Journal articles: 'Measurement of energy characteristics'

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Raitsin, A. M., and M. V. Ulanovskii. "Correct measurement methodology spatial-energy characteristics of laser beams." Metrologiya, no. 2 (July 4, 2021): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0132-4713.2021-2-4-19.

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A methodology for correct measurements of the spatial and energy characteristics of a laser beam is considered, based on the determination of the initial moments of the spatial intensity distribution in the beam cross section. The classification of radiation fields participating in the measuring process is given: emitted, measured and measured. It is shown that ISO 11146:2005 “Lasers and laser-related equipment. Test methods for laser beam widths, divergence angles and beam propagation ratios, Part 1-3” for measuring the spatial and energy characteristics of laser beams leads to incorrect measurements. This is due to the fact that the recommendations for the application of ISO 11146:2005 do not take into account the dynamic range of the used matrix radiation detectors, and the characteristics of the emitted field of interest to the user turn out to be diverging, which violates the uniformity of measurements. Moreover, the conditions ensuring the convergence of the results are practically impracticable. To solve these problems, it is proposed to establish and regulate the lower level of the dynamic range of measurements of the intensity of the used matrix receivers and to consider the spatial and energy characteristics of the emitted field of interest to the user, depending on the set value of the lower level. It is shown that measurements with this methodology become correct and make it possible to compare the characteristics of laser beams obtained by different array detectors. Formulas are given that take into account the effect of the lower level of the dynamic range of the matrix radiation detectors on the measurement result. These formulas should be recommended for inclusion in the updated edition of the national standard GOST R ISO 11146-2008 “Lasers and laser installations (systems). Methods for measuring widths, divergence angles and propagation coefficients of laser beams. Parts 1-3”.

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Beck, B. T., and G. L. Wedekind. "Characteristics of a Simple Energy Absorption Transducer." Journal of Heat Transfer 108, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 676–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3246989.

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This paper presents the results of an investigation into a simple technique developed primarily for evaluating surface coating effectiveness for the absorption of a nonuniform laser radiation heat flux. Analysis suggests that if the transducer sensor is designed appropriately, and the experimental data analyzed in a particular manner, the temperature–time history of the transducer need be measured at only a single arbitrary location. These conclusions are also supported by experimental measurements of laser radiation absorption at a wavelength of 10.6 μm for polished copper, polished steel, and for a manganese–phosphate coating on a steel substrate. The absorptivities measured for the polished copper and steel agree well with other experimental data in the literature. Limitations of the measurement technique, resulting from the temperature dependence of the transducer material properties, radiation absorptivity, and combined convective and radiative heat flux, are also investigated theoretically and experimentally.

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TANIYAMA, Tetsuya, Yasuhiro SHIRAKURA, Kaoru SUZUKI, and Takaya MASUTANI. "Characteristics of Piezoelectric Crystal Element on Laser Energy Measurement." Review of Laser Engineering 14, no. 2 (1986): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.14.146.

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Levashenko, G. I., A. S. Sokol'nikov, I. N. Dobrokhotov, and N. V. Mazaev. "Measurement of energy characteristics of an impulsive thermal radiator." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 29, no. 1 (1993): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00755327.

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Tur, Josep A., and Maria del Mar Bibiloni. "Anthropometry, Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Human." Nutrients 11, no. 8 (August 14, 2019): 1891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11081891.

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Anthropometry (from the Greek anthropos: human, and metron: measure) refers to the systematic collection and correlation of measurements of human individuals, including the systematic measurement of the physical characteristics of the human body, primarily body weight, body size, and shape [...]

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KUDO, Kazuhiko, Hiroshi TANIGUCHI, Yong-mo KIM, and Masayuki MIZUNO. "Measurement of Characteristics of Radiative Energy Transmittance Through Packed Spheres." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 57, no. 537 (1991): 1867–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.57.1867.

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Sun, Zhen Bao. "Measurement and Numerical Study of Characteristics of an Energy Unit." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 1774–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.1774.

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The mathematical model based on temperature formulation for describing freezing course of soil is presented and the explicit finite difference method is used to perform computer simulation of freezing time of soil in this paper. It seems to be satisfactory by comparing the numerical results by the method of TDMA with experimental data. It is significant for freezing process and freezing units, optimum design of practical engineering.

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Ananto, Rhezal Agung, and Asfari Hariz Santoso. "Analisis Performance Jangka Pendek Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya dengan Sistem Stand-alone System." ELPOSYS: Jurnal Sistem Kelistrikan 8, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/elposys.v8i1.30.

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Renewable energy power generation technology continues to develop every year and energy demand continues to increase. Reducing carbon emissions in accordance with international carbon emission policies (including Indonesia). The renewable energy target is targeted to increase every year in accordance with the national renewable energy mix policy. Renewable energy has characteristics that fluctuate over time, so continuous measurement data is needed. This data is used for the design of renewable energy in Indonesia in the future. To analyze the performance of a solar power plant, measurement variables are needed. Photovoltaic analysis requires measurement of variable voltage, current, power and energy. Measurement variables are measurement variables from photovoltaic and measurement variables from solar energy. The measurement of solar energy is measured in Watts per square meter. The measurement method is a direct measurement in the territory of Indonesia. The measurement method is the measurement at sunrise to sunset. The measurement results are used for performance analysis. The measurements result are used for photovoltaic efficiency analysis.

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Sieverding, Claus H., Davide Ottolia, Carlo Bagnera, Andrea Comadoro, J. F. Brouckaert, and Jean-Michel Desse. "Unsteady Turbine Blade Wake Characteristics." Journal of Turbomachinery 126, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 551–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1737783.

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The paper presents an experimental investigation of large coherent structures, commonly referred to as “von Karman vortex street,” in the wake of a turbine blade at high subsonic Mach number M2,is=0.79 and high Reynolds number (RE=2.8×106 and their effect on the steady and unsteady pressure and temperature distribution in the wake. Ultra short smoke visualizations and two interferometric measurement techniques, holographic interferometry and white light differential interferometry provide insight into the vortex formation and shedding process. In addition, the interferometric measurement provides quantitative information on the stream wise evolution of the minimum density associated with the vortices and on their lateral spreading. Wake traverses are performed with a four-head fork probe carrying a Kiel probe and a fast response Kulite pressure probe for pressure measurements and a thermocouple probe and a cold wire resistance probe for temperature measurements. The results confirm the observation of energy separation in the wake as found by other researchers. The experimental data are a unique source for the validation of unsteady Navier-Stokes codes.

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Challinger, Susanna E., Iain D. Baikie, and A. Glen Birdwell. "Diamond Energy Levels and Photoemission Characteristics from 300 – 425 K." MRS Advances 3, no. 33 (2018): 1937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.27.

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ABSTRACTThe unique electronic structure of diamond and its excellent thermal properties allow a broad range of possible applications; from electron sources to RF electronics. However, knowledge of the surface energy levels is essential to produce efficient, high-quality devices. We investigate the valence band position and resulting negative electron affinity for hydrogen terminated diamond under ambient, low vacuum and ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. There was a -0.5 eV change in valence band position causing a negative electron affinity shift from -1.1 eV under UHV to -0.6 eV in ambient pressure. We compare the photoemission current under each environment to predict the ability of the sample to be used as an electron source. The maximum emission was observed when the sample displayed the largest negative affinity. A scanning photoemission measurement is demonstrated to highlight the superior photoemission yield from the hydrogen terminated diamond surface compared to the stainless steel contact. A scanning Kelvin probe measurement is shown to illustrate a method of analyzing the contact potential difference across the diamond surface. Within high-power RF electronics, devices are likely to be operating at increased temperatures so knowledge of the impact of temperature on the energy levels is important. We study the valence band and Fermi level positions for hydrogen terminated diamond from room temperature (300K) to 425K under low and UHV conditions. The Fermi level moved below the valence band edge at increased temperature, illustrating the effect of the 2D hole gas at the surface. We also analyzed the photoemission characteristics and found an increase in yield with increasing temperature. The measurement techniques used to evaluate the energy levels of diamond: photoemission spectroscopy and Kelvin probe measurements, in ambient and vacuum, allow analysis to be completed in minutes. This offers an initial analysis alternative to elucidate more information and predict performance prior to the more time-consuming full device manufacture and characterization.

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Brylystyi, Viktor, Olena S. Nazarova, and Volodymyr Osadchyy. "Torque measurement for researching the energy characteristics of electric vehicle drives." Electrical Engineering and Power Engineering, no. 4 (April 20, 2022): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6761-2021-4-4.

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Purpose. Development of a torque measuring unit as part of a laboratory complex for studying the energy characteristics of electric drives for the purpose of mathematical modeling of the dynamic operating modes of an electric vehicle drive. Research methods. Physical experiment, regression analysis, interpolation. Findings. A torque measuring unit has been developed as part of a laboratory complex for studying the energy characteristics of electric vehicle drives, the design of which allows creating a torque on the shaft of the engine under study using a load and measuring it with a strain gauge force sensor. The laboratory stand together with the developed torque measuring unit corresponds to the required range and measurement accuracy. The experimental data obtained at the test bench make it possible to determine the dependence of the energy consumed by the drive on the mechanical power on the shaft of the engine under study, which makes it possible to analytically describe the drive under study and carry out mathematical modeling in the context of studying the influence of mechanical parameters on the consumed energy in dynamic modes of operation. Originality. A method for measuring torque on the motor shaft for studying the energy characteristics of electric vehicle drives has been developed. This method is based on the contact method of measurement, which uses 2 motors (loading and testing) and strain gauge force sensor and differs from others in the design that creates a moment on the shaft of the test motor.The result of processing the experimental data obtained by this method is the analytical dependence of the energy consumed by the drive on the value of the mechanical power on the shaft, the parameters of which are the angular speed and torque of the engine. The specified energy characteristic of the drive makes it possible, by means of mathematical modeling, to determine the electromechanical parameters of the drive, minimizing its energy consumption in dynamic modes of operation. Practical value. A method for measuring the moment on the motor shaft is proposed, with the help of which the dependence of the energy consumed by the drive on the mechanical power on the motor shaft is determined in an analytical form, which allows by mathematical modeling to find the electromechanical parameters of the system that increase the energy efficiency of the drive of an electric vehicle.

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Jan, Petrů, and Kalibová Jana. "Measurement and computation of kinetic energy of simulated rainfall in comparison with natural rainfall." Soil and Water Research 13, No. 4 (October 18, 2018): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/218/2016-swr.

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Rainfall characteristics such as total amount and rainfall intensity (I) are important inputs in calculating the kinetic energy (KE) of rainfall. Although KE is a crucial indicator of the raindrop potential to disrupt soil aggregates, it is not a routinely measured meteorological parameter. Therefore, KE is derived from easily accessible variables, such as I, in empirical laws. The present study examines whether the equations which had been derived to calculate KE of natural rainfall are suitable for the calculation of KE of simulated rainfall. During the experiment presented in this paper, the measurement of rainfall characteristics was carried out under laboratory conditions using a rainfall simulator. In total, 90 measurements were performed and evaluated to describe the rainfall intensity, drop size distribution and velocity of rain drops using the Thies laser disdrometer. The duration of each measurement of rainfall event was 5 minutes. Drop size and fall velocity were used to calculate KE and to derive a new equation of time-specific kinetic energy (KE<sub>time</sub> – I). When comparing the newly derived equation for KE of simulated rainfall with the six most commonly used equations for KE<sub>time</sub> – I of natural rainfall, KE of simulated rainfall was discovered to be underestimated. The higher the rainfall intensity, the higher the rate of underestimation. KE of natural rainfall derived from theoretical equations exceeded KE of simulated rainfall by 53–83% for I = 30 mm/h and by 119–275% for I = 60 mm/h. The underestimation of KE of simulated rainfall is probably caused by smaller drops formed by the rainfall simulator at higher intensities (94% of all drops were smaller than 1 mm), which is not typical of natural rainfall.

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Li, Yong, Rui Zhang, and Jian Hua Zong. "Study on the Plume Characteristics of Pulsed Plasma Thruster." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.55.

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A current-model Triple Langmuir probe was developed and used to measure electron temperature and density of the Pulsed Plasma Thruster plume. To decreasing the errors in measurement, Probe, collection circuit and glow cleaning devices were elaborately designed. A FIR digital Filter based on Matlab was designed and the software for date processing was developed by Labview. Measurements were taken at various position in the plume of a Pulsed Plasma Thruster operating at discharge energy of 6-24J. The results show the thruster plume has electron temperatures in the range between 0.6and 5.4eV, electron densities between 0.9×1019 and 4.1x1021m-3 for all discharge energy levels considered. Electron temperature and density decrease with increasing angle away from the centerline and with decreasing discharge energy.

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14

Priimak, S. V. "Characteristics of temperature measurement during reactor transient conditions." Soviet Atomic Energy 69, no. 3 (September 1990): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02047499.

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Šujanová, Paulína, and Jozef Hraška. "Measurement and Calculation of Luminous Characteristics of Photovoltaic Glazing Samples." Applied Mechanics and Materials 824 (January 2016): 724–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.824.724.

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Photovoltaic glazing is a relatively novel type of glazing material, suitable for application in nearly-zero energy buildings. As a special type of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV), it generates energy from solar radiation and ensures the performance characteristics of building envelope. This paper presents a combined approach of evaluation of luminous characteristics of glazing based on photopic and circadian action spectra. Measurements were performed on 6 photovoltaic glazing samples with amorphous silicon solar cells. The samples differ in type of spacing and rear glazing colour. The results have shown that PV glazing with coloured glazing should be used with caution, especially in rooms with high daylighting requirements. Obtained results can be used during designing process to evaluate impact of PV glazing on visual comfort.

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Kulichenko, Viacheslav, Roman Tomashevskyi, and Vadim Makarov. "Improving the energy characteristics of optical measurement chanel of digital portable spirometer." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: New solutions in modern technologies, no. 25 (1197) (August 31, 2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2413-4295.2016.25.08.

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HATTORI, TOMOHIKO, TSUKASA WATANABE, HIROSHI YAMAGUCHI, HIROSHI KAMEYAMA, KAZUO TOYAMA, YASUO SAKURAI, and SHINJI ABE. "THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLZT SHUTTER CONCERNING MEASUREMENT OF HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON BEAMS." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 46, no. 5 (1990): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00003532357.

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Xin, Hai Sheng, Hai Jun Yue, and Qiao Li Han. "Study on Noise Characteristics of Concentrated Wind Energy Turbine." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 778–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.778.

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Different types of wind turbine generate different noises in normal condition. A comparison of noises from local spot by means of modern acoustic measurement is carried out between 300W concentrated wind energy turbine and ordinary wind energy turbine, and conclusion is that the noises from the concentrated wind energy turbine are lower than that from the ordinary one. Besides, the main noises are from turbine blades and increase with the wind speed on both turbines.

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Kang, Hara, Sujung Min, Bumkyung Seo, Changhyun Roh, Sangbum Hong, and Jae Hak Cheong. "Low Energy Beta Emitter Measurement: A Review." Chemosensors 8, no. 4 (October 28, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8040106.

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The detection and monitoring systems of low energy beta particles are of important concern in nuclear facilities and decommissioning sites. Generally, low-energy beta-rays have been measured in systems such as liquid scintillation counters and gas proportional counters but time is required for pretreatment and sampling, and ultimately it is difficult to obtain a representation of the observables. The risk of external exposure for low energy beta-ray emitting radioisotopes has not been significantly considered due to the low transmittance of the isotopes, whereas radiation protection against internal exposure is necessary because it can cause radiation hazard to into the body through ingestion and inhalation. In this review, research to produce various types of detectors and to measure low-energy beta-rays by using or manufacturing plastic scintillators such as commercial plastic and optic fiber is discussed. Furthermore, the state-of-the-art beta particle detectors using plastic scintillators and other types of beta-ray counters were elucidated with regard to characteristics of low energy beta-ray emitting radioisotopes. Recent rapid advances in organic matter and nanotechnology have brought attention to scintillators combining plastics and nanomaterials for all types of radiation detection. Herein, we provide an in-depth review on low energy beta emitter measurement.

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Machulko, A. E., G. S. Misezhnikov, V. B. Nekrashevich, A. G. Sel'skii, V. B. Shteinshleiger, and A. V. Yanovich. "Measurement of sea ice backscattering characteristics." Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics 32, no. 4 (April 1989): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02150320.

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Dashanova, E., A. Molokanov, and E. Korneva. "Justification and Application of Sufficiency Criterion for Measuring the Activity of Uranium Radioisotopes in Biological Samples." Medical Radiology and radiation safety 66, no. 4 (September 13, 2021): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1024-6177-2021-66-4-70-76.

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Purpose: Ensuring the fulfillment of the sufficiency n criterion when measuring the activity of uranium radionuclides in biological samples carried out within the individual monitoring programme by calculation of the uncertainty and characteristics limits for measurements. Material and methods: The sufficiency criterion definition is given, which determines the maximum value of the decision threshold for measurements carried out for the individual monitoring of workers at which the fact of non-exceeding of the annual dose limit or permissible level takes place, taking into account the uncertainty of the dose assessment. A model approach is used to calculate the sufficiency criterion and characteristics limits when measuring the radioactive material excrected by individual workers. The model approach consisted in the development of a calculation model based on the functional dependence of measured input values on the process of radiochemical preparation and subsequent spectrometric measurement of the sample. Results: A model has been developed for calculating the activity of uranium radionuclides 234U, 235U and 238U in a biological sample based on the description of the procedure for spectrometric measurement, which consisted in the deposition by the electrolytic method on the target after chromatographic extraction of uranium from the urine sample. The reference radioactive solution of the 232U radionuclide added to the sample as a reference point for determining the efficiency of uranium radionuclide separation (chemical yield). Equations are obtained for calculating the values of the decision threshold and the detection limit for the total activity of the above alpha-emitting uranium radionuclides. Using these equations, the dependence of the decision threshold and the detection limit on measurement time is determined for the given input data. This allows planning the measurement time at which the activity of uranium radionuclides in the sample can be determined reliably or at which the sufficiency criterion of the measurement method will be provided (necessary in the case when the activity is not detected, that is, the measurement result is less than the decision threshold). The values of the activity of uranium radionuclides 234U, 235U and 238U and the corresponding characteristics limits for the measurement were calculated on the basis of a real example of spectrometric measurement of the activity of uranium radionuclides in a sample. Conclusion: Ensuring the fulfillment of the sufficiency criterion when measuring the activity of uranium radionuclides in biological samples is achieved by the correct determination of the sample measurement time. This is determined by time dependence analysis of the characteristics limits (the decision threshold and the detection limit ) for the measurement of the total activity of the above alpha-emitting uranium radionuclides 234U, 235U and 238U.

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Walencik-Łata, Agata, Katarzyna Szkliniarz, Jan Kisiel, Kinga Polaczek-Grelik, Karol Jędrzejczak, Marcin Kasztelan, Jacek Szabelski, et al. "Characteristics of Natural Background Radiation in the GIG Experimental Mine ‘Barbara’, Poland." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030685.

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Underground locations can be used in various ways for scientific and economic purposes. One of the main factors influencing the safety level in the underground mine workings is natural radioactivity. The article presents research carried out on the natural radioactivity in shallow mine workings at the GIG Experimental Mine ‘Barbara’. The description of the natural radiation includes radon determination in the air, in situ gamma spectrometry, neutron flux measurements, and laboratory measurements of 226,228Ra, 40K, and 234,238U isotopes using gamma and alpha spectrometry techniques. In the measurement chamber at the depth 46 m (122 m w.e.) in the sandstone layer, the photon flux registered at the 7–3150 keV energy range is equal to 17.6 ± 1.9 cm−2s−1, the gamma-ray dose rate is 0.200 ± 0.029 µSv/h, and the thermal neutron flux is equal to (8.6 ± 1.1) × 10−6 cm−2s−1. After closing the measurement chamber and turning off ventilation, a significant ingrowth of 222Rn content was observed, reaching the value of 4040 ± 150 Bq/m3. An increased gamma-ray flux and thermal neutron flux were observed in the investigated location.

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Hou, Linfei, Liang Zhang, and Jongwon Kim. "Energy Modeling and Power Measurement for Mobile Robots." Energies 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010027.

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To improve the energy efficiency of a mobile robot, a novel energy modeling method for mobile robots is proposed in this paper. The robot can calculate and predict energy consumption through the energy model, which provides a guide to facilitate energy-efficient strategies. The energy consumption of the mobile robot is first modeled by considering three major factors: the sensor system, control system, and motion system. The relationship between the three systems is elaborated by formulas. Then, the model is utilized and experimentally tested in a four-wheeled Mecanum mobile robot. Furthermore, the power measurement methods are discussed. The energy consumption of the sensor system and control system was at the milliwatt level, and a Monsoon power monitor was used to accurately measure the electrical power of the systems. The experimental results showed that the proposed energy model can be used to predict the energy consumption of the robot movement processes in addition to being able to efficiently support the analysis of the energy consumption characteristics of mobile robots.

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Kireev, S. G., V. P. Arkhipov, S. G. Shashkovsky, and N. P. Kozlov. "Measurement of Spectral and Energy Characteristics of Pulsed Radiation Sources of Continuous Spectrum." Photonics Russia 68, no. 8 (2017): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22184/1993-7296.2017.68.8.48.56.

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Tsybulenko, N. I. "Analysis of metrological characteristics of specialized digital meter for laser-energy measurement means." Measurement Techniques 28, no. 4 (April 1985): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00862376.

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Raitsin, A. M., and M. V. Ulanovskii. "A Methodology for Correct Measurement of the Spatial-Energy Characteristics of Laser Beams." Measurement Techniques 64, no. 6 (September 2021): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-021-01951-z.

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KAWAGUCHI, Toshio, Hiroshi KIMURA, and Toshihisa WAKASUGI. "Measurement of fluidization characteristics in vinyl acetate synthesis reactor." Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute 29, no. 2 (1986): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi1958.29.168.

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Kim, Hyoung Chan, K. Kim, Y. S. Lee, S. Y. Cho, and H. Nakajima. "Study on the weld characteristics of 316LN by magnetization measurement." Journal of Nuclear Materials 386-388 (April 2009): 650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.12.307.

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Liu, Zhenguo, Ling Zhang, Biao Wu, Ming Jin, Degui Yao, Dianhai Zhang, and Dezhi Chen. "Measurement Analysis and Improvement of Vibroacoustic Characteristics of Amorphous Alloy Transformer." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030949.

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The amorphous alloy transformer has a smaller coercive force and lower specific iron loss. It precedes the conventional silicon steel sheet transformer from the perspective of energy conservation. However, amorphous alloy material has a more significant magnetostriction coefficient, resulting in stronger vibration and acoustic noise. This paper investigates the measurement, analysis, and improvement of vibroacoustic characteristics of one three-phase, four-frame amorphous alloy distribution transformer to reduce environment noise pollution. This study adopts a coupling analysis method of magnetic–force–acoustic multi-physical fields to analyze the vibroacoustic characteristics. It then introduces a novel combination method of magnetic field analysis and an electric circuit to improve the efficiency of magnetic field analysis. This new combination method can greatly reduce the solution time of multiple physical fields through comparison with the traditional field-circuit coupling method. Different from other studies, this paper studies the acoustic and vibration characteristics of an amorphous alloy transformer under both no-load and load conditions. It is found that the load vibration noise of an amorphous transformer is more severe than that of a traditional silicon steel transformer. Accordingly, the study measures the vibroacoustic characteristic with different excitations and load levels under different working conditions to verify the numerical analysis method. Furthermore, according to the analysis results, this paper suggests a few vibration and noise control strategies. In conclusion, the paper deduces an essential basis for exploring strategies of vibration reduction and noise control for amorphous alloy distribution transformers.

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Sang, Pil, Junseok Heo, Hui Park, and Hyoung Baac. "Photoacoustic Energy Sensor for Nanosecond Optical Pulse Measurement." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 11, 2018): 3879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113879.

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We demonstrate a photoacoustic sensor capable of measuring high-energy nanosecond optical pulses in terms of temporal width and energy fluence per pulse. This was achieved by using a hybrid combination of a carbon nanotube-polydimethylsiloxane (CNT-PDMS)-based photoacoustic transmitter (i.e., light-to-sound converter) and a piezoelectric receiver (i.e., sound detector). In this photoacoustic energy sensor (PES), input pulsed optical energy is heavily absorbed by the CNT-PDMS composite film and then efficiently converted into an ultrasonic output. The output ultrasonic pulse is then measured and analyzed to retrieve the input optical characteristics. We quantitatively compared the PES performance with that of a commercial thermal energy meter. Due to the efficient energy transduction and sensing mechanism of the hybrid structure, the minimum-measurable pulsed optical energy was significantly lowered, ~157 nJ/cm2, corresponding to 1/760 of the reference pyroelectric detector. Moreover, despite the limited acoustic frequency bandwidth of the piezoelectric receiver, laser pulse widths over a range of 6–130 ns could be measured with a linear relationship to the ultrasound pulse width of 22–153 ns. As CNT has a wide electromagnetic absorption spectrum, the proposed pulsed sensor system can be extensively applied to high-energy pulse measurement over visible through terahertz spectral ranges.

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Murat Ates, Ali, and Numan Sabit Cetin. "Identifying system characteristics of autonomous wind turbines: Measurement system design." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 5, no. 3 (May 2013): 033136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4811806.

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Zhang, Mei Ling, Chun Lei Liu, Yu Li, and Jia Yi Wu. "Geological Characteristics of Difficult Reservoirs in Logging Interpretation." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.151.

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Logging measurement is the comprehensive reflection of solid particles and liquids in formation. Low energy sedimentary environment with weak water power and high salinity of formation water are the main requirements of low-resistance oil layer development. Whereas part of formation penetrated by hydrocarbon migration, which shows larger bend degrees of conductive tunnels in formation and higher resistivity measurement due to the oxidization of the residual crude oil, forms high-resistance water layer. Because of the complexity of accumulation conditions, these two difficult reservoirs exist in Putaohua reservoir of Weixing oilfield widely. Using geological characteristic parameters, such as, the distance of wells and scale faults, the formation structural location, resistivity measurement, sedimentary microfacies,thickness and porosity conditions, to evaluate oil and water property of the two difficult reservoirs, good results have been obtained.

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Morrison, G. L., and D. Gilliaert. "Unglazed Solar Collector Performance Characteristics." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 114, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930005.

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A modified form of the Hottel-Whillier-Bliss solar collector efficiency function is investigated for unglazed solar collector characterisation. The modified function includes allowance for long-wave sky radiation and wind speed on collector performance. The effect of uncertainties in long-wave radiation and wind speed measurement on the evaluation of the collector efficiency is discussed. The use of four coefficient and three coefficient forms of the modified Hottel-Whillier-Bliss function are considered from the point of view of test data reliability.

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Wang, F., and M. H. J. Bollen. "Frequency-Response Characteristics and Error Estimation in RMS Measurement." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 19, no. 4 (October 2004): 1569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2004.835280.

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Solov’ev, A. P., O. V. Zyuryukina, and M. I. Perchenko. "On the measurement of spatially-resolved energy characteristics of a high-power laser radiation." Technical Physics Letters 26, no. 10 (October 2000): 882–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1321227.

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Jóźwik, Wojciech, and Andrzej Zbrowski. "Determination of the Shot Energy Characteristics of the Pneumatic Gun by Means of High Speed Imaging Method." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.291.

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The article presents the method for the determination of energy characteristics of the pneumatic cannon by means of high speed imaging. The gun tested is a device enabling bird collision endurance tests to be conducted for the structural element of aircrafts. In the tested 250 [m system, the projectiles were thrown in the plastic sabot damaged in the muzzle of the gun. The tests were conducted in the speed ranging between 100 300 m/s for 0.9 and 3.6 [k projectiles. The objective of the tests was to determine the characteristics of the projectile outlet velocity in the feed pressure function. The measurement stand was equipped with the Phantom V310 high speed camera The speed measurement was conducted with the use of the digital image analysis in which commercial TEMA Motion software was used. Results were corrected so that the parallax error could be eliminated. Because of the cylindrical shape of the projectile, the parallax error for the front at the back of the projectile varied, which required two correction coefficients to be applied. The speed was calculated by the averaging of the results for the front and the back of the projectile. For the recordings, in which the remaining of the sabot prevented the accurate arrangement of measurement points, a simplified speed measurement method was used. Measurement uncertainty sources are also described (shift of the projectile at the time of the exposure, measurement point positioning error). The influence of the parallax error on the measurement result and the cannon energy characteristics obtained are presented. The obtained characteristics enable proper selection of feed pressure allowing for the procurement of the outlet velocity suitable for the tests conducted.

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Górecki, Krzysztof, and Krzysztof Posobkiewicz. "Selected Problems of Power MOSFETs Thermal Parameters Measurements." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 11, 2021): 8353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248353.

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In the paper, selected problems that are related to the measurements of thermal parameters of power MOSFETs that are placed on a common heat sink are analysed. The application of the indirect electrical method, the contact method, and the optical method in measuring self and mutual transient thermal impedances of these transistors is presented. The circuits that are required to perform measurements are presented and described. The errors of measurements are assessed for each of the considered methods. In the case of the indirect electrical method, an additional influence of the selection of a thermo-sensitive parameter and the function approximating thermometric characteristics on the measurement error are taken into consideration. The measurement results of the thermal parameters of the investigated transistors that were obtained using the considered measurement methods in various supply conditions are presented and discussed.

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Volín, Jan, Lenka Weingartová, and Radek Skarnitzl. "Spectral Characteristics of Schwa in Czech Accented English." Research in Language 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2013): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-012-0008-6.

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The English central mid lax vowel (i.e., schwa) often contributes considerably to the sound differences between native and non-native speech. Many foreign speakers of English fail to reduce certain underlying vowels to schwa, which, on the suprasegmental level of description, affects the perceived rhythm of their speech. However, the problem of capturing quantitatively the differences between native and non-native schwa poses difficulties that, to this day, have been tackled only partially. We offer a technique of measurement in the acoustic domain that has not been probed properly as yet: the distribution of acoustic energy in the vowel spectrum. Our results show that spectral slope features measured in weak vowels discriminate between Czech and British speakers of English quite reliably. Moreover, the measurements of formant bandwidths turned out to be useful for the same task, albeit less direct.

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Fang, Wen Bo. "Physical Characteristics Analysis of Microencapsulated Phase Change Suspension." Applied Mechanics and Materials 328 (June 2013): 831–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.328.831.

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Microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM) suspension is a novel material which has functions as thermal energy storage medium and heat transfer fluid. Its physical characteristic is complicated so that little work been done on the characteristics of MPCM suspension has been published. So it is helpful for selection of new heat transfer form to analyze the characteristics of MPCM suspension. This paper investigates thermal physical characteristics of the MPCM suspension which comprise thermal properties DSC analysis, viscosity analysis and the suspension property analysis. The viscosity measurement and test analysis of MPCM suspension were also carried out to verify the theoretical analyses.

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Beláň, Anton, Boris Cintula, Matej Cenký, Peter Janiga, Jozef Bendík, Žaneta Eleschová, and Adam Šimurka. "Measurement of Static Frequency Characteristics of Home Appliances in Smart Grid Systems." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 21, 2021): 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061739.

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The current transformation of power systems is aiming towards distributed source integration and general decentralization. Renewable energy sources and support of local energy supply create conditions for widespread use of new technologies and smart grids. As the electrical grids become more electrically independent, the importance of frequency control will rise. Stability of the system in such cases is no longer only relying on rotating inertia of generators as in the centralized grid. This known scenario has already been analyzed by many with computational models for optimal safety precautions of the grid. This paper aims to update the common home appliance frequency characteristics through measurements and compare them to those currently used. These devices were divided into two groups: general categorization and light sources. Subsequently, the frequency sensitivity coefficients were evaluated and analyzed home appliances were sorted into three categories according to the size of their frequency sensitivity coefficient values: positive, negative, and no effect. The results were compared with studies aimed at evaluating the static load characteristics. A simplified simulation of the frequency control, presented in the discussion section, was carried out to determine the consequences of the newly measured characteristics and concludes the paper.

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Gladyshev, A. B., D. D. Dmitriev, V. N. Ratushnyak, A. V. Zhgun, and O. B. Gritsan. "Stand for measuring the directional characteristics of antennas of satellite communication systems." Spacecrafts & Technologies 4, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26732/j.st.2020.4.02.

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The development of network based on satellite communication systems is a promising solution for providing telecommunications services in the Arctic. Therefore, the task of developing and creating earth stations for advanced satellite communication systems that have characteristics significantly higher than their world counterparts is actual. Characteristics of such stations depend on antenna’s systems characteristics that determine the energy characteristics of the communication channel. The aim of this work is a stand developing for measuring directional characteristics of antennas of satellite communication systems based on the spherical scanner (TS8991). Spiral scanning is an alternative measurement method aimed at reducing measurement time with saving necessary accuracy. As a result of this work, the spiral scanning algorithm based on the near-field scanner Rohde & Schwarz TS8991 was implemented. Moreover, the stand for monitoring and configuring the parameters of satellite earth station antennas was built. Block diagram of this stand is presented in article. An antenna with 1,2 m diameter of reflector was tested on the developed stand. The measurement results showed deviations of the measured values from the calculated values, which related by design disadvantages of the antenna. The stand using time was 35 minutes for measurements and conversions to the far field, for an antenna with 1,2 m diameter of reflector.

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Wang, Xuewei, and Jing Wang. "Pseudorandom Dynamic Test Power Signal Modeling and Electrical Energy Compressive Measurement Algorithm." Measurement Science Review 18, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msr-2018-0029.

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Abstract With the rapid construction of smart grid, many applications of the new generation and the large power dynamic loads are revolutionizing the electrical energy measurement of electricity meters. The dynamic measurement errors produced by electricity meters are intolerable. In order to solve the dynamic error measurement of electrical energy, firstly, this paper proposes a three-phase pseudorandom dynamic test power signal model to reflect the main characteristics of dynamic loads. Secondly, a compressive measurement algorithm is proposed by the means of steady-state optimization to accurately measure the electrical energy. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the three-phase pseudorandom dynamic test signal model, the maximum errors of compressive measurement algorithm are superior to 1×10-13, the high precision enables the algorithm to accurately measure the electrical energy under different dynamic conditions.

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Beedie, D., N. Syred, and T. O'Doherty. "Dynamic Characteristics of a Small Fixed-Bed Gasifier Stove." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 210, no. 1 (February 1996): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_006_02.

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This paper describes work directed at characterizing the dynamic behaviour of a small gasifying fixed-bed biomass stove. The system comprises a primary gasification chamber, followed by a multi-stage secondary combustor which can allow for the considerable variation in quantity and calorific value of fuel gas produced by forming a series of flamelets which move along the length of the secondary combustor as a function of the local mixture ratio. The typical cycle time is about 60 minutes and once warmed up the unit is capable of operating with low emissions, providing appropriate guidelines are followed. Correlation of temperature and gas concentration measurements on the unit with velocity and flow visualization measurements on a perspex model of the secondary combustor show that improvements can be made to the flow patterns in the bottom of the secondary combustion chamber by reducing the size and shape of the recirculation zones formed and revising the location of the mid-section secondary air inlet. Control of the system is indicated using a simple measurement of temperature in the secondary combustor to determine appropriate air supply rates.

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Liu, Shu, Qi Li, Dajing Shang, Rui Tang, and Qingming Zhang. "Measurement of Underwater Acoustic Energy Radiated by Single Raindrops." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 11, 2021): 2687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082687.

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Underwater noise produced by rainfall is an important component of underwater ambient noise. For example, the existence of rainfall noise causes strong disturbances to sonar performance. The underwater noise produced by a single raindrop is the basis of rainfall noise. Therefore, it is necessary to study the associated underwater noise when drops strike the water surface. Previous research focused primarily on the sound pressure and frequency spectrum of underwater noise from single raindrops, but the study on its sound energy is insufficient. The purpose of this paper is to propose a method for predicting the acoustic energy generated by raindrops of any diameter. Here, a formula was derived to calculate the underwater sound energy radiated by single raindrops based on a dipole radiation pattern. A series of experiments were conducted to measure the underwater sound energy in a 15 m × 9 m × 6 m reverberation tank filled with tap water. The analysis of the acoustic energy characteristics and conversion efficiency from kinetic to acoustic energy helped develop the model to predict the average underwater sound energy radiated by single raindrops. Using this model, the total underwater sound energy of all raindrops during a rainfall event can be predicted based on the drop size distribution.

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Qu, Zheng Wei, Yan Li, and Wan Ru Hao. "The Study of Harmonic Energy Measurement Based on Atomic Decomposition Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 738-739 (March 2015): 911–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.738-739.911.

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This paper proposes a new method of harmonic energy measurement based on atomic decomposition algorithm. Firstly, the matching pursuits (MP) algorithm is introduced and harmonic atom dictionary is designed according to the characteristics of signals to be analyzed to improve the effect of signal decomposition. Then, the MP algorithm is optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO) to reduce the calculation amount. The simulation results of active harmonic energy in steady and unsteady state demonstrate feasibility and accuracy of the presented method.

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Chassin, P., C. Jounay, and H. Quiquampoix. "Measurement of the surface free energy of calcium-montmorillonite." Clay Minerals 21, no. 5 (December 1986): 899–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1986.021.5.04.

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AbstractThe surface free energy of Ca-montmorillonite has been determined from measurement of the contact angle of water on an oriented deposit immersed in n-alkanes; the oriented deposits were equilibrated at different relative humidities. These experiments provided the polar, γSP, and dispersive, γSD, components of the surface free energy γs. The results indicate that: (1) γs is mainly due to dispersive forces (γSD ≃ 145 mJ.m−2) and, to a lesser degree, polar forces (γSP ≃ 35 mJ.m−2). (2) The value of the apparent surface free energy of the clay, γα, tends towards that measured for water when the solid water content exceeds 50 wt%. (3) The sorption of water molecules substantially modifies the surface free energy of the solid; γs decreases from 180 mJ.m−2 to 60 mJ.m−2 when the water content increases from 0 to 50%. These results agree with other observations made on solids whose surface characteristics are similar to montmorillonite, i.e. micas, silicates and glasses. In addition, variations of γs with water content can be related to the hydration processes of smectites. Finally, these results show that the silicate no longer influences the surface properties when the montmorillonite water content exceeds 60%.

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Kvasnikov, V., A. Perederko, L. Kuzmich, and V. Kotetunov. "Processing of Measurement Results for Mechanical Values by Intellectual Equipment Systems (Uncertainty Conditions)." Metrology and instruments, no. 4 (September 7, 2019): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/2307-2180(4)2019.34-38.

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This article is devoted to the measurement of mechanical quantities. The proposed methods are directed to the mechanical values of the intellectual devices of the system (in conditions of uncertainty). At the present stage of the development of intellectual systems, the issue of creating methods for rapid processing of the obtained results, determining the accuracy of their measurement in real time, in particular in solving management problems and making decisions under uncertainty, remains an issue. The result of the measurement of mechanical quantities, in particular the cost of thermal energy by intelligent instrumentation systems (IPS), is complete, provided that it is accompanied by an estimate of its accuracy [1]. The processing accuracy of the measurement results depends on the type of measurement, the number of experimental data, the accuracy requirements of the measurement, and so on. Only during direct one-time measurements the result of the study may be the result of the measurement (provided that the systematic errors of measurement are not corrected). In other measurements, processing can be done using standardized techniques (eg statistical methods), or require the creation of special algorithms. In general, the processing involves the following steps [2, 3, 4]: preliminary analysis of the results of observations (primary measurements), their systematization of the rejection of obviously false results; Correction of the influence of systematic effects (study of measurement conditions, calculation and amendment); analysis of the effects of random effects, testing hypotheses about their distribution, selection of the best estimates of the required values; evaluation of the accuracy characteristics of a numerical algorithm, its stability; execution of calculations in accordance with the chosen algorithm; analysis of the results; submission of measurement results and characteristics of their accuracy in the appropriate form. Each type of measurement has its own characteristics and therefore the specific content of these operations of processing the results of a particular type of measurement has certain differences. The approaches to processing the results of measurement of mechanical quantities by intelligent instrumental systems, in particular estimating the accuracy of measurements under uncertainty, are substantiated.

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McCaig, Lori, Zhan Shi, Teresa Holbrook Woodrum, Stephen Brewer, and Richard Sacks. "Sampling, Excitation, and Ionization Characteristics of a Planar Magnetron Glow-Discharge Device." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 12 (December 1992): 1762–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924123593.

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Measurements of mass loss during sputtering, atomic emission intensities, and ionization characteristics are described for a coaxial magnetron glow-discharge device. By the use of the magnetic field from a coaxial magnet pair placed behind the cathode, stable plasma operation is achieved for all pressures from 0.0004 Torr (0.05 Pa) to over 2.5 Torr (330 Pa). Mass loss measurement values from pellets of Al, Cu, brass, Zn, and Au located in the region of greatest sputtering show much larger values at pressures which are lower than those usually used with glow-discharge excitation and ionization sources. Emission line ratio measurements at the lower pressures indicate that populations of low-energy electronic states are greater than equilibrium values. This observation suggests that the plasma is dominated by ionization processes rather than by recombination processes. Emission line ratio and mass spectrometric measurements also indicate that ionization is increased at the lower pressures.

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Ortmeyer, T. H., M. S. A. A. Hammam, T. Hiyama, and D. B. Webb. "Measurement of the harmonic characteristics of radial distribution systems." Power Engineering Journal 2, no. 3 (1988): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:19880030.

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Mariazzi, Analisa. "Highest energy particle physics with the Pierre Auger Observatory." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 31 (January 2014): 1460301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514603019.

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Astroparticles offer a new path for research in the field of particle physics, allowing investigations at energies above those accesible with accelerators. Ultra-high energy cosmic rays can be studied via the observation of the showers they generate in the atmosphere. The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays, combining two complementary measurement techniques used by previous experiments, to get the best possible measurements of these air showers. Shower observations enable one to not only estimate the energy, direction and most probable mass of the primary cosmic particles but also to obtain some information about the properties of their hadronic interactions. Results that are most relevant in the context of determining hadronic interaction characteristics at ultra-high energies will be presented.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Measurement of energy characteristics'

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