sensor were calculated. The measurement circuit was designed based on processing theories of high frequency electromagnetic signals. Grain samples with different moisture contents were measured by both TDT system and the standard drying method. The results show that TDT system with Quadratic curve measurement model is of desired measurement accuracy.

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22

Jeong, H. W., S. M. Seo, H. U. Hong, and Y. S. Yoo. "Characterization of the parameters relating adjacent grains using transmission electron microscopy." Journal of Applied Crystallography 43, no. 6 (October 29, 2010): 1495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188981004149x.

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A simple technique is presented for characterizing parameters such as the misorientation angle and the axis of rotation between two adjacent grains using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), without the need for an image of the Kikuchi pattern. The technique described makes use of the orthogonal relationship between the tilt axes used in TEM and the axes of the cubic crystal. The relationship was established using the well known triangulation method, in which the direction of the crystal parallel to the beam direction is determined from the measured tilt angles of the three zone axes. The error in measuring the tilt angles of the three zone axes can be evaluated by comparing the measured and crystallographic angles. The angle of deviation from the coincident site lattice (CSL) that results from the measurement error could be reduced by establishing the modified orthogonal relationship between the tilt and crystal axes. The use of this method could provide accurate measurement in real time for indexing a CSL boundary using TEM.

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23

Chruszczyk, Łukasz. "Automatic Test Bench for Selected Transmission Parameters of Power Line Conductors." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eletel-2015-0008.

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Abstract This paper presents automatic test bench used for measurement of selected high frequency parameters of a power copper line. The aim is fast estimation of line behavior in context of Power Line Communication (PLC). The hardware interface uses sinusoidal waveform generator, digital oscilloscope and a PC-class computer. The software interface created in LabVIEW environment performs signal processing and data presentation

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Schetelig, B., S. Parr, R. Rambousky, and S. Dickmann. "Simplified susceptibility analysis of shielded multiconductor transmission lines." Advances in Radio Science 10 (September 18, 2012): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-10-221-2012.

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Abstract. In this contribution, a new kind of coupling parameters for shielded multiconductor transmission lines is presented. These parameters are easy to calculate and simplify the vulnerability analysis of shielded cables with multiple inner conductors. In this paper, the underlying theory is derived in detail. The gained insight is demonstrated with a sample measurement.

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25

Gao, Qing Min, Lei Gao, and Ya Fang Wu. "A Research on Transmission Line Power Frequency Parameter Measurement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 1680–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.1680.

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This paper aims at various problems encountered in the current power-frequency parameter measurements, analyzed the feasible solutions which not only effectively improved the accuracy of surveying data, but also provided necessary and accurate data for transmission line parameters for the calculation of stability of power system and relay protection setting, and a reliable theoretical basis for the calculation of electric power system and correct setting and selection of various switching equipment. It has been proved through practical engineering verification that, power-frequency parameter measurements has very important significance in improving the safe operation of the power system.

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E. Wilson, Gary A. Zevenbergen, Dan, Robert. "Calculation of Transmission Line Parameters From Synchronized Measurements." Electric Machines & Power Systems 27, no. 12 (November 1999): 1269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/073135699268560.

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Rakov, Aleksei, Vladimir Zhukov, Artem Kukanov, and Vladimir Ukhandeev. "Set of measuring test fixtures for PCB materials research." ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 07003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193007003.

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Designed and manufactured set of measuring test fixtures for printed circuit board (PCB) materials research and characterization is described in this article. Attention is paid to special designed test vehicle “General board” which includes six types of transmission lines that are used for PCB materials characterization by two measurement methods. Measurements of the frequency dependencies of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss for a number of the most widely used PCB substrates are presented. The comparison of the measurement results made by two measurement methods is also shown. The influence of the inhomogeneities of the PCB dielectric and some differences in the extracted material parameters data correlated with electro-magnetic fields structure in different transmission lines is demonstrated. In addition it is shown that measurements performed using “General board” can be used for characterization of the losses due to PCB surface plating.

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Gusinsky, A. V. "GENERALIZED MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE CALIBRATION PROCESSAND THE DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE PARAMETERS MULTIPOLE." Devices and Methods of Measurements 9, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2018-9-1-96-105.

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The quality of measuring systems of the microwave range, including vector network analyzers, largely depends on the reliability of calibration procedures and direct measurements, which allow to take into account information about the reproducible errors of measuring systems for subsequent correction. The aim of the paper is mathematical modeling of the errors of the measuring system for the generalized case for 2-n pole device.The problems of increasing the accuracy of measuring microwave systems due to compensation of systematic errors determined during calibration are considered. Calibration of measuring systems and correction of the results of direct measurements based on calibration results require the use of appropriate mathematical models of errors. Mathematical models of errors are represented in the form of multipolar errors, included between the object of measurement and the measuring system, which is assumed to be ideal, free of errors. The article proposes a generalized mathematical model of errors, described by a network of errors containing n ports connected to the n-port measuring system, and n ports connected to the n port of the measurement object. To obtain in general form the calibration equation for the 2n-port model of the error multipolar network, its transmission wave matrix [T], recorded in a cellular form, was used, and then a relationship was found between the measurement result in a matrix form with the cellular wave matrix T. A solution for finding the error matrix of matrix equation that connects the matrices known from the results of the corresponding attestation for the standards with the results of measurements during calibration in the matrix form. When solving this equation, a matrix product of «sandwich» type appears due to the cellular wave matrix [T]. The solution is possible when using the Kronecker product of two matrix, the matrix translation operator, the RS operator of the matrix, and the Gaussian elimination method. An equation is obtained for reconstructing the actual values of the scattering matrix of the measurement object, starting from the results of direct measurements in the matrix form and the error matrix. When solving the reconstruction equation, it is advisable to use a matrix inverse to the transmission matrix [T].The developed generalized mathematical model can be used, for example, when it is necessary to measure the parameters of complex microwave devices made on boards (wafer), with probe transitions to measuring ports, where it is important to consider the presence of additional microwave power leaks between ports.

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He, Shu Qian, Chun Shi, and Zheng Jie Deng. "Adaptive Access Mechanism for WSNs of Eco-Environments." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.3.

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To solve the data transmission of eco-environment monitor by using WSNs, a new adaptive access mechanism is presented. The adaptive access mechanism senses the channel status information and the events of data transmissions, success or collision in the channel. Based on the measurement of idle slot intervals between two data transmission, nodes adjust parameters of access mechanism, which can adapt to the dynamic network configurations. The analysis and computer simulation demonstrate the validity and good scalability of the proposed access mechanism.

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Chen, Yong, and Wen Ming Yu. "Study of Portable Shaft Power Measurement System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 1522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.1522.

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During the development of vehicle transmission system, in order to obtain operating state of transmission system, thoroughly study control scheme of transmission system, it needs to acquire, save, display parameters such as torque and speed of shaft. The measurement principles of torque and speed were analysed. A portable measurement system of torque and speed based on virtual instrument was designed, which can be used to measure toque and speed conveniently and accurately. Vehicle experiments were carried out using this system. It shows experimentally that the system has high accuracy and good anti-jamming ability, and the operation is simple. The system can quickly show the dynamic and static characteristics of vehicle shafts operating state and describes directly with the graph form.

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Su, Shujing, Min Yi, Wei Ji, Qing He, and Xiufeng Xie. "A Study of Transmission Control Method for Distributed Parameters Measurement in Large Factories and Storehouses." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/290925.

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For the characteristics of parameters dispersion in large factories, storehouses, and other applications, a distributed parameter measurement system is designed that is based on the ring network. The structure of the system and the circuit design of the master-slave node are described briefly. The basic protocol architecture about transmission communication is introduced, and then this paper comes up with two kinds of distributed transmission control methods. Finally, the reliability, extendibility, and control characteristic of these two methods are tested through a series of experiments. Moreover, the measurement results are compared and discussed.

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Kostrikov, Oleksandr L., Volodymyr S. Kupko, Andrii I. Shloma, Denis A. Novikov, Valery G. Lysenko, Kate A. Milovanova, Natalia A. Tabachnikova, and Vladimir B. Makarevich. "Comparisons of national standards of the unit of length in the field of measurement of parameters of form deviation the flatness of optical surfaces COOMET.L-S15." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 7 (2021): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2021-7-60-64.

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Precision interference measurement of parameters of form optical surfaces are one of the most important type of the measurement in the field of the geometrical values. In countries-participants of this comparisons the special primary standards in this field of measurements take part in reproduction and transmission the unit of length in this field of measurements ensuring high measuring and calibrating capabilities countries in this type of measurement. In this article presents the result of supplementary comparisons COOMET 570/UA-a/12. The result of comparisons allowed to declare to Belarus and Russia, and to confirm to Ukraine their measuring and calibrating capability in database CIPM MRA.

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Liu, Yu Wang, Yu Quan Leng, Hai Tao Luo, and Wei Jia Zhou. "The Optimization of Mechanical and Electrical Integration Linear Output Transmission System with Sensor Function." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 1695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.1695.

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The new highly integrated mechanical and electrical integration linear output sensor system designed is used to solve the problems of movement conversion/transmission, force transmission/ measurement etc. Firstly, further theory study is presented and the function of sensing parameters and transmission parameters is deduced; Secondly, the key parameters of system design and the constrained conditions are shown based on the system structure and strength theory. At last through simulation to determine the optimal structure parameters meeting the specific conditions and establish the corresponding relationship of parameters for future design.

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34

CHAU, FOOK SIONG, HONGBIN YU, and GUANGYA ZHOU. "COMPACT OPTOFLUIDIC REFRACTOMETER BASED ON PHASE TRANSMISSION GRATING." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 19 (January 2012): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512008896.

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In this paper, a compact optofluidic refractometer is demonstrated. Consisting of a transmitting grating structure with rectangular grooves integrated into a microfluidic network, its working principle is based on the effect of the refractive index of a sample fluid that fills the groove space on the zeroth-order diffraction intensity. The performance of the device is dependent on grating structure parameters such as thickness. Theoretical analysis and experimental measurements agree well with each other and both demonstrate that a thicker grating results in higher sensitivity but a smaller measurement range, and vice-versa. It can also be expected that smaller changes in refractive index can be resolved by using a detector with a lower detection limit.

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35

Mederos-Henry, Francisco, Sophie Hermans, and Isabelle Huynen. "Microwave Characterization of Metal-Decorated Carbon Nanopowders Using a Single Transmission Line." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (April 18, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3280461.

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This paper presents a novel approach for the characterization of microwave properties of carbon-based nanopowders, decorated or not with magnetic nanoparticles. Their microwave parameters, dielectric constant, electrical conductivity, and complex magnetic permeability are extracted from measurements performed using a single transmission line acting as a test cell. Two geometries of transmission line were tested, and successful results were obtained with each one of them. The measurement results are assessed by a phenomenological model enabling to fit the measurement of the dielectric constant and conductivity, providing an insight on the compacity quality of the powder sample. Also, the extraction of the permeability is validated by the detection of a ferromagnetic resonance showing a linear dependence on external DC magnetic field.

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Ramachandran, Visagaperuman, and Vickal Kumar. "Preliminary findings of the effect of some atmospheric parameters on Ku-band satellite link." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 21, no. 1 (2003): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp03012.

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A four-month study of the attenuation measurement on satellite TV transmission down link is reported. The time percentage distributions of the attenuation show a fairly large month-to month variation. However, such variations seem to be closely related to the variation of the rain-rate distribution. Comparison of exceedance and the cumulative rainfall during these four months with those of the ten -year data indicates a similar variation this year. Measurements on a ?cloudy? day without any rain indicate that the attenuation by cloud is small.

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Hasar, Ugur Cem, Joaquim José Barroso, Yunus Kaya, Mehmet Ertugrul, and Musa Bute. "Reference-plane invariant transmission-reflection method for measurement of constitutive parameters of liquid materials." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 203 (December 2013): 346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2013.09.007.

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Wagenaars, P., E. F. Steennis, P. A. A. F. Wouters, and P. C. J. M. van der Wielen. "Measurement of transmission line parameters of three-core power cables with common earth screen." IET Science, Measurement & Technology 4, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2009.0062.

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(Alvin), Pin Jen Wang, Sharmin Islam, Fred Barlow, and Aicha Elshabini. "Simulation and Measurement of Power Distribution Networks (PDN)." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2016, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 000368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2016-wp54.

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Abstract In this publication, signal integrity issues of Power Distribution Networks (PDNs) are addressed (to insure acceptable quality of signals within); Transmission line effects, Crosstalk, and Impedance mismatch. Power Integrity issues of PDNs are also addressed (to insure acceptable quality of power delivery within); Voltage drop, High impedance, Parasitic Via inductances, and Noise coupling. In this work, ANSYS™ HFSS 2013 FEM simulation techniques development, adaptive meshing, and convergence to S-parameters, Differential S-parameters, and Z-parameters to design and simulate PDNs under different conditions and the results are compared to measurements performed in our laboratories.

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Fan, GAN, ZHANG Nana, LI Yun-ge, and Fu Zhouxing. "Single-ended method to accurately calculate UHV AC transmission line frequency parameters." MATEC Web of Conferences 173 (2018): 02043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817302043.

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The power frequency parameter of transmission line is the basic parameter of line over-voltage calculation. It is necessary to get the parameters of 1000kV AC double-circuit line on the same tower in order to guide the operation of the project. In this paper, a method of accurately calculating UHV transmission line parameters is proposed. The length of the line is known, the voltage and current at the head of the line are measured, and the zero sequence, positive sequence total impedance and total capacitive reactance are obtained. Based on the distribution parameters Calculation formula, the line unit capacitance, resistance and inductance parameters can be obtained. The method of this paper is compared with the simulation of transmission line parameters in ATP simulation. And Through the actual measurement of the frequency parameters of Yu-heng 1000kV transmission line, it is verified that this method is suitable for the calculation of distribution parameters of UHV transmission lines.

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41

Krupka, Jerzy. "Microwave Measurements of Electromagnetic Properties of Materials." Materials 14, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 5097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14175097.

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A review of measurement methods of the basic electromagnetic parameters of materials at microwave frequencies is presented. Materials under study include dielectrics, semiconductors, conductors, superconductors, and ferrites. Measurement methods of the complex permittivity, the complex permeability tensor, and the complex conductivity and related parameters, such as resistivity, the sheet resistance, and the ferromagnetic linewidth are considered. For dielectrics and ferrites, the knowledge of their complex permittivity and the complex permeability at microwave frequencies is of practical interest. Microwave measurements allow contactless measurements of their resistivity, conductivity, and sheet resistance. These days contactless conductivity measurements have become more and more important, due to the progress in materials technology and the development of new materials intended for the electronic industry such as graphene, GaN, and SiC. Some of these materials, such as GaN and SiC are not measurable with the four-point probe technique, even if they are conducting. Measurement fixtures that are described in this paper include sections of transmission lines, resonance cavities, and dielectric resonators.

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Zhou, Xing, Li Si Fan, Qing Xi Yang, and Zhe Yang. "Propagation and Responses of EMP on Transmission-Line Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 4167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.4167.

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This paper discusses the use of Baum-Liu-Tesche (BLT) equation for analyzing and calculating the propagation and load responses of transmission-line networks in frequency domain and time domain. The derivation and each parameters of BLT equation is introduced, and using BLT equation, two examples of specific coaxial cable networks are established, and the propagation and responses of networks are analyzed and calculated. The responses of networks terminals are measurement, and calculation results and measurement results are compared. The results show the excellent agreement between measurement and calculation results. The study results of this paper can be used for cable networks design and protection against EMP.

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Liu, Qing Gang, M. Li, D. C. Li, Z. G. Li, and X. T. Hu. "Micro Angle Measurement for a Scanning Stage." Key Engineering Materials 295-296 (October 2005): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.295-296.119.

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Long range scanning stages with very small positioning errors are the key elements in the nano-CMM that is used to determine the sizes and coordinates of micromachines and parts in three dimensions to realize MEMS/nano technology. A transmission stage needs six degree-of-freedom precision motion controls. A compact critical angle sensor (CAS) can be mounted on the base or frame to be used to monitor the orientation parameters of the scanning/transmission stage along the 3 axes and feedback the error signal of the sensor output to maintain the stage moving performance. By calibration with an autocollimator, the resolution is better than 0.1 arcsec with a measurement range above 600 arcsec.

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Xue, Ancheng, Feiyang Xu, Jingsong Xu, Joe H. Chow, Hongyu You, and Tianshu Bi. "Correction of Phasor Measurements Independent of Transmission Line Parameters." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 11, no. 1 (January 2020): 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2921819.

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Fan, Song Hai, and Shu Hong Yang. "Detection and Identification of Error in On-Line Monitoring of Transmission Line." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.869.

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Systematic approach for the transmission line positive sequence parameters, temperature, and sag based on wavelet analysis to detect error is developed in this work. Unbiased (random/Gaussian) error such as, transient meter failures, transient meter malfunction, and measurements captured during system transients, are inherently in the form of large abrupt change of short duration in a measurement-sequence. These should be detected before the data is used because their presence will lead to insecure and unstable of power grid. The test results of the proposed method based on data of Sichuan power grid are presented.

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Meng, Tian Xing. "Design of Fiber Optic Digital Telemetry System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 2479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.2479.

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The system uses the MCU to complete the functions such as regularly collecting, computing, error handling, storage, data transmission control, and so on, for the parameters required measurement. The system consists of four components: sensor and modulation circuit part, A/D transformation and send part, optical fiber coupling part and the receiver display part. The system has the following characteristics: The encoder is used to encode and send the digital signal of the measured parameters. Through the optical fiber coupling, this system displays the corresponding measurement parameters after decoding by the decoder. System circuit design is simple, easy debugging, reliable of information transmission, high precision of data transmission, particularly good anti-interference, no need of great sending power. It can be applied to a strong electric field or strong magnetic interference occasions at a distance from tens of meters to hundreds of meters.

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Zheng, Mei Ling. "Wireless Transfer Mode Based on the Environmental Detection System." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 3077–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.3077.

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Environmental testing is increasingly valued by man, the system uses the related detect point to monitor the temperature of the environment and other related parameters, and mode of transmission through wireless transmission to the receiver, the receiver can measure the value of the LCD display unit can also Sent to the host through the serial correlation measurement parameter and related parameters stored by the host, the host interconnection can also be related to inform sharing, the system uses a cost-effective microcontrollers and wireless transmission systems, can achieve the transmission speed and transmission distance of Characteristics.

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Chen, Jin, Long Li Bao, Ya Yun Yu, and Fang Ding. "Design of the Embedded RLC Measurement Module." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 898–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.898.

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Based on the frequency measurement principle, an embedded RLC measurement module was designed in this paper. By the RC oscillator circuit and LC three-point oscillator circuit, the R, L, C analog parameters can be converted into a digital frequency for single-chip computer processing, according to the relationship between a function of frequency and component parameters, the RLC components corresponding parameter values is calculated. Experimental results showed that the RLC module has an automatic conversion range, high precision, enabling network connections and so on. It can be applied to management and fault monitoring and forecasting power transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines and submarine cables and other important public facilities.

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Hu, Zhi Jian, Xue Feng Liu, Juan Yang, and Chuan Qi Li. "New Method of Measuring the Positive Sequence Parameters of Transmission Lines under Strong Interference Condition." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 837–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.837.

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An approach to measure the positive sequence parameters of transmission lines based on harmonic method is introduced. The mathematical model and measurement procedure of the new method are explained in detail. The hardware structure of the measuring system based on GPS is given. The simulation results show that the new method can satisfactorily meet the need of measuring the positive sequence parameters of transmission lines under strong interference condition.

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Chan, Wing S., Merlin L. Mah, Donald E. Voight, Joan J. Fitzpatrick, and Joseph J. Talghader. "Crystal orientation measurements using transmission and backscattering." Journal of Glaciology 60, no. 224 (2014): 1135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014jog14j071.

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AbstractA method has been devised and tested for measuring the c-axis orientation of crystal grains in thin sections of glacier ice. The crystal orientation and grain size of ice are of great interest to glaciologists since these parameters contain information on the prior thermal and flow history of the ice. The traditional method of determining c-axis orientation involves a transmission measurement through an ice sample, a process that is time-consuming and therefore impractical for obtaining a continuous record. A reflection- or backscatter-based method could potentially be used inside boreholes, with bubbles as reflectors to avoid such drawbacks. The concept demonstration of this paper is performed on ice slices, enabling a direct comparison of accuracy with traditional methods. Measurements of the crystal orientations (θ, ϕ) in 11 grains showed an average error of ±0.8° in ϕ, with no grain error >1.4°. Measurements of θ showed an average error of ±8.2° on ten grains, with unexplained disagreement on the remaining grain. Although the technique is applied specifically to glacier ice, it should be generally applicable to any transparent birefringent polycrystalline material.

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