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Shi, Kuanlong, Jiaxi Zhang, and Jiawen Wang. "Investigation on the Application Value of Infrared Forehead Temperature Gun in Body Temperature Screening of New Crown Epidemic." Modern Electronic Technology 5, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/met.v5i1.6506.
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The outbreak of the novel coronavirus pneumonia has had a great impact on the life safety of our people and social production activities. Therefore, it is very important and meaningful to analyze the application value of infrared forehead thermometers in body temperature screening under the new crown pneumonia epidemic and propose improved measures for body temperature detection. This paper summarizes the questionnaire on the application value of infrared forehead thermometer in body temperature screening and the results of staff interviews, and analyzes the principle of infrared forehead thermometer temperature measurement to explain the factors that affect the accuracy of temperature measurement results. Finally, it is concluded that the reflected radiation of the environment and the temperature measurement distance affect the accuracy of the temperature measurement results of the infrared forehead gun.
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Malawi, Imtinan, Thamer Alsohabani, Mashael Aleidan, Nawa Al shahrani, Adel Karairi, Bandr Mzahim, and Sharafaldeen Bin Nafisah. "Wrist and Forehead Temperature Measurement as Screening Methods During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Medicine, Law & Public Health 1, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52609/jmlph.v1i2.12.
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Background: Temperature screening checkpoints have become widely distributed during the COVID-19 pandemic, using various contactless methods of temperature measurement, including wrist and forehead measurement. Aim: In this study we aim to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of these two temperature measurement methods – wrist and forehead – compared with the standards of sublingual or axillary measurement. We also aim to investigate the influence of age, gender, device brand and diurnal effect on the temperature reading. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups, each group using a different temperature measurement device. All participants had their forehead and wrist temperature measured, and this was compared to their axillary or sublingual readings. Results: The area under the curve for wrist measurement was 0.49 (95% CI 0.34 and 0.64), p>0.05, with a sensitivity of 46.2% and specificity of 53.3%, while the area under the curve for forehead measurement was 0.70 (95% CI 0.51, 0.89), p<0.05, with a sensitivity of 23.1% and specificity of 76.9%, PPV 1.59% and NPV 97.7%. Conclusion: Wrist and forehead temperature measurement is not accurate in detecting fever during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Although forehead measurement is also not an ideal method, it nevertheless appears more consistent than wrist measurement.
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Pavlovic, Momcilo, Nedeljko Radlovic, Zoran Lekovic, and Karolina Berenji. "Comparison of different methods of temperature measurement in children." Medical review 61, no. 11-12 (2008): 615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0812615p.
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Introduction The consequences of failing to notice fever in children can be serious. On the other hand, false positive reading can result in unnecessary investigation or diagnostic approach. The aim of this study was to compare different ways of body temperature measurement. Material and methods This prospective study was carried out on Pediatric Department of General Hospital in Subotica during 10 months (March-December 2006). In 263 children aged 1 month to 18 years of age, the body temperature was obtained from 4 measurement sites: tactile assessment, forehead and ear by electronic thermometer, rectal temperature in small children (up to 2 years of age) or axillar temperature in older children by mercury thermometer. Tympanic thermometry was considered as a standard for fever detection. Results The sensitivity of rectal temperature to detect fever is 46.67%, while specificity is 92.19%. The sensitivity of fever detection by electronic thermometry on the forehead is lower according to rectal thermometry - 36.08%, while specificity is 95.18%. The lowest values of sensitivity are recorded in axillar thermometry (35.82%), specificity is 90.20%. The correlation coefficient is higher between tympanic and rectal temperature measurement (r=0.5076, p<0.0005), than between tympanic and forehead measurements (r=0.5076, p<0,0005), while the lowest was between tympanic and axillar measurement sites (r=0.4933, p<0.0005). Conclusions The results of our study and literature data show that the most accurate methods of thermometry are rectal measurement of body temperature in small children and tympanic thermometry in children over 2 years of age.
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Chen, Hsuan-Yu, Andrew Chen, and Chiachung Chen. "Investigation of the Impact of Infrared Sensors on Core Body Temperature Monitoring by Comparing Measurement Sites." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 19, 2020): 2885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102885.
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Many types of thermometers have been developed to measure body temperature. Infrared thermometers (IRT) are fast, convenient and ease to use. Two types of infrared thermometers are uses to measure body temperature: tympanic and forehead. With the spread of COVID-19 coronavirus, forehead temperature measurement is used widely to screen people for the illness. The performance of this type of device and the criteria for screening are worth studying. This study evaluated the performance of two types of tympanic infrared thermometers and an industrial infrared thermometer. The results showed that these infrared thermometers provide good precision. A fixed offset between tympanic and forehead temperature were found. The measurement values for wrist temperature show significant offsets with the tympanic temperature and cannot be used to screen fevers. The standard operating procedure (SOP) for the measurement of body temperature using an infrared thermometer was proposed. The suggestion threshold for the forehead temperature is 36 °C for screening of fever. The body temperature of a person who is possibly ill is then measured using a tympanic infrared thermometer for the purpose of a double check.
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Brandes, Ivo F., Thorsten Perl, Martin Bauer, and Anselm Bräuer. "Evaluation of a novel noninvasive continuous core temperature measurement system with a zero heat flux sensor using a manikin of the human body." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2014-0063.
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AbstractReliable continuous perioperative core temperature measurement is of major importance. The pulmonary artery catheter is currently the gold standard for measuring core temperature but is invasive and expensive. Using a manikin, we evaluated the new, noninvasive SpotOn™ temperature monitoring system (SOT). With a sensor placed on the lateral forehead, SOT uses zero heat flux technology to noninvasively measure core temperature; and because the forehead is devoid of thermoregulatory arteriovenous shunts, a piece of bone cement served as a model of the frontal bone in this study. Bias, limits of agreements, long-term measurement stability, and the lowest measurable temperature of the device were investigated. Bias and limits of agreement of the temperature data of two SOTs and of the thermistor placed on the manikin’s surface were calculated. Measurements obtained from SOTs were similar to thermistor values. The bias and limits of agreement lay within a predefined clinically acceptable range. Repeat measurements differed only slightly, and stayed stable for hours. Because of its temperature range, the SOT cannot be used to monitor temperatures below 28°C. In conclusion, the new SOT could provide a reliable, less invasive and cheaper alternative for measuring perioperative core temperature in routine clinical practice. Further clinical trials are needed to evaluate these results.
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Schmid, Simone M., Wolfgang Büscher, and Julia Steinhoff-Wagner. "Suitability of Different Thermometers for Measuring Body Core and Skin Temperatures in Suckling Piglets." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041004.
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Monitoring the temperature of piglets after birth is critical to ensure their well-being. Rectal temperature measurement is time-consuming, requires fixation of the animal and is stressful for piglets. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of infrared thermometry and thermography as compared to rectal temperatures. We investigated digital thermometers for rectal measurements, infrared ear thermometers, infrared forehead thermometers, infrared laser thermometers and an infrared camera during field trials with piglets aged 1–13 days. Temperatures differed between the left and right ear and ear base (p < 0.01), but not between temples. Three forehead and laser devices yielded different temperatures (p < 0.01). Temperatures assessed with a laser thermometer decreased with distance from the target (p < 0.01). The highest correlation observed was between the rectal and tympanic temperatures (r = 0.89; p < 0.01). For temperatures assessed with the camera, inner thigh and abdomen correlated most closely to core temperature (0.60 ≤ r ≤ 0.62; p < 0.01). Results indicate that infrared ear thermometry commonly used in humans is also suited for assessing temperature in piglets. The inner thigh and abdomen seem promising locations for estimating core temperature with an infrared camera, but this approach needs to be adapted to reduce time exposure and stress for the piglets to be used under practical conditions.
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Ganio, Matthew S., Christopher M. Brown, Douglas J. Casa, Shannon M. Becker, Susan W. Yeargin, Brendon P. McDermott, Lindsay M. Boots, Paul W. Boyd, Lawrence E. Armstrong, and Carl M. Maresh. "Validity and Reliability of Devices That Assess Body Temperature During Indoor Exercise in the Heat." Journal of Athletic Training 44, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-44.2.124.
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Abstract Context: When assessing exercise hyperthermia outdoors, the validity of certain commonly used body temperature measuring devices has been questioned. A controlled laboratory environment is generally less influenced by environmental factors (eg, ambient temperature, solar radiation, wind) than an outdoor setting. The validity of these temperature measuring devices in a controlled environment may be more acceptable. Objective: To assess the validity and reliability of commonly used temperature devices compared with rectal temperature in individuals exercising in a controlled, high environmental temperature indoor setting and then resting in a cool environment. Design: Time series study. Setting: Laboratory environmental chamber (temperature = 36.4 ± 1.2°C [97.5 ± 2.16°F], relative humidity = 52%) and cool laboratory (temperature = approximately 23.3°C [74.0°F], relative humidity = 40%). Patients or Other Participants: Fifteen males and 10 females. Intervention(s): Rectal, gastrointestinal, forehead, oral, aural, temporal, and axillary temperatures were measured with commonly used temperature devices. Temperature was measured before and 20 minutes after entering the environmental chamber, every 30 minutes during a 90-minute treadmill walk in the heat, and every 20 minutes during a 60-minute rest in mild conditions. Device validity and reliability were assessed with various statistical measures to compare the measurements using each device with rectal temperature. A device was considered invalid if the mean bias (average difference between rectal and device temperatures) was more than ±0.27°C (±0.50°F). Main Outcome Measure(s): Measured temperature from each device (mean and across time). Results: The following devices provided invalid estimates of rectal temperature: forehead sticker (0.29°C [0.52°F]), oral temperature using an inexpensive device (−1.13°C [−2.03°F]), temporal temperature measured according to the instruction manual (−0.87°C [−1.56°F]), temporal temperature using a modified technique (−0.63°C [−1.13°F]), oral temperature using an expensive device (−0.86°C, [−1.55°F]), aural temperature (−0.67°C, [−1.20°F]), axillary temperature using an inexpensive device (−1.25°C, [−2.24°F]), and axillary temperature using an expensive device (−0.94°F [−1.70°F]). Measurement of intestinal temperature (mean bias of −0.02°C [−0.03°F]) was the only device considered valid. Devices measured in succession (intestinal, forehead, temporal, and aural) showed acceptable reliability (all had a mean bias = 0.09°C [0.16°F] and r ≥ 0.94]). Conclusions: Even during laboratory exercise in a controlled environment, devices used to measure forehead, temporal, oral, aural, and axillary body sites did not provide valid estimates of rectal temperature. Only intestinal temperature measurement met the criterion. Therefore, we recommend that rectal or intestinal temperature be used to assess hyperthermia in individuals exercising indoors in the heat.
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Sullivan, Stacey JL, Nathanael Seay, Liang Zhu, Jean E. Rinaldi, Prasanna Hariharan, Oleg Vesnovsky, and LD Timmie Topoleski. "Performance characterization of non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) for forehead temperature measurement." Medical Engineering & Physics 93 (July 2021): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.05.007.
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Liu, Chuan-Chuan, Ray-E. Chang, and Wen-Cheng Chang. "Limitations of Forehead Infrared Body Temperature Detection for Fever Screening for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 25, no. 12 (December 2004): 1109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502351.
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AbstractWe investigated alternative measurement methodology for infrared body thermometry to increase accuracy for outdoor fever screening during the 2003 SARS epidemic. Our results indicate that the auditory meatus temperature is a superior alternative compared with the forehead body surface temperature due to its close approximation to the tympanic temperature.
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Franconi, Ilaria, Carmen La Cerra, Anna Rita Marucci, Cristina Petrucci, and Loreto Lancia. "Digital Axillary and Non-Contact Infrared Thermometers for Children." Clinical Nursing Research 27, no. 2 (November 8, 2016): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1054773816676538.
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Axillary digital thermometers (ADTs) and non-contact (infrared) forehead thermometers (NCIFTs) are commonly used in pediatric settings, where an incorrect body temperature measurement may delay treatments or lead to incorrect diagnoses and therapies. Several studies comparing ADT or NCIFT with other methods have found conflicting results. To investigate whether ADT and NCIFT can be used interchangeably, a comparative observational study was conducted involving 205 children aged 0 to 14 years who were consecutively admitted to the pediatric emergency department. The Bland–Altman plot illustrated agreement between the two methods. A total of 217 pairs of measurements were compared; axillary measurements showed average values significantly higher than forehead measurements (37.52°C and 37.12°C; t = 7.42, p = .000), with a mean difference of 0.41°C between the two methods (range = −1.80 and +2.40). In this setting and population, ADT and NCIFT cannot be used interchangeably.
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Junker, Johan, Carl-Oscar Jonson, and Joakim Henricson. "Standardized Measurement of Capillary Refill Time using Novel Technology." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s167—s168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19003820.
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Introduction:In a patient going into shock, blood is redistributed from the periphery to the central circulation, making an assessment of skin perfusion useful in a prehospital setting. Capillary refill time (CRT) is the time required for a pressure blanched skin site to reperfuse. Currently, CRT is tested by manually applying pressure for 5s to the skin and observing the time before reperfusion. Guidelines state that CRT should be 2-3s in a healthy patient. Shortcomings in this procedure include lack of standardization of pressure, subjective assessment of the time for reperfusion, and not accounting for the patient’s skin temperature.Aim:To develop a standardized objective procedure for testing CRT in the prehospital setting.Method:The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee at Linköping University (M200-07, 2015-99-31). An electro-pneumatic device exerting constant force (9N) over 5s was developed. CRT was measured using the Tissue Viability Imager (Wheelsbridge AB, Sweden) which relies on polarization spectroscopy. To simulate hypothermic conditions, healthy volunteers were subjected to low ambient temperature (8°C). Blood loss was simulated using a custom-built lower body negative pressure (LBNP) chamber. In both scenarios, the CRT test was carried out on three test sites (finger pulp, forehead, and sternum).Results:CRT on the finger pulp and sternum was shown to be increased following the hypothermic conditions, but not on the forehead. Skin temperature on the three sites followed the same pattern, with the forehead being virtually unchanged. Tests performed during LBNP revealed an apparent effect on CRT following the simulated blood loss, with prolonged CRT for all sites tested.Discussion:A successful methodology for objective assessment of CRT was developed, which was validated on healthy volunteers following hypothermia or simulated blood loss. Ongoing work will investigate a combination of hypothermia and blood loss to more accurately simulate the prehospital setting.
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Kim, Heejung, Sunkook Kim, Mingoo Lee, Yumie Rhee, Sungho Lee, Yi-Rang Jeong, Sunju Kang, Muhammad Naqi, and Soyun Hong. "Smart Patch for Skin Temperature: Preliminary Study to Evaluate Psychometrics and Feasibility." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 6, 2021): 1855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051855.
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There is a need for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of biological data to assess health and wellbeing. Currently, many types of smart patches have been developed to continuously monitor body temperature, but few trials have been completed to evaluate psychometrics and feasibility for human subjects in real-life scenarios. The aim of this feasibility study was to evaluate the reliability, validity and usability of a smart patch measuring body temperature in healthy adults. The smart patch consisted of a fully integrated wearable wireless sensor with a multichannel temperature sensor, signal processing integrated circuit, wireless communication feature and a flexible battery. Thirty-five healthy adults were recruited for this test, carried out by wearing the patches on their upper chests for 24 h and checking their body temperature six times a day using infrared forehead thermometers as a gold standard for testing validity. Descriptive statistics, one-sampled and independent t-tests, Pearson’s correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plot were examined for body temperatures between two measures. In addition, multiple linear regression, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and qualitative content analysis were conducted. Among the 35 participants, 29 of them wore the patch for over 19 h (dropout rate: 17.14%). Mean body temperature measured by infrared forehead thermometers and smart patch ranged between 32.53 and 38.2 °C per person and were moderately correlated (r = 0.23–0.43) overall. Based on a Bland-Altman plot, approximately 94% of the measurements were located within one standard deviation (upper limit = 4.52, lower limit = −5.82). Most outliers were identified on the first measurement and were located below the lower limit. It is appropriate to use 37.5 °C in infrared forehead temperature as a cutoff to define febrile conditions. Users’ position while checking and ambient temperature and humidity are not affected to the smart patch body temperature. Overall, the participants showed high usability and satisfaction on the survey. Few participants reported discomfort due to limited daily activity, itchy skin or detaching concerns. In conclusion, epidermal electronic sensor technologies provide a promising method for continuously monitoring individuals’ body temperatures, even in real-life situations. Our study findings show the potential for smart patches to monitoring non-febrile condition in the community.
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Shibasaki, Manabu, Narihiko Kondo, Hirotaka Tominaga, Ken Aoki, Eiichi Hasegawa, Yoshiyuki Idota, and Toshimichi Moriwaki. "Continuous measurement of tympanic temperature with a new infrared method using an optical fiber." Journal of Applied Physiology 85, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 921–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.3.921.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of an infrared tympanic thermometry by using an optical fiber for measuring tympanic temperature (Tty). In the head cooling and facial fanning tests during normothermia, right Tty measured by this method (infrared-Tty) and esophageal temperature (Tes) were not affected by decreased temple and forehead skin temperatures, suggesting that the infrared sensor in this system measured the infrared radiation from the tympanic membrane selectively. Eight male subjects took part in passive-heat-stress and progressive-exercise tests. No significant differences among infrared-Tty, the left Tty measured by thermistor (contact-Tty), and Tes were observed at rest or at the end of each experiment, and there was no significant difference in the increase in these core temperatures from rest to the end. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the core temperature threshold at the onset of sweating and slope (the relationship of sweating rate vs. infrared-Tty and vs. contact-Tty). These results suggest that this method makes it possible to measure Tty accurately, continuously, and more safely.
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Or, Calvin K. L., and Vincent G. Duffy. "Development of a facial skin temperature-based methodology for non-intrusive mental workload measurement." Occupational Ergonomics 7, no. 2 (July 26, 2007): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/oer-2007-7202.
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The research aimed at developing a non-intrusive physiological measure for mental workload using human facial skin temperature change. It demonstrated initial results in two driving experiments that showed the potential of using this physiological parameter to infer mental workload. Participants completed driving tests in a simulator in the first experiment. Results of simulator and real vehicle testing were used in a second experiment. Forehead and nose temperature were obtained via thermography. Nose temperature dropped significantly after the drives for all conditions in the simulator tests. A secondary task during driving led to higher subjective workload score and a greater nose temperature drop. Simulator drives led to a higher subjective workload score and a greater nose temperature drop than the real driving task. A significant correlation between the nose skin temperature change and the subjective workload score was yielded in both experiments. Potential applications of this research include real-time, non-intrusive, and automated mental workload assessment for advanced human-system interface development and performance prediction.
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White, Matthew D., and Igor B. Mekjavić. "Comparison of core threshold temperatures for forehead sweating based on esophageal and rectal temperatures." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-084.
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A protocol incorporating successive hot and cold water immersions, causing respective warming and cooling of the body, has been used to determine the core threshold for sweating. Disparate results have been reported for the core threshold of sweating, and these have been attributed to the possible existence of core temperature gradients during such a protocol. Spatial and temporal core temperature (Tc, °C) gradients during dynamic changes in body temperature may give rise to different values of core temperature thresholds for sweating, depending on the Tc measurement site. In addition, during such an immersion protocol skin temperature transients may influence expression of thresholds using esophageal temperature (Tes). With these considerations, the effects of Tc gradients and skin temperature on Tc thresholds for sweating were examined. Subjects (n = 22) were immersed to the neck in 40 °C water until Tes reached 38.5 °C (phase 1), followed immediately by cooling in 30.6 °C water until extinction of sweating was observed (phase 2). Cooling was continued in the latter bath after the sweating extinction until total immersed time reached 50 min or until shivering was initiated (phase 3). During the trials continuous assessment was made of rectal temperature (Tre) and Tes, mean unweighted skin temperature (Tsk, °C), forehead sweating rate ([Formula: see text], g∙m−2∙min−1) oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text], L∙min−1), and surface heat flux ([Formula: see text], W∙min−2). With the current protocol it appeared inappropriate to determine the Tc thresholds for onset of sweating, as sweating was initiated prior to any significant displacement of Tc, but was most likely influenced by Tsk and its rate of change. During the transfer to the 30.6 °C bath Tes followed a similar profile and rate of response as Tsk, suggesting it was affected by transient Tsk changes, whereas the rate of Tre response was significantly different than rates of skin and esophageal temperatures. Significantly different rates of Tes and Tre gave Tc gradients during such a protocol and it is concluded that this may confound determination of Tc thresholds using such a protocol.Key words: temperature regulation, hypothermia, hyperthermia, water immersion.
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Bakhsheshi, Mohammad Fazel, Marjorie Ho, Lynn Keenliside, and Ting-Yim Lee. "Non-invasive Monitoring of Brain Temperature during Rapid Selective Brain Cooling by Zero-Heat-Flux Thermometry." Emerging Science Journal 3, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2019-01163.
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Introduction: Selective brain cooling can minimize systemic complications associated with whole body cooling but maximize neuroprotection. Recently, we developed a non-invasive, portable and inexpensive system for selectively cooling the brain rapidly and demonstrated its safety and efficacy in porcine models. However, the widespread application of this technique in the clinical setting requires a reliable, non-invasive and accurate method for measuring local brain temperature so that cooling and rewarming rates can be controlled during targeted temperature management. In this study, we evaluate the ability of a zero-heat-flux SpotOn sensor, mounted on three different locations, to measure brain temperature during selective brain cooling in a pig model. Computed Tomography (CT) was used to determine the position of the SpotOn patches relative to the brain at different placement locations.Methods and Results: Experiments were conducted on two juvenile pigs. Body temperature was measured using a rectal temperature probe while brain temperature with an intraparenchymal thermocouple probe. A SpotOn patch was taped to the pig’s head at three different locations: 1-2 cm posterior (Location #1, n=1), central forehead (Location #2, n=1); and 1-2 cm anterior and lateral to the bregma i.e., above the eye on the forehead (Location #3, n=1). This cooling system was able to rapidly cool the brain temperature to 33.7 ± 0.2°C within 15 minutes, and maintain the brain temperature within 33-34°C for 4-6 hours before slowly rewarming to 34.8 ± 1.1°C from 33.7 ± 0.2°C, while maintaining the core body temperature (as per rectal temperature probe) above 36°C. We measured a mean bias of -1.1°C, -0.2°C and 0.7°C during rapid cooling in induction phase, maintenance and rewarming phase, respectively. Amongst the three locations, location #2 had the highest correlation (R2 = 0.8) between the SpotOn sensor and the thermocouple probe.Conclusions: This SBC method is able to tightly control the rewarming rate within 0.52 ± 0.20°C/h. The SpotOn sensor placed on the center of the forehead provides a good measurement of brain temperature in comparison to the invasive needle probe.
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Bultas, Margaret W., and Amy Wehr. "What Is “Hot” and What Is Not: Thermometers and Fever Control." NASN School Nurse 36, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1942602x20986134.
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The purpose of this article is to review and help identify the advantages and disadvantages of different types of thermometers available for use and to provide guidance on fever education for the otherwise healthy child in the community and school health population. The measurement of body temperature is an essential part of standard medical care that monitors patient status, response to treatment, and helps gauge the severity and progression of disease. There are multiple types of thermometers on the market and each has advantages and disadvantages related to infection control measures, cost, and ease of use. Digital thermometers provide quick accurate results and are cost-effective. However, noncontact forehead, tympanic, or temporal scanner may be a better option for some populations of students. The noncontact forehead scanner may be a better choice when large numbers of students need to be screened. After fever has been identified, parent education should be provided, including when to seek further care and comfort measures such as safe, effective antipyretic usage.
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Sun, Pi-Chang, Shyh-Hua Eric Jao, and Cheng-Kung Cheng. "Assessing Foot Temperature Using Infrared Thermography." Foot & Ankle International 26, no. 10 (October 2005): 847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110070502601010.
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Background: Previous reports recommended using skin temperature as a guide to monitor neuropathic feet during their rehabilitation course. However, the diagnostic usefulness was limited because of poor thermal measurement and procedures. The purpose of this study was to propose a standardized protocol to quantify foot temperature. Methods: An infrared image system was used to measure skin temperature. The first experiment was conducted on 16 healthy volunteers to study temperature variation with respect to time. This study mapped out six subregions of anatomic interest over the sole, and average temperature values for each were studied. The second experiment was conducted on 62 diabetic patients, with and without sympathetic skin response (SSR), to study proposed sole temperature normalization with respect to forehead temperature for clinical diagnosis. Results: In the first experiment, the temperature in each plantar subregion varied as a function of time. In the sole area, the highest temperature was noted in the arch region (29.3 ± 0.9 degrees C). The toes had the lowest temperature value (26.2 ± 1.2 degrees C) in all areas. Equilibrium was reached after 15 minutes for the mean plantar temperature (27.8 ± 1.0 degrees C). In the second experiment, the diabetic patients without SSR had a slightly higher mean plantar temperature (27.6 ± 1.8 degrees C) than those with SSR (26.8 ± 2.2 degrees C), but the difference was not statistically significant ( p > 0.05). The SSR-absent group (0.19) and the SSR-present group (0.24) had significant differences in their normalized temperatures as proposed ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: The mean temperature of the entire plantar area was found to be more stable than the individual subregions, serving as a more practical indicator for thermoregulatory functions. The study also found that the overall mean plantar temperature stabilized after 15 minutes, and, thus, this time was recommended for clinical thermographic measurements. The normalized temperature may have more useful application than the plantar absolute temperature, as exemplified by the better correlation in diabetic feet. The mean plantar temperature, the wait time to start measurement, and the proposed normalization are believed to play important roles in neuropathic foot disorders.
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Helmy Yudhistira Putra and Utomo Budiyanto. "Rancang Bangun Pengukur Suhu Tubuh Dengan Multi Sensor Untuk Mencegah Penyebaran Covid-19." Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) 5, no. 3 (June 26, 2021): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29207/resti.v5i3.2931.
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During the COVID-19 pandemic, the price of preventive equipment such as masks and hand sanitizers has increased significantly. Likewise, thermometers are experiencing an increase and scarcity, this tool is also sought after by many companies for screening employees and guests before entering the building to detect body temperatures that are suspected of being positive for COVID-19. The use of a thermometer operated by humans is very risky because dealing directly with people who could be ODP (People Under Monitoring/Suscpected ) or even positive for COVID-19, therefore we need tools for automatic body temperature screening and do not involve humans for the examination. This research uses the MLX-90614 body temperature sensor equipped with an ultrasonic support sensor to detect movement and measure the distance between the forehead and the temperature sensor so that the body heat measurement works optimally, and a 16x2 LCD to display the temperature measurement results. If the measured body temperature is more than 37.5 ° C degrees Celsius then the buzzer will turn on and the selenoid door lock will not open and will send a notification to the Telegram messaging application. The final result obtained is the formation of a prototype device for measuring body temperature automatically without the need to involve humans in measuring body temperature to control people who want to enter the building so as to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission
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Lin, Wei-Ling, Chun-Hung Hsieh, Tung-Shou Chen, Jeanne Chen, Jian-Le Lee, and Wei-Chung Chen. "Apply IOT technology to practice a pandemic prevention body temperature measurement system: A case study of response measures for COVID-19." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 17, no. 5 (May 2021): 155014772110181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15501477211018126.
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Today, the most serious threat to global health is the continuous outbreak of respiratory diseases, which is called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought severe challenges to public health and has attracted great attention from the research and medical communities. Most patients infected with COVID-19 will have fever. Therefore, the monitoring of body temperature has become one of the most important basis for pandemic prevention and testing. Among them, the measurement of body temperature is the most direct through the Forehead Thermometer, but the measurement speed is relatively slow. The cost of fast-checking body temperature measurement equipment, such as infrared body temperature detection and face recognition temperature machine, is too high, and it is difficult to build Disease Surveillance System (DSS). To solve the above-mentioned problems, the Intelligent pandemic prevention Temperature Measurement System (ITMS) and Pandemic Prevention situation Analysis System (PPAS) are proposed in this study. ITMS is used to detect body temperature. However, PPAS uses big data analysis techniques to prevent pandemics. In this study, the campus field is used as an example, in which ITMS and PPAS are used. In the research, Proof of Concept (PoC), Proof of Service (PoS), and Proof of Business (PoB) were carried out for the use of ITMS and PPAS in the campus area. From the verification, it can be seen that ITMS and PPAS can be successfully used in campus fields and are widely recognized by users. Through the verification of this research, it can be determined that ITMS and PPAS are indeed feasible and capable of dissemination. The ITMS and PPAS are expected to give full play to their functions during the spread of pandemics. All in all, the results of this research will provide a wide range of applied thinking for people who are committed to the development of science and technology.
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Zheng, Guozhong, Ke Li, Wentao Bu, and Yajing Wang. "The Effects of Indoor High Temperature on Circadian Rhythms of Human Work Efficiency." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (March 2, 2019): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050759.
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Indoor non-air-conditioned environments widely exist in the summer high temperature weather. The work efficiency of the people who stay indoors for a long time is seriously affected by the indoor high temperature. In this paper, the changes of the circadian rhythms of work efficiency in indoor high temperature environments were studied. Ten healthy subjects (five males and five females) were selected in the experiments randomly. In each experiment day, the maximum hourly outdoor temperature was selected as 28 °C, 32 °C, 36 °C, and 38 °C, respectively, to determine the experiment conditions. In each experiment condition, subjects’ response time, accuracy rate, grip strength, work willingness, and physiological parameters were monitored for 24 consecutive hours. Meanwhile, the hourly outdoor temperatures of the experiment day were accessed from the weather report during the experiment. Then the cosinor method and statistical method were adopted. The results indicated that the response time, grip strength, and work willingness followed circadian rhythms. However, the accuracy rates of the Stroop color-word test (SCWT) and numeral inspection task (NIT) did not show an obvious circadian rhythm. The effects of high temperature on the circadian rhythms of grip strength and work willingness were mainly reflected in the decreases of the median and amplitude. The effects on the response time were mainly reflected in the decrease of the median. In addition, forehead temperature showed a significant negative correlation to response time, and it could be considered as a predictor to assess the level of work efficiency. This study gives an alternative method to replace direct measurement of the ability indices at work site and provides basic data of 24 consecutive hours, for showing changes in human work efficiency. It could be helpful to predict the low performance in advance to reduce occupational accidents.
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Zakharieva, N., and A. Alhakim. "AGE-RELATED FEATURES OF MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATUS AND TEMPERATURE HOMEOSTASIS IN HIGHLY SKILLED FOOTBALL PLAYERS." Human. Sport. Medicine 19, no. 1 (May 28, 2019): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/hsm190119.
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Aim. The article deals with establishing the features of morphofunctional characteristics and temperature balance in highly skilled football players aged 17–21. Materials and methods. Within the framework of the study, the following methods have been used: questioning; anthropometry; dynamometry; spirometry; echocardiography; electrocardiography at rest and before physical activities; functional measurements and tests; assessment of the thermal status. 18 football players participated in the study (the team from the Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism). Results. We revealed significant age-related differences in the integral indicator of the life index. At the first stage of maturity, we registered an increase of the life index, which indicates the improvement of the functional reserves of the respiratory system under regular physical loads connected with playing football. We studied the indicators of physical performance and aerobic capacities in the football players of different age groups. We revealed age-related differences in physical performance during a two-stage PWC170 test with a submaximal physical load of 70–80 % of VO2 max. We also revealed age-related differences in the indicators of external respiration in highly skilled football players. The assessment of the thermal status was conducted with temperature measurement in 5 areas: the forehead, chest, abdomen, thigh, and back (CorTemp® body temperature recorder). The most pronounced differences in temperature were registered in athletes with various results in the PWC170 test. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate an adaptive increase of average-weighted skin temperature during the first load and active involvement of such a mechanism of heat loss like sweat evaporation during the second load. Two types of temperature curves are distinguished in accordance with temperature changes: the inert type and plastic type. The plastic type is characterized by a decrease of average skin temperature below the temperature at rest after a pause before the second load. The inert type is characterized by a smooth increase in skin temperature during the first load. A further increase was two times lower than that of the first load.
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Faridah, Faridah, Memory Motivanisman Waruwu, Titis Wijayanto, Rachmawan Budiarto, Raditya Cahya Pratama, Septian Eka Prayogi, Nur Muna Nadiya, and Ressy Jaya Yanti. "Feasibility study to detect occupant thermal sensation using a low-cost thermal camera for indoor environments in Indonesia." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 42, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 389–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624421994015.
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This paper concerns the feasibility study of 7 classes of thermal sensation detection in Indonesia's indoor environment using a low-cost thermal camera through face skin temperature. This study is required as an initial step to build a thermal comfort sensor system of HVAC control systems to produce a comfortable indoor environment with minimum and efficient energy use. The feasibility study was started by studying the thermoregulation system of respondents in Indonesia through measuring their body and facial skin temperatures under heating and cooling conditions, including their relationship with thermal sensations. The facial skin temperature variable, which is covered by four measurement points, namely forehead, nose, cheeks, and chin, represents the MST variable by the coefficient of determination of 0.54. The thermal sensation detection algorithm based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is 35.7% of accuracy. The thermal sensation questionnaire with 7 class categories is unsuitable for Indonesian respondents, and the number of the category classes predicted too much compared to the number of inputs. The detection algorithm has better accuracy with a smaller number of classes, namely 52.2% and 68.70% for the 5 and 3 classes of thermal sensation. Practical application: The air conditioning buildings system is possible to influence a thermal environmental control system to meet the occupants' thermal comfort level requirement in an indoor environment if the system is equipped with a sensor that can detect the occupants' thermal sensations. The thermal camera can be used as a non-contact sensor, detecting the occupant’s thermal sensation by reading the occupant's face skin temperature in an indoor environment.
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Bolton, Sarah, Elizabeth Latimer, and Daniel Clark. "Temporal artery and non-contact infra-red thermometers: is there sufficient evidence to support their use in secondary care?" Global Clinical Engineering Journal 2, no. 2 (February 9, 2020): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31354/globalce.v2i2.67.
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Abstract
Background and Objective
Accurate measurement of body temperature is a key part of patient observations and can influence important decisions regarding tests, diagnosis and treatment. For routine measurements in hospitals, non-invasive thermometers such as tympanic infra-red ear thermometers are very widely used even though non-invasive thermometers are not as accurate as core thermometry. However, there are known issues regarding the accuracy of these thermometers due to user errors including dirty probe covers and not straightening the ear canal. We were therefore keen to understand if there was evidence to support the use of alternative non-tympanic, non-invasive thermometer that could be easily and widely deployed across Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust.
Material and Methods
A search of the published literature via the NICE HDAS was undertaken to identify the evidence on the use of temporal artery (TAT) or non-contact infra-red forehead (NCIT) thermometers compared to a core body temperature thermometer in a clinical setting. The relevant literature was identified, appraised and summarised.
Results
15 papers described the use of TAT but only 5 reported results that were considered within clinically acceptable limits of which 2 included febrile patients. Nine of the 10 studies where TAT was considered not to be within acceptable limits included febrile patients. For the NCIT, 3 studies were identified but only 1 reported results within acceptable limits and this did not include febrile patients.
Conclusion
A review of the literature for both TAT and NCIT has indicated that neither is currently suitable as a replacement for tympanic IR ear thermometers in clinical practice. In particular, the evidence suggests that they are not acceptable methods for detecting temperatures outside the normothermic range and do not detect fever accurately. In addition, the potential for user error with TAT is considered unacceptable.
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Shi, Patricia A., Olugbenga Olowokure, and Crystal Miller. "Utility of Basal Laser Doppler Fluxmetry to Assess Resolution of Acute Vaso-Occlusive Episodes In Sickle Cell Disease." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 4809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.4809.4809.
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Abstract Abstract 4809 Currently in the field of sickle cell research there are no widely accepted and easily measured means of assessing resolution of a vaso-occlusive episode other than a patient's pain rating, amount of narcotic usage, or length of hospital stay. An easily applicable method of blood flow measurement would therefore be extremely useful. Laser-Doppler fluxmetry is a non-invasive technology that uses the frequency shift of laser light striking moving blood cells for the determination of blood flow. In previous studies in sickle cell patients using this technology, patient-discomforting provocations such as response to transient ischemia, heating, or cold stimulus have been required to show a difference between sickle cell patients and controls, due to large intra-patient variability seen in basal steady-state readings (Bachir D et al, Microvasc Res 1993). However, this variability may be due to long time intervals (2-3 weeks in previous studies) between basal measurements with no confirmation that measurements were repeated in precisely the same anatomic location. Spatial precision is important since blood flow can differ between areas only 1 cm apart (Rodgers GP et al, N Engl J Med 1984). No study, to our knowledge, has yet used successive laser Doppler measurements, basal or provocative, within a hospitalization for a vaso-occlusive episode in order to correlate with its resolution. In this study, laser Doppler measurements (Periflux Model PF3 or PF5000, Perimed, Stockholm, Sweden) of the skin of the forehead and medial calf were assessed approximately every 8 hours from early in admission until hospital discharge in 8 subjects (6 females, 2 males) with SS or S ßthalassemia ranging in age from 10–35 (average 24, median 24) years enrolled in a Phase I clinical trial assessing intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of acute vaso-occlusive episodes. Patients were normotensive, non-smoking, had no history of cardiovascular disease, no recent caffeine exposure, and no history of leg ulcers. The medial calf was chosen as a measurement site due to its clinical relevance in regard to leg ulcers and relative hairlessness. The forehead was chosen as a site due to report in the literature (in normal volunteers) of a relatively low (compared to other body sites) intra-individual coefficient of variation of 20% (Sundberg S, Scan J Clin Lab Invest 1984). Measurements over the length of the hospital stay were repeated in the precise same area (using a skin marker), with the subject in the supine position, using a 780 nm wavelength, 0.25 mm fiber separation, 1-cm diameter probe programmed to 34°C (to control for the inability to regulate room temperature in the standard inpatient units). Averaging absolute perfusion or blood cell velocity measurements from all evaluable subjects at each time point (number of measurements evaluable at each time point differed according to the number of patients still hospitalized at that time point), there was no linear trend of improvement in blood flow over time in either body location. When averaging percentage (%) change between two consecutive measurements from all evaluable subjects at each time point, there was also no linear trend in blood flow improvement over time. However, when averaging within each subject the % change between consecutive measurements for the length of that subject's hospital stay, all patients showed a positive % change in blood flow in both body locations. In the medial calf, the average and median improvement was 20% and 11% (range 5–52%). In the forehead, the average and median improvement was 37% and 18% (range 1–194%). We conclude that, despite efforts to mitigate possible circadian (Houben AJ et al, Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1994) and disease-related intra-individual patient variability, it is unlikely that basal laser Doppler flow measurements will be useful for real-time assessment of resolution of acute pain episodes. However, as all subjects showed an average % improvement in blood flow over the length of their hospital stay, basal laser Doppler measurements may still be useful as a research tool to compare the degree of blood flow improvement in a treatment versus control group for acute vaso-occlusive episodes. Its main potential advantage over pain ratings is greater objectivity; over narcotic usage greater independence from operator/provider bias; and over length of hospital stay greater resolution. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Polanco, Nicole, Sharon Odametey, Neda Derakhshani, Mark Khachaturian, Connor Devoe, Kamal Jethwani, and Sujay Kakarmath. "Evaluating the Accuracy of an Integrated Vital Sign Measurement Wellness Device." Iproceedings 5, no. 1 (October 2, 2019): e15203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15203.
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Background Wellness devices for health tracking have gained popularity in recent years. Additionally, portable and readily accessible wellness devices have several advantages when compared to traditional medical devices found in clinical environments. Building tools for patients to manage their health independently may benefit their health in the long run by improving health care providers’ (HCPs) awareness of their patients’ health information outside of the clinic. Increased access to portable wellness devices that track vital signs may increase how patients and HCPs track and monitor chronic conditions which can improve health outcomes. The VitalWellness is a portable wellness device that can potentially aid vital sign measuring for those interested in tracking their health. Objective In this diagnostic accuracy study, we evaluated the clinical performance of the VitalWellness, a wireless, compact, non-invasive device that measures four vital signs using the index finger and forehead against reference vital signs devices used in the hospital setting. Methods Volunteers age ≥18 years were enrolled to provide blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and body temperature. We recruited volunteers with vital signs that fell within and outside of the normal physiological range, depending on the measurements they consented to undergo. A subgroup of eligible volunteers were asked to undergo an exercise test, aerobic step test and/or a paced breathing test to analyze the VitalWellness device's performance on vital signs outside of the normal physiological ranges for HR and RR. Vital signs measurements were collected with the VitalWellness device and FDA-approved reference devices. Mean, standard deviation, mean difference, standard deviation of difference, standard error of mean difference, and correlation coefficients were calculated for measurements collected; these measurements were plotted on a scatter plot and a Bland-Altman plot. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the performance of the VitalWellness device by gender, skin color, finger size, and in the presence of artifacts. Results We enrolled 265 volunteers in the study and 2 withdrew before study completion. The majority of volunteers were female (62%), predominately white (63%), graduated from college or post college (67%), and employed (59%). There was a moderately strong linear relationship between VitalWellness BP and reference BP (r=0.7, P<.05) and bewteen VitalWellness RR and reference RR measurements (r=0.7, P<.05). The VitalWellness HR readings were significantly in line with the reference HR readings (r=0.9, P<.05). There was a weaker linear relationship between VitalWellness temperature and reference temperature (r=0.3, P<.05). There were no differences in performance of the VitalWellness device by gender, skin color or in the presence of artifacts. Finger size was associated with differential performance for RR. Conclusions Overall, the VitalWellness device performed well in taking BP, HR and RR when compared to FDA-approved reference devices and has potential serve as a wellness device. To test adaptability and acceptability, future research may evaluate user’s interactions and experiences with the VitalWellness device at home. In addition, the next phase of the study will evaluate transmitting vital sign information from the VitalWellness device to an online secured database where information can be shared with HCPs within seconds of measurement.
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Polanco, Nicole, Sharon Odametey, Neda Derakhshani, Mark Khachaturian, Connor Devoe, Kamal Jethwani, and Sujay Kakarmath. "Evaluating the Accuracy of the VitalWellness Device." Iproceedings 5, no. 1 (October 2, 2019): e16250. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/16250.
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Background Wellness devices for health tracking have gained popularity in recent years. Additionally, portable and readily accessible wellness devices have several advantages when compared to traditional medical devices found in clinical environments The VitalWellness device is a portable wellness device that can potentially aide vital sign measuring for those interested in tracking their health. Objective In this diagnostic accuracy study, we evaluated the performance of the VitalWellness device, a wireless, compact, non-invasive device that measures four vital signs (blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and body temperature using the index finger and forehead. Methods Volunteers age ≥18 years were enrolled to provide blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and body temperature. We recruited participants with vital signs that fell within and outside of the normal physiological range. A sub-group of eligible participants were asked to undergo an exercise test, aerobic step test and/or a paced breathing test to analyze the VitalWellness device’s performance on vital signs outside of the normal physiological ranges for HR and RR. Vital signs measurements were collected with the VitalWellness device and FDA-approved reference devices. Mean, standard deviation, mean difference, standard deviation of difference, standard error of mean difference, and correlation coefficients were calculated for measurements collected; these measurements were plotted on a scatter plot and a Bland-Altman plot. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the performance of the VitalWellness device by gender, skin color, finger size, and in the presence of artifacts. Results 265 volunteers enrolled in the study and 2 withdrew before study completion. Majority of the volunteers were female (62%), predominately white (63%), graduated from college or post college (67%), and employed (59%). There was a moderately strong linear relationship between VitalWellness BP and reference BP (r=0.7, P<.05) and VitalWellness RR and reference RR measurements (r=0.7, P<.05). The VitalWellness HR readings were significantly in line with the reference HR readings (r=0.9, P<.05). There was a weaker linear relationship between VitalWellness temperature and reference temperature (r=0.3, P<.05). There were no differences in performance of the VitalWellness device by gender, skin color or in the presence of artifacts. Finger size was associated with differential performance for RR. Conclusions Overall, the VitalWellness device performed well in taking BP, HR, and RR when compared to FDA-approved reference devices and has potential serve as a wellness device. To test adaptability and acceptability, future research may evaluate user’s interactions and experiences with the VitalWellness device at home. In addition, the next phase of the study will evaluate transmitting vital sign information from the VitalWellness device to an online secured database where information can be shared with HCPs within seconds of measurement.
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Silvah, José Henrique, Cristiane Maria Mártires de Lima, Maria do Rosário Del Lama de Unamuno, Marco Antônio Alves Schetino, Luana Pereira Leite Schetino, Priscila Giácomo Fassini, Camila Fernanda Costa e. Cunha Moraes Brandão, Anibal Basile-Filho, Selma Freire Carvalho da Cunha, and Julio Sergio Marchini. "Body surface infrared thermometry in patients with central venous cateter-related infections." Einstein (São Paulo) 13, no. 3 (September 2015): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082015ao3397.
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Objective To evaluate if body surface temperature close to the central venous catheter insertion area is different when patients develop catheter-related bloodstream infections.Methods Observational cross-sectional study. Using a non-contact infrared thermometer, 3 consecutive measurements of body surface temperature were collected from 39 patients with central venous catheter on the following sites: nearby the catheter insertion area or totally implantable catheter reservoir, the equivalent contralateral region (without catheter), and forehead of the same subject.Results A total of 323 observations were collected. Respectively, both in male and female patients, disregarding the occurrence of infection, the mean temperature on the catheter area minus that on the contralateral region (mean ± standard deviation: -0.3±0.6°C versus-0.2±0.5ºC; p=0.36), and the mean temperature on the catheter area minus that on the forehead (mean ± standard deviation: -0.2±0.5°C versus-0.1±0.5ºC; p=0.3) resulted in negative values. Moreover, in infected patients, higher values were obtained on the catheter area (95%CI: 36.6-37.5ºC versus 36.3-36.5ºC; p<0.01) and by temperature subtractions: catheter area minus contralateral region (95%CI: -0.17 - +0.33ºC versus -0.33 - -0.20ºC; p=0.02) and catheter area minus forehead (95%CI: -0.02 - +0.55ºC versus-0.22 - -0.10ºC; p<0.01).Conclusion Using a non-contact infrared thermometer, patients with catheter-related bloodstream infections had higher temperature values both around catheter insertion area and in the subtraction of the temperatures on the contralateral and forehead regions from those on the catheter area.
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Nejad, Jalil Ghassemi, Bae-Hun Lee, Ji-Yung Kim, Befekadu Chemere, Si-Chul Kim, Byong-Wan Kim, Kyu-Hyun Park, and Kyung-Il Sung. "Body Temperature Responses and Hair Cortisol Levels in Dairy Holstein Cows Fed High- and Low-Forage Diet and Under Water Deprivation During Thermal-Humidity Exposure." Annals of Animal Science 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2018-0042.
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AbstractBody temperature responses and hair cortisol levels in dairy Holstein cows fed high- and low-forage diet and under water deprivation during thermal-humidity exposure (THE) were evaluated. Two experiments (Exps.) were conducted between July and September 2012 and 2013 for 64 d and 74 d, respectively. First, twenty dairy Holstein cows (90±30 DIM; 37.2±1.7 l milk/d, 620±75 kg BW) were used. The practical forage:concentrate (F:C) ratios in the low forage (LF) and high forage (HF) group were 44:56 and 56:44, respectively, while they were designed to be 40:60 and 60:40. Second, thirty dairy cows (53.5±30.4 DIM; 41.7±1.5 l milk/d,650±53 kg BW) were allotted into two groups of free access to water (FAW) and 2 h water deprivation (2hWD) following feeding. The animals were subjected to having the hair cut (1 to 2 g) from their foreheads at the same time (12:00 h) twice at the beginning (prior to the beginning of heat stress) and the end of the experiment when the cows were under THE. Hair cortisol levels (initial hair cut as the baseline and re-grown hair) were measured using ELISA method. Body temperature (BT) was measured twice daily at 7 body points of cows including rectum, vagina, hip, udder, rumen-side (flank), ear, and forehead using non-contact forehead infrared thermometer (infrared gun having two modes: inner and skin) on the 7 d of the beginning and the last 7 d of the experiment at 1000 and 1400 h. Statistical analyses were carried out using the MIXED model of SAS as repeated measurements. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variations for hair cortisol measurements were 3.15 and 10.05, respectively. Hair cortisol (HC) levels were not different within the two groups in both Exps. (P>0.05); however, HC level was lower (P<0.0001) prior to temperature-humidity exposure (THE). Results of Exp. 1 showed that vagina inner temperature was higher (P=0.041) and rectal temperature tended to be higher (P=0.083) in the HF compared to the LF group. The inner ear temperature was lower and ear skin temperature was higher (P=0.032) in the HF compared to the LF group. Forehead inner temperature was higher (P=0.048) in the LF group than in the HF group while forehead skin temperature was lower in the HF group (P=0.041). No differences were observed in the hip, udder and rumen-side (flank) temperature (both in body and skin) between the HF and LF group (P=0.012). In Exp. 2, no temperature differences were observed at all of the body points, inner and skin, between the two groups (P>0.05). However, the skin temperature in the 2hWD groups tended to be higher than in the FAW group (P=0.093). Conclusions drawn indicate the beneficial use of measuring BT at different body points of the cow in addition to RT under THE.
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Ikeda, Takehiko, Daniel I. Sessler, Danielle Marder, and Junyu Xiong. "Influence of Thermoregulatory Vasomotion and Ambient Temperature Variation on the Accuracy of Core-temperature Estimates by Cutaneous Liquid-crystal Thermometers." Anesthesiology 86, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199703000-00012.
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Background Recently, liquid crystal skin-surface thermometers have become popular for intraoperative temperature monitoring. Three situations during which cutaneous liquid-crystal thermometry may poorly estimate core temperature were monitored: (1) anesthetic induction with consequent core-to-peripheral redistribution of body heat, (2) thermoregulatory vasomotion associated with sweating (precapillary dilation) and shivering (minimal capillary flow), and (3) ambient temperature variation over the clinical range from 18-26 degrees C. Methods The core-to-forehead and core-to-neck temperature difference was measured using liquid-crystal thermometers having an approximately 2 degrees C offset. Differences exceeding 0.5 degree C (a 1 degree C) temperature range) were a priori deemed potentially clinically important. Seven volunteers participated in each protocol. First, core-to-peripheral redistribution of body heat was produced by inducing propofol/desflurane anesthesia; anesthesia was then maintained for 1 h with desflurane. Second, vasodilation was produced by warming unanesthetized volunteers sufficiently to produce sweating; intense vasoconstriction was similarly produced by cooling the volunteers sufficiently to produce shivering. Third, a canopy was positioned to enclose the head, neck, and upper chest of unanesthetized volunteers. Air within the canopy was randomly set to 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26 degrees C. Results Redistribution of body heat accompanying induction of anesthesia had little effect on the core-to-forehead skin temperature difference. However, the core-to-neck skin temperature gradient decreased approximately 0.6 degree C in the hour after induction of anesthesia. Vasomotion associated with shivering and mild sweating altered the core-to-skin temperature difference only a few tenths of a degree centigrade. The absolute value of the core-to-forehead temperature difference exceeded 0.5 degree C during approximately 35% of the measurements, but the difference rarely exceeded 1 degree C. The core-to-neck temperature difference typically exceeded 0.5 degree C and frequently exceeded 1 degree C. Each 1 degree C increase in ambient temperature decreased the core-to-fore-head and core-to-neck skin temperature differences by less than 0.2 degree C. Conclusions Forehead skin temperatures were better than neck skin temperature at estimating core temperature. Core-to-neck temperature differences frequently exceeded 1 degree C (a 2 degrees C range), whereas two thirds of the core-to-forehead differences were within 0.5 degree C. The core-to-skin temperature differences were, however, only slightly altered by inducing anesthesia, vasomotor action, and typical intraoperative changes in ambient temperature.
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Hamilton, Patricia A., Rajesh S. Kasbekar, and Robert Monro. "Clinical Performance of Infrared Consumer-Grade Thermometers." Journal of Nursing Measurement 21, no. 2 (2013): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.21.2.166.
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Background and Purpose: Technology of ear infrared (IR) thermometers has improved. This study compared a modern ear thermometer to forehead or temporal artery thermometers. Methods: Temperatures were measured with a heated-tip ear thermometer, a temporal artery thermometer, 3 forehead thermometers, and a thermistor-based reference thermometer in monitor mode. Results: In 171 subjects, mean bias with the forehead thermometers was significantly higher (p< .001) than with the ear thermometer (0.01 °C ± 0.41 °C). In 64 febrile subjects, bias with the ear thermometer was significantly lower than with 3 of the other thermometers. A false-negative reading was less likely with the ear thermometer (8%) versus the others (55%, 56%, 28%, and 47%). Conclusions: Modern ear thermometry provides more precise measurements closer to those of a reference thermometer and is less likely to give false-negative readings than forehead or temporal artery measurements.
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Kistemaker, J. A., E. A. Den Hartog, and H. A. M. Daanen. "Reliability of an infrared forehead skin thermometer for core temperature measurements." Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology 30, no. 4 (January 2006): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03091900600711381.
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Corbett, Ron, Abbot Laptook, and Paul Weatherall. "Noninvasive Measurements of Human Brain Temperature Using Volume-Localized Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 17, no. 4 (April 1997): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199704000-00001.
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Elucidation of the role of cerebral hyperthermia as a secondary factor that worsens outcome after brain injury, and the therapeutic application of modest brain hypothermia would benefit from noninvasive measurements of absolute brain temperature. The present study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of using 1H magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy to measure absolute brain temperature in human subjects on a clinical imaging spectroscopy system operating at a field strength of 1.5 T. In vivo calibration results were obtained from swine brain during whole-body heating and cooling, with concurrent measurements of brain temperature via implanted probes. Plots of the frequency differences between the in vivo MR peaks of water and N-acetyl-aspartate and related compounds (NAX), or water and choline and other trimethylamines versus brain temperature were linear over the temperature range studied (28–40°C). These relationships were used to estimate brain temperature from 1H MR spectra obtained from 10 adult human volunteers from 4 cm3-volumes selected from the frontal lobe and thalamus. Oral and forehead temperatures were monitored concurrently with MR data collection to verify normothermia in all the subjects studied. Temperatures determined using N-acetyl-aspartate or choline as the chemical shift reference did not differ significantly, and therefore results from these estimates were averaged. The brain temperature (mean ± SD) measured from the frontal lobe (37.2 = 0.6°C) and thalamus (37.7 ± 0.6°C) were significantly different from each other (paired t-test, p = 0.035). We conclude that 1H MR spectroscopy provides a viable noninvasive means of measuring regional brain temperatures in normal subjects and is a promising approach for measuring temperatures in brain-injured subjects.
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Schell-Chaple, Hildy M., Kathleen D. Liu, Michael A. Matthay, and Kathleen A. Puntillo. "Rectal and Bladder Temperatures vs Forehead Core Temperatures Measured With SpotOn Monitoring System." American Journal of Critical Care 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2018865.
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BackgroundMethods and frequency of temperature monitoring in intensive care unit patients vary widely. The recently available SpotOn system uses zero-heat-flux technology and offers a noninvasive method for continuous monitoring of core temperature of critical care patients at risk for alterations in body temperature.ObjectiveTo evaluate agreement between and precision of a zero-heat-flux thermometry system (SpotOn) and continuous rectal and urinary bladder thermometry during fever and defervescence in adult patients in intensive care units.MethodsProspective comparison of SpotOn vs rectal and urinary bladder thermometry in eligible patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial on the effect of acetaminophen on core body temperature and hemodynamic status.ResultsA total of 748 paired temperature measurements from 38 patients who had both SpotOn monitoring and either continuous rectal or continuous bladder thermometry were analyzed. Temperatures during the study were from 36.6°C to 39.9°C. The mean difference for SpotOn compared with bladder thermometry was −0.07°C (SD, 0.24°C; 95% limits of agreement, ± 0.47°C [−0.54°C, 0.40°C]). The mean difference for SpotOn compared with rectal thermometry was −0.24°C (SD, 0.29°C; 95% limits of agreement, ± 0.57°C [−0.81°C, 0.33°C]). Most differences in temperature between methods were within ± 0.5°C in both groups (96% bladder and 85% rectal).ConclusionsThe SpotOn thermometry system has excellent agreement and good precision and is a potential alternative for noninvasive continuous monitoring of core temperature in critical care patients, especially when alternative methods are contraindicated or not available.
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Shcherbakova, Monisha, Armelle Bridier, Atsushi Kawaguchi, Nancy Poirier, Rita Noumeir, and Philippe Jouvet. "416: Comparison of Inner Epicanthus and Forehead Temperature Measurements via IR Thermography." Critical Care Medicine 49, no. 1 (December 11, 2020): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000727552.92687.d4.
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Shin, Yunchan, Jeonggyun Ham, and Honghyun Cho. "Experimental Study of Thermal Comfort Based on Driver Physiological Signals in Cooling Mode under Summer Conditions." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020845.
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In this study, electroencephalogram (EEG), photo-plethysmography (PPG), and surface temperature measurements of subjects were taken while performing a driving simulation when the cabin and vent discharge air temperature in summer were changed from discomfort to comfort conditions. Additionally, subjective questionnaires were used to analyze the subject’s thermal comfort under the various driving environments. As a result, the surface temperatures of the forehead, left hand, right hand, and abdomen of the subject during driving were reduced by 2, 0.97, 2.18, and 5.86 °C, respectively, by operating a 12.5 °C vent cooling function at a cabin temperature of 35 °C. As a comprehensive analysis of the subjective survey, PPG, and EEG results, total power (TP), the standard deviation of N-N interval (SDNN), and the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) of subjects increased and stress index decreased at cabin and vent discharge air temperatures of 30–27.5 °C and 16.5–18.5 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the relative sensory motor rhythm (SMR) wave and concentration index (CI) of the frontal lobe tended to increase under the same temperature conditions. Accordingly, it was confirmed that these temperature conditions provided a pleasant driving environment for the driver and increased concentration on driving.
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Sener, Serkan, Ozgur Karcioglu, Cenker Eken, Serpil Yaylaci, and Murat Ozsarac. "Agreement between axillary, tympanic, and mid-forehead body temperature measurements in adult emergency department patients." European Journal of Emergency Medicine 19, no. 4 (August 2012): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mej.0b013e32834c5841.
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Gasparro, Roberta, Grazia Leonetti, Michele Riccio, Andrea Irace, Gilberto Sammartino, Andrea Blasi, Cristiano Scandurra, Nelson Mauro Maldonato, Pasquale Sammartino, and Gaetano Marenzi. "Thermography as a Method to Detect Dental Anxiety in Oral Surgery." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 5421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125421.
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(1) Background: the aim of this study was to evaluate if dental anxiety can be measured objectively using thermal infrared imaging. (2) Methods: Patients referred to the Department of Oral Surgery of the University of Naples Federico II and requiring dental extractions were consecutively enrolled in the study. Face thermal distribution images of the patients were acquired before and during their first clinical examination using infrared thermal cameras. The data were analyzed in relation to five regions of interest (ROI) of the patient’s face (nose, ear, forehead, zygoma, chin). The differences in the temperatures assessed between the two measurements for each ROI were evaluated by using paired T-test. The Pearson correlation and linear regression were performed to evaluate the association between differences in temperatures and Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) questionnaire score, age, and gender; (3) results: sixty participants were enrolled in the study (28 males and 32 females; mean age 57.4 year-old; age range 18–80 year-old). Only for nose and ear zone there was a statistically significant difference between measurements at baseline and visit. Correlation between the thermal imaging measurements and the scores of the MDAS questionnaire was found for nose and ear, but not for all of the other regions. (4) Conclusions: the study demonstrated a potential use of thermal infrared imaging to measure dental anxiety.
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Shvygina, Anna, Ali R. Roghanizad, Thomas Diller, Emily Moses, Vydia Permashwar, Violet M. Borowicz, and Jennifer E. Vaughn. "The Chft+ Sensor: A Novel Method to Measure Perfusion Abnormalities in Sickle Cell Disease." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-143254.
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Introduction: Peripheral perfusion limitation is a potential biomarker of the severity and progression of sickle cell disease (SCD). Currently, there exists no direct means of quantifying perfusion deficits in SCD patients. Transcranial doppler ultrasonography offers a surrogate measure of perfusion and is highly operator dependent. Routine clinical screening of perfusion abnormalities with alternative modalities (e.g., positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) is challenging given high cost, requirement for sedation in young children, and need for trained personnel. The Combined Heat-Flux Temperature Sensor (CHFT+) is a novel noninvasive bio-heat perfusion sensor that measures peripheral perfusion in real time at depths of up to 1 cm by applying a minimal amount of heat to the skin surface. Because perfusion limitation is a hallmark of SCD, an improved understanding of its pathophysiology could potentially empower both patients and their physicians. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the CHFT+ to detect differences in peripheral perfusion between healthy volunteers and patients with SCD. Materials and Methods: The present study is an ongoing, non-randomized pilot study that aims to test the CHFT+ sensor's ability to detect impaired perfusion is pediatric SCD patients. We are actively enrolling pediatric patients (age 3-17) with SCD and healthy volunteers from 2 pediatric clinics to test the sensor. Peripheral perfusion measurements were obtained at 5 locations on the body (e.g., forehead, forearms, palms). All measurements were normalized against forehead perfusion values to account for individual variations. An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare average rates of perfusion in patients with SCD and in healthy volunteers. The goal enrollment for this study is 52 patients (26 with SCD, 26 healthy controls) to detect a two-fold difference in perfusion with a power of 0.80. Interim Results and Discussion: To date, 31 participants have been enrolled, 10 (32%) of whom were patients with SCD. Overall, average perfusion rates were lower in the SCD group when compared to the healthy group, although these differences were not statistically significant. Representative measurements of perfusion in the right and left forearms, normalized against forehead rates, are shown in Figure 1. Normalized left forearm perfusion in healthy controls vs. SCD patients: avg = 1.77, SD = 0.95 vs. avg = 1.28, SD = 0.52, respectively [t(27) = 1.80, p = 0.08]; see Fig. 1a. Normalized right forearm perfusion in healthy controls vs. SCD patients: avg = 1.80, SD = 1.01 vs. avg = 1.31, SD = 0.60, respectively [t(25) = 1.55, p = 0.13]); see Fig. 1b. Conclusions:At this time, our data suggest that the novel CHFT+ sensor is capable of detecting a modest difference in peripheral perfusion in children with SCD versus healthy controls, but this difference is not statistically significant due to limited enrollment. Additional enrollment will further define the utility of the CHFT+ sensor in this clinical population. Future studies should evaluate the sensor's capability to detect perfusion deficits in the adult SCD population, as well as measure perfusion variations that occur during SCD vaso-occlusive crises. Disclosures Diller: FluxTeq:Other: Partner.
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Hayward, Gail, Jan Y. Verbakel, Fatene Abakar Ismail, George Edwards, Kay Wang, Susannah Fleming, Gea A. Holtman, et al. "Non-contact infrared versus axillary and tympanic thermometers in children attending primary care: a mixed-methods study of accuracy and acceptability." British Journal of General Practice 70, no. 693 (March 23, 2020): e236-e244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20x708845.
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BackgroundGuidelines recommend measuring temperature in children presenting with fever using electronic axillary or tympanic thermometers. Non-contact thermometry offers advantages, yet has not been tested against recommended methods in primary care.AimTo compare two different non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) to axillary and tympanic thermometers in children aged ≤5 years visiting their GP with an acute illness.Design and settingMethod comparison study with nested qualitative component.MethodTemperature measurements were taken with electronic axillary (Welch Allyn SureTemp®), electronic tympanic (Braun Thermoscan®), NCIT Thermofocus® 0800, and NCIT Firhealth Forehead. Parents rated acceptability and discomfort. Qualitative interviews explored parents’ experiences of the thermometers.ResultsIn total, 401 children were recruited (median age 1.6 years, 50.62% male). Mean difference between the Thermofocus NCIT and axillary thermometer was −0.14°C (95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.21 to −0.06°C); lower limit of agreement was −1.57°C (95% CI = −1.69 to −1.44°C) and upper limit 1.29°C (95% CI = 1.16 to 1.42°C). A second NCIT (Firhealth) had similar levels of agreement; however, the limits of agreement between tympanic and axillary thermometers were also wide. Parents expressed a preference for the practicality and comfort of NCITs, and were mostly negative about their child’s experience of axillary thermometers. But there was willingness to adopt whichever device was medically recommended.ConclusionIn a primary care paediatric population, temperature measurements with NCITs varied by >1°C compared with axillary and tympanic approaches. But there was also poor agreement between tympanic and axillary thermometers. Since clinical guidelines often rely on specific fever thresholds, clinicians should interpret peripheral thermometer readings with caution and in the context of a holistic assessment of the child.
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Uematsu, Sumio, David H. Edwin, William R. Jankel, Joseph Kozikowski, and Michael Trattner. "Quantification of thermal asymmetry." Journal of Neurosurgery 69, no. 4 (October 1988): 552–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1988.69.4.0552.
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✓ The use of thermography in evaluating nerve injury is based on the presence of temperature asymmetries between the involved area of innervation and the corresponding area on the opposite side of the body. However, interpretation of the thermographic image has been troubled by subjectivity. This paper describes a computer-calculated method of collecting data that eliminates subjective biases. Comprehensive normative data are presented on the degree of thermal asymmetry in the human body. The degree of thermal asymmetry between opposite sides of the body (ΔT) is very small. For example, the value of AT for the forehead (mean ± standard deviation) was 0.18° ± 0.18°C, for the leg it was 0.27° ± 0.2°C, and for the foot it was 0.38° ± 0.31°C. These values were reproducible in both short- and long-term follow-up measurements over a period of 5 years. The ΔT's reported here were obtained from 40 matched regions of the body surface of 90 asymptomatic normal individuals. These values can be used as a standard in assessment of sympathetic nerve function, and the degree of asymmetry is a quantifiable indicator of dysfunction.
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Campa, Francesco, Hannes Gatterer, Henry Lukaski, and Stefania Toselli. "Stabilizing Bioimpedance-Vector-Analysis Measures With a 10-Minute Cold Shower After Running Exercise to Enable Assessment of Body Hydration." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 7 (August 1, 2019): 1006–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0676.
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Purpose: The exercise-induced increase in skin and body temperature, cutaneous blood flow, and electrolyte accumulation on the skin affects the validity of bioimpedance analysis to assess postexercise changes in hydration. This study aimed to assess the influence of a 10-min cold (22°C) shower on the time course of impedance measurements after controlled exercise. Methods: In total, 10 male athletes (age 26.2 [4.1] y and body mass index 23.9 [1.7] kg/m2) were tested on 2 different days. During both trials, athletes ran for 30 min on a treadmill in a room at 23°C. In a randomized crossover trial, the participants underwent a 10-min cold shower on the trial occasion and did not shower in the control trial. Bioimpedance analysis variables were measured before running (ie, baseline [T0]), immediately after exercising (T1), and 20 (T2), 40 (T3), and 60 min (T4) after the exercise. The shower was performed after T1 in the shower trial. Results: Body weight decreased similarly in both trials (−0.4% [0.1%], P < .001; −0.4% [0.1%], P < .001). Resistance and vector length returned to baseline at T2 in the shower trial, whereas baseline values were achieved at T3 in the control trial (P > .05). In the control trial, reactance remained at a lower level for the entire testing period (38.1 [6.9] vs 37.3 [6.7], P < .001). Forehead skin temperature returned to baseline values at T2 with shower, whereas it was still high at T4 without shower (P < .001). Conclusions: The present data show that a 10-min cold shower enables the stabilization of bioimpedance analysis measurements within 20 min after exercise, which might facilitate the assessment of hydration change after exercise.
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Agochukwu, Nnenaya, and Rebecca Kruse-Jarres. "Objective Markers to Evaluate Pain in Sickle Cell Disease." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 4713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.4713.4713.
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Abstract Background: Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder resulting in rigidity of red blood cells during times of stress. This causes occlusion of blood flow through the vasculature, resulting in ischemic type pain and subsequent organ damage, ultimately leading to a significantly decreased life expectancy in these patients. The hallmark of sickle cell disease is episodic pain episodes that often need acute management in the emergency room. This pain is difficult to assess as there are no known objective pain markers. Currently, the assessment relies solely on the subjective statement by the patient. Unfortunately, in this population of chronic pain medication users, the subjective statement of having pain is often underestimated and patients suffer unnecessarily. It is the hypothesis of this study, that there are objective assessment and laboratory parameters that correlate with the subjective statement of pain. Methods: This study was initiated as part of the 2008 Minority Medical Student Award Program. IRB approval was obtained through the Tulane University IRB. Adult sickle cell patients were recruited through the Sickle Cell Day Hospital (SCDH) at Tulane University. Upon entering the SCDH they were educated about the study, offered participation and consented as appropriate. Patients were assessed upon admission to the Sickle Cell Day Hospital during acute pain crises. Patients then returned for a follow up appointment when they were pain-free, 10–30 days after their pain crises. The assessment includes the Care Provider Pain Assessment (CaPPA – an observational tool to capture the care providers assessment of the patient’s behavior) questionnaire, routine lab work, vital sign measurement, and ESAS Score (a subjective symptom assessment scome) evaluation. The CaPPA captures an assessment of the patient’s facial expression, eye contact, verbalization of pain, body movements, interpersonal interactions, changes in activity patterns and changes in mental status. The lab assessments include the following parameters: WBC count, platelet count, reticulocyte count, levels of ferritin, LDH, bilirubin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, d-dimer, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and hemoglobin electrophoresis assessing the relative levels of Hemoglobin A1, F, S, and A2. The vital signs including blood pressure, pulse, temperature, O2 saturation, and respiration rate were measured. Results: Thus far, there are 18 patients enrolled and 11 have completed the study. Data was retrieved from the initial visit during pain crises and follow-up visit when the patient was pain-free and was analyzed to note any increases or decreases in the values. The target enrollment for this study is 50 patients. Preliminary results are not sufficient to draw conclusions from the laboratory evaluations in this study. However, vital sign measurements show a consistent elevation in systolic blood pressure of 10 to 20 mmHg during pain from pain-free states. Scoring of pain, fatigue, anxiety and depression were also higher during pain than at follow-up. Patients were found to have a tendency to frown, have wrinkled foreheads and appear distressed when compared to non-pain states. Their body posture was more tense and rigid with overall restricted movement and gait changes, while in pain. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study has started to identify some objective measures to support the subjective assessment of pain. This was a summer project initiated by a medical student as part of the 2008 Minority Medical Student Award Program. In addition to providing paramount exposure to clinical research, this was a tremendous learning experience. The study is ongoing and will continue to assess various parameters for their value in the objective evaluation of pain. We are planning full analysis after our target accrual of 50 patients has been met.
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CHEN, Ge, Jiarong XIE, Guangli DAI, Peijun ZHENG, Xiaqing HU, Hongpeng LU, Lei XU, Xueqin CHEN, and Xiaomin CHEN. "Validity of the Use of Wrist and Forehead Temperatures in Screening the General Population for COVID-19: A Prospective Real-World Study." Iranian Journal of Public Health, July 11, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49is1.3670.
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Background: We aimed to compare the accuracy of individuals’ wrist and forehead temperatures with their tympanic temperature under different circumstances.
Methods: We performed a prospective observational study in a real-life population in Ningbo First Hospital in China. We consecutively recorded individuals’ wrist and forehead temperatures in Celsius (°C) using a noncontact infrared thermometer (NCIT). We also measured individuals’ tympanic temperature using a tympanic thermometer (IRTT) and defined fever as a tympanic temperature of ≥37.3 °C.
Results: We enrolled 528 participants, including 261 indoor and 267 outdoor participants. We grouped the outdoor participants into four groups according to their means of transportation to the hospital: by foot, by bicycle/electric vehicle, by car, or as a passenger in a car. Under different circumstances, the mean difference in the forehead measurement ranged from -1.72 to -0.56 °C across groups, and that in the wrist measurement ranged from -0.96 to -0.61°C. Both measurements had high fever screening abilities in indoor patients. (Wrist: AUC 0.790; 95% CI: 0.725-0.854, P<0.001; forehead: AUC 0.816; 95% CI: 0.757-0.876, P <0.001). The cut-off value of the wrist measurement for detecting a tympanic temperature of ≥37.3 °C was 36.2 °C, with 86.4% sensitivity and 67.0% specificity, and the best threshold for the forehead measurement was 36.2 °C, with 93.2% sensitivity and 60.0% specificity.
Conclusion: Wrist measurements are more stable than forehead measurements under different circumstances. Both measurements have favorable fever screening abilities in indoor patients. The cut-off values were both 36.2 °C.
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Mogensen, Christian Backer, Lena Wittenhoff, Gitte Fruerhøj, and Stephen Hansen. "Forehead or ear temperature measurement cannot replace rectal measurements, except for screening purposes." BMC Pediatrics 18, no. 1 (January 26, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-0994-1.
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Malallah, Fahad Layth, Baraa T. Shareef, Mustafah Ghanem Saeed, and Khaled N. Yasen. "Contactless Core-Temperature Monitoring by Infrared Thermal Sensor using Mean Absolute Error Analysis." Recent Patents on Engineering 15 (December 30, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872212115666201230091420.
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Aims: Normally, the temperature increase of individuals leads to the possibility of getting a type of disease, which might be risky to other people such as coronavirus. Traditional techniques for tracking core-temperature require body contact either by oral, rectum, axillary, or tympanic, which are unfortunately considered intrusive in nature as well as causes of contagion. Therefore, sensing human core-temperature non-intrusively and remotely is the objective of this research. Background: Nowadays, increasing level of medical sectors is a necessary targets for the research operations, especially with the development of the integrated circuit, sensors and cameras that made the normal life easier. Methods: The solution is by proposing an embedded system consisting of the Arduino microcontroller, which is trained with a model of Mean Absolute Error (MAE) analysis for predicting Contactless Core-Temperature (CCT), which is the real body temperature. Results: The Arduino is connected to an Infrared-Thermal sensor named MLX90614 as input signal, and connected to the LCD to display the CCT. To evaluate the proposed system, experiments are conducted by participating 31-subject sensing contactless temperature from the three face sub-regions: forehead, nose, and cheek. Conclusion: Experimental results approved that CCT can be measured remotely depending on the human face, in which the forehead region is better to be dependent, rather than nose and cheek regions for CCT measurement due to the smallest
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Isser, Markus, Hannah Kranebitter, Andreas Kofler, Gernot Groemer, Franz J. Wiedermann, and Wolfgang Lederer. "Rescue blankets hamper thermal imaging in search and rescue missions." SN Applied Sciences 2, no. 9 (August 9, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03252-6.
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Abstract Thermal imaging for unmanned aerial vehicles is used to search for victims in poor visibility conditions. We used a gimbal-mounted camera for thermo-radiation measurements of body temperature from persons covered with rescue blankets in the hibernal wilderness setting. Long-wave infrared radiation in the spectral range between 7500 and 13,500 nm was evaluated. Parts of this research have previously been published in a review on electromagnetic radiation reflectivity of rescue blankets (https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/10/4/375/htm). Surface temperature measurement was diminished by clothing, namely by 72.6% for fleece, by 82.2% for an additional down jacket and by 92.3% for an additional all-weather jacket, as compared to forehead temperature. Furthermore, we detected that a single-layer rescue blanket is sufficient to render recognition of a body shape impossible. With three layers covering a clothed body infrared transmission was almost completely blocked. However, rescue blankets increase visibility for thermal cameras due to high gradients in temperature. Conspicuously low temperatures from objects of 1 to 2 m length may indicate reflections from rescue blanket surfaces in a cold environment. Ideally, rescue blankets should be removed from the body to increase the chance of being located when using thermal imaging to search for victims in search and rescue missions.
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Janke, David, Niklas Kagelmann, Christian Storm, Martina A. Maggioni, Camilla Kienast, Hanns-Christian Gunga, and Oliver Opatz. "Measuring Core Body Temperature Using a Non-invasive, Disposable Double-Sensor During Targeted Temperature Management in Post-cardiac Arrest Patients." Frontiers in Medicine 8 (May 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.666908.
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Background: Precisely measuring the core body temperature during targeted temperature management after return of spontaneous circulation is mandatory, as deviations from the recommended temperature might result in side effects such as electrolyte imbalances or infections. However, previous methods are invasive and lack easy handling. A disposable, non-invasive temperature sensor using the heat flux approach (Double Sensor), was tested against the standard method: an esophagus thermometer.Methods: The sensor was placed on the forehead of adult patients (n = 25, M/F, median age 61 years) with return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest undergoing targeted temperature management. The recorded temperatures were compared to the established measurement method of an esophageal thermometer. A paired t-test was performed to examine differences between methods. A Bland-Altman-Plot and the intraclass correlation coefficient were used to assess agreement and reliability. To rule out possible influence on measurements, the patients' medication was recorded as well.Results: Over the span of 1 year and 3 months, data from 25 patients were recorded. The t-test showed no significant difference between the two measuring methods (t = 1.47, p = 0.14, n = 1,319). Bland-Altman results showed a mean bias of 0.02°C (95% confidence interval 0.00–0.04) and 95% limits of agreement of −1.023°C and 1.066°C. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.94. No skin irritation or allergic reaction was observed where the sensor was placed. In six patients the bias differed noticeably from the rest of the participants, but no sex-based or ethnicity-based differences could be identified. Influences on the measurements of the Double Sensor by drugs administered could also be ruled out.Conclusions: This study could demonstrate that measuring the core body temperature with the non-invasive, disposable sensor shows excellent reliability during targeted temperature management after survived cardiac arrest. Nonetheless, clinical research concerning the implementation of the sensor in other fields of application should be supported, as well as verifying our results by a larger patient cohort to possibly improve the limits of agreement.
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Fong, Warren Weng Seng, Shuan Khiag Yeo, Stephanie Man Chung Fook-Chong, Jie Kie Phang, and Eugene Sim. "Comparison of temperature readings using infrared thermometers at three different sites: tympanic, forehead and temporal." Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare, June 22, 2020, 201010582093593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2010105820935932.
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The aim of this study was to compare the body temperature measurements at tympanic, forehead and temporal sites using infrared thermometers. A total of 1576 consecutive visitors to Singapore General Hospital at two entry locations were included in this study. Pearson correlation and Bland–Altman mean difference between sites (95% confidence interval for limits of agreement) were calculated for the relationship between the three different sites of temperatures recorded (i.e. temporal, forehead and tympanic). Of all the visitors, 27 (1.7%) had fever. Moderate positive correlation was found between temporal and forehead temperature readings ( r=0.602, mean difference (temporal – forehead), (95% limits of agreement) = 0.1 (−0.8, 0.7)), and there was very weak positive correlation between tympanic and temporal temperature readings ( r=0.177, mean difference (temporal – tympanic), (95% limits of agreement) = −0.3 (−1.7, 1.1)). Sensitivity for temporal temperature readings (⩾37.5°C) to detect febrile visitors was 3.7%, specificity was 99.6%, positive predictive value was 14.3% and negative predictive value was 98.3%. Our results demonstrate that tympanic temperature readings should be used for fever screening instead of temporal or forehead readings.
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Dzien, Cornelius, Wolfgang Halder, Hannes Winner, and Monika Lechleitner. "Covid-19 screening: are forehead temperature measurements during cold outdoor temperatures really helpful?" Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, October 23, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01754-2.
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