Academic literature on the topic 'Measles outbreak'
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Journal articles on the topic "Measles outbreak"
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Callister, Lynn Clark. "Global Measles Outbreak." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 44, no. 4 (2019): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmc.0000000000000542.
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Singh, Kamaljit, and Rajesh Garg. "Outbreaks of measles in Rajasthan in 2014: a cross sectional epidemiological investigation." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 5 (April 24, 2017): 1751. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20171796.
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Background: In India, although the measles vaccine is available across the country up to village level, but still India is struggling with mortality and morbidity associated with Measles and its outbreaks. Investigations in measles outbreak help to know the determinants behind it and thus prevent further outbreaks. The outbreaks of measles in Rajasthan were investigated in 2014 by analyzing various socio-demographic parameters. Objective: To assess the epidemiological profile of measles outbreak in Rajasthan in 2014.Methods: The data of the measles surveillance project of Rajasthan was used for analysis. This is an analytical, cross sectional study where 10 districts of Rajasthan having confirmed measles outbreak in 2014 were included. A total of 353 laboratory plus epidemiologically linked measles cases were considered. Statistical analysis: Percentages, proportions and Chi square test were applied. Results: Out of the 23 suspected measles outbreaks subjected for confirmatory laboratory investigation, majority i.e. 14 (60.8%) were found to be of measles. Out of these 14 outbreaks, 353 cases were of measles (Laboratory confirmed + epidemiologically confirmed). Maximum numbers (around 50%) of cases were from the age group 1-4 years. Only 108 (30.6%) cases were vaccinated for measles vaccine. Girl children contributed to about 60 % of the total measles cases. Almost 2/3rd (66.9%) cases were in Muslim families. Conclusions: There was clustering of measles cases in few of the districts adjacent to each other. Measles vaccination coverage in few pockets was poor in outbreak districts. There is a need to boost up measles vaccination coverage with special attention to high risks areas like urban slums etc.
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Al-Abdullah, Nabeela Abdullah. "Measles outbreak amongst Manymar population of Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 7 (June 22, 2018): 2657. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182420.
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Background: Worldwide efforts for measles elimination are made possible due to the availability of a highly effective measles vaccine. In spite of a highly vaccinated population, an outbreak of measles has occurred in Jeddah province of Saudi Arabia, from January to February 2018.Methods: An outbreak investigation was conducted to describe the epidemiology of the outbreak. A performance audit of the control measures taken by the primary healthcare team was carried out in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards.Results: Of the 31 cases reported, the patient’s ages range from 1–9 years with an average age of 6 (±2) years. The index case was a 9 year old male. The performance indicator target for outbreak control measures was achieved. Ninety percent of the cases were investigated within 48 hours. Specimens such as serum blood and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected within the optimal period to test for measles IgG and IgM antibody.Conclusions: This outbreak demonstrates the increased susceptibility of unvaccinated children aged 6–11 months. To prevent possible future outbreaks, community awareness through educational campaigns, a review of children’s vaccination records, enhanced community surveillance and a measles ‘catch-up’ mass immunization campaign to interrupt chains of transmission are necessary.
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Taylor, Lee. "Catching a Measles Outbreak." New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 2, no. 7 (1991): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/nb91032.
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Arenz, Stephan, Richela Fischer, and Manfred Wildner. "MEASLES OUTBREAK IN GERMANY." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 28, no. 11 (November 2009): 1030–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0b013e3181aa6a29.
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English, Peter M., Nicola Lang, Anna Raleigh, Kevin Carroll, and Margot Nicholls. "Measles outbreak in Surrey." BMJ 333, no. 7576 (November 9, 2006): 1021.3–1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39024.355822.1f.
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Cottrell, S., and R. J. Roberts. "Measles outbreak in Europe." BMJ 342, jun15 1 (June 15, 2011): d3724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d3724.
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Skryabina, S. V., S. A. Kovyazina, S. V. Kuzmin, A. I. Yurovskikh, O. V. Tsvirkun, A. G. Gerasimova, N. T. Tikhonova, et al. "Measles Outbreak in Sverdlovsk Region." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 17, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-2-50-56.
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Objective.In the Russian Federation on the background of the sporadic incidence of measles, the trend is not highly uniform distribution of morbidity on territories of the country with the formation of local outbreaks, including the result of nosocomial infection. Find out the causes of the outbreak, for example the territory, for 15 years keeping and epidemic well-being in relation to measles, high vaccination coverage in children and adults, to assess the capacity of health care organizations and epidemiology to prevent the spread of measles and the elimination of flash was the goal of this research.Material and methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis was held: the incidence of measles for the period 2001–2016 in the Sverdlovskiy region ; 76 «Cards epidemiological case investigation suspected measles», was from October to December 2016; the analysis of the extraordinary and final reports of the measles outbreak, reports on the activities carried out in the outbreak of measles. Laboratory verification of cases suspected were examined the ELISA method in the Perm regional centre, on the basis of detection of specific IgM and/or IgG increase. Molecular genetic research of 15 clinical specimens were performed at the Scientific- methodical centre on supervision of measles and rubella (Gabrichevsky Research Institute by Epidemiology & Microbiology», Moscow).Results.During the period c from 40 to 51 week of 2016 measles ill 76 people, mostly (66 persons) residents of the city of Yekaterinburg. Prevailed among the infected children was 67% (51 persons), usually not vaccinated against this infection – 90% (46) of children had a measles vaccination. All cases were laboratory confirmed. Expected sources or place of infection was established in 90.8% of cases. Among cases and 72.4% (55 persons) amounted to unvaccinated against measles, 11.8 per cent(9 people) were vaccinated once, of 15.8% (12) had a two-fold vaccination. In 8 hospitals was 8 foci of measles, 6 of which had spread. Among the cases of measles identified in health facilities, 35 children and 19 adults, including 5 health workers and 3 medical students. The formation of foci of nosocomial infection contributed to missed cases of measles, late diagnosis, significantly reduce the effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures. The results of molecular genetic studies of 15 clinical samples of patients selected at 42–44, and 47–49 weeks possible to establish the circulating strains of measles virus genotype D8. Epidemiological investigations and the common genetic variant circulating genotypes, selected at different stages of measles spread from different foci made it possible to combine all cases in one outbreak. Analysis of clinical manifestations of measles have testified to the fact that measles is proceeded typically in 92.2% of cases. Eleven drifts infection in educational institutions of Ekaterinburg was not accompanied by the secondary spread, indicating good collective immunity.Conclusion.Thus, a retrospective epidemiological analysis of outbreaks of measles showed that in conditions of sporadic measles in doctors reduced vigilance against measles. Late diagnosis of measles and as a consequence of its failure to carry out anti- epidemic measures led to the spread of infection, as well as skid measles in other medicine organization, which consisted of nosocomial foci. The present outbreak showed that measles requires constant attention, especially during her long absence in the region. It is only possible to prevent sustained secondary transmission if measles vaccination coverage is high for the entire population.
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Makelele, J. P. K., S. Ade, K. C. Takarinda, M. Manzi, J. Gil Cuesta, A. Acma, M. M. Yépez, and M. Mashako. "Outcomes of cholera and measles outbreak alerts in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Public Health Action 10, no. 3 (September 21, 2020): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.19.0074.
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Setting: In 1995, a rapid response project for humanitarian and medical emergencies, including outbreak responses, named ‘Pool d’Urgence Congo’ (PUC), was implemented in the Democratic Republic of Congo by Médecins Sans Frontières.Objective: To assess the outcomes of cholera and measles outbreak alerts that were received in the PUC surveillance system between 2016 and 2018.Design: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study.Results: Overall, 459 outbreak alerts were detected, respectively 69% and 31% for cholera and measles. Of these, 32% were actively detected and 68% passively detected. Most alerts (90%) required no intervention and 10% of alerts had an intervention. There were 25% investigations that were not carried out despite thresholds being met; 17% interventions were not performed, the main reported reason being PUC operational capacity was exceeded. Confirmed cholera and measles outbreaks that met an investigation threshold comprised respectively 90% and 76% of alerts; 59% of measles investigations were followed by a delayed outbreak response of 14 days (n = 10 outbreaks).Conclusion: Some alerts for cholera and measles outbreaks that were detected in the PUC system did not lead to a response even when required; the main reported reason was limited operational capacity to respond to all of them.
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STEIN-ZAMIR, C., G. ZENTNER, N. ABRAMSON, H. SHOOB, Y. ABOUDY, L. SHULMAN, and E. MENDELSON. "Measles outbreaks affecting children in Jewish ultra-orthodox communities in Jerusalem." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 2 (April 16, 2007): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880700845x.
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SUMMARYIn 2003 and 2004 two measles outbreaks occurred in Jewish ultra-orthodox communities in Jerusalem. The index case of the first outbreak (March 2003) was a 2-year-old unvaccinated child from Switzerland. Within 5 months, 107 cases (mean age 8·3±7·5 years) emerged in three crowded neighbourhoods. The first cases of the second outbreak (June 2004) were in three girls aged 4–5 years in one kindergarten in another community. By November 2004, 117 cases (mean age 7·3±6·5 years) occurred. The virus genotypes were D8 and D4 respectively. Altogether, 96 households accounted for the two outbreaks, with two or more patients per family in 79% of cases. Most cases (91·5%) were unvaccinated. Immunization coverage was lower in outbreak than in non-outbreak neighbourhoods (88·3% vs. 90·3%, P=0·001). Controlling the outbreaks necessitated a culture-sensitive approach, and targeted efforts increased MMR vaccine coverage (first dose) to 95·2%. Despite high national immunization coverage (94–95%), special attention to specific sub-populations is essential.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Measles outbreak"
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Albertyn, Christine Herculine. "Subacute measles encephalitis: The neurological sequelae of the measles outbreak in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12704.
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Includes bibliographical references.A measles outbreak occurred in South Africa between 2009 and 2011 with 18 699 confirmed cases. This highly contagious virus can affect the central nervous system in many ways. Early in the disease course there may be direct viral involvement as a primary measles encephalitis or indirectly as an inflammatory immune mediated demyelinating meningoencephalitis. Latent infections are rare and may manifest in two ways: years later as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) caused by viral persistence in a seemingly immunocompetent host or months later as subacute measles encephalitis (SME) in an immunocompromised host. SME is characterised by seizures, typically epilepsia partialis continua, and altered mental status and carries a high mortality. It is an elusive diagnosis and usually confirmed on brain biopsy. Patients and results: Eight patients were diagnosed with SME between July and October 2010 at our tertiary referral hospital. All patients were HIV positive, with a median CD4 lymphocyte count of 37 cells/µl (range 1 to 268). All patients had epilepsia partialis continua during the course of the illness and other common features included encephalopathy, visual loss, hearing loss, and generalised seizures. Strikingly, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination was normal in all patients and computed 4 tomography (CT) Brain imaging was normal in all but one patient. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Brain demonstrated superficial and deep grey matter abnormalities in the majority of patients with contiguous cortical spread over weeks documented in one patient. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) showed periodic epileptiform discharges in seven patients. Diagnosis was confirmed by brain biopsy in one patient, by post-mortem examination in three patients and by supportive laboratory findings (positive measles PCR and/or measles antibodies in urine or CSF) in the remainder. The outcome was fatal in seven of the cases with a median time to death of 3 weeks. Conclusion: South Africa has the greatest number of people living with HIV: 12.6% of the population (6·4 million people) are infected. This is the largest SME case series to date and is seen in the aftermath of a measles outbreak in South Africa. Immunocompromised patients are clearly susceptible and typically present with epilepsia partialis continua and rapid decline in neurological functioning and death ensuing within a month in the majority of cases. MRI T2-weighted signal changes in the cortical grey matter, are typical. In the absence of a brain biopsy, we propose the use of measles virus PCR in urine and CSF. The importance of herd immunity, by enforcing the national vaccination programme, is reiterated.
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Glover, Catherine. "A Mathematical Model of the 2014 Ohio Measles Outbreak to Assess the Effectiveness of the Public Health Response." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429878067.
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Ranghiero, A. "SORVEGLIANZA DEL MORBILLO ED APPROCCI INNOVATIVI DI FILOGENETICA NELL'AMBITO DEL GLOBAL MEASLES STRATEGIC PLAN 2012-2020." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/253374.
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1. Introduzione
Il morbillo è una malattia infettiva causata da un virus del genere morbillivirus (famiglia
dei Paramixovidae) molto contagiosa, prevenibile con la vaccinazione, che presenta i
requisiti necessari per l’eliminazione (trasmissione esclusivamente interumana, virus
geneticamente stabile, assenza di serbatoi animali o ambientali, periodo di contagiosità
breve, immunità permanente conferita dall’infezione, disponibilità di un vaccino efficace e
sicuro). In assenza di misure preventive la malattie può avere un grave impatto sulla
salute della popolazione.
In linea con gli obiettivi della Regione Europea dell’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità
(OMS), il 23 marzo 2011, è stato approvato il Piano Nazionale per l’Eliminazione del
Morbillo e della Rosolia congenita (PNEMoRc) 2010-20. Nel piano, accanto a misure
mirate atte ad incrementare le coperture vaccinali per due dosi di vaccino trivalente contro
morbillo, parotite e rosolia (MPR), per raggiungere gli obiettivi di eliminazione viene
sottolineata l’importanza della sorveglianza. In previsione dell’obiettivo di eliminazione
risulta infatti fondamentale un sistema di sorveglianza sensibile in grado, non solo di
individuare tempestivamente tutti i nuovi casi di morbillo, ma anche di valutare la
circolazione dei diversi genotipi virali. Nei paesi in via di eliminazione la sorveglianza
molecolare gioca dunque un ruolo fondamentale per valutare la circolazione dei ceppi
endemici, identificare i casi di importazione e la loro provenienza.
2. Scopo
Descrivere il profilo epidemiologico e virologico del morbillo in Lombardia nel biennio
2013-2014 e caratterizzare molecolarmente i ceppi di morbillivirus al fine di genotipizzarli,
analizzarli filogeneticamente e studiarne le caratteristiche evolutive.
3. Materiali e metodi
Sono stati analizzati i campioni respiratori e/o da urina provenienti da pazienti con una
diagnosi sospetta di morbillo, raccolti nell’ambito del sistema di sorveglianza integrata per
il morbillo e la rosolia della regione Lombardia da luglio 2013 a novembre 2014. I campioni
sono stati sottoposti a estrazione dell'RNA e a successiva amplificazione genica mediante
real-time RT-PCR per l’identificazione degli acidi nucleici del virus del morbillo e del virus
della rosolia.
Per valutare la variabilità genetica e l’evoluzione molecolare dei morbillivirus circolanti in
Lombardia tutti i campioni risultati positivi sono stati sottoposti a nested PCR per
l’amplificazione di un frammento del gene N. gli amplificati sono stati sequenziati e
l’analisi delle sequenze ottenute è stata condotta attraverso diversi programmi
bioinformatici.
4. Risultati
Da luglio 2013 a novembre 2014 in Lombardia sono stati segnalati 596 casi di morbillo,
l’11.4% (68/596) delle segnalazioni di morbillo è risultato negativo agli esami di laboratorio
e quindi classificato come non caso. Pertanto i casi di morbillo (possibili, probabili e
confermati) in Lombardia nel periodo in studio sono stati complessivamente 528 (88,6%;
528/596).
La maggior parte dei casi (359 casi, pari al 68%) si è verificata nella fascia di età 15-39
anni. Il 9% dei casi (47) è stato osservato in bambini sotto i cinque anni, di cui il 6,4%
(3/47) in pazienti con meno di un anno. Complessivamente 401 casi segnalati (75,9%) erano
non vaccinati, 50 casi (9,5%) avevano ricevuto una dose di vaccino e 3 (0,6%) due dosi.
Come centro di riferimento regionale per la sorveglianza integrata morbillo-rosolia, da
luglio 2013 a settembre 2014, abbiamo ricevuto e analizzato i campioni biologici (sangue,
tampone naso/faringeo, urina) di 115 pazienti con sospetta infezione. Il 54,8% (63/115) dei
casi è risultato positivo al virus del morbillo; nessun caso di rosolia è stato confermato. Il
maggior numero di casi confermati (76,2%; 48/63) è stato osservato nella fascia d’età
compresa tra i 15 e i 39, seguita dalla fascia d’età 40 - 64 anni con il 12,7% (8/63). il 60,3%
(38/63) dei casi confermati non era vaccinato, il 27% (17/63) presentava uno stato
vaccinale non noto.
L’analisi del genotipo virale è stata ultimata con successo per 53 dei 63 casi confermati nel
periodo in studio. Di questi, 42 (79,2%; 42/53) appartenevano al genotipo D8, 8 (15,1%;
8/53) al genotipo B3 e 3 (5,7%; 3/53) appartenevano al genotipo D9. Il genotipo prevalente
è risultato il D8, circolante in tutto il periodo in studio. Il genotipo B3 è circolato nella
primavera 2014 e ad agosto 2014. Tre casi di genotipo D9 sono stati identificati nei mesi di
agosto e novembre 2013.
L'albero, ottenuto dall’analisi delle sequenze D8, ha evidenziato la presenza di 4 cluster (1-4), i cluster 1 e 2 sono stati ulteriormente suddivisi in sub-cluster. Le sequenze della
sorveglianza lombarda segregavano nei cluster 1 e 2, a loro volta suddivisi in 5 (1A-1E) e in
3 (2A – 2C) sub-cluster.
L’analisi filogenetica delle sequenze B3 ha evidenziato la presenza di 7 cluster, il primo dei
quali suddiviso in 2 sub-cluster. Le sequenze identificate in Lombardia clasterizzavano in 4
distinti cluster (1-4); il cluster 1 è risultato a sua volta suddiviso in due sub -cluster (1A e
1B).
L’albero, ottenuto dall’analisi delle sequenze D9, ha evidenziato la presenza di 4 cluster, il
primo dei quali a sua volta suddiviso in 2 sub-cluster. Le sequenze lombarde segregavano
nel cluster 1, sub-cluster 1A e 1B.
I tassi medi evolutivi, calcolati mediante analisi dell’evolutionary rate, sono stati sono stati
stimati pari a:
2.97 x 10
-6
subs/site/year (95% HPD: 1,6 – 4,5 x 10
-6
) per le seuqneze D8
2,44 x 10
-6
subs/site/year (95% HPD: 1,3 – 3.7 x10
-6
) per le sequenze B3
5,96 x 10
-6
subs/site/year (95% HPD: 2,2 – 10,7 x 10
-6
) per le sequenze D9
Il valore di tMRCA per la radice albero del genotipo D8 risale a 18 anni fa, i ceppi isolati
presso il nostro laboratorio appartenenti al cluster 1 condividevano un unico nodo
significativo interno con un tMRCA medio stimato a circa 4 anni fa, le sequenze
appartenenti al cluster 2 presentavano un tMRCA medio stimato risalente a 5 anni fa.
Il valore di tMRCA per la radice dell’albero del genotipo B3 è risultato risalire a poco più
di 12 anni fa. I tre isolati del genotipo D9 hanno mostrato un tMRCA significativo
risalente a circa 5 anni fa, con una radice a 7 anni fa.
Il Bayesian skyline plots (BSP) ottenuto dall’analisi dinamica delle sequenze ha rilevato che
tutti e tre i genotipi presentano un andamento della popolazione virale sostanzialmente
costante nel periodo in studio.
L'analisi della pressione selettiva sito-specifica delle sequenze del genotipo D8 ha
identificato la presenza di un codone sottoposto a selezione positiva, mentre 9 siti sono
risultati sotto pressione selettiva negativa. Per le sequenze appartenenti al genotipo B3,
l'analisi della pressione selettiva ha identificato 1 codone sottoposto a selezione positiva,
mentre 7 siti sono risultati sotto pressione selettiva negativa Per quanto riguarda il
genotipo D9, l’analisi ha indicato l'assenza di siti soggetti a pressione positiva e la presenza
di 7 siti soggetti a pressione selettiva negativa.
5. Conclusioni
I risultati ottenuti dal presente lavori di tesi hanno dimostrato che le ultime epidemie di
morbillo (2013-2014) sono state sostenute da virus appartenenti ai genotipi D8 e B3
endemici nel territorio italiano dal biennio 2006-2007. Oltre ai ceppi autoctoni D8 e B3, è
stata dimostrata la circolazione di ceppi D9 di recente introduzione nel territorio
lombardo.
L’approfondimento delle caratteristiche geniche del virus in studio ha permesso di
valutare la circolazione dei diversi genotipi e studiarne le caratteristiche molecolari.
Metodi filogenetici computazionali sono stati utilizzati per determinare alcune
caratteristiche relative alla comparsa del virus del morbillo e della sua diffusione nella
popolazione umana. Attraverso lo studio dell’evoluzione molecolare del virus è stato
possibile definire sia il momento in cui i diversi genotipi virali hanno cominciato a
differenziarsi (mediante il calcolo del tasso evolutivo), sia di valutare le caratteristiche
dell’espansione spazio-temporale del virus. Inoltre è stata valutata la pressione selettiva
che agisce sulla regione C-terminale del gene N.
La valutazione del profilo genetico dei ceppi virali circolanti fornisce informazioni
importanti sull’origine di focolai epidemici e risulta un approccio in novativo
fondamentale per la ricostruzione dei link epidemiologici. Il morbillo rappresenta un
esempio paradigmatico di come le metodologie molecolari e bioinformatiche arricchiscano
sia l’indagine epidemiologica sia l’attività di sorveglianza, entrambe volte al controllo
della trasmissione del virus.1. Introduction Measles and rubella are infectious diseases and humans are the only reservoir of these infections. effective vaccines are available with the potential for measles (MV) and rubella (RuV) virus eradication. according to the World health Organisation guidelines, a national plan was approved in Italy in 2013 to achieve the MV/RuV elimination by 2015, and active MV/RuV integrated surveillance initiated. Towards this purpose, a regional laboratory centre was set up on July 2013 in Lombardy, Northern Italy. 2. The aim The aim of this paper is to describe the epidemiological and virological trends of measles virus in Lombardy in the biennium 2013-2014. And to describe the genotype circulation in Lombardy. 3. Materials and methods Urine and saliva samples were collected between July 2013 and November 2014, in order to find the origins and routes of wild type measles virus circulation. Real-time RT-PCR was performed for the identification of nucleic acids of measles virus and the virus rubella of patients from Lombardy region. To assess the genetic variability and molecular evolution of morbillivirus circulating in Lombardia all positive samples were subjected to nested PCR for the amplification of a fragment of the gene N. The sequences were genotyped by comparing the fragment coding for the carboxyl terminus of the nucleoprotein (450 nucleotides) with that one of the WHO reference strains. 4. Results From July 2013 to November 2014 in Lombardy were reported 528 measles cases (possible, probable and confirmed) in Lombardy. The majority of cases (359 cases, 68%) occurred in the age group 15-39 year old. As a regional referral center for surveillance integrated measles-rubella, by July 2013 to September 2014, we were collected 115 suspected cases of MV/RuV for virological analysis. Laboratory analysis of samples collected from these 115 suspected cases revealed that 54.8% (63/115) were MV-positive by RT-PCR. Most 60.3% (38/63) MV-positive cases were unvaccinated. Highest number of confirmed cases (76.2%; 48/63) was observed in the age group between 15 and 39, followed by the age group 40-64 years, 12.7% (8/63). The analysis of the viral genotype was completed successfully for 53 of the 63 confirmed cases. From the year 2012 to the year 2013 phylogenetic analysis of measles sequences showed a predominant circulation of the D8 genotype. During the same period B3 and D9 genotypes were also detected. 5. Conclusions Genetic characterization of wild-type MV provides a means to study the transmission pathways of the virus, and is an essential component of laboratory-based surveillance. Knowledge of currently circulating measles virus genotype in Lombardy will help in monitoring the success of the measles elimination programme and will contribute to evaluate the effectiveness of future vaccination campaigns.
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Carneal-Frazer, Nicole Devine. "Analysis of Control Measures Used During Cholera Outbreaks Among Internally Displaced Persons." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6183.
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Cholera remains a major public health problem affecting high-risk populations such as camps of internally displaced persons. During a cholera outbreak, it is essential to reduce transmission and minimize new infections. The Miasma theory, host-agent-environment model and Ecosocial theory were utilized for this study. This study was a retrospective comparison to determine whether historical cholera control measures are effective during current cholera outbreaks within camps of internally displaced persons. A quantitative approach ascertained changes in incidence and mortality rates following implementation of primary and/or secondary control measures. Cholera outbreaks were identified from the World Health Organization's (WHO) Disease Outbreak News reports issued between 1996 and 2017. Each reported cholera outbreak was categorized into one of eight outbreak cohorts -- each cohort having the same primary control measure. The WHO Data Repository was used to identify cholera incidence and/or mortalities and the World Bank data set was used for population total to calculate incidence and/or mortality rates for the years prior to and the year of the outbreak to calculate the case percentage change and death percentage change. Analysis of covariance was used to assess statistical significance in rate change within each intervention cohort. No statistical significance was noted within various cholera control intervention. Limitations of this study provide the basis for continued research on this topic; also aligning with the Global Task Force on Cholera to reduce infections by 90% by the year 2030.
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Ning, Xin. "Three Essays on Agricultural Trade Policy." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/95885.
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This dissertation consists of three essays examining the impacts of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures on agricultural trade. The first essay estimates the impact of the 2003 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) outbreak in the US on Japanese beef imports. I develop a source-differentiated demand system of fresh/chilled and frozen beef imports augmented with endogenous smooth transition functions. Results suggest that over one-half of the estimated income, own-price, and cross-price elasticities reached a new regime in the post-BSE period of Japanese beef imports where the competitive relationship and substitutability between US and Australian beef exports changed significantly. The second essay develops a product-line structural gravity model to estimate the trade flow effects of SPS measures that have been flagged as specific trade concerns in the World Trade Organization's (WTO's) SPS Committee meetings for the top 30 agricultural trading countries covering four major product sectors. Our findings are striking and call attention to the need for a deeper understanding of the impacts of SPS measures on WTO members' agricultural trade. Results show that the trade effects of SPS trade concern measures reduce exporters' agricultural trade by 67%, on average, during periods in which concerns were active. Significant heterogeneity in the trade effect of SPS measures exists with average estimated ad valorem equivalent tariffs ranging from 33% to 106%. The AVE effect of SPS concern measures maintained by the US is estimated at 42%, less than a half (a third) of the AVE effects of SPS concern measures imposed by the European Union (China). China's restrictions on Avian Influenza and ractopamine restrictions in pork exports are estimated to be the most prohibitive, causing an AVE effect of 120.3% and 88.9%, respectively. The third essay develops a discrete-time duration model to examine the extent to which these SPS concern measures affect the hazard rate of US agri-food exports during the 1995-2016 period. Results show that SPS concern measures raise the hazard rate of US agri-food exports by a range of 2.1%~15.3%, causing the predicted hazard rate to increase from 21.8% to a range of 23.6%~27.9%. This effect is heterogeneous across different agricultural sectors, with the most substantial effects occurring in US exports of meat, fruits, and vegetables.Doctor of Philosophy
This dissertation consists of three essays on the examination of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures and their impacts on agricultural trade. The first essay estimates the impact of the US 2003 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) outbreaks on Japanese beef imports. Using a source-differentiated demand system of fresh/chilled and frozen beef imports embedded with endogenous smooth transition functions, we find that over one-half of the estimated income, own-price, and cross-price elasticities have changed remarkably, causing the Japanese beef import market to reach a new regime in the post-BSE period where the substitution and/or competition relationships between the US and Australia have changed. The second essay develops a product-line structural gravity model to estimate the trade effects of SPS measures flagged as concerns in the WTO's SPS Committee meetings for the top 30 agricultural trading countries covering four major product sectors. Results show that the trade effects of SPS concern measures are negative and significant, with the average estimated AVE tariffs ranging 33%~106%. The AVE effect of SPS concern measures maintained by the US is estimated to be 42%, less than a half (a third) of the AVE effects of SPS concern measures imposed by the European Union (China). China's restrictions on Avian Influenza and various ractopamine restrictions in the production and export of pork products are estimated to be the most prohibitive, causing an AVE effect of 120.3% and 88.9%, respectively. The third essay applies a discrete-time duration model to examine the extent to which SPS concern measures affect the hazard rate of US agri-food exports in 1995-2016. Results show that SPS concern measures raise the hazard rate of US agri-food exports by a range of 2.1%~15.3%, causing the predicted hazard rate to increase from 21.8% to a range of 23.6%~27.9%. This effect is heterogeneous across different agricultural sectors, with the most substantial effects occurring in US exports of meat, fruits, and vegetables.
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Salmon, Daniel A. "School implementation of immunization requirements are school policies or personnel associated with the likelihood of a child claiming an exemption of school-based outbreaks of measles of pertussis? /." Available to US Hopkins community, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/dlnow/3080758.
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Deboscker, Stéphanie. "Les entérocoques résistants aux glycopeptides : épidémiologie et modélisation de leur transmission hospitalière." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ106.
Full textAbstract:
L’objectif de notre travail était d’étudier les facteurs d'acquisition des entérocoques résistants aux glycopeptides (ERG) en situation épidémique, de décrire leur histoire naturelle et de modéliser leur transmission entre 3 services spécialisés. L’analyse multivariée bayésienne de notre première étude a montré que des antécédents d'hospitalisation et la prise d'antibiotiques et d'antiacides pendant l'hospitalisation favorisaient l'acquisition. La description de la cohorte de patients suivis depuis 2007a fait apparaître que la moitié des patients étaient pauci-excréteurs après 3 mois. Enfin l’analyse de la littérature a révélé que le modèle le plus pertinent pour simuler la diffusion hospitalière des ERG était celui basé sur les agents (agent-based model). Les simulations ont confirmé l’importance de l’hygiène des mains pour la prise en charge des patients, au regard d’autres mesures barrières. Avec une compliance à 80%, il n’y avait pas de cas secondaires dans 50% des simulationsThe objective of our work was to study the factors associated with acquisition of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE) during a single-strain outbreak, to describe their natural history and to model their transmission between 3 specialized wards. The Bayesian multivariable analysis of our first study showed that a history of hospitalization and the use of antibiotics and antacids during hospitalization were associated with an increased risk of GRE acquisition. The description of GRE-carriers followed since 2007 then showed that half of the patients had negative screenings after 3months. Finally, the literature review revealed that the most relevant model for simulating GRE hospital diffusion was an agent-based model. The simulations confirmed the importance of hand hygiene for patient care in comparison to other barrier measures. With 80% compliance, there were no secondary cases in 50% of the simulations
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Batmunkh, Nyamtsatsral, and Nyamtsatsral Batmunkh. "An Epidemiological Study of a Measles Outbreak and its Risk Factors in Mongolia 2015-2016." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/264pr7.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國醫藥大學
公共衛生國際碩士學位學程
105
Background: Despite the availability of a safe and cost-effective vaccine, measles remains a great challenge and public health concern worldwide. In Mongolia, 23,888 confirmed and suspected cases of measles were reported in the first four months of 2016. Objective: This study aimed to determine the magnitude of measles outbreak in relation to the age group, geographic position and to identify the associated factors with health outcome among the confirmed cases in Mongolia. Methods: The study design is a cross sectional survey using 2015-2016 data collected by the National Center of Communicable Diseases and the Ministry of Health in Mongolia. The variables for this study included patients’ socio-demographics and clinical characteristics as independent variables and health outcome (recovery or death from measles) as outcome variable. The study population was 3,787 confirmed cases of measles. Results: Out of the 3787 confirmed cases (or subjects) aged between 1 and 61 years old, 62.6% were aged between 1 and 5 years old. 50.6% were males and 80.4 % came from Ulaanbaatar (the capital city of Mongolia). Almost all the subjects (98.4% and 99.2%) experienced fever and a rash, respectively. Around 57.4% of subjects were admitted to hospital and 59.3 % were not recovered including death. The subject’s socio-demographics information (age, geographic location and profession) and clinical characteristics (rash, cough, coryza, red eyes, admission at hospital and measles PCR) were significantly associated with health outcomes, at P<0.001. Conclusions: A higher prevalence of measles was found in the capital city and children aged between 1 to 5 years old were more vulnerable. More intervention should be done regarding child vaccination and health promotion in the areas with high prevalence.
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Yapa, Chaturangi Maheshi. "Communicable Disease Control in New South Wales and globally." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/101021.
Full textAbstract:
Effective communicable disease control calls for a wide range of
core public health competencies. In fulfilling the requirements
of the Masters of Philosophy in Applied Epidemiology (MAE), I
conducted projects in my placement at Health Protection New South
Wales (NSW) between March 2014 and October 2015 which highlight
some of these competencies.
In May 2014, the Communicable Diseases Branch was notified of
hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in two men who had not recently
travelled overseas, but had both shared a meal with seven other
work colleagues at a single Sydney restaurant. We conducted an
investigation to assess the source and extent of the outbreak.
We found a further 15 HEV cases linked to the restaurant. Pork
pate was consumed by all 17 diners. Pork livers used to make
pate were traced back to a single Australian farm. This is the
first reported outbreak of locally-acquired HEV in Australia and
has important clinical and public health implications. We
recommend that clinicians consider locally-acquired HEV infection
in patients with unexplained acute hepatitis regardless of travel
history and that the public cook pork products thoroughly.
An outbreak was also the basis for my epidemiological project
which involved a case-control study assessing risk factors for
acquisition of a novel strain of Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcal aureus (MRSA) in a local health district (LHD) in
NSW. Despite this new strain replacing endemic MRSA strains in
nine hospitals in the LHD, we found no significant differences in
clinical infection, admission to an intensive care unit or
mortality when compared to people infected with endemic strains.
Whole genome sequencing was used to describe transmission
pathways. This modality may play a role in better characterising
MRSA outbreaks in future.
In November 2014, I volunteered to assist in the Ebola virus
disease (EVD) epidemic that affected three countries in West
Africa. I worked in Monrovia, Liberia as a clinician at a
Medecins sans Frontieres Ebola transit centre. At this centre,
we admitted and tested patients with signs and symptoms of EVD.
I analysed clinical and demographic data of patients who
presented to the centre in our first month of opening and found
that almost half did not have a measured temperature greater than
37.5oC. This has important implications for screening procedures
in EVD-affected countries and elsewhere.
Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF) and its sequelae, Rheumatic Heart
Disease (RHD) are conditions thought to be rare in NSW. With an
aim of improving cardiac outcomes in Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander people, NSW Health committed to establishing a
register-based control program for these diseases. In
establishing this program, my work included quantifying the
burden of disease, engaging with stakeholders and designing a
system for notification and registration of cases. Both
conditions were made notifiable in NSW in October 2015.
This thesis documents the investigation of Australia’s first
reported locally-acquired hepatitis E outbreak, the assessment of
a novel strain of MRSA, the establishment of a system for
notification of two important public health conditions in
Australia and the public health response to a global health
emergency. Findings from these projects will contribute to the
body of knowledge and provide important information to guide
public health policy and stimulate ongoing research.
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Mogotsi, Charmaine Koketso. "Measles immunization coverage and dropout rate on children between 6 months and 14 years in the City of Tshwane, Hammanskraal." Diss., 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27555.
Full textAbstract:
Measles is a highly contagious virus that can affect the entire population if an effective
immunisation programme is not in place. This study was aimed at determining the
measles immunisation coverage and the dropout rate among children aged between 6
months and 14 years and at assessing factors associated with caregivers’ knowledge
and perception of, and attitude towards the measles immunisation programme. Between
14 May 2018 and 31 July 2018, a descriptive, cross-sectional study design was
conducted using simple random sampling to sample 381 caregivers of children at nine
public health facilities at Tshwane Sub-district 2, Hammanskraal town. Data were
collected by means of a structured questionnaire and observational checklist, and
analysed using IBM SPSS version 23.0. Overall, the measles immunization coverage
was 95.8% (365/381) and the MCV1-MCV2 dropout rate was 4.1%. The association
between educational level and employment status (correlation coefficient=0.157**,
p=0.0002), measles knowledge (correlation coefficient=-0.244**, p=0.000),
immunization importance (correlation coefficient=-0.194**, p=0.000) and measles
vaccine schedule (correlation coefficient=-0.138**, p=0.007) were found to be significant
at p<0.05. The findings in this study revealed that caregivers’ positive attitude towards, and knowledge of measles immunisation programme resulted in high measles
immunisation coverage and low dropout rate. It is recommended that continuous
positive immunisation education about the benefits and importance be emphasized in
order to increase immunisation uptake.Health Studies
M. P. H.
Books on the topic "Measles outbreak"
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Nepal, WHO, ed. Measles outbreak in Kapilavastu, Nepal: An outbreak investigation 2016. Kathmandu, Nepal: Nepal Health Research Council, 2016.
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Yuan, Lilian. Risk factors for vaccine failure in a measles outbreak. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.
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National Health and Medical Research Council, ed. Measles: Guidelines for the control of outbreaks in Australia. Canberra: NHMRC, 1996.
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Council to Improve Foodborne Outbreak Response (U.S.), ed. Guidelines for foodborne disease outbreak response. [Washington, D.C.?]: Council to Improve Foodborne Outbreak Response, 2009.
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Council to Improve Foodborne Outbreak Response (U.S.), ed. Guidelines for foodborne disease outbreak response. [Washington, D.C.?]: Council to Improve Foodborne Outbreak Response, 2009.
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Organization, World Health, ed. Safety measures for use in outbreaks of communicable disease. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1986.
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Chinyundu, Hastings. Research report on factors contributing to high prevalence of measles outbreaks in Itezhi-Tezhi District. [Itezhi-Tezhi, Zambia?]: Itezhi-Tezhi District Health Board, 1999.
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Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Department of Medical Humanities. Active measures in the war against epidemics in colonial Guatemala, 1519-1821. Springfield, Ill: Department of Med. Humanities, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, 1992.
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Benedict, Jeff. Poisoned: The true story of the deadly E. coli outbreak that changed the way Americans eat. Buena Vista, VA: Inspire Books, 2011.
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Epizootics, International Office of, ed. Sydney Olympic Games and Paralympics: Australia's biosecurity measures. Paris: Office International des Epizooties, 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Measles outbreak"
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de Moraes, José Cassio, Maria Claudia Corrêa Camargo, Maria Lúcia Rocha de Mello, Bradley S. Hersh, and John W. Glasser. "The 1997 Measles Outbreak in Metropolitan São Paulo, Brazil: Strategic Implications of Increasing Urbanization." In Mathematical and Statistical Modeling for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, 269–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40413-4_16.
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Madge, Octavia-Luciana, and Ioana Robu. "Understanding the Information Behaviour of Parents Refusing Vaccination for Their Children: the Recent Measles Outbreak in Romania." In New Trends and Challenges in Information Science and Information Seeking Behaviour, 59–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68466-2_6.
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Miller, Gia. "State, County, and Federal Officials Respond to Measles Outbreak : January 25, March 26, April 9, May 30, and October 4, 2019." In Historic Documents of 2019, 29–38. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: CQ Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781544384641.n3.
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Nåsell, Ingemar. "Measles Outbreaks are not Chaotic." In Mathematical Approaches for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Models, Methods, and Theory, 85–114. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0065-6_6.
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Swaminathan, Bharathi, and Ananth Kumar Tamilarasan. "Mental Health Decline During Corona Virus Outbreak." In Sustainability Measures for COVID-19 Pandemic, 135–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3227-3_8.
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Eisenberg, Merle, and Lee Mordechai. "The Short- and Long-Term Effects of an Early Medieval Pandemic." In Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises, 291–303. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94137-6_19.
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AbstractThis article examines short- and long-term governmental policy responses to the effects of the Justinianic Plague (c. 541–750 CE). While many studies have linked the Justinianic Plague to significant changes across all sectors of life, they overlook how states responded to the pandemic’s impact at different temporal scales—from immediate reactions to medium term politics. First, we discuss the immediate state responses to the initial outbreak in Constantinople in 542 at a micro-scale, which included measures to bury large numbers of dead. Second, we investigate the effects over a five-year time frame following the first outbreak to understand how the state responded to potential impacts through fiscal and economic policies. And, third, we reflect upon the post-five year changes scholars often connect to the plague outbreak to reveal the deep difficulties in making in such linkages.
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Geissler, Erhard, and John P. Woodall. "Reporting of Outbreaks of Disease under BTWC Confidence-Building Measures." In Scientific and Technical Means of Distinguishing Between Natural and Other Outbreaks of Disease, 111–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0830-3_12.
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Agarwal, Somesh, Mohit Tyagi, and R. K. Garg. "Circular Economy Measures to Diminish the Perils of COVID-19 Outbreak in Aegis of Supply Chain." In Making Complex Decisions toward Revamping Supply Chains amid COVID-19 Outbreak, 87–100. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003150084-5.
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Canbay, Tülin, and Hilal Balcı Cura. "Financial Measures Taken in Turkey and Selected Countries in Combatting COVID-19 Outbreak." In Accounting, Finance, Sustainability, Governance & Fraud: Theory and Application, 85–98. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8024-3_5.
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Vaithilingam, Chockalingam Aravind, S. Gayathri, R. Lalitha, R. R. Rajalakshmi, and Arthanari Jagadeeshwaran. "Pandemic Measures for the COVID19 Outbreak Control in Malaysia: A Correlative Comparison with China." In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 25–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79606-8_2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Measles outbreak"
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Nurfadilah H, Siti, and Riris Andono Ahmad. "Rubella Outbreak in School Age Children in Kulon Progo District, Yogyakarta." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.20.
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ABSTRACT Background: On 24 November 2015, public health center Kokap 2 reported an outbreak of suspected measles in the village of Hargowilis. In Kokap District, outbreaks of suspected measles have never occurred in school-age children in the last three years. This study aims to ascertain the suspected measles outbreaks and identify risk factors, sources, and transmission routes. Subjects and Method: This was a matched case control study conducted from November 2015 to January 2016, in Hargowilis Village, Central java. A Sample of 21 who has the main clinical symptoms suspected of measles such as: fever, rash and followed by one of the symptoms of cough, flu, and red eyes (cases) and classmates who did not have case-like symptoms (control) were selected by snowball sampling. The data were analyzed using McNemar’s test and logistic regression. Results: Five out of ten sera tested were positive for rubella. There were 21 total cases. None of the pregnant women was a rubella case. Most of the patients were male (61.90%) with ages ranging from 5 to 11 years (71.43%) and were served at the public health center (80.95%). The case index is a student who travels in the District of Wates. The highest number of cases was at week 46 of 2015 (9 cases). Bivariate analysis showed that contact history (OR = 0.14; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.39; p = <0.001) and age (OR = 0.06; 95% CI 0.00 to 0.24; p = <0.001) were risk factors for this Rubella outbreak. Conclusion: There has been an outbreak of rubella in the village of Hargowilis, Yogyakarta. Public health centers are recommended to provide information to the public about rubella. Health workers need to take all blood serum cases to confirm outbreak. Public health centers are suggested to strengthen the surveillance system for measles and rubella. Keywords: Rubella, risk factors, Public health center, outbreaks Correspondence: Siti Nurfadilah H. Center for Health Policy and Management (PKM) Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Email: siti.nurfadilah.h@mail.ugm.ac.id. Mobile: 085255987009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.20
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Marron, Louise, Ruth McDermott, Robert Conway, Orla Ennis, Orla Bruton, Mary Ward, and Helena Murray. "GP203 Paediatric nosocomial and health care worker transmission during measles outbreak, dublin 2018." In Faculty of Paediatrics of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, 9th Europaediatrics Congress, 13–15 June, Dublin, Ireland 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-epa.262.
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Mulhem, Rawabi Al, Almunif Sara, El-Saed Aiman, Alshamrani Majid, and Balkhy Hanan. "65 Outbreak of measles and mumps in the national guard population in riyadh, 2018." In Patient Safety Forum 2019, Conference Proceedings, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2019-psf.65.
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Fan, Yu, Bai Jie, Xu Botao, Lv Xingbing, Li Yong, and Zhang Xueqing. "Research on Risk Characterization Method of Marine Biological Disaster Affecting Water Intake Safety of Nuclear Power Plant and Application of Design Protection." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-92742.
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Abstract Marine biological outbreaks in coastal waters of coastal nuclear power plants have caused abnormal water intake systems of nuclear power plants for many times, and the risk Valuation method of marine biological outbreaks to nuclear power safety is still in the research and exploration stage. For nuclear power plants, the outbreak of marine organisms near the water intake is a natural event that affects the safety of nuclear power. According to the basic framework of “four-step method” on risk Valuation of National Academy of Sciences of the United States, aiming at the disaster risk caused by marine organisms that potentially affects the reliability of cold sources of nuclear power plants, the risk characterization method is studied, and the design protection measures are put forward.
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Bistritz, Ilai, Nicholas Bambos, Dor Kahana, Irad Ben-Gal, and Dan Yamin. "Controlling Contact Network Topology to Prevent Measles Outbreaks." In GLOBECOM 2019 - 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/globecom38437.2019.9014001.
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Nugraha, Tommy, Widi Hernowo, Mohammad Alfianto, and Muhammad Djabbar Yulianto. "Managing 4 (Four) Major Offshore Projects Amid COVID 19 Pandemic - A Case Study from Health & Safety (H&S) and Quarantine Management." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210941-ms.
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Abstract For an upstream oil and gas company, avoiding an offshore COVID-19 outbreak while executing four different offshore projects poses a huge challenge, particularly in a country experiencing a daily COVID-19 test positivity rate over 20%. Even minor mismanagement of the quarantine process can lead to an offshore COVID-19 outbreak, with the risk of shutting down campaigns and severely impacting business objectives. The challenge is therefore to avoid an offshore COVID-19 outbreak, ensuring well-being of personnel during the quarantine period and managing quarantine related costs, including COVID-19 test costs. To ensure effective quarantine management, a new approach was created that applied a combination of medical assessments, Health & Safety (H&S) and security measures. Quarantine management was led by a special task force responsible for ensuring the readiness of transportations, rooms, PCR tests, as well as overall compliance to quarantine rules. In compliance with government regulations and WHO recommendations, another complimentary approach was applied that sequestered personnel who tested positive in an isolation room. Effective quarantine management was established with the assistance of the company Business Continuity Management Team (BCMT). The company was able to complete four different major offshore projects with no offshore COVID-19 outbreaks. During these operations, over 1,000 personnel were quarantined and tested with a 5.37% positivity rate at the pre-work quarantine site. Confirmed cases were managed in full compliance with government regulations. The result of this effective quarantine management system, has allowed the company to achieve scorecard performance goals while delivering all four of the major offshore work-scopes, as per the original business plan. This paper discusses quarantine management as part of business continuity management covering medical assessment, H&S and security measures amidst a national COVID-19 pandemic. These programs were applied in an adaptive method-based risk assessment, which based on evidence base approaches, during frequently changing government regulations.
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Chongli Jiang and Ming Dong. "Optimal Measures for SARS Epidemics Outbreaks." In 2006 6th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcica.2006.1713807.
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Gabrovec, Branko. "Analiza ukrepov zajezitve SARS-COV-2 virusa v prvem valu pandemije v izbranih državah." In Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.16.
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On 31.12.2019 China has announced that they have perceived an increasing number of pneumonia cases in Wuhan city. They have identified a new virus that they named SARSCoV-2. Disease that is caused by Covid-19 virus has been declared as pandemic on 11. march 2020 by the World Health Organisation. Until that day Covid-19 has spread to 114 countries with 118 000 cases and 4291 casualties. Countries have differently reacted to the pandemic outbreak accepted measures. In this paper we are analysing acceptance and enforcing of measures against pandemic outbreak SARS-CoV2 in the first outbreak in the selected countries: Great Britain, Serbia, Italy, China, Spain and USA.
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Adenekan, T. E., and C. Omoye Idiake. "Office Management in the COVID-19 Era 1Adenekan, T." In 27th iSTEAMS-ACity-IEEE International Conference. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v27p28.
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By the time the World Health Organization ("WHO") upgraded the status of the novel Coronavirus Disease (officially known as COVID-19) outbreak from an epidemic to a global pandemic on 11th March, 2020, the virus had already travelled beyond Wuhan, China, its point of original outbreak in December 2019 and crossed international borders. Given the rapid rate of infection and increasing number of deaths in the wake of the unprecedented spread of the virus, various emergency measures were urgently deployed by local, state, national and multilateral authorities to contain the outbreak. Besides being a public health crisis, COVID-19 continues to trigger severe social and economic consequences for individuals, corporates and governments across the world. Specifically, offices were closed for several months, during this period, the office management took another dimension whereby offices are operated on-line and virtually. This paper analyses the key socio-economic consequences of COVID-19 on office Management, and measures taken by Office managers for mitigating its effect on the operations of organizations. Keywords: Office Management, COVID-19 era, Organizations.
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Monteiro Canhoto, Diogo Miguel, Bárbara Ramos, António Jorge Ferreira, and Paulo Cravo Roxo. "The impact of COVID-19 sanitary measures on tuberculosis outbreaks." In ERS International Congress 2021 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2021.pa1026.
Full textReports on the topic "Measles outbreak"
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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.
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Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.
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Klement, Eyal, Elizabeth Howerth, William C. Wilson, David Stallknecht, Danny Mead, Hagai Yadin, Itamar Lensky, and Nadav Galon. Exploration of the Epidemiology of a Newly Emerging Cattle-Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Israel. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697118.bard.
Full textAbstract:
In September 2006 an outbreak of 'Bluetongue like' disease struck the cattle herds in Israel. Over 100 dairy and beef cattle herds were affected. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) (an Orbivirusclosely related to bluetongue virus (BTV)), was isolated from samples collected from several herds during the outbreaks. Following are the aims of the study and summary of the results: which up until now were published in 6 articles in peer-reviewed journals. Three more articles are still under preparation: 1. To identify the origin of the virus: The virus identified was fully sequenced and compared with the sequences available in the GenBank. It appeared that while gene segment L2 was clustered with EHDV-7 isolated in Australia, most of the other segments were clustered with EHDV-6 isolates from South-Africa and Bahrain. This may suggest that the strain which affected Israel on 2006 may have been related to similar outbreaks which occurred in north-Africa at the same year and could also be a result of reassortment with an Australian strain (Wilson et al. article in preparation). Analysis of the serological results from Israel demonstrated that cows and calves were similarly positive as opposed to BTV for which seropositivity in cows was significantly higher than in calves. This finding also supports the hypothesis that the 2006 EHD outbreak in Israel was an incursive event and the virus was not present in Israel before this outbreak (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Journal, 2011) 2. To identify the vectors of this virus: In the US, Culicoides sonorensis was found as an efficient vector of EHDV as the virus was transmitted by midges fed on infected white tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileusvirginianus) to susceptible WTD (Ruder et al. Parasites and Vectors, 2012). We also examined the effect of temperature on replication of EHDV-7 in C. sonorensis and demonstrated that the time to detection of potentially competent midges decreased with increasing temperature (Ruder et al. in preparation). Although multiple attempts were made, we failed to evaluate wild-caught Culicoidesinsignisas a potential vector for EHDV-7; however, our finding that C. sonorensis is a competent vector is far more significant because this species is widespread in the U.S. As for Israeli Culicoides spp. the main species caught near farms affected during the outbreaks were C. imicolaand C. oxystoma. The vector competence studies performed in Israel were in a smaller scale than in the US due to lack of a laboratory colony of these species and due to lack of facilities to infect animals with vector borne diseases. However, we found both species to be susceptible for infection by EHDV. For C. oxystoma, 1/3 of the Culicoidesinfected were positive 11 days post feeding. 3. To identify the host and environmental factors influencing the level of exposure to EHDV, its spread and its associated morbidity: Analysis of the cattle morbidity in Israel showed that the disease resulted in an average loss of over 200 kg milk per cow in herds affected during September 2006 and 1.42% excess mortality in heavily infected herds (Kedmi et al. Journal of Dairy Science, 2010). Outbreak investigation showed that winds played a significant role in virus spread during the 2006 outbreak (Kedmi et al. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2010). Further studies showed that both sheep (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Microbiology, 2011) and wild ruminants did not play a significant role in virus spread in Israel (Kedmi et al. article in preparation). Clinical studies in WTD showed that this species is highly susceptibile to EHDV-7 infection and disease (Ruder et al. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2012). Experimental infection of Holstein cattle (cows and calves) yielded subclinical viremia (Ruder et al. in preparation). The findings of this study, which resulted in 6 articles, published in peer reviewed journals and 4 more articles which are in preparation, contributed to the dairy industry in Israel by defining the main factors associated with disease spread and assessment of disease impact. In the US, we demonstrated that sufficient conditions exist for potential virus establishment if EHDV-7 were introduced. The significant knowledge gained through this study will enable better decision making regarding prevention and control measures for EHDV and similar viruses, such as BTV.
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Thanda Kyaw, Ai. Socio-Economic Impacts of Foot and Mouth Disease Among Cattle Farmers in Sagaing and Mandalay Areas, Myanmar. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/standz.2784.
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The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Sub-Regional Representation for South East Asia (OIE SRR-SEA) implemented the Stop Transboundary Animal Diseases and Zoonoses (STANDZ) Programme funded by AusAID to strengthen the veterinary services and effectively manage the control and eradication of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar. The purpose of the study is to understand how FMD outbreaks impact smallholder farmers, both men and women, at the household and village level and how control and eradication of FMD would benefit them. Specific aims are to estimate the direct and indirect socio-economic costs associated with the outbreaks of FMD as well as of the measures taken by farmers to deal with such outbreaks and to identify issues that contributed to the socio-economic impacts of FMD outbreaks and opportunities to reduce them.
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Anglade, Boaz, and Laura Giles Álvarez. Country Brief on the Fiscal and Public Debt Situation in Haiti. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003102.
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This document describes the fiscal and public debt situation in Haiti. Particular attention is paid to the impacts of the outbreak of COVID-19 that began in the early months of 2020, and to the measures adopted by governments to address the pandemic and their effects on production, consumption, and public accounts. The document also discusses Haiti's growth prospects and recommends specific policies.
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Rossi Júnior, José Luiz. Country Brief on the Fiscal and Public Debt Situation in Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003103.
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This document describes the fiscal and public debt situation in Brazil. Particular attention is paid to the impacts of the outbreak of COVID-19 that began in the early months of 2020, and to the measures adopted by governments to address the pandemic and their effects on production, consumption, and public accounts. The document also discusses Brazil's growth prospects and recommends specific policies.
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Deza, María Cecilia, and Janelle Leslie. Country Brief on the Fiscal and Public Debt Situation in Belize. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003101.
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This document describes the fiscal and public debt situation in Belize. Particular attention is paid to the impacts of the outbreak of COVID-19 that began in the early months of 2020, and to the measures adopted by governments to address the pandemic and their effects on production, consumption, and public accounts. The document also discusses Belize's growth prospects and recommends specific policies.
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Levesque, Justine, Jordan Babando, Nathaniel Loranger, and Shantel Johnson. COVID-19 prevalence and infection control measures at homeless shelters and hostels in high-income countries: a scoping review. The Homeless Hub, York University, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/10315/38850.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted homeless populations and service workers, especially within homeless shelter/hostel settings. To date, there have been few evidence syntheses examining outbreaks of COVID-19 among both homeless shelters residents and service workers, nor has there been a critically engaged summary of relevant infection control and prevention (IPAC) measures. This scoping review offers a timely and much-needed synthesis of COVID-19 prevalence within homeless shelters and a review of current and pertinent IPAC measures. Methods: We conducted a scoping review in June 2021 that synthesized academic and grey literature published from March 2020 to July 2021 pertaining to 1) the prevalence of COVID-19 among both residents and staff in homeless shelters and hostels in high-income countries, and 2) COVID-19 IPAC strategies applied in these settings. Two reviewers independently screened the results of the literature search of several databases that included MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and the WHO’s COVID-19 Global Health Portal. All the extracted data was mapped, categorized, and thematically discussed. Results: Thematic analysis of included literature revealed five key themes: 1) the demographics of COVID-19 in homeless shelters, 2) asymptomatic spread, 3) pre-existing vulnerability of the homeless and shelters, 4) the limited application of IPAC, and 5) IPAC effectiveness. Conclusion: This review offers a useful glimpse into the landscape of COVID-19 outbreaks in homeless shelters/hostels and the major contributing factors to these events. The scoping review revealed that there is no clear indication of generally accepted IPAC standards for homeless populations and shelter care workers. This review also illustrated a great need for future research to establish IPAC best practices as well as additional resources for shelter systems to protect residents and staff at homeless shelters/hostels in high-income countries. Finally, the findings from this review reaffirm that homelessness prevention is a key to limiting disease outbreaks, and the associated negative health outcomes in shelter populations.
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Bollers, Elton, Gralyn Frazier, Victor Gauto, Laura Giles Álvarez, Jeetendra Khadan, Ariel McCaskie, Henry Mooney, and David Rosenblatt. Country Briefs on the Fiscal and Public Debt Situation in the Caribbean Region. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003090.
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This document describes the fiscal and public debt situation in the countries of the Caribbean Region: The Bahamas, Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Particular attention is paid to the impacts of the outbreak of COVID-19 that began in the early months of 2020, and to the measures adopted by governments to address the pandemic and its effects on production, consumption, and public accounts. The document also discusses countries growth prospects and recommends policies for each country.
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Alemu, Dawit, and Gashaw T. Abate. The Covid-19 Pandemic and Household Rice Consumption Patterns in Ethiopia: The Case of Addis Ababa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.012.
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The outbreak of COVID-19 also resulted in moderate changes to the operation of the domestic rice value chain in Ethiopia. These were caused by changing responses of value chain actors (domestic and others engaged in rice imports) to the COVID-19 prevention measures put in place by the government. These changes increased the price of rice, which favoured rice producers and adversely affected urban consumers. This research note assesses household rice consumption patterns in Addis Ababa by comparing the situation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, using a representative sample of households.
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Levesque, Justine, Nathaniel Loranger, Carter Sehn, Shantel Johnson, and Jordan Babando. COVID-19 prevalence and infection control measures at homeless shelters and hostels in high-income countries: protocol for a scoping review. York University Libraries, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/10315/38513.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted people experiencing homelessness. Homeless shelters and hostels, as congregate living spaces for residents with many health vulnerabilities, are highly susceptible to outbreaks of COVID-19. A synthesis of the research-to-date can inform evidence-based practices for infection, prevention, and control strategies at these sites to reduce the prevalence of COVID-19 among both shelter/hostel residents and staff. Methods: A scoping review in accordance with Arksey and O’Malley’s framework will be conducted to identify literature reporting COVID-19 positivity rates among homeless shelter and hostel residents and staff, as well as infection control strategies to prevent outbreaks in these facilities. The focus will be on literature produced in high-income countries. Nine academic literature databases and 11 grey literature databases will be searched for literature from March 2020 to July 2021. Literature screening will be completed by two reviewers and facilitated by Covidence, a systematic review management platform. A third reviewer will be engaged to resolve disagreements and facilitate consensus. A narrative summary of the major themes identified in the literature, numerical counts of relevant data including the COVID-19 positivity rates, and recommendations for different infection control approaches will be produced. Discussion: The synthesis of the research generated on COVID-19 prevalence and prevention in homeless shelters and hostels will assist in establishing best practices to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and other airborne diseases at these facilities in high-income countries while identifying next steps to expand the existing evidence base.