Academic literature on the topic 'Measles Vaccination Philippines Zambales'

Abstract.The Western Pacific Region (WPR) is comprised of 37 countries such as China, Japan, Mongolia, Republic of Korea, The Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Papua-New Guinea, Australia, including Pacific Island Countries and Territories (21 countries of PICTs, approx. 3 million people) etc., with a population of 1.85 billion people. Among them, China is the largest and most populous (1.3 billion people) country of the Region. Large measles outbreaks were documented to occur in the Region. In 2003, the Regional Committee announced officially about the WPR action plan on measles elimination 2005, which, however, failed. Since 2012, WPR countries joined the WHO 2012–2020 Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan performing a routine measles vaccination (national immunization schedule) or within Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). Basically, a two-dose immunization strategy is followed in the WPR countries. Since 2002, measles supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) in children were conducted in the following countries: Japan, Laos, Vietnam, Philippines, Mongolia, Cambodia, Papua New Guinea, and China. Starting from 2005, measles management was considerably improved, demonstrating by 2012 decreased measles incidence rate down to 5.9 cases per million population. In last years, a decreased measles immunization coverage in decreed population groups was noted in the WPR countries that resulted in 2013–2015 measles epidemic involving almost all regional countries. In particular, in China measles incidence rate was 19.6 cases per million population, whereas in the Vietnam Papua New Guinea and Philippines it progressively increased reaching 182.8, 345.9 and 548.0 cases per million population, respectively. Early children not vaccinated according to schedule, adolescents and young adults dominated among measles patients. It was found that measles outbreaks were due to missed vaccination and increased level of vulnerability to measles. Children under one, adolescents and young adults who did not receive a two-dose measles vaccination were in risk group. Analyzing WPR measles epidemiology demonstrated that refusal of parents to vaccinate children, poor knowledge of advantages related to vaccination, insufficient immunization coverage in immigrants, travelers, subjects changing place of residence, workers of healthcare and educational facilities require special attention. In 2017–2018 season, the following measles genotypes were found in the WPR: D8 — Australia, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Japan; Н1 — China; В3 — Philippines, Australia and Japan; D9 — Singapore, Australia, Macau (China), Malaysia and Japan, Н2 strains endemic in Vietnam. According to the WHO, measles endemic transmission has been successfully interrupted; Australia, Macau, Mongolia and Republic of Korea are being verified to eliminate measles; Hong Kong (China) and Singapore (based on available information) are ready to verify measles elimination. Thus, in the Western Pacific Region measles elimination is achievable after solving current issues such as increasing and maintaining high-level routine vaccination and conducting measles supplementary immunization campaigns in epidemically important contact clusters.

Measles remains a public health concern in many regions, and the imported measles cases continue to challenge the measles elimination program for most of the countries where measles was verified to be eliminated or approaching elimination. The imported measles cases have been reported since October, 2017, in Jiangsu province, China. In this study, we reported the first imported B3 genotype measles virus from Egypt and the second imported D8 genotype measles virus from Philippines through international traveling. No secondary measles cases were found after these imported cases. Our findings highlighted the importance of measles vaccination targeting international travelers in China.

Abstract Background Measles is a highly contagious disease that leads to substantial morbidity among pediatric patients. Vaccination has already been implemented in the Philippines, but still measles outbreak is resurgent. This study will be of importance because it can be utilized to establish the factors that lead to the recent measles outbreak. Objectives To describe the demographic and clinical profile of pediatric patients diagnosed with measles during the recent measles outbreak in a tertiary hospital in Central Luzon, Philippines; and to investigate the relationship of nutrition and measles immunization status with the outcomes of measles. Methods Cross-sectional analytic study, conducted in Tertiary training government hospital. Included in the study were less than 19 years old, admitted between January and April 2019, and manifested the following criteria for suspected measles:fever, generalized maculopapular rash, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis. Descriptive statistics was used to present data for the clinico-demographic profile of patients. A correlation study was done by determining the statistical significance of the relationship of nutrition and vaccination status with measles complications and outcomes; and the relationship of complications with outcomes of patients. Results In total, 373 patients were included in this study, 60% (224) were males; 40% (149) were females. The majority was under 0–6 months, 40% (149). Most cases came from Pampanga, 333 (89.2%). A total of 355 (95%) patients were classified as clinically compatible measles, seven (2%) were laboratory confirmed, and all seven had measles IgM antibodies, four (1%) were epidemiologically linked cases. Most of the cases manifested the classic symptoms of measles: fever 100%, rashes 99%, cough 96%, colds 84%, conjunctivitis 55%, and Koplik’s spots was seen in only 13%. As to exposure, those with exposure (49%) and without exposure (51%) are almost the same. The majority of the patients (285, 76%) had no measles vaccine and the top reason for non-immunization is the issue of the patients being too young for vaccination. The majority had normal nutritional status (72.4%). Three hundred and twelve patients reported the occurrence of clinical complications in patients with measles. Pneumonia was seen in 75% of cases and 9.3% had diarrhea. The occurrence of diarrhea is not directly correlated (P = 0.823) with the outcome of measles while Pneumonia shows a significant correlation (P < 0.001) with the outcome of measles. Death among patients was seen in cases with pneumonia. The occurrence of pneumonia is not significantly correlated with nutritional status (P = 0.083) while diarrhea is significantly correlated with nutritional status(P = 0.027). Two hundred and forty-eight patients with normal nutritional status did not develop diarrhea. Vaccination status shows a significant correlation with the occurrence of pneumonia(P =0.001). Out of the 285 non-vaccinated cases, 223 developed pneumonia. Vaccination status did not show a significant correlation with the occurrence of diarrhea (P = 0.946). Nutritional status and vaccination status was not significantly correlated with measles outcome(P = 0.605 and 0.120).In terms of outcome, 90% of the patients were discharged while 10% died. Conclusion Most were males, aged 0 to 6 months. There was a clustering of cases in Pampanga. The majority was classified as clinically compatible measles. The most common complication was pneumonia. Half had exposure to measles. The majority had no vaccine. The presence of diarrhea is significantly related to nutritional status. Pneumonia is significantly correlated with vaccination status and the outcome of measles. Most of the patients were discharged.

In September 2019, the Department of Health declared a polio outbreak after two cases of the paralyzing disease were confirmed in the country. After outbreaks of measles and dengue in the same year, another outbreak of a vaccine-preventable disease has once again put into sharp focus the declining vaccination rates in the Philippines. Declining rates of vaccination have already been a problem in the country, but this has been exacerbated by the Dengvaxia controversy that further pushed the vaccination rates down. The reemergence of polio, after being a polio-free country for 19 years, presents another opportunity to address issues in vaccine trust.

This study aims to analyze the information seeking and information sharing behavior of child caretakers in Brgy. Timugan, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines and how these affect their choice of health service providers on treatment of measles among their children. Data collected from questionnaires were described and analyzed using frequency counts, mean and percentages, and relationships of variables were tested using Cramer’s V test. Findings showed that majority of the child caretakers were female, belonged to 20-40 years age bracket, married, high school or college graduate with monthly income ranging from Php 5,000 to Php 20,000. The family size was relatively small with at least 1-2 children. The child caretakers were found to be (1) knowledgeable on basic information about measles, such as its symptoms, complications, and danger signs; (2) aware of the importance of vaccination in preventing measles; and (3) sought basic information on prevention, complication, and treatment of measles from Brgy. Health Centers, and private hospital was their topmost health service provider. They sought information only if their child had been infected with measles and shared information sought to their family members through face-to-face communication. Information seeking behavior was related to their monthly income, civil status, and number of children. Keywords: Information seeking, information sharing, measles treatment, seeking and sharing behaviorCite as: Perez, J.J.E., & Torres, C.S. (2017). Information seeking and sharing behavior on treatment of measles among child caretakers in Timugan, Los baños, Laguna, Philippines. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(1), 134-145.

Background. Measles cases have decreased ever since vaccination has been introduced through the DOH Expanded Program on Immunization (DOH EPI) in the Philippines. Elimination is the current goal. However, despite high vaccine coverage, a nationwide outbreak occurred in 2013. Objectives. This study aimed to present measles incidence rates before and after the introduction of the measles vaccine, describe the changing epidemiology of measles, and assess the effectiveness of measles vaccination and baseline measles reporting. Methods. National data from 1960 to 2014 were used to determine incidence of measles and describe its epidemiology. Vaccine coverage and data on measles surveillance were used to estimate vaccine effectiveness by birth cohort and age group. Results. Reported measles incidence decreased after the introduction of measles vaccine compared to prevaccination levels (pre-vaccination: 36 per 100,000 to 73 per 100,000; 2008-2014 confirmed measles incidence: 1.47 to 23.76 per 100,000, suspected measles-5.7 to 58.08 per 100,000). A shift in the age distribution of cases was noted during the outbreak. Vaccine effectiveness by birth cohort ranged from 85-96% while the lowest VE estimate by age group was seen among those aged 26-30 years. Conclusion. Measles vaccine coverage should target wider age groups. Measles surveillance should be improved to help in evidence-based decisions for a more effective plan towards measles elimination.

The Philippines has been implementing its Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) for over 40 years now. However, measles outbreaks are still reported. One of the reasons behind this is parental vaccine hesitancy. This study aimed to understand conditions surrounding vaccine hesitancy among mothers in San Antonio, Northern Samar where rubella (German measles) outbreak was reported in 2017. A total of 1 6 mothers and three program implementers served as informants for this study. lt was found that despite the communication strategies used by the EPI program implementers, parental vaccine-hesitancy existed in the municipality. The mothers were considered vaccine-hesitant because of their delay in subjecting their children to measles vaccination. Analysis of the interview transcripts using the Grounded Theory approach revealed a number of conditions surrounding vaccine hesitancy among mothers. These include: (1) preoccupation with household responsibilities, (2) misunderstanding of the information on measles vaccination, (3) influence of social networks on vaccination decisions, and (4) negative perceptions about measles vaccination. The mothers’ hesitancy to subject their children to measles vaccination caused their children to be infected with the disease, and had resulted in an outbreak of rubella in the community. The rubella outbreak eventually led to vaccine uptake when parents realized the importance of subjecting their children to vaccination and when the government implemented mandatory measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination.

On July 21, 2021, Golden Rice was registered in the Philippines allowing cultivation and consumption. Research, as an intervention to combat vitamin A deficiency (VAD), started in 1991, and proof of concept for what was to become Golden Rice, was achieved in 1999. In the 1990s, 23–34% deaths globally of children less than 5 years old were caused by VAD, and in developing countries, the percentage was even higher. By 2013, progress against the Millennium Development Goals had reduced <5-y child deaths globally from VAD to about 2% of all such deaths. The progress included significant vaccination programs against measles, and better access to clean water, as well as vitamin A supplementation, all delivered through community health programs. Economic development and education about diet reduced food insecurity. In contrast to continuing VAD deaths, the Covid-19 pandemic has attracted huge political attention, including in low- and middle-income countries. Community health programs have been adversely affected by the pandemic. There is a danger that as a result VAD rates, child and maternal mortality climbs again toward 1990’s levels. Adoption of Golden Rice provides a safe, culturally simple amelioration and is costless. Other countries should seize the opportunity. Bangladesh is first in line, possibly followed by Indonesia and India.