Journal articles: 'Measles WGS'

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Vityala, Yethindra. "Immunological Features of Measles in Children." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 03 (September 30, 2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202134.

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Background: Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine, measles remains endemic in many countries and is the main cause of morbidity and mortality among young children. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to investigate the immunological features of measles in children. Materials and Methods: The immune status of children (n = 72) who were diagnosed with measles, was analysed. Various lymphocyte proportions were determined using monoclonal antibodies and immunofluorescence microscopy. The immunoregulatory index was calculated. Results: The relative content of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the experimental group comprising of moderately and severely ill patients was significantly lower. The immunoregulatory index was reduced, and there was a positive correlation (0.3) between the indices during admission (2.0469 ± 0.04830) and during the entire hospital stay (1.9258 ± 0.09099) in moderately ill patients, respectively. The proportion of CD16+ T cells was higher at admission and the rate of the increase in CD16+ T cell proportion was significantly higher (P < 0.05). CD16+ counts were higher in moderate to severe cases. Thus, moderately and severely ill children with measles exhibited T-cell immune deficiency. Conclusion: The severity of measles directly correlated with the patient age, with the disease progressing to the severe status in younger children (r = -0.3).

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Markon, Kristian E. "On hierarchically‐informed measures of psychopathology." World Psychiatry 20, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20812.

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Dresler, Thomas, Tim Rohe, Markus Weber, Thomas Strittmatter, and Andreas J. Fallgatter. "Effects of improved hospital architecture on coercive measures." World Psychiatry 14, no. 1 (February 2015): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20201.

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Yoshikura, Hiroshi. "Measles Epidemic Influenced by COVID-19 Epidemic." Epidemiology International Journal 6, no. 3 (2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/eij-16000244.

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In Western Pacific, the number of measles cases dropped precipitously in early 2020. As the coverage of measles vaccine remained almost unchanged, the precipitous drop of the measles cases could not be attributed to measles vaccine. It was probably brought about by physical distancing and other measures to prevent spread of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 cases increased wave by wave, while the number of the deaths divided by that of the patients declined. The decline of the casefatality rate could not be attributable to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, because the trend emerged from the start of the epidemic, far ahead of introduction of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

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Roe, David, Mike Slade, and Nev Jones. "The utility of patient‐reported outcome measures in mental health." World Psychiatry 21, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20924.

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Wright, S. "Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine was not associated with autism in children." Evidence-Based Nursing 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebn.6.3.89.

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Haq, Muhammad Zahoorul, Najaf Masood, Muddassar Sharif, and Rai Muhammad Asghar. "MEASLES." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 09 (September 10, 2015): 1116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.09.1052.

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Background:Despite efforts to promote widespread vaccination,measles stillremains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children especially in developingcountries. The aim of this study was to review the pattern and outcome of measles patientsadmitted at Benazir Bhutto Hospital (BBH) Rawalpindi during measles epidemic 2013.StudyDesign: Cross sectional descriptive study. Period:Three months during measles epidemic 2013(March - May). Setting:Pediatric department BBH Rawalpindi. Materials and Methods:Dataregarding demographic profile, clinical presentation, complications and outcome of measlespatients was collected and analyzed using SPSS 15.Results:A total of 192 patients of bothsexes were included with mean age of 35.48+32.71 months. Majority of patients(71.4%) wereunvaccinated and 88% had history of contact with measles patients. The common complicationsobserved were pneumonia and pneumonia with gastroenteritis and both were found statisticallysignificant in patients with malnutrition and low socioeconomic status.Conclusion:The currentstudy concluded that improving measles immunization and nutritional status in children isessential for reducing morbidity and mortality of measles.

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Phillips, Michael R. "Would the use of dimensional measures improve the utility of psychiatric diagnoses?" World Psychiatry 15, no. 1 (February 2016): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20289.

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Sarnowski, Chloé, Claudia L. Satizabal, Charles S. DeCarli, Achilleas N. Pitsillides, Alexa S. Beiser, Anita L. Destefano, Josée Dupuis, and Sudha Seshadri. "TOPMED WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCE (WGS) ASSOCIATIONS WITH BRAIN MRI MEASURES IN THE FRAMINGHAM STUDY." Alzheimer's & Dementia 13, no. 7 (July 2017): P219—P220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.07.097.

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Clarke, Diana E., and Emily A. Kuhl. "DSM-5 cross-cutting symptom measures: a step towards the future of psychiatric care?" World Psychiatry 13, no. 3 (October 2014): 314–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20154.

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Frid, P. J. "The measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine was not associated with autism in children." Evidence-Based Medicine 8, no. 3 (May 1, 2003): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebm.8.3.93.

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Pereira, Jennifer A., Susan Quach, Huy Hao Dao, Jeffrey C. Kwong, Shelley L. Deeks, Natasha S. Crowcroft, Sherman D. Quan, and Maryse Guay. "Contagious Comments: What Was the Online Buzz About the 2011 Quebec Measles Outbreak?" PLoS ONE 8, no. 5 (May 15, 2013): e64072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064072.

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Zhou, Jianhui, Motoko Fujino, Youko Inou, Atsushi Kumada, Yasuko Aoki, Satoshi Iwata, and Tetsuo Nakayama. "H1 genotype of measles virus was detected in outbreaks in Japan after 2000." Journal of Medical Virology 70, no. 4 (June 2, 2003): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.10443.

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Tahseen, Shahzadi Asma. "RELATIONSHIP OF MEASLES CASES IN MEASLES VACCINATED CHILDREN DURING OUTBREAK OF MEASLES IN BAHAWALPUR." Professional Medical Journal 26, no. 07 (July 10, 2019): 1125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2019.26.07.3780.

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Objectives: To evaluate the clinical profile and case fatality rate and their comparison in relation with vaccination status in admitted children. Study Design: Case series retrospective study. Setting: Pediatric units of the tertiary care Hospitals (Bahawal Victoria Hospital and the Civil Hospital) affiliated with Quaid-e-Azam medical College Bahawalpur situated in Southern Punjab, Pakistan). Period: 01/01/2013 to 06/9/2013. Methods and Material: A clinical diagnosis of measles (as made by consultants of said Pediatric units) and residing in Bahawalpur district for more than one month of period before admitting in the hospital was included and reviewed. The help of Statistical department of Executive District Officer Health Bahawalpur was taken for missing information as the measles is notifiable disease and all cases were notified to Executive District Officer Health. The children who were nonresident of Bahawalpur District or with incomplete data were excluded. The children were divided into three groups depending on number of measles vaccine doses given. Results: The data of 557 children admitting during the period 01/01/2013 to 06/9/2013 with a clinical diagnosis of measles and resident of Bahawalpur district was included. 52.97% were males. 26.57% were unvaccinated and 73.43% vaccinated (39.14% with one dose and 34.29% with two doses). The mean age ± SD in unvaccinated children was 24.68±27.04, with one dose vaccination 50.94 ±35.58 and with two doses vaccination was 45.05 ±23.67 months. The case fatality rate was 2.87%. The case fatality was significantly higher in males vaccinated with two doses of vaccine as compared to either ones vaccinated with one dose or unvaccinated ones but this difference was not found in females. Conclusion: This study shows that there is urgent need of proper surveillance of measles cases.

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Hyle, Emily. "Measles CEA." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S64—S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx162.153.

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Abstract Background Most measles importations are due to returning US travelers infected during international travel. We projected clinical outcomes and assessed cost-effectiveness of pretravel evaluation for measles immunity and MMR vaccination among eligible adult US international travelers. Methods We designed a decision tree to investigate pretravel evaluation compared with no evaluation from the societal perspective. Data from the Global TravEpiNet Consortium and published literature informed input parameters (Figure 1). Outcomes included measles cases averted per 10 million travelers, costs, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER, Δcosts/Δmeasles cases averted); we considered ICERs < $100,000/measles case averted to be cost-effective. We performed sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of varying the probability of exposure based on travel destination, and the percentage of travelers with pre-existing measles immunity. Results In the base case, departure after pretravel evaluation resulted in 16 measles importations and 46 transmissions per 10 million travelers and cost $132 million, vs without pretravel evaluation (26 importations and 87 transmissions per 10 million travelers, costing $22 million). Pretravel evaluation averted 51 measles cases per 10 million travelers with an ICER of $2.2 million per case averted. Results were most sensitive to the probability of measles exposure and the traveler’s pre-existing immunity (Figure 2). Pretravel evaluation was cost-effective for travelers to Asia if pre-existing measles immunity was <80%. Evaluation was always cost-effective for travelers to Africa when pre-existing immunity was less than 100% and became cost saving when the percentage of immune travelers was lower (<70%). Travelers who were more likely to be non-immune and were visiting destinations with higher probabilities of exposure were most likely to benefit from pretravel evaluation for measles immunity at excellent economic value. Conclusion As risk of measles exposure increases and likelihood of travelers’ pre-existing immunity decreases, it can be cost-effective or cost saving to assess US international travelers’ measles immunity status and vaccinate with MMR prior to departure. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Kousar, Tasneem, Shazia Memon, Salma Shaikh, and Farzana Farzana Shaikh. "MEASLES VACCINE;." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 02 (December 7, 2018): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.02.2186.

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Objective: To determine the rate of sero-conversion after first dose of measlesimmunization in children less than one year of age and to find out association between seroconversionwith nutritional status, URTI, fever and diarrhea. Methodology: Descriptive crosssectional study of 6 month duration conducted at outpatient department, EPI center LUHHyderabad. Total 240 children between 9 to 12 months, who came for measles immunizationwere enrolled. Pre-vaccination blood samples were obtained along with assessment ofnutritional status, and current associated illness like pneumonia, diarrhea and fever of each child.The post vaccination samples were taken after 3 months. Measles antibodies were estimated byusing ELISA technique and titers were compared with controls supplied by manufacturers.Results: The effectiveness of measles immunization was 87.5%. Statistical analysis proved thatassociation sero-negativity with clinical condition was insignificant (Chi square test, P value >0.05). Regarding the pre-vaccinated status 222 (92.5%) were found negative for anti-measlesantibodies and 18 (7.5%) were found to be with persistent maternal anti-measles antibodies.Conclusions: Measles immunization produces adequate immunological responses evenamong malnourished children however a second dose is necessary to increase the efficacy morethan 95%.

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Oktaviasari, Khuril Eka. "Relationship of Measles Immunization with Measles in East Java." Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi 6, no. 2 (August 30, 2018): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v6i22018.166-173.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Measles cases in Indonesia amounted to 12.681 cases in 2016 and East Java Province was the region with the highest number of measles, which amounted to 3765 cases. The coverage of measles immunization in infants has met the target, but the coverage of measles immunization in toddlers has not met the target. Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between measles immunization in infants and toddlers with the number of cases of measles per district/city in East Java Province in 2016. Methods: This study was an observational study with cross sectional study design. The population was all people who suffered from measles per district/city in East Java Province. The sampling method was using the total population. The variables studied were the number of measles immunization in infants and toddlers and the number of cases of measles, while analysis technique used Pearson correlation. Results: This research showed that there was a relationship between infant immunization (p = 0,04) who had weak relationship and no relationship between immunization of toddler (p = 0,92) who had weak relationship with number of measles cases. Conclusion: There was a relationship between measles immunization in infants with number of measles case in East Java Province.

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Prasad, Tulsi. "Measles like syndrome after measles and rubella vaccination." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 8, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20212485.

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National vaccination program (NIS, IAP) provides vaccination for measles and rubella (MR vaccine) for all children below 15 years of age. After vaccination with live attenuated viruses, the virus replicates on a limited scale. Replication may lead to mild symptoms occurring 5-14 days after MR-vaccination including fever, conjunctivitis and rash but sometimes it leads to florid type of severe rashes which are indistinguishable from a wildtype measles infection. A measles like syndrome may occur following MR vaccination, although it seems to be a rare event and therefore as a pediatrician we must take out time to educate and reassurance the parents about this benign nature and so as to avoid unnecessary problems in future. A 14 year old female child was admitted in our hospital with an impressive (florid) rashes, 7 days after MR vaccination in our vaccination clinic. Diagnostic tests were negative for measles and other infections and was discharged after 7 days of nursing and supportive care. Within 14 days after MR vaccination, a child can present with symptoms very similar to a wildtype measles virus infection. The low incidence of wildtype measles infection after MR vaccination, strongly suggests that these symptoms will likely be a reaction to MR vaccination. To elaborate lots of diagnostic procedures may cause the parents a lot of stress and therefore offering nursing care, supportive care and reassurance to parents may be more appropriate and effective in such cases.

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Bansal, Jassimran, and Aisha Hameed. "Measles in pregnancy." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 5 (May 2019): e228781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-228781.

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Measles is becoming more prevalent; it can be difficult to diagnose, with severe complications in pregnancy. We report a case of measles in a 27-year-old, parainfluenza virus type 2-infected woman who was 32 weeks pregnant. She presented with fever, tachycardia, sore throat and a pruritic rash. She never had the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine. Serology showed raised inflammatory markers with lymphopoenia. Throat swab showed parainfluenza virus. Chest radiography was normal. Despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy, she developed worsening respiratory failure requiring premature delivery via caesarean section.Postoperatively, she was transferred to a tertiary centre for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. She was decannulated and made a full recovery. Meanwhile, her husband was diagnosed with measles. She was then tested and measles was confirmed. The baby did not develop congenital measles.This case emphasises the importance of vaccine histories at booking of pregnancy and early multidisciplinary team input to facilitate delivery in rapidly deteriorating pregnant women.

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Platonova, T. A., A. A. Golubkova, and S. S. Smirnova. "To the question of the reasons for the activation of the epidemic process of Мeasles at the stage of elimination of infection and the forecast of the situation in the near and long term." CHILDREN INFECTIONS 20, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22627/2072-8107-2021-20-1-51-55.

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Introduction. Measles infection in recent years has become particularly relevant in connection with the registration of outbreaks of this disease in various territoriesof the Russian Federation and abroad.The aim of the study is to characterize the epidemic process of measles in a large industrial city in the near and long term with the use of modern mathematical modeling technologies for making new management decisions on infection control at the elimination stage.Materials and methods. The research materials were data from statistical reports of measles incidence in Yekaterinburg from 1950 to 2019 (70 years of follow-up), medical documentation of measles cases, population vaccination data (form No. 6 for 2000—2018 and outpatient maps of children under two years of age vaccinated against measles), results of screening for measles IgG ofmedical organizations, data of planned serological monitoringof population immunity to measles in «indicator» groups in the period from 2013 to 2017 and the results of mathematical modeling of measles incidence in different scenarios of its prevention.Results. Under the influence of vaccination, the epidemic process of measles in Yekaterinburg — a city with a population of 1.5million inhabitants-has undergone significant changes. During the observation period, the incidence decreased to sporadic levels, there was no indigenous measles, drifts from endemic areas had no consequences, the epidemic process was under control. However, outbreaks of 72 cases in 2016 and 90 cases in 2019 have changed our view of measles as a eradicated infection.Of the factors that led to the spread of infection in the foci, the most significant were the presence of measles-susceptible children and adults, including those previously vaccinated, mainly in the periods remote from vaccination and revaccination, defects in the clinical diagnosis of measlesin the first and subsequent cases, and violations in the organization and conduct of anti-epidemic measures. Conclusion. Based on the data of mathematical modeling of the epidemic process of measles with different combinations of its determinants, for the elimination of infection, it is necessary to ensure vaccination against measles at the age of 1 year and 6 years in 95—97.5%. In vulnerable groups for infection to discuss the introduction of routine revaccination among people up to 50 years of age with an interval of 10 years.

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Oswald, Frederick L., and Kraig L. Schell. "Developing and Scaling Personality Measures: Thurstone Was Right—But So Far, Likert Was Not Wrong." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 3, no. 4 (December 2010): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01275.x.

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Fazel, Seena, and Amir Sariaslan. "Victimization in people with severe mental health problems: the need to improve research quality, risk stratification and preventive measures." World Psychiatry 20, no. 3 (September 9, 2021): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20908.

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Mercader, Sara, Philip Garcia, and William J. Bellini. "Measles Virus IgG Avidity Assay for Use in Classification of Measles Vaccine Failure in Measles Elimination Settings." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 11 (September 12, 2012): 1810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00406-12.

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ABSTRACTIn regions where endemic measles virus has been eliminated, diagnostic assays are needed to assist in correctly classifying measles cases irrespective of vaccination status. A measles IgG avidity assay was configured using a commercially available measles-specific IgG enzyme immunoassay by modifying the protocol to include three 5-min washes with diethylamine (60 mM; pH 10.25) following serum incubation; serum was serially diluted, and the results were expressed as the end titer avidity index. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used for evaluation and validation and to establish low (≤30%) and high (≥70%) end titer avidity thresholds. Analysis of 319 serum specimens expected to contain either high- or low-avidity antibodies according to clinical and epidemiological data indicated that the assay is highly accurate, with an area under the curve of 0.998 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.978 to 1.000), sensitivity of 91.9% (95% CI, 83.2% to 97.0%), and specificity of 98.4% (95% CI, 91.6% to 100%). The assay is rapid (<2 h) and precise (standard deviation [SD], 4% to 7%). In 18 samples from an elimination setting outbreak, the assay identified 2 acute measles cases with low-avidity results; both were IgM-positive samples. Additionally, 11 patients (15 samples) with modified measles who were found to have high-avidity IgG results were classified as secondary vaccine failures; one sample with an intermediate-avidity result was not interpretable. In elimination settings, measles IgG avidity assays can complement existing diagnostic tools in confirming unvaccinated acute cases and, in conjunction with adequate clinical and epidemiologic investigation, aid in the classification of vaccine failure cases.

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Abreu, Rafael, Daniel Peter, and Christine Thomas. "Reduction of wind-turbine-generated seismic noise with structural measures." Wind Energy Science 7, no. 3 (June 20, 2022): 1227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1227-2022.

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Abstract. Reducing wind turbine noise recorded at seismological stations promises to lower the conflict between renewable energy producers and seismologists. Seismic noise generated by the movement of wind turbines has been shown to travel large distances, affecting seismological stations used for seismic monitoring and/or the detection of seismic events. In this study, we use advanced 3D numerical techniques to study the possibility of using structural changes in the ground on the wave path between the wind turbine and the seismic station in order to reduce or mitigate the noise generated by the wind turbine. Testing a range of structural changes around the foundation of the wind turbine, such as open and filled cavities, we show that we are able to considerably reduce the seismic noise recorded by placing empty circular trenches approx. 10 m away from the wind turbines. We show the expected effects of filling the trenches with water. In addition, we study how relatively simple topographic elevations influence the propagation of the seismic energy generated by wind turbines and find that topography does help to reduce wind-turbine-induced seismic noise.

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Yoshikura, Hiroshi. "Population Size Dependency of Measles Epidemic That Was Scalable from Japanese Prefectures to European Countries." Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 71, no. 5 (September 30, 2018): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.023.

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Meacham, William. "Postinfection Immunity to Measles Was Known to Common Folk Well Before Its Discovery by Science." American Journal of the Medical Sciences 347, no. 6 (June 2014): 502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/maj.0000000000000239.

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Yanagihara, Makoto, Toshiki Fujii, Takashi Mochizuki, Hiroshi Ishizaki, and Tetsutaro Sata. "Measles Virus was Present in the Inner Cell of the Acrosyringium in the Skin Rash." Pediatric Dermatology 15, no. 6 (March 16, 2009): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.1998.tb01394.x.

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Yanagihara, M., T. Fujii, T. Mochizuki, H. Ishizaki, and T. Sata. "Measles virus was present in the inner cell of the acrosyringium in the skin rash." Pediatric Dermatology 15, no. 6 (November 1998): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1470.1998.1998015456.x.

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Wong Chi, Hong, Chuang Shuk Kwan, Wing Hang Lam, Ho Yeung Lam, Tsz Sum Lam, Raymond Ho Lei Ming, Hong Leung Yi, and Chau Kuen Yonnie Lam. "Investigation and control of a measles outbreak at the Hong Kong International Airport, 2019." Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2019.10.2.007.

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Introduction: Hong Kong SAR (China) achieved measles elimination status in 2016, and the incidence of measles infection had been low over the past few years. However, the Centre for Health Protection (CHP) at the Department of Health was notified on 22 March 2019 of an outbreak of three cases of measles infection among workers at the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA). Methods: We reviewed notifications of measles received by CHP from 1 January to 17 May 2019. We defined a confirmed case of measles as having laboratory evidence of measles infection. All confirmed cases among airport workers or those with epidemiological information suggesting they had been infected by contact with airport workers were included in the review. We described the epidemiological features and reviewed the control measures against the outbreak. Results: We identified 33 cases, 29 of which were among airport workers. They comprised 22 men and 11 women, aged 20–49 years (median 25 years). The majority of people with confirmed measles presented with fever and rash. All required hospitalization. None developed complications. Control measures, including enhanced environmental hygiene and improved ventilation at HKIA and vaccinations for the airport community, were implemented. Vaccinations were provided to 8501 eligible airport workers, and the outbreak was declared over on 17 May 2019. Discussion: Early recognition of the outbreak and prompt control measures, especially targeted vaccination of the exposed population, effectively controlled the outbreak in just two weeks.

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Sowers, Sun B., Jennifer S. Rota, Carole J. Hickman, Sara Mercader, Susan Redd, Rebecca J. McNall, Nobia Williams, et al. "High Concentrations of Measles Neutralizing Antibodies and High-Avidity Measles IgG Accurately Identify Measles Reinfection Cases." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 23, no. 8 (June 22, 2016): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00268-16.

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ABSTRACTIn the United States, approximately 9% of the measles cases reported from 2012 to 2014 occurred in vaccinated individuals. Laboratory confirmation of measles in vaccinated individuals is challenging since IgM assays can give inconclusive results. Although a positive reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay result from an appropriately timed specimen can provide confirmation, negative results may not rule out a highly suspicious case. Detection of high-avidity measles IgG in serum samples provides laboratory evidence of a past immunologic response to measles from natural infection or immunization. High concentrations of measles neutralizing antibody have been observed by plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) assays among confirmed measles cases with high-avidity IgG, referred to here as reinfection cases (RICs). In this study, we evaluated the utility of measuring levels of measles neutralizing antibody to distinguish RICs from noncases by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Single and paired serum samples with high-avidity measles IgG from suspected measles cases submitted to the CDC for routine surveillance were used for the analysis. The RICs were confirmed by a 4-fold rise in PRN titer or by RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay, while the noncases were negative by both assays. Discrimination accuracy was high with serum samples collected ≥3 days after rash onset (area under the curve, 0.953; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.854 to 0.993). Measles neutralizing antibody concentrations of ≥40,000 mIU/ml identified RICs with 90% sensitivity (95% CI, 74 to 98%) and 100% specificity (95% CI, 82 to 100%). Therefore, when serological or RT-qPCR results are unavailable or inconclusive, suspected measles cases with high-avidity measles IgG can be confirmed as RICs by measles neutralizing antibody concentrations of ≥40,000 mIU/ml.

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Sayfullin, M. A., N. N. Zvereva, E. A. Nurmuhametova, N. P. Blohina, E. Yu Pylaeva, K. S. Konyaev, and O. V. Shamsheva. "Liver damage with measles." Journal Infectology 12, no. 4 (October 17, 2020): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2020-12-4-78-86.

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Objective: to determine the incidence of liver damage with measles, the specificity of these changes, to identify risk groups, to assess the dynamics of the development of hyperfermentemia in various stages of the disease.Materials and methods: a retrospective cohort study of medical records of patients hospitalized with measles (n = 101), divided into 4 groups: children (n = 23), men (n = 32), women (n = 24) and pregnant women (n = 22). Patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza (n = 61) were taken as a comparison group. The analysis of the frequency of detecting changes in biochemical parameters, average values, standard error and confidence intervals.Results: An increase in ALT in measles patients was observed in 56 (55.4%), above 5 norms – in 15 patients (14.8%), an increase in AST was detected in 80 (79.2%) patients, above 5 norms – in 10 (9.9%). These changes are specific for measles, which was established by comparing the indicators of patients with measles and influenza. The greatest frequency and severity of the observed changes was observed in men. Determination of bilirubin concentration was carried out in 95 patients. An increase in total bilirubin above 20 μmol / L was observed in 10 (10.5%), direct above 5 μmol / L – in 13 (13.6%) patients.Conclusion: given the frequency of occurrence of the identified changes, it is advisable to conduct a biochemical blood test for measles patients. Therapeutic tactics should be determined taking into account the possible development of hepatitis with measles.

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Ningtyas, Dwi Wahyu, and Arief Wibowo. "The Influence of Quality of Measles Vaccine to The Incidence of Measles in Pasuruan Regency." Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v3i3.2015.315-326.

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ABSTRACTThe measles is a major cause of child mortality among vaccine preventable disease. The incidence of measles reach out 198 cases in 2014 at Pasuruan. The incidence of measles in Pasuruan, not only in areas with low immunization coverage but also in areas with high immunization coverage, it may indicate the quality of the vaccines given bad that does not provide protection to measles disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of quality of measles vaccine to the incidence of measles in Pasuruan Regency. This study was an analytic observational with case-control approach. The samples of this study taken 30 villages which had measleas cases in 2014 and 30 villages which had not measles cases in 2014. The data was analyzed by using linier regression and logistic regression. The result of the study confirmed that training (p = 0.002), knowledge (p = 0.000), and the availability of vaccine (p = 0.022) effect on the quality of measles vaccine; thus the quality of measles vaccine (p = 0.008) effect on the incidence of measles. The conclusion of this study the influence of which there are knowledge to the quality of measles vaccine; and there is influence between quality of measles vaccine to the incidence of measles. Suggestions can be drawn based on the results of this study, increase health workers knowledge about the measles immunization coverage and the quality of measles vaccine with mentoring, and require officers to use the facilities and infrastructure of immunization according to SOP (Standard Operating Procedure).Keywords: incidence of measles, quality of measles vaccine

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Ningtyas, Dwi Wahyu, and Arief Wibowo. "The Influence of Quality of Measles Vaccine to The Incidence of Measles in Pasuruan Regency." Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v3i32015.315-326.

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The measles is a major cause of child mortality among vaccine preventable disease. The incidence of measles reach out 198 cases in 2014 at Pasuruan. The incidence of measles in Pasuruan, not only in areas with low immunization coverage but also in areas with high immunization coverage, it may indicate the quality of the vaccines given bad that does not provide protection to measles disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of quality of measles vaccine to the incidence of measles in Pasuruan Regency. This study was an analytic observational with case-control approach. The samples of this study taken 30 villages which had measleas cases in 2014 and 30 villages which had not measles cases in 2014. The data was analyzed by using linier regression and logistic regression. The result of the study confirmed that training (p = 0.002), knowledge (p = 0.000), and the availability of vaccine (p = 0.022) effect on the quality of measles vaccine; thus the quality of measles vaccine (p = 0.008) effect on the incidence of measles. The conclusion of this study the influence of which there are knowledge to the quality of measles vaccine; and there is influence between quality of measles vaccine to the incidence of measles. Suggestions can be drawn based on the results of this study, increase health workers knowledge about the measles immunization coverage and the quality of measles vaccine with mentoring, and require officers to use the facilities and infrastructure of immunization according to SOP (Standard Operating Procedure).Keywords: incidence of measles, quality of measles vaccine

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Moussli, Nora, Emmanuel Kabengele, and Emilien Jeannot. "Measles at Work: Status of Measles Vaccination at a Multinational Company." Vaccines 7, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7010008.

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Background: This study aims to evaluate the status of measles vaccination among employees working for a multinational company. It also assesses the effectiveness of an on-site prevention campaign. In keeping with the guidelines of the World Health Organization regarding measles awareness, the Federal Office of Public Health in Switzerland aims to eliminate measles by 2020. Methods: A questionnaire about measles vaccination was sent by e-mail and via a fluid survey. Logistic regression models examined the associations between explicative variables and the status of complete measles immunization. The status of complete measles immunization was used as the primary outcome. Results: 17% of the participants were not aware of their measles immunization status, 14% had had only one dose of the vaccination, and only 24% had two doses. Male employees had a lower probability of being vaccinated against measles than women [aOR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.43–0.86]. Employees of Swiss and African origin had a higher probability of being vaccinated than employees of European origin (aOR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.13–3.33). Conclusions: Based on the results of the questionnaire, further efforts are needed to promote measles vaccination through awareness campaigns so that employees become more aware of the importance of measles immunization.

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Synoda, V. A., I. A. Zhmakin, L. A. Kudrich, P. V. Vasiliev, K. B. Bakanov, and A. M. Kuznetsova. "The Main Results of Activities to Improve the Environment and Protect the Population of the Tver Region from Measles Infection." Medicina 8, no. 2 (2020): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.29234/2308-9113-2020-8-2-94-107.

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Background. The Russian and international community is concerned about the growing incidence of measles. This is typical for highly developed and developing countries and has an impact on the epidemic situation in Russia. Purpose of research: to study the main results of the activities carried out by the Rospotrebnadzor administration in the Tver region to improve the state of the environment and protect the population of the Tver region from measles infection. Material and methods. The results of implementation of measures to reduce the impact of risk factors of measles on the health of the population of the Tver region in 2017-2019 were analyzed. Analyzed indicators are: the incidence of measles per 100 thousand population; coverage of preventive vaccinations to prevent the spread of measles among controlled individuals (%); results of serological monitoring of the state of collective immunity against measles in indicator population groups by a passive hemagglutination reaction method with a protective titer of 1:10 or more (absolute number, %); comparative assessment of changes in indicators of the number of measles seronegative persons in indicator groups of the population (%). Results and discussion. A set of measures aimed at preventing the incidence of measles is being implemented in the Tver region. To do this, the population is immunized against measles every year. In 2017 38,881 people were vaccinated, in 2018 – 35,476 and in 2019 – 42,347 people. This led to the fact that in 2017 in the Tver region there were no cases of measles. In 2018 the incidence of measles was 0.23 per 100 thousand population (3 cases) and in 2019 – 0.86 per 100 thousand population (11 cases). All cases of measles were imported from foreign countries and various regions of Russia. The situation in the incidence of measles in the Tver region is much better than in the Russian Federation and the Central Federal District of Russia. This is facilitated by a consistently high vaccination coverage of adults and children. Vaccination coverage of children aged two years in 2019 amounted to 98.2%, at the age of 6 years – 94.4% and adults 18-35 years old – 99.7%. If during seromonitoring an increase in the specific gravity of seronegative persons was detected, then their vaccination was carried out as planned. Conclusion. The implementation on a regular basis by the Office of Rospotrebnadzor in the Tver region of a set of effective measures aimed at combating measles helps prevent the incidence of measles infection in the population of the Tver region.

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Lavrentieva, I. N., M. Hoang, A. Y. Antipova, M. A. Bichurina, and A. A. Totolyan. "Revealing measles cases in Vietnam during the spread of a new coronavirus infection." Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 12, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-rmc-1806.

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Introduction. According to the WHO Strategic Plan, five out of six geographical regions were expected to achieve measles elimination by 2020, among which is the Western Pacific Region (WPR), which includes the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (VNM). In 2019, 14 156 measles cases were detected in Vietnam, which significantly exceeds the level required to achieve its elimination (less than 1 case per 1 million population). Analyzing the causes of the ongoing measles virus circulation in diverse global regions is very important. It is also important to assess a potential impact on the measles incidence due to anti-epidemic measures aimed at combating the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is devoted to revealation measles cases in South Vietnam within the period covering January 2020 to March 2021. Materials and methods. 799 samples of blood sera obtained from different territories of South Vietnam in 2020–2021 were examined for IgM antibodies against measles virus using the Anti-Measles Virus ELISA (IgM) test system (Euroimmun, Germany). The presence of IgM measles virus antibodies in the blood serum was assessed as an acute measles infection. Results. The measles virus was actively circulating in South Vietnam in the first months of 2020. Residents of large cities and industrial centers were mainly involved in the epidemic process. Measles spread mainly among unvaccinated (71.58%) subjects, or who was unaware of vaccinations (25.48%), but also among those who were vaccinated (2.12%) and revaccinated (0.64%). The absolute majority of cases (71%) affected children under the age of three, with a predominance of those at the first year of life. Among the latter, 48% were children aged 7-9 months old. In March- April 2020, there was a sharp decrease in the number of measles cases in South Vietnam, down to a sporadic level (from May 2020 to March 2021). This is probably due to the anti-epidemic measures that were carried out in the VNM in order to limit the spread of COVID-19. Consequently, after the restrictions are lifted, we can expect an increase in the measles incidence in VNM.

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O’Donnell, Shaun, Ffion Davies, Madhur Vardhan, and Patrick Nee. "Could this be measles?" Emergency Medicine Journal 36, no. 5 (April 3, 2019): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2019-208490.

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Infection with the measles virus causes an unpleasant disease with many potentially serious complications. It is predominantly a childhood illness but can affect any age. Measles is extraordinarily contagious, but immunisation with measles containing vaccine provides comprehensive protection. An international programme of universal immunisation from the mid-1980s has been very effective; measles was declared eliminated in the USA nearly two decades ago and became a rarity in other countries with high rates of vaccine uptake. Until recently, this was a forgotten disease in high-income countries, but paediatricians, emergency and primary care physicians worldwide are now encountering measles with increased frequency. Attributed to international travel and pockets of vaccine hesitancy locally, new outbreaks of measles have been recorded in many regions thought to have been free of the disease. Because it was previously so uncommon, measles presents a diagnostic challenge and an unrecognised case may cause infection to spread among communities. The present article presents a case of confirmed measles infection and discusses the epidemiology, clinical features, investigation, management and prevention of measles.

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Brunell, Philip A. "Measles One More Time." Pediatrics 86, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.86.3.474.

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Although measles vaccine has been licensed for more than a quarter of a century, we have failed to eradicate the disease. It appeared as though we might be approaching this goal in 1983 when only 1497 cases were reported. In 1989, however, we had approximately 17 000 cases. Prior to this there were a series of "miniepidemics" in 1971, 1976, and 1986, occurring at increasing intervals each with fewer cases than the previous one (Fig 1).1 The epidemic of 1989 was a clear departure from this pattern. One of the responses was to recommend a routine two-dose schedule of measles vaccine.

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Al-Abdullah, Nabeela Abdullah. "Measles outbreak amongst Manymar population of Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 7 (June 22, 2018): 2657. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182420.

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Background: Worldwide efforts for measles elimination are made possible due to the availability of a highly effective measles vaccine. In spite of a highly vaccinated population, an outbreak of measles has occurred in Jeddah province of Saudi Arabia, from January to February 2018.Methods: An outbreak investigation was conducted to describe the epidemiology of the outbreak. A performance audit of the control measures taken by the primary healthcare team was carried out in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards.Results: Of the 31 cases reported, the patient’s ages range from 1–9 years with an average age of 6 (±2) years. The index case was a 9 year old male. The performance indicator target for outbreak control measures was achieved. Ninety percent of the cases were investigated within 48 hours. Specimens such as serum blood and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected within the optimal period to test for measles IgG and IgM antibody.Conclusions: This outbreak demonstrates the increased susceptibility of unvaccinated children aged 6–11 months. To prevent possible future outbreaks, community awareness through educational campaigns, a review of children’s vaccination records, enhanced community surveillance and a measles ‘catch-up’ mass immunization campaign to interrupt chains of transmission are necessary.

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Edwards, Michael Todd. "Who Was the Real William Shakespeare?" Mathematics Teacher 102, no. 8 (April 2009): 580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.102.8.0580.

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Edwards, Michael Todd. "Who Was the Real William Shakespeare?" Mathematics Teacher 102, no. 8 (April 2009): 580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.102.8.0580.

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Berghult, B., A. Elfström Broo, and T. Hedberg. "Corrosion control measures in Sweden and the effect of succession order." Water Supply 1, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0053.

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Corrosion control actions for drinking water distribution in Sweden are discussed. Several different processes are used. The water quality goals vary over a wide range both with respect to pH and alkalinity. None of the waters are supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate. The results of the corrosion control action on copper and iron corrosion product release are calculated and discussed in terms of possibilities for improvements. The effect of water quality changes due to pipe material succession order is shown.

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WANG, Y. H. J., R. M. ANDREWS, H. KELLY, and S. B. LAMBERT. "Evaluating measles surveillance using laboratory-discarded notifications of measles-like illness during elimination." Epidemiology and Infection 135, no. 8 (March 12, 2007): 1363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880700828x.

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SUMMARYFor jurisdictions implementing measles elimination strategies, a minimum surveillance benchmark of 1/100 000 population per year measles-like illness (MLI) cases initially notified, but then rejected based on laboratory testing was proposed. We used this standard to assess the quality of the Victorian enhanced measles surveillance between 1998 and 2003. Victorian enhanced measles surveillance includes interviews with notified cases and confirmatory laboratory testing for notifications. We found 72% (918/1281) of measles notifications were discarded after testing. The median annual rate of discard was 2·9/100 000. The annual discard rate was inversely associated with the age of the notifications, and measles negative with no other diagnosis made was the most common laboratory outcome. The annual rates of discarded notifications in Victoria were consistently above the minimum recommended standard. The rate of discarded MLIs as a surveillance threshold should be useful in measles endemic regions, but may require modification where disease elimination has occurred.

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TYURIN, YU A., S. N. KULIKOV, G. SH ISAEVA, and I. D. RESHETNIKOVA. "Intensity of post-vaccination immunity to measles and rubella in students of the Republic of Tatarstan." Practical medicine 20, no. 2 (2022): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32000/2072-1757-2022-2-69-72.

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The intensity of post-vaccination immunity to measles and rubella in students of medical educational institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan was studied. The study revealed the improved collective immunity to measles in this age group. At the same time, selective seromonitoring showed an excess of the values of seronegative individuals to the measles virus compared with the indicator of epidemiological well-being. In order to prevent the occurrence and spread of measles, rubella and to implement measures to eliminate endemic measles in the Russia, it is recommended to carry out additional revaccination of persons with no protective titers of antibodies to measles and rubella viruses, as well as to continue conducting research of collective immunity to this infection in this age group.

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Dilita, Vika Gress Vio, and Lucia Yovita Hendrati. "Measles Distribution Map according to Measles Immunization and Vitamin A Coverage." Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi 7, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v7i12019.51-59.

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Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Indonesia is one of the ten countries with the most significant number of measles cases in the world. Immunization coverage in Trenggalek Regency has reached the target of prevention of measles in the elimination stage, namely measles immunization coverage> 95%, the incidence of measles persists and increases in the last three years, from 2013 to 2015. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the trends between measles immunization status and the provision of vitamin A with the incidence of measles in Trenggalek Regency. Methods: This type of research is an observational study with a cross-sectional study design. The sample population is consist of 14 sub-districts in Trenggalek Regency. Data was taken from the health profile of Trenggalek Regency in 2013, 2014, and 2015. In this study, data processing were analysed by Health Mapper application version 4.3.0.0 with product version 4.03 to determine data descriptively. Results: Distribution of measles incidence with immunization coverage in Trenggalek Regency in 2013, 2014, and 2015 showed that measles incidence tended to increase followed with the decreasing number of measles immunization coverage each year. Ironically, the distribution of measles incidence with vitamin A administration in 2013, 2014, and 2015 showed the incidence of measles had increased because of the inconsistent amount of vitamin A administration. Conclusion: Measles incidence tends to occur in low immunization coverage areas and has decreased from the previous year. Giving vitamin A does not prevent the occurrence of measles, but serves to reduce compilation.

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Chamales, Ingrid A., Peter G. Napolitano, and Cesar Rosa. "Vaginal Mucositis in Measles." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2, no. 6 (1995): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1064744995000184.

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Background: Measles (rubeola), a common childhood exanthema, occurs infrequently in adults. Vaginal mucositis in association with measles is not commonly described.Case: During a recent measles epidemic, 2 female patients presented with high fever, myalgia, exanthema, and prostration. On examination, each patient had marked inflammation and tenderness of the vaginal mucosa, prompting the presumptive diagnosis of toxic shock syndrome. The evolution of the illness was consistent with measles. Cervicovaginal cultures were negative for pathogens. Acute and convalescent antibody titers for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rubella, leptospirosis, and Proteus Ox-19 were not consistent with a recent infection. The sera also were negative for anti-toxic shock toxin-1 and anti-streptolysin. Measles antibody titers were consistent with a recent infection.Conclusion: Vaginal mucositis is an unusual manifestation of measles that may mimic toxic shock syndrome.

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Chechetova, S., Z. Dzholbunova, R. Kadyrov, and A. Uzakbaeva. "Problems of Diagnostics of Measles and Rubella in Kyrgyzstan at the Present Stage." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/48/09.

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The analysis of the epidemiological situation of measles in the Kyrgyz Republic was conducted, against the background of a decrease in the possibility of using laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis of measles, which negatively affects the timely conduct of anti-epidemic measures to isolate patients and monitor contact. Among suspicious patients on measles the group of children at which strew is formed disappears in 1–2 days and the measles diagnosis is excluded without laboratory inspection. Most often they stop with a diagnosis of ARI, an allergic rash, and patients are discharged home. In this group, a retrospective blood test was performed in 20 patients with rubella ELISA, which made it possible to identify this infection in 10 patients. During the period of the epidemic rise in measles, there is an increase in the incidence among children and rubella, so children suspicious for measles should also be examined for rubella.

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Kostinov, M. P., N. N. Filatov, P. I. Zhuravlev, L. S. Gladkova, V. B. Polischuk, A. D. Shmitko, D. V. Pakhomov, et al. "Level of measles herd immunity assessed in hospital medical workers within a framework of the state measles elimination program." Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 10, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-lom-690.

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Within a framework of the state measles elimination program, in April, 2018 a level of measles herd immunity was assessed in 1899 Moscow hospital medical workers aged from 19 to 69 years and older. All subjects enrolled in the study were vaccinated against measles or recovered after measles infection. Serum samples were collected from subjects and examined by ELISA for measles IgG antibodies with the Vector-Best IgG-measle test system (Russia). It was found that 278 (14.6%) and 1621 (85.4%) subjects were seronegative (< 0.18 IU/mL) and seropositive (> 0.18 IU/ml), respectively. Age-related group distribution of 1855 serum samples revealed that percentage of seronegative subjects was in: aged 19—23 years was -38.5%; 24-28 and 29-33 years - 22.2%; 34-38 years - 27.5%; 39-43 years - 25.8%; 44-48 years - 16.8%; 49-53 and 54-58 years — 8.6% and 8.3%, respectively; 59-63 years old — 4.9%; 64-68 and over 69 years old — 0%. Moreover, mean level of measles IgG antibodies increased proportionally to age of medical workers from 0.58 IU/ml (19-23 years) to 2.94-2.72 IU/ml (64-68 and over 69 years). The data obtained indicate that a cohort of measles susceptible subjects (from 38.5% to 16.8%), respectively, is identified among young and middle age (from 19 to 48 years) individuals. It is assumed that two-dose measles vaccination in childhood does not contribute to the long-term preservation of protective levels of measles antibodies, thereby justifying a need to administer a three-dose measles vaccine.

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Wittier, Robert R., Bruce C. Veit, Susan McIntyre, and Manuel Schydlower. "Measles Revaccination Response in a School-Age Population." Pediatrics 88, no. 5 (November 1, 1991): 1024–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.88.5.1024.

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Due to the dramatic upsurge in the incidence of measles, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee of the Centers for Disease Control revised their measles immunization policies in 1989 to include a routine two-dose schedule. The objectives of this study were the following: (1) determine the prevalence of immunologically measles-susceptible subjects in a previously vaccinated, school-age, military dependent population; and (2) assess risk factors to identify immunologically measles-susceptible subjects. Serum was collected just prior to measles revaccination and again 2 weeks later. Measles-specific IgG and IgM titers were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunologically measles-susceptible subjects constituted 9.8% of the population. The interval since previous measles vaccination was significantly related to pre- and postrevaccination IgG titers in a repeated-measures analysis of variance model. The magnitude of increase in IgG titer following revaccination and analysis of trend for proportions of measles-susceptible subjects were significantly related to the age of initial vaccination. This study supports continued measles revaccination; in addition, revaccination appears to be of greater value at 11 to 12 years of age than at 4 to 6 years of age.

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Brobakk, Jostein. "A Climate for Change? Norwegian Farmers’ Attitudes to Climate Change and Climate Policy." World Political Science 14, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/wps-2018-0003.

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Abstract Climate change is one of the major challenges of our time, and particularly so for agriculture. Agriculture is a significant contributor to climate change and, according to projections from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), will experience alterations in production conditions in the future. The Norwegian government’s 2009 White Paper on climate policy for agriculture is based on the point of view that the agricultural sector can and should contribute to Norway fulfilling its climate policy commitments. This requires changes in farm operations and production methods, making the farmer an important agent when it comes to the implementation of climate change mitigation measures. In this article, I study Norwegian farmers’ climate change perceptions and priorities, and examine what it would take for them to consider implementing mitigation measures on their own farms. The analysis is based on a survey focusing on climate change from a representative sample of Norwegian farmers in 2011, the only survey of its kind conducted on this group so far. The results show that even if farmers perceive climate change as real and manmade, they do not appear to experience the changes as requiring immediate action. Moreover, farmers seem to view adapting to new environmental policy as a greater challenge than adapting to climate change itself. Farmers also appear to place production-related goals and managing the farm economy higher on the agenda than curbing emissions. Financial incentives, in the form of public support schemes or higher prices for food produced in a more environmentally friendly way, are factors which could increase the likelihood of implementing environmental measures on their own farms. A majority of farmers also believe that sectors other than agriculture should contribute more to cuts in greenhouse gases. Factors that most clearly explain the variation in attitudes to climate change are education levels, political or ideological factors, and the feeling of proximity; that is to say, to what extent one perceives climate change to be something that will affect one’s own productivity in the future. In order to fulfill environmental policy commitments in the agricultural sector, farmers’ motivation must be strengthened, and the focus should be placed on measures that view productivity goals, farm economies and mitigation measures in a wider context.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Measles WGS'

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