Books: 'Measles WGS'

1

When Vera was sick. New York: Holt, 1998.

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2

Verdenhalven, Fritz. Alte Mess- und Währungssysteme aus dem deutschen Sprachgebiet: Was familien- und Lokalgeschichtsforscher suchen. 2nd ed. Neustadt an der Aisch [Germany]: Degener, 1993.

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3

1951-, Butler Alan, ed. Civilization one: The world is not as you thought it was. London: Watkins, 2004.

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4

Office, General Accounting. Pipeline safety fund: Minimum balance was not reasonably estimated : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, 20013): The Office, 2001.

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5

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Public Works and Transportation. Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990: Report (to accompany H.R. 5200 which ... was referred jointly to the Committee on Public Works and Transportation and the Committee on Foreign Affairs). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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6

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Strategic petroleum reserve protective force: Report (to accompany S. 836 which on June 29, 1987, was referred jointly to the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Committee on the Judiciary) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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7

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Strategic petroleum reserve protective force: Report (to accompany S. 836 which on June 29, 1987, was referred jointly to the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Committee on the Judiciary) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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8

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Computer Security Act of 1986: Report together with additional and dissenting views (to accompany H.R. 2889 which ... was referred jointly to the Committee on Science and Technology and the Committee on Government Operations) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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9

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Computer Security Act of 1986: Report together with additional and dissenting views (to accompany H.R. 2889 which ... was referred jointly to the Committee on Science and Technology and the Committee on Government Operations) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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10

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Computer Security Act of 1986: Report together with additional and dissenting views (to accompany H.R. 2889 which ... was referred jointly to the Committee on Science and Technology and the Committee on Government Operations) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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11

Commerce, United States Congress House Committee on Energy and. Pipeline safety reauthorization: Report together with additional views (to accompany H.R. 4426 ... was referred jointly to the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Committee on Public Works and Transportation) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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12

Commerce, United States Congress House Committee on Energy and. Pipeline safety reauthorization: Report (to accompany H.R. 2092 which on April 17, 1985, was referred jointly to the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Committee on Public Works and Transportation) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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13

United States. Government Accountability Office. Nuclear safety: DOE's investigation of phosgene gas contamination was inadequate, but experts conclude that worker safety and facilities are not threatened : report to Congressional Addressees. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2007.

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14

Cooper, Richard. Whs Practise Ks1 Measures and Estimates. Hodder Education Group, 2007.

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15

Rosenberry, Vera. When Vera Was Sick. Turtleback Books Distributed by Demco Media, 2002.

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16

When Vera Was Sick. Owlet Paperbacks, 2002.

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17

Rosenberry, Vera. When Vera Was Sick. Owlet Paperbacks, 2002.

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18

Mody, Ashoka. Delays and Half-Measures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199351381.003.0007.

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This chapter studies the cases of Greece and Ireland in 2010. Amidst the raging global financial crisis, the Greek economy appeared to have held up well. However, every informed observer knew that Greece's statistical data was appalling—and too often deliberately misleading. It was later revealed that Greek debt was above 110 percent of GDP, and, with large deficits, debt was piling up rapidly. The chapter then looks at the Irish crisis, which had been building since late-September 2008. To persuade creditors to continue to fund Irish banks, the government had guaranteed that it would repay their debts if the banks themselves were unable do so. Irish banks had made bad lending decisions and had made huge losses. If not already bankrupt, they were heading to bankruptcy as property prices had continued to fall.

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19

Staff, BXS. WCS Exploring Information Technology Security Course Pack. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2003.

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20

Cullen, Christopher. The measures and forms of heaven. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733119.003.0006.

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We start by listening to the first voice from ancient China that speaks to us directly about the experience of observing the sky to make measurements, and of using a clepsydra to measure time. The speaker is Huan Tan, who lived through the time of Wang Mang and into the early Eastern Han. We examine what it was he measured, and then move into an explanation of the nature and purpose of the system of 28 ‘lodges’ into which the circuit of the sky was divided. Next is an account of the author’s personal experiences of observations designed to re-enact and test what Huan Tan tells us he did. We then discuss how changing ideas about the heavens were linked with the introduction of new instruments and new ways of measurement. Finally we return to Huan Tan and his arguments with his friend Yang Xiong on the shape of the cosmos.

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21

Regional Framework for the Monitoring and Re-Verification of Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Elimination in the Americas. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275124062.

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The Regional Framework for the Monitoring and Re-verification of Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Elimination in the Americas aims to guide Member States and the National Sustainability Committees of the Pan American Health Organization on the requirements and procedures for monitoring and re-verifying the measles and rubella elimination. The Regional Framework maintains some elements from the original 2011 Plan of Action for documenting and verifying elimination, while providing sound and updated guidance adjusted to the new epidemiological scenarios. Endemic countries will now have to document absence of measles virus transmission for more than one year and the national capability to sustain measles and rubella elimination, to meet re-verification criteria. The Framework was developed and critically reviewed by the Measles and Rubella Elimination Regional Monitoring and Re-Verification Commission, a new body of independent experts appointed in 2019 that will guide the process for re-verifying and monitoring sustainability of elimination.

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22

Breakdown : How the Secret of the Atomic Bomb Was Stolen. Sunstone Press, 1999.

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23

Knight, Christopher, and Alan Butler. Civilization One: The World Is Not as You Thought It Was. Watkins, 2006.

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24

Knight, Christopher, and Alan Butler. Civilization One: The World is Not as You Thought It Was. Watkins, 2010.

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25

Measurement Wasn't Taught When They Built the Pyramids, Was It?: The Teaching and Learning of Common Measures in Adult Numeracy. National Research and Development Centre for Adult Literacy and Numeracy, 2006.

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26

Regulatory guide 1.161: (draft was DG-1023) : evaluation of reactor pressure vessels with charpy upper-shelf energy less than 50 ft.-lb. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, 1995.

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27

Rahmstorf, Lorenz, Gojko Barjamovic, and Nicola Ialongo, eds. Merchants, Measures and Money. Understanding Technologies of Early Trade in a Comparative Perspective. Wachholtz Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23797/9783529035418.

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This second volume in the series collects papers from two workshops held at the University of Göttingen in 2019 and 2020. The international meetings tackled questions related to merchants and money in a comparative perspective, with examples spanning from the Bronze Age to the early Modern period and embracing Europe, the Mediterranean, Asia and East Africa. The first part of this volume presents historical case studies of how merchants planned and carried out commercial expeditions; how risk, cost, and potential profit was calculated; and how the value of goods was calculated and converted. The papers in the second part address current theories and methods on the development and function of money before and after the invention of coinage. The introduction of balance scales around 3000 BCE enabled the formation of overarching indexes of value and the calculation of the commercial value of goods and services. It also allowed for a selected set of commodities to take on the role of currency. Around 650 BCE, this led to the invention of coinage in the Eastern Mediterranean.

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28

Schütze, Robert. The Decline of the International Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803379.003.0004.

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The creation of a common market was (and is) a central task of the European Economic Community and today the European Union. The 1957 EEC Treaty thereby offered a variety of legal instruments to unite the different national markets into a ‘common’ European market. Originally, it closely followed the GATT suggestions in Article XXIV and outlawed customs duties (and equivalent measures), while it equally prohibited quantitative restrictions (and equivalent measures). The EEC Treaty also contained a non-discrimination provision for imported goods, yet the latter was textually confined to fiscal measures; and the question therefore arose how the 1957 Rome Treaty would regard State regulatory measures that discriminated against out-of-State goods. This chapter explores the constitutional choices made by the original Rome Treaty and the early Court with regard to market integration.

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29

Simon, Gleeson. Part III Investment Banking, 12 The Trading Book. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0012.

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This chapter begins by discussing market risk in the Basel framework. Market risk was a relative latecomer to the Basel framework. Although the original Accord was signed in 1988, it was only in 1996 that the amendment to incorporate market risks was implemented. Market risk in the trading book is comprised of two significant components: position risk, which measures the risk of a change in the value of assets held; and counterparty credit risk, which measures the riskiness of counterparties to derivatives, options, and other trading positions. The remainder of the chapter covers trading book eligibility under Basel 2.5 and Basel 3.

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30

Horne, Cynthia M. Transitional Justice in Support of Democratization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793328.003.0008.

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Chapter 7 examines the conditions under which transitional justice affected democratic consolidation, a strong civil society, and low levels of corruption in the post-communist sphere. Lustration measures were robustly associated with democracy, with compulsory programs involving a punitive dimension having more noticeable effects than programs relying on symbolic shaming mechanisms. Wide and compulsory programs were similarly associated with more robust civil societies. However, there was evidence of a weak but negative relationship between truth commissions and democracy and civil society. Moreover, despite the framing of lustration as a corruption corrective, there was no apparent direct relationship. There were, however, indirect relationships between lustration measures and lower levels of corruption, highlighting the possible conditional effects of lustration. Finally, the chapter illustrated that there was a relatively long period of time after the transition within which to pass beneficial transitional justice measures, with declining efficacy several decades after the transition.

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31

Reinmar, Wolff. 5 Interim Relief. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676811.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses the interim relief measures issued during arbitration proceedings. Interim measures represent one of the most difficult areas in arbitration as it is characterized by the tribunal’s broad discretion and the need for a grant of enforcement by the state court. In a dispute, whether a party finally achieves its requested legal protection will depend on interim measures of protection: the disclosure of a trade secret, for example, cannot be undone even if an award or judgment later finds that the trade secret was illegal. While state court interim measures per se follow the general rules of civil procedural law at the place of their issuance, they pose a number of challenges at the interface between these general local civil procedure rules and the particularities of arbitration, particularly in cross-border disputes.

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32

Arena, Valentina. Fighting Corruption. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.003.0003.

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Corruption was seen as a major factor in the collapse of Republican Rome, as Valentina Arena’s subsequent essay “Fighting Corruption: Political Thought and Practice in the Late Roman Republic” argues. It was in reaction to this perception of the Republic’s political fortunes that an array of legislative and institutional measures were established and continually reformed to become more effective. What this chapter shows is that, as in Greece, the public sphere was distinct from the private sphere and, importantly, it was within this distinction that the foundations of anticorruption measures lay. Moreover, it is difficult to defend the existence of a major disjuncture between moralistic discourses and legal-political institutions designed to patrol the public/private divide: both were part of the same discourse and strategy to curb corruption and improve government.

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33

Gomula, Joanna. Introductory Note. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190848194.003.0019.

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In 2015 Panel and Appellate Body reports were adopted in eleven disputes. Most of these disputes concerned technical issues related to trade remedy measures, technical barriers to trade and sanitary and phytosanitary measures. However, one dispute stands out because it concerned an important systemic issue: the relationship between the WTO and a regional trade agreement. The major question at issue was whether a member initiating WTO dispute settlement proceedings against another member which had signed an RTA could be considered as acting in a manner contrary to good faith. Although the issue was ultimately not resolved because the agreement had not entered into force, the WTO reports constitute an important step in clarifying the above relationship.

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34

Freedman, David A. On Types of Scientific Enquiry: the Role of Qualitative Reasoning. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0012.

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This article argues that ‘substantial progress derives from informal reasoning and qualitative insights’. It shows the role played by causal process observations (CPOs), and qualitative reasoning more generally, in a series of well-known episodes drawn from the history of medicine. Edward Jenner published twenty-three case studies to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of ‘vaccination’. Ignac Semmelweis discovered the cause of puerperal fever. John Snow revealed that cholera was a water-borne infectious disease, which could be prevented by cleaning up the water supply. Christiaan Eijkman's research plan was to use Koch's methods, and show that beriberi was an infectious disease. Joseph Goldberger believed that pellagra was a deficiency disease. Frederick McKay and his connection with fluoridation, and the discovery of Alexander Fleming to penicillin, are discussed. In addition, the breakthrough of German measles by Norman Gregg is reported. Finally, Arthur Herbst offers the association between diethylstibestrol and adenocarcinoma of the vagina.

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35

Treves, Tullio. Introductory Note. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190848194.003.0017.

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ITLOS has handed out in 2015 two provisional measures orders and an advisory opinion. The Provisional Measures Order of 25 April 2015, in the maritime delimitation case between Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire, was adopted by an ad hoc Chamber of the Tribunal. It accepts for the first time in ITLOS jurisprudence the “plausibility” test for the merits submission as a prerequisite of a provisional measures order In the Provisional Measures Order of 24 August 2015 on the Enrica Lexie incident between Italy and India, the provisional measure prescribed consists in that both parties suspend or refrain from initiating proceedings which might aggravate the dispute submitted to the Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal. The Advisory Opinion of 2 April 2015, upon the request of a West African fisheries commission, rejects the view that ITLOS in its full formation lacks advisory jurisdiction. It throws light on the obligations of the flag state of vessels fishing in the exclusive economic zone of another state and on the role of the European Union.

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36

Cave-Browne, John. The Punjab and Delhi in 1857: Being a narrative of the measures by which the Punjab was saved and Delhi recovered during the Indian Mutiny. Volume 2. Adamant Media Corporation, 2002.

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37

Cave-Browne, John. The Punjab and Delhi in 1857: Being a narrative of the measures by which the Punjab was saved and Delhi recovered during the Indian Mutiny. Volume 1. Adamant Media Corporation, 2002.

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38

Reagan, Leslie J. Monstrous Births, Birth Defects, Unusual Anatomy, and Disability in Europe and North America. Edited by Michael Rembis, Catherine Kudlick, and Kim E. Nielsen. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190234959.013.23.

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“Monstrous births,” anomalous newborn bodies, or stillbirths, have produced public and scientific reactions of fear and excited voyeuristic interest from the early modern period to the present in Europe and North America. During this time, the category of “monstrous births” expanded even if the term itself was replaced over time with “defectives,” “congenital malformations,” “birth defects,” and “disabilities.” Particular attention is given here to medicine, mothers of “monstrous births,” twentieth-century moments that brought birth defects to international attention (German measles and thalidomide), and gender. In addition, attention is given to the perspective of contemporary people whose sixteenth- and seventeenth-century predecessors (conjoined twins) were considered “monstrous births” and whose bodies are still preserved in museums.

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39

Newton-John, Toby. Multidisciplinary cognitive behavioural treatment for chronic pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0075.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Evaluation of a cognitive behavioural programme for rehabilitating patients with chronic pain’, published by Williams et al. in 1993. This article represents the first extensive evaluation of multidisciplinary cognitive behavioural therapy (commonly abbreviated as CBT) for chronic pain conducted in the UK. Back in 1993, evidence was accumulating in the US which supported group-based pain management programmes, but it was not clear whether those results would translate to the different pain populations found in Britain. The study used multiple domains of assessment, including psychometric measures, measures of physical function, and pain medication reduction. As the first of its kind in the UK, this remains an important study, not just for its originality, but for the rigour with which outcomes were evaluated and the novel process and outcome assessments employed.

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40

Berkel, Maaike van. Fighting Corruption between Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.003.0005.

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The focus of this chapter is on the efforts that were made to tackle corruption in the Middle East between the ninth and the eleventh centuries. What it shows is that definitions of corruption and anticorruption measures (petition and response procedures, administrative discharge procedures, audits of office and so forth) remained largely stable throughout Abbasid, Buyid and Seljuq rule. However, it also outlines how there was a gap between the anticorruption measures themselves and their enforcement—in other words, between prevention and punishment. In addition, it also shows how the perception of corruption as an urgent matter waxed and waned according to political circumstances.

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41

Rose, Sage, and Nicole Sieben. Hope Measurement. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.7.

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This chapter covers the multiple measures currently used to assess hope theory. Hope, as theorized by Snyder and colleagues, was originally determined to be a global construct measuring agency and pathways toward goal attainment. Using much of the original theory, hope research has expanded, resulting in multiple measures across different applications and domains. By exploring the context specificity, these scales have been shown to consistently predict outcomes across differing domains, supporting the reliability and validity of new hope measurement. It is anticipated that with more specific hope measurement, the more accurate hope assessment and intervention can become. Concepts covered in this chapter include academic hope, math hope, writing hope, work hope, children’s hope, employment hope, and state hope.

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42

Gupta, Rajesh. Randomized controlled trial evidence for gabapentin in post-herpetic neuralgia. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0069.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: A randomized controlled trial’, published by Rowbotham et al. in 1998. In the study, a 4-week initial period of titration of gabapentin (up to a maximum of 3,600 mg) or matching placebo was given, followed by a further 4-week period at the maximum tolerated dose. The primary efficacy measure was change in average daily pain score from start to finish of the treatment, and secondary measures observed were the average daily sleep score, a short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire, the subject’s global impression of change, the investigator-rated clinical global impression of change, the Short Form 36, a quality-of-life questionnaire, and a Profile of Mood States questionnaire. Subjects receiving gabapentin had significant reduction in daily pain scores as well as improvement in secondary measures of pain, although with an increased incidence of side effects.

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43

Horne, Cynthia M. Building Trust and Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793328.001.0001.

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Did transitional justice support the processes of political and social trust building and facilitate democratization in the post-communist transitions in Central and Eastern Europe? More specifically, how did the structure and implementation of transitional justice affect outcomes? This book examines the conditions under which lustration and related transitional justice measures affected political and social trust building and democratization across twelve countries in Central and Eastern Europe and parts of the Former Soviet Union between 1989 and 2012. Contrary to blanket claims about the benefits or problems with the use of lustration and public disclosure measures, I argue that these transitional justice measures had a differentiated impact on political and social trust building, supporting some aspects of political trust while undermining other aspects of social trust. Using an original transitional justice typology, this book combines quantitative analyses of twelve post-communist countries and comparative case studies of four transitional justice programs—Hungary’s, Romania’s, Poland’s, and Bulgaria’s—to explicate transitional justice and trust-building dynamics. The book shows that the impact of transitional justice measures was conditional on their structure, scope, timing, and implementation, with particular attention to regime complicity challenges, historical memory issues, and communist legacies. More expansive and compulsory institutional change mechanisms registered the largest effects, with more limited and non-compulsoryemployment change mechanisms having a diminished effect, and more informal and largely symbolic measures having the most attenuated effect. These differentiated and conditional effects were also evident with respect to transition goals like supporting democratic consolidation, improving government effectiveness, and reducing corruption.

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44

Cheong-Ann, Png. Part I The International Law of Tainted Money, 4 International Legal Sources III—FATF Recommendations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198716587.003.0004.

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This chapter looks at the role and development of the Financial Action Task Force (FAFT). The FAFT was formally established at the G7 Summit in Paris in July 1989 by the Heads of State or Government of the G7 countries and the President of the European Commission. The main concern motivating the establishment of the FATF was the proliferation of drug production and drug-related activities, including the laundering of drug proceeds. The G7 leaders understood that decisive action at the national and international levels would be needed to deal with this concern. The chapter looks at how the FAFT has changed since its founding. Today, the objectives of the FATF are to set the international standard, and promote effective implementation of measures, for combating money laundering, financing of terrorism, and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system. It works to generate the necessary political will to bring about national legislative and regulatory reforms in these areas. It also monitors the progress of its members in implementing necessary measures.

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45

Li, Nan, Natalie Jomini Stroud, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Overcoming False Causal Attribution. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.46.

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In a study published in 1998 in The Lancet, British researchers Wakefield and colleagues described an association between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the onset of autism. Although the MMR–autism association failed to replicate and the lead author was discredited, the purported relationship decreased public confidence in vaccine safety. Parents continue to cite the MMR controversy as a factor complicating their decisions about vaccinating their children. This chapter focuses on misinformation involving false causality and discusses how it might exert persistent influence on individuals’ memory and inference even after being retracted. Additionally, using the MMR controversy as a case study, the chapter identifies some of the boundary situations that render a false causal attribution difficult to dispatch. Several communication strategies for overcoming false causality are recommended and directions for future research discussed.

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46

Castillo, Francisco Andújar, Antonio Feros, and Pilar Ponce Leiva. A Sick Body. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.003.0010.

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At the heart of this chapter is the connection that exists between anticorruption measures and power politics. It shows how the resistance of Spanish elites—the same elites whom the king relied on to keep kingdom and empire together—was one of the main reasons why anticorruption measures in sixteenth- and early-seventeenth-century Spain were ultimately ineffective. Spanish kings were reluctant to antagonize these elites for fear of creating more serious and damaging political problems. However, the lively debate about corruption could also be seen as an attempt to better understand and control it. Of the various administrative mechanisms available to control royal ministers and administrators, the authors pay particular attention to the so-called visitas and residencias: audits of institutions or individuals conducted during or at the end of their terms of office.

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47

Hochman, Michael E. The Surgical Safety System Checklist (SURPASS). Edited by SreyRam Kuy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199384075.003.0016.

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This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study known as SURPASS (the Surgical Safety System Checklist). Can surgical complications be reduced by following a checklist of safety measures before, during, and after operations? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case on the use of SURPASS.

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48

Seligmann, Matthew S. Rum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759973.003.0003.

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While the serving of a spirit ration to the sailors of the Royal Navy had long been a custom, in the climate of Edwardian Britain it was no longer one that commanded universal public support. The temperance movement was a strong political force and a major source of pressure for reform. Equally, within the Navy there was widespread recognition that the rum ration was a barrier to optimal crew efficiency, caused drunkenness and indiscipline, and would be a significant handicap in a war with Germany. Accordingly, once appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, Churchill sought to encourage temperance by increasing the allowance to those who chose to forgo the spirit ration. The cost of this was prohibitive and Churchill was forced to consider other less expensive measures, one of which was introduced on the eve of war in 1914.

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49

Llano, Samuel. Flamenco, Flamenquismo, and Social Control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199392469.003.0004.

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This chapter describes how, toward the end of the nineteenth century, journalists and social scientists concerned about social degeneration and the moral effects of Madrid’s nightlife gradually turned their attention away from the Gypsy and the señorito, that is, the rich Andalusian immigrant who organized flamenco juergas or gatherings in Madrid. Instead, these writers focused on the environment in which flamenco was performed. They used their publications to present Madrid as a den of vice and degeneration and to call the authorities to take measures to prevent the rise of scandals and crime in Madrid’s drinking establishments. Madrid’s authorities responded by passing legislation aimed at restricting the operating times of cafés and protecting the peace of residents from the “noise” of taverns. The lobbying by representatives of the powerful alcohol industry, however, rendered those measures fruitless in the long term.

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50

Aguilera-Cobos, Lorena, Rebeca Isabel-Gómez, and Juan Antonio Blasco-Amaro. Efectividad de la limitación de la movilidad en la evolución de la pandemia por Covid-19. AETSA Área de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias de Andalucía, Fundación Progreso y salud. Consejería de Salud y Familias. Junta de Andalucía, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52766/pyui7071.

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Introduction During the Covid-19 pandemic, non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) aimed to minimise the spread of the virus as much as possible to avoid the most severe cases and the collapse of health systems. These measures included mobility restrictions in several countries, including Spain. Objective To assess the impact of mobility constraints on incidence, transmission, severe cases and mortality in the evolution of the Covid-19 pandemic. These constraints include: • Mandatory home confinement. • - Recommendation to stay at home. • - Perimeter closures for entry and/or exit from established areas. • - Restriction of night-time mobility (curfew). Methodology Systematic literature review, including documents from official bodies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The following reference databases were consulted until October 2021 (free and controlled language): Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, TripDB, Epistemonikos, Royal college of London, COVID-end, COVID-19 Evidence Reviews, WHO, ECDC and CDC. Study selection and quality analysis were performed by two independent researchers. References were filtered firstly by title and abstract and secondly by full text in the Covidence tool using a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria. Synthesis of the results was done qualitatively. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the AMSTAR-II tool. Results The literature search identified 642 studies, of which 38 were excluded as duplicates. Of the 604 potentially relevant studies, 12 studies (10 systematic reviews and 2 official agency papers) were included in the analysis after filtering. One of the official agency papers was from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the other paper was from the Ontario Agency for Health Promotion and Protection (OHP). The result of the quality assessment with the AMSTAR-II tool of the included systematic reviews was: 3 reviews of moderate quality, 6 reviews of low quality and 1 review of critically low quality. The interventions analysed in the included studies were divided into 2 categories: the first category comprised mandatory home confinement, recommendation to stay at home and curfew, and the second category comprised perimeter blocking of entry and/or exit (local, cross-community, national or international). This division is because the included reviews analysed the measures of mandatory home confinement, advice to stay at home and curfew together without being able to carry out a disaggregated analysis. The included systematic reviews for the evaluation of home confinement, stay-at-home advice and curfew express a decrease in incidence levels, transmission and severe cases following the implementation of mobility limitation interventions compared to the no measure comparator. These conclusions are supported by the quantitative or qualitative results of the studies they include. All reviews also emphasise that to increase the effectiveness of these restrictions it is necessary to combine them with other public health measures. In the systematic reviews included for the assessment of entry and/or exit perimeter closure, most of the studies included in the reviews were found to be modelling studies based on mathematical models. All systematic reviews report a decrease in incidence, transmission and severe case levels following the implementation of travel restriction interventions. The great heterogeneity of travel restrictions applied, such as travel bans, border closures, passenger testing or screening, mandatory quarantine of travellers or optional recommendations for travellers to stay at home, makes data analysis and evaluation of interventions difficult. Conclusions Mobility restrictions in the development of the Covid-19 pandemic were one of the main NPI measures implemented. It can be concluded from the review that there is evidence for a positive impact of NPIs on the development of the COVID-19 pandemic. The heterogeneity of the data from the included studies and their low quality make it difficult to assess the effectiveness of mobility limitations in a disaggregated manner. Despite this, all the included reviews show a decrease in incidence, transmission, hospitalisations and deaths following the application of the measures under study. These measures are more effective when the restrictions were implemented earlier in the pandemic, were applied for a longer period and were more rigorous in their application.

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