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Money, Meera Karunakaran, and Pavitra Mohan. "Measles immunisation coverage in urban slums." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 66, no. 4 (July 1999): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02727157.
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Sahoo, Harihar. "Coverage of Child Immunisation and Its Determinants in India." Social Change 42, no. 2 (June 2012): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908571204200203.
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For reducing morbidity, mortality and disabilities from the six serious but preventable diseases—that is, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis and measles—the government of India initiated Expanded Programme on Immunisation by making free vaccination services easily available to all eligible children. Despite considerable gains in immunisation coverage, a large chunk of children die from vaccine preventable diseases. The article sheds light on the coverage of child immunisation in India and estimates the effect of selected demographic and socio-economic characteristics on immunisation coverage. Data for the study have been utilised from DLHS-RCH, conducted during 2002–04. Both bi-variate and multivariate techniques have been carried out in due course of analysis. Multivariate analysis in the form of multinomial logistic regression is employed to see the net effect of each of the independent variables on the dependant variable, that is, immunisation (no immunisation, any immunisation and full immunisation). The different background characteristics considered for the study are age of mother, educational level of mother, birth order, sex of the child, place of residence, religion, caste and standard of living of the household, antenatal care (ANC) and geographical region. The result reveals that about half the children are fully immunised but one-fifth of the children have not been immunised. There is a substantial variation in full immunisation across background variables. Those children are more likely to be fully immunised whose mothers are more educated. Besides this, the sex of the child, place of residence and standard of living of the household also show statistically significant effect on full immunisation.
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Bonmarin, I., and D. Lévy-Bruhl. "Measles in France: the epidemiological impact of suboptimal immunisation coverage." Eurosurveillance 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.07.04.00322-en.
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The promotion of immunisation in France since 1983 has resulted in a 97% reduction in morbidity and a reduction of 60% of mortality. However, the stable and sub-optimal coverage around 84% leads to a shift in higher age groups, where complications are more frequent and serious. The proportion of those aged over 10 years was 13% in 1985 and reached 48% in 1997, the transmission of measles being maintained in France. To eliminate the disease, vaccine coverage with 2 doses and over 95% would be necessary.
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Riumallo-Herl, Carlos, Angela Y. Chang, Samantha Clark, Dagna Constenla, Andrew Clark, Logan Brenzel, and Stéphane Verguet. "Poverty reduction and equity benefits of introducing or scaling up measles, rotavirus and pneumococcal vaccines in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 2 (April 2018): e000613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000613.
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IntroductionBeyond their impact on health, vaccines can lead to large economic benefits. While most economic evaluations of vaccines have focused on the health impact of vaccines at a national scale, it is critical to understand how their impact is distributed along population subgroups.MethodsWe build a financial risk protection model to evaluate the impact of immunisation against measles, severe pneumococcal disease and severe rotavirus for birth cohorts vaccinated over 2016–2030 for three scenarios in 41 Gavi-eligible countries: no immunisation, current immunisation coverage forecasts and the current immunisation coverage enhanced with funding support. We distribute modelled disease cases per socioeconomic group and derive the number of cases of: (1) catastrophic health costs (CHCs) and (2) medical impoverishment.ResultsIn the absence of any vaccine coverage, the number of CHC cases attributable to measles, severe pneumococcal disease and severe rotavirus would be approximately 18.9 million, 6.6 million and 2.2 million, respectively. Expanding vaccine coverage would reduce this number by up to 90%, 30% and 40% in each case. More importantly, we find a higher share of CHC incidence among the poorest quintiles who consequently benefit more from vaccine expansion.ConclusionOur findings contribute to the understanding of how vaccines can have a broad economic impact. In particular, we find that immunisation programmes can reduce the proportion of households facing catastrophic payments from out-of-pocket health expenses, mainly in lower socioeconomic groups. Thus, vaccines could have an important role in poverty reduction.
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Dias, J. A., M. Cordeiro, M. A. Afzal, M. G. Freitas, M. R. Morgado, J. L. Silva, L. M. Nunes, M. G. Lima, and F. Avilez. "Mumps epidemic in Portugal despite high vaccine coverage - preliminary report." Eurosurveillance 1, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.01.04.00160-en.
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A measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) trivalent vaccine was added to Portugal's National Immunisation Programme (NIP) in 1987. All vaccines are given at health centres, free of charge, but an epidemic of mumps began in 1995, firstly in northern Portugal and
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Jaupart, Pascal, Lizzie Dipple, and Stefan Dercon. "Has Gavi lived up to its promise? Quasi-experimental evidence on country immunisation rates and child mortality." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 6 (December 2019): e001789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001789.
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IntroductionGavi, the Vaccine Alliance, was set up in 2000 to improve access to vaccines for children living in the poorest countries. Funding has increased significantly over time, with Gavi disbursements reaching US $1.58 billion in 2015. We assess whether Gavi’s funding programmes have indeed increased immunisation coverage in 51 recipient countries for two key vaccines for 12–23 month olds: combined diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) and measles. Additionally, we look at effects on infant and child mortality.MethodsTaking a difference-in-differences quasi-experimental approach to observational data, we estimate the impact of Gavi eligibility on immunisation coverage and mortality rates over time, using WHO/UNICEF figures covering 1995–2016. We control for economy size and population of each country as well as running a suite of robustness checks and sensitivity tests.ResultsWe find large and significant positive effects from Gavi’s funding programmes: on average a 12.02 percentage point increase in DPT immunisation coverage (95% CI 6.56 to 17.49) and an 8.81 percentage point increase in measles immunisation coverage (95% CI 3.58 to 14.04) over the period to 2016. Our estimates show Gavi support also induced 6.22 fewer infant deaths (95% CI −10.47 to −1.97) and 12.23 fewer under-five deaths (95% CI −19.66 to −4.79) per 1000 live births.ConclusionOur findings provide evidence that Gavi has had a substantial impact on the fight against communicable diseases for improved population and child health in lower-income countries. In this case, the health policy to verticalise aid—specifically development assistance for health—via a specialised global fund has had positive outcomes.
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Braeckman, T., H. Theeten, M. Roelants, S. Blaizot, K. Hoppenbrouwers, K. Maertens, P. Van Damme, and C. Vandermeulen. "Can Flanders resist the measles outbreak? Assessing vaccination coverage in different age groups among Flemish residents." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 8 (May 2, 2018): 1043–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818000985.
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AbstractThe Belgian strategic plan to eliminate measles contains several vaccination strategies including routine immunisation programmes and catch-up campaigns. A new expanded programme on immunisation-based survey (2016) assessed the uptake of the recommended measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine in three different cohorts: toddlers, adolescents and parents of toddlers. A two-stage cluster sampling technique was used to select 875 toddlers (age 18–24 months) and 1250 adolescents (born in 2000) from 107 municipalities in Flanders. After consent of the parent(s), 746 (85.2%) families of toddlers and 1012 (81.0%) families of adolescents were interviewed at home. Measles vaccination coverage was high at 18–24 months (96.2%) and 81.5% were vaccinated at recommended age. Toddlers who had two siblings or a non-working mother or changed vaccinator were more at risk for not being vaccinated. Coverage of the teenager dose reached 93.5% and was lower in adolescents with educational underachievement or whose mother was part-time working or with a non-Belgian background. Only 56.0% of mothers and 48.3% of fathers remembered having received at least one measles-containing vaccine. Although measles vaccination coverage in toddlers meets the required standards for elimination, administration of the teenager dose of MMR vaccine and parent compliance to the recent measles catch-up campaign in Flanders leave room for improvement.
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Lévy-Bruhl, D., R. G. Pebody, K. Osborne, I. Veldhuijzen, and M. Valenciano. "ESEN : a comparison of vaccination programmes Part two : pertussis." Eurosurveillance 3, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.03.11.00086-en.
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This article is the second of a series of three, which compare vaccination programmes, immunisation schedules, vaccine coverage, and the epidemiological impact of vaccination for diphtheria, pertussis, measles, mumps, and rubella in eight countries (Denma
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Grundy, John, and Beverley-Ann Biggs. "The Impact of Conflict on Immunisation Coverage in 16 Countries." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 8, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2018.127.
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Background: Military conflict has been an ongoing determinant of inequitable immunisation coverage in many low- and middle-income countries, yet the impact of conflict on the attainment of global health goals has not been fully addressed. This review will describe and analyse the association between conflict, immunisation coverage and vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) outbreaks, along with country specific strategies to mitigate the impact in 16 countries. Methods: We cross-matched immunisation coverage and VPD data in 2014 for displaced and refugee populations. Data on refugee or displaced persons was sourced from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) database, and immunisation coverage and disease incidence data from World Health Organization (WHO) databases. Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) databases provided additional data on national and sub-national coverage. The 16 countries were selected because they had the largest numbers of registered UNHCR "persons of interest" and received new vaccine support from Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunisation (GAVI), the Vaccine Alliance. We used national planning and reporting documentation including immunisation multiyear plans, health system strengthening strategies and GAVI annual progress reports (APRs) to assess the impact of conflict on immunisation access and coverage rates, and reviewed strategies developed to address immunisation program shortfalls in conflict settings. We also searched the peer-reviewed literature for evidence that linked immunisation coverage and VPD outbreaks with evidence of conflict. Results: We found that these 16 countries, representing just 12% of the global population, were responsible for 67% of global polio cases and 39% of global measles cases between 2010 and 2015. Fourteen out of the 16 countries were below the global average of 85% coverage for diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT3) in 2014. We present data from countries where the onset of conflict has been associated with sudden drops in national and sub-national immunisation coverage. Tense security conditions, along with damaged health infrastructure and depleted human resources have contributed to infrequent outreach services, and delays in new vaccine introductions and immunisation campaigns. These factors have in turn contributed to pockets of low coverage and disease outbreaks in sub-national areas affected by conflict. Despite these impacts, there was limited reference to the health needs of conflict affected populations in immunisation planning and reporting documents in all 16 countries. Development partner investments were heavily skewed towards vaccine provision and working with partner governments, with comparatively low levels of health systems support or civil partnerships. Conclusion: Global and national policy and planning focus is required on the service delivery needs of conflict affected populations, with increased investment in health system support and civil partnerships, if persistent immunisation inequities in conflict affected areas are to be addressed.
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Sarker, Abdur Razzaque, Raisul Akram, Nausad Ali, and Marufa Sultana. "Coverage and factors associated with full immunisation among children aged 12–59 months in Bangladesh: insights from the nationwide cross-sectional demographic and health survey." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e028020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028020.
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ObjectiveTo estimate the coverage and factors associated with full immunisation coverage among children aged 12–59 months in Bangladesh.Study designThe study is cross sectional in design. Secondary dataset from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey was used for this analysis. Immunisation status was categorised as ‘fully immunised’ if the children had received all the eight recommended vaccine doses otherwise ‘partially/unimmunised’.SettingsBangladesh.ParticipantChildren aged 12–59 months were the study participants. Participants were randomly selected through a two-stage stratified sampling design. A total of 6230 children were eligible for the analysis.ResultsAbout 86% of the children (5356 out of 6230) were fully immunised. BCG has the highest coverage rate (97.1%) followed by oral polio vaccine 1 (97%) and pentavalent 1 (96.6%), where the coverage rate was the lowest for measles vaccine (88%). Coverage was higher in urban areas (88.5%) when compared with rural ones (85.1%). Full immunisation coverage was significantly higher among children who lived in the Rangpur division (adjusted OR (AOR)=3.46; 95% CI 2.45 to 4.88, p<0.001), were 48–59 months old (AOR=1.32; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.64, p=0.013), lived in a medium size family (AOR=1.56; 95% CI 1.32 to 1.86, p<0.001), had parents with a higher level of education (AOR=1.96; 95% CI 1.21 to 3.17, p=0.006 and AOR=1.55; 95% CI 1.05 to 2.29, p=0.026) and belonged to the richest families (AOR=2.2; 95% CI 1.5 to 3.21, p<0.001). The likelihood of being partially or unimmunised was higher among children who had the father as their sole healthcare decision-maker (AOR=0.69; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.92, p<0.012).ConclusionsThere were significant variations of child immunisation coverage across socioeconomic and demographic factors. These findings will inform innovative approaches for immunisation programmes, and the introduction of relevant policies, including regular monitoring and evaluation of immunisation coverage—particularly for low-performing regions, so that the broader benefit of immunisation programmes can be achieved in all strata of the society.
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Lifalaza, Alice, Ruth Stern, and Daniel Opotamutale Ashipala. "Perceptions of Mothers and Caregivers Regarding the Factors Affecting Low Uptake of Measles Immunisation Among Children Under 5 Years in Nyangana District, Namibia." Global Journal of Health Science 10, no. 10 (September 7, 2018): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n10p74.
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Immunisation is considered to be amongst the most successful and cost-effective disease prevention interventions available. The aim of this study was, to investigate the perceptions of mothers/caregivers on the factors that impact on the uptake of measles immunisation in the Nyangana Health District, with a view to improving measles immunisation coverage. A qualitative exploratory study design was used to collect data from the study participants by the use of interviews. Data was audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. The recorded interviews were translated from the Gciriku language to English. Data was analysed through the use of the Thematic Content Analysis approach. Mothers whose children were vaccinated and those whose children were not vaccinated had both positive perceptions about immunisation. The findings indicates that, despite awareness and willingness for some mothers to bring their children for subsequent follow-up vaccinations, barriers such as inability to pay for transport, lack of support for single mothers and absence of support structures was hindering factors to immunisation uptake. Additionally, health system factors such as health care provider attitudes, staff shortages, inconvenient immunisation services, time constraints, inadequate outreach services and lack of tracking services for children who missed their measles immunisation were found to have an influence on the immunisation uptake. The children who missed their immunisation doses were mostly for single mothers and for those mothers who stayed far away from the clinic. The study concludes that the relationship between health care providers and mothers/caregivers and support from other social structures, should be good, in order to motivate mothers to use immunisation services. The study recommends that the following aspects be addressed, as they have the potential to improve the low uptake of measles immunisation: patient/provider relationship, information sharing, and supervision in the health facility, access to services, availability of outreach services, improved data tracking and active involvement of all stakeholders. These children should be targeted through improved outreach services and the use of health extension workers for contact tracing of children who missed their immunisation.
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INAIDA, S., S. MATSUNO, and F. KOBUNE. "Measles elimination and immunisation: national surveillance trends in Japan, 2008–2015." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 11 (June 23, 2017): 2374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817001248.
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SUMMARYMeasles elimination relies on vaccination programmes. In Japan, a major outbreak started in 2007. In response, 5-year two-dose catch-up vaccination programme was initiated in April 2008 for children 13–16-years-old. In this study, we analysed the epidemic curves, incidence rates for each age group, virus genotype, vaccination coverage and ratio of measles gelatin particle agglutination (PA) antibody using surveillance data for 2008–2015.Monthly case counts markedly decreased as vaccination coverage increased. D5, which is the endemic virus type, disappeared after 2011, with the following epidemic caused by imported viruses. Most cases were confirmed to have a no-dose or single-dose vaccination status. Although the incidence rate among all age groups ⩾5-years-old decreased during the study period, for children <5-years-old, the incidence rate remained relatively high and increased in 2014. The ratio of PA antibody (⩾1:128 titres) increased for the majority of age groups, but with a decrease for specific age groups: the 0–5 months and the 2–4, 14, 19 and most of the 26–55- and the 60-year-old groups (−1 to −9%). This seems to be the result of higher vaccination coverage, which would result in decreasing natural immunity booster along with decreasing passive immunity in infants whose mothers did not have the natural immunity booster. The 20–29- and 30–39-year-old age groups had higher number of cases, suggesting that vaccination within these age groups might be important for eliminating imported viruses.
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Goh, Lay Khim, Chew Fei Sow, and Safurah Ja'afar. "IMPLEMENTATION OF AN IMMUNISATION PROJECT FOR THE REFUGEES USING THE LOGIC MODEL." Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 20, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.20/no.3/art.604.
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Refugees worldwide have been a challenge to many countries. Threats of preventable immunisable diseases amongst children that disrupt the herd immunity have been a concern as many countries lack a structured national policy to administer full vaccines to these refugees. Full immunisation coverage not only protected the refugees but also safeguarded the children of the home country. We designed a collaborative university-based community service partnership with UNHCR and International-Organisation-for-Migration, implemented a practice-integrated immunisation service initiative with the local community. This paper described the implementation process of an immunisation project for the refugees using the evaluative Logic Model. This model diagrammatically shows the relationships between the program's objectives, program activities, process indicators, outcomes, and resources used. It applies to program planning, operation, evaluation and address questions for decision making. The aim was to provide refugees' children below 18-years the complete doses of the national scheduled immunisation. The immunisation was given in six refugees-learning-centres in a total of 31 visits. The workflow includes administering the immunisation, health education, triaging, data collection, and monitoring the children immunised. A total of 1116 children received full immunisation within a period of eighteen months. Vaccines given were Pentavalent, Hepatitis B, Tetanus-Diphtheria, and Mumps-Measles-Rubella. This project has achieved more than 80% immunisation coverage for all the vaccines except Pentavalent (<50%). The Logic Model is useful for developing, implementing, and evaluating knowledge co-production partnerships in the context of a community delivery system in this project.
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Goh, Lay Khim, Chew Fei Sow, and Safurah Ja'afar. "IMPLEMENTATION OF AN IMMUNISATION PROJECT FOR THE REFUGEES USING THE LOGIC MODEL." Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 20, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.20/no.3/art.604.
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Refugees worldwide have been a challenge to many countries. Threats of preventable immunisable diseases amongst children that disrupt the herd immunity have been a concern as many countries lack a structured national policy to administer full vaccines to these refugees. Full immunisation coverage not only protected the refugees but also safeguarded the children of the home country. We designed a collaborative university-based community service partnership with UNHCR and International-Organisation-for-Migration, implemented a practice-integrated immunisation service initiative with the local community. This paper described the implementation process of an immunisation project for the refugees using the evaluative Logic Model. This model diagrammatically shows the relationships between the program's objectives, program activities, process indicators, outcomes, and resources used. It applies to program planning, operation, evaluation and address questions for decision making. The aim was to provide refugees' children below 18-years the complete doses of the national scheduled immunisation. The immunisation was given in six refugees-learning-centres in a total of 31 visits. The workflow includes administering the immunisation, health education, triaging, data collection, and monitoring the children immunised. A total of 1116 children received full immunisation within a period of eighteen months. Vaccines given were Pentavalent, Hepatitis B, Tetanus-Diphtheria, and Mumps-Measles-Rubella. This project has achieved more than 80% immunisation coverage for all the vaccines except Pentavalent (<50%). The Logic Model is useful for developing, implementing, and evaluating knowledge co-production partnerships in the context of a community delivery system in this project.
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NI, Z. L., X. D. TAN, H. Y. SHAO, and Y. WANG. "Immunisation status and determinants of left-behind children aged 12–72 months in central China." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 9 (March 30, 2017): 1763–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817000589.
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SUMMARYMany parents move from rural China to urban areas in search of job opportunities, and leave their children behind to be raised by relatives. We aimed to assess the immunisation coverage, including the 1:3:3:3:1 vaccine series (one dose of Bacilli Chalmette–Guérin vaccine; three doses of live attenuated oral poliomyelitis vaccine; three doses of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis combined; three doses of hepatitis B vaccine; and one dose of measles-containing vaccine), in children aged 12–72 months and identify the determinants of immunisation uptake among left-behind children in Hubei Province, Central China, in 2014. In this cross-sectional study using the World Health Organization's cluster sampling technique, we surveyed 1368 children from 44 villages in 11 districts of Hubei Province. The socio-demographic and vaccination status data were collected by interviewing primary caregivers using a semi-structured questionnaire and reviewing the immunisation cards of the children. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify the determinants of complete vaccination and age-appropriate vaccination. For each dose of the five vaccines, the vaccination coverage in the left-behind and non-left-behind children was >90%; however, the age-appropriate vaccination coverage for each vaccine was lower in left-behind than in non-left-behind children. For the five vaccines, the fully vaccinated rate of left-behind children were lower than those of non-left-behind children (89·1%, 92·7%; P = 0·013) and age-appropriate immunisation rate of left-behind children were lower than those of non-left-behind children (65·7%, 79·9%; P < 0·001). After controlling for potential confounders, we found that the parenting pattern, annual household income and attitude of the primary caregiver towards vaccination significantly influenced the vaccination status of children. Moreover, we noted a relatively high prevalence of delayed vaccination among left-behind children. Hence, we believe that the age-appropriate immunisation coverage rate among left-behind children in rural areas should be further improved by delivering and sustaining primary care services.
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Stein-Zamir, C., N. Abramson, H. Shoob, and G. Zentner. "An outbreak of measles in an ultra-orthodox Jewish community in Jerusalem, Israel, 2007 - an in-depth report." Eurosurveillance 13, no. 8 (February 21, 2008): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/ese.13.08.08045-en.
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Measles elimination in Europe is hindered by recurrent outbreaks, typically in non-immunised specific sub-populations. In 2003 and 2004, two measles outbreaks occurred in Jewish ultra-orthodox communities in Jerusalem, Israel. In 2007, another measles outbreak emerged in Jerusalem. Epidemiological investigation and control activities were initiated. Three measles cases (15 years old, 22 years old and an infant; all unvaccinated) were diagnosed in Jerusalem in August 2007. All three belonged to Jewish ultra-orthodox communities in London, United Kingdom, and had had contact with patients in London. The epidemiological investigation did not reveal any connection between these cases other than their place of origin. The disease spread rapidly in extremely ultra-orthodox sub-groups in Jerusalem. Until 8 January 2008, 491 cases were reported. Most patients (70%) were young children (0-14 years old), 96% unimmunised. Frequently, all the children in a large family were infected; two thirds of the cases belonged to family clusters of more than two patients per family (in part due to non-compliance with post-exposure prophylaxis recommendations). The high age-specific incidence among infants 0-1-year- (408.5/100,000) and 1-4-year-olds (264.1/100,000) is a cause for concern. The hospitalisation rate was 15% (71/491), mainly due to fever, vomiting and dehydration. The median age of hospitalised patients was 3.6 years; 19 patients (26.7%) presented with pneumonitis or pneumonia and two patients presented with encephalitis. There have not been any deaths to date. The outbreak was apparently caused by measles importation into unprotected groups. Despite a high national immunisation coverage (94-95%), programmes to increase and maintain immunisation coverage are essential, with special focus on specific sub-populations.
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Gioula, G., A. Fylaktou, M. Exindari, G. Atmatzidis, D. Chatzidimitriou, A. Melidou, and V. Kyriazopoulou-Dalaina. "Rubella immunity and vaccination coverage of the population of northern Greece in 2006." Eurosurveillance 12, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.12.11.00747-en.
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This study was prompted by two rubella outbreaks that occurred in northern Greece in the last decade (1993 and 1999) and by periodic changes to the immunisation strategy. It was designed to determine the current status of rubella immunity and vaccination coverage in this region, eight years after the last outbreak in 1999 and seven years after the last epidemiological study in the area. Among the 685 subjects studied the seroprevalence was 83.7% and the total vaccination rate was 31.3%. In people born before the introduction in 1989 of the measles/mumps/rubella (MMR) vaccine into the national immunisation programme, higher rates of rubella seropositivity (88.1%) were observed compared to those born after 1989 (77.1%). The vaccination rates for these age groups were 14.8% and 58.1%, respectively. The reason for this difference is the lack of vaccination at the time these people were children, and it underlines the need for a vaccination strategy targeting older people as well. Among women of reproductive age (16-40 years), who represented 44.8% of the study population, 13.9% were susceptible to rubella and only 18.5% were vaccinated. These results indicate that there is a great need for a comprehensive policy designed to protect mostly young adults and women of childbearing age in order to prevent congenital rubella infections. This policy should also include competent surveillance systems for rubella and congenital rubella syndrome and an evaluation of existing immunisation programmes.
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Agustina, Nanda, Septa Indra Puspikawati, and Halimah Firdaus. "Measles Distribution Map By Measles Immunization In Banyuwangi 2014 – 2016 Using Health Mapper Application." Preventif : Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 11, no. 1 (August 3, 2020): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/preventif.v11i1.52.
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Measles disease is one of the infectious diseases caused by the Paramyxovirus Virus. Indonesia is one of the countries that has the largest number of measles cases in the world according to WHO (World Health Organization). Banyuwangi Regency is already able to give measles immunization more than 95% in accordance with the standards stipulated by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. However, the occurrence of measles cases is also still not reduced annually. This scientific article can help to see the tendency of measles occurrences seen from the scope of Immunisation in the local area. This type of research is a study by using secondary data health Profiles Banyuwangi District Health Office in 2014.205, and 2016. With the kind of observational research and design construct the research used is cross sectional. Descriptive data analysis using the Health Mapper version 4.3.0.0 with version 4.03. Results of the analysis obtained that the coverage of measles immunization in Banyuwangi district fluctuated in the year 2014 there is a coverage of the Banyuwangi Regency immunization of 102.4% d, in 2015 as much as 101.8% and in the year 2016 IE as much as 106.3. This is inversely proportional to the incidence of measles in Banyuwangi regency which increased in 2015 as many as 2 cases in the year 2014 the number of cases is still 0 and has a fixed value in the year 2016 IE as many as 2 cases are still the same as the year 2015.
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Hajizadeh, Mohammad. "Socioeconomic inequalities in child vaccination in low/middle-income countries: what accounts for the differences?" Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 8 (March 26, 2018): 719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-210296.
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BackgroundSocioeconomic inequalities in child vaccination continue to be a global public health concern. This study aimed to measure and identify factors associated with socioeconomic inequalities in full immunisation coverage against the four core vaccine-preventable diseases (ie, bacille Calmette-Guérin, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (three doses), polio (three doses) and measles vaccines) in 46 low/middle-income countries.MethodsThe most recent nationally representative samples of children (aged 10–59 months, n=372 499) collected through the Demographic Health Surveys were used to measure vaccination rates. The concentration index (C) was used to quantify socioeconomic inequalities in vaccination coverage. Furthermore, meta-regression analyses were used to determine factors affecting socioeconomic inequalities in vaccination coverage across countries.ResultsResults suggested that immunisation coverage was pro-rich in most countries (median C=0.161, IQR 0.131). Gambia (C=−0.146, 95% CI −0.223 to −0.069), Namibia (C=−0.093, 95% CI −0.145 to −0.041) and Kyrgyz Republic (C=−0.227, 95% CI −0.304 to −0.15) were the only countries where children who belong to higher socioeconomic status group were less likely to receive all the four core vaccines than their lower socioeconomic status counterparts. Meta-regression analyses suggested that, across countries, the concentration of antenatal care visits among wealthier mothers was positively associated with the concentration of vaccination coverage among wealthier children (coefficient=0.606, 95% CI 0.301 to 0.911).ConclusionsPro-rich distribution of child vaccination in most low/middle-income countries remains an important public health policy concern. Policies aimed to improve antenatal care visits among mothers in lower socioeconomic groups may mitigate socioeconomic inequalities in vaccination coverage in low/middle-income countries.
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Masresha, Balcha, Richard Luce, Messeret Shibeshi, Reggis Katsande, Amadou Fall, Joseph Okeibunor, Goitom Weldegebriel, and Richard Mihigo. "Status of Measles Elimination in Eleven Countries with High Routine Immunisation Coverage in The WHO African Region." Journal of Immunological Sciences 2, SI1 (September 1, 2018): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29245/2578-3009/2018/si.1121.
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Edmond, Karen, Khaksar Yousufi, Malalai Naziri, Ariel Higgins-Steele, Abdul Qadir Qadir, Sayed Masoud Sadat, Alexandra L. Bellows, and Emily Smith. "Mobile outreach health services for mothers and children in conflict-affected and remote areas: a population-based study from Afghanistan." Archives of Disease in Childhood 105, no. 1 (July 3, 2019): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-316802.
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ObjectiveTo assess whether sustained, scheduled mobile health team (MHT) services increase antenatal care (ANC), postnatal care (PNC) and childhood immunisation in conflict-affected and remote regions of Afghanistan.DesignCross-sectional, population-based study from 2013 to 2017. Proportions were compared using multivariable linear regression adjusted for clustering and socio-demographic variables.Setting54 intervention and 56 control districts in eight Afghanistan provinces.Participants338 796 pregnant women and 1 693 872 children aged under 5 years.Interventions‘Intervention districts’ that received MHT services for 3 years compared with ‘control districts’ in the same province without any MHT services over the same period.Main outcome measuresDistrict-level and clinic-level ANC, PNC, childhood immunisation (pentavalent 3, measles 1), integrated management of childhood immunisation services.ResultsProportion of pregnant women receiving at least one ANC visit was higher in intervention districts (83.6%, 161 750/193 482) than control districts (61.3%, 89 077/145 314) (adjusted mean difference (AMD) 14.8%;95% CI: 1.6% to 28.0%). Proportion of children under 1 year receiving their first dose of measles vaccine was higher in intervention (73.8%, 142 738/193 412) than control districts (57.3%, 83 253/145 293) (AMD 12.8;95% CI: 2.1% to 23.5%). There was no association with PNC (AMD 2.8%;95% CI: −5.1% to 10.7%). MHTs did not increase clinic-level service provision for ANC (AMD 41.32;95% CI: -52.46 to 135.11) or any other outcomes.ConclusionsSustained, scheduled MHT services to conflict-affected and remote regions were associated with improved coverage of important maternal and child health interventions. Outreach is an essential service and not just an ‘optional extra’ for the most deprived mothers and children.
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Basti, Bharatesh Devendra, Ravi Marinayakanahalli Rajegowda, Devi Varaprasad, and Janakiraman Pitchandi. "Assessment of immunization status among under five children in a census town of South India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 3266. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20193438.
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Background: Deaths among children of less than five years are preventable, mostly by vaccination. In India, the coverage still remains low, as low as 44% children between 12 to 23 months age are fully immunized. This study was intended to assess the immunization status of the children between the age group of 12-60 months, and study the possible socio demographic factors influencing it.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 16 wards of a census town, selected by Multi-stage simple random sampling, for a period of 4 months among 400 children. Data was collected from the mothers of these children, using structured questionnaire.Results: Immunization status among these children showed that 32.5% were fully immunized, 52.0% were immunisation update, 14% were partially immunized, and 0.5% was not immunized. Immunization status was highest for BCG and OPV-0 (99%) and least for Measles 2nd dose and DPT booster (52%). Inadequate knowledge about immunization was the most common reason for partial and un-immunization. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that, factors like religion (Hindus had 2.843 odds of being partially immunised than other religions), availability of Immunization card (Those without Immunisation card had 2.025 odds of being partially immunised than those with immunisation card) and place of immunization (Those immunised at private facilities had 1.441 odds of being partially immunised than those at government facilities), were found to be significantly associated with the immunization status of the child.Conclusions: Government facilities remain the main pillars of immunisation. Coordination with Anganwadi centres is the key. Tracking of the child for subsequent doses of immunisation remains a challenge.
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Mustafa, Ghulam, and Abdul Mannan Mustafa. "1398. Maternal Knowledge and Perceptions about Routine Immunisation in a Slum Area of Pakistan." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1580.
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Abstract Background To know the baseline coverage and potential obstacles for children vaccination before starting a health awareness program. Methods A cross sectional study on immunization coverage in the slum area of Multan, Pakistan was conducted and a total of 312 mothers were interviewed face to face for Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions (KAP). Results Among the children less than 3 years, 33 % fully, 46 % partially and 21 % were not at all immunized. High levels of BCG and OPV zero rates (79%) and low rates of OPV3/DPT3 (48%) and measles (41%) vaccines were found. Majority of the mothers were satisfied with the program. Most of the mothers were aware about the importance of vaccination but were ignorant for the need to complete the schedule. There were many misconceptions and beliefs among the mothers of partial and unimmunized children. The majority were of view that vaccines contain ingredients that will make the children infertile. Conclusion There is a need to enhance the maternal knowledge about the vaccine preventable diseases and importance of completing the immunization schedule. Also the misconception about the vaccines need be specifically addressed. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Berkhout, Angela, Kahn Preece, Vanil Varghese, Vinita Prasad, Helen Heussler, Julia Clark, and Sophie C. H. Wen. "Optimising immunisation in children with 22q11 microdeletion." Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy 8 (January 2020): 251513552095713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515135520957139.
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Background: The condition known as 22q11 microdeletion syndrome has a broad phenotypic spectrum, with many affected individuals experiencing mild-to-moderate immunodeficiency. Currently, there are significant variations in live vaccine practices and immunological testing prior to live vaccine administration due to safety concerns and limited established guidelines. Methods: Queensland Children’s Hospital (QCH) Child Development Unit, offers a state-wide 22q11 microdeletion clinic. This is a retrospective single-centre review, capturing the majority of children with 22q11 microdeletion in Queensland, Australia. We describe the live vaccination status of 134 children, age 0 to 18 years under our care between 2000 and 2018, adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) and the proportion of children who received additional pneumococcal coverage. An immunological investigation pathway prior to live vaccine administration is proposed. Results: Of the 134 children, 124 were eligible for live vaccinations as per the Australian National Immunisation Program: 82% had received dose one of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine, 77% had completed MMR dose two and 66% had completed varicella immunisation. There were no AEFI notifications reported. Of the total sample of children, 18% received a fourth dose of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (Prevenar 7 or 13) and 16% received a dose of Pneumovax 23 from 4 years of age. Immunology workup practices were demonstrated to vary widely prior to live vaccine administration. Most patients’ immune profiles were consistent with mild-to-moderate immunodeficiency. Conclusion: We propose an immunological investigation and vaccination pathway with the aim of providing guidance and consistency to clinicians caring for children with 22q11 microdeletion.
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Bobo, Firew Tekle, and Andrew Hayen. "Decomposition of socioeconomic inequalities in child vaccination in Ethiopia: results from the 2011 and 2016 demographic and health surveys." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e039617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039617.
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ObjectivesMonitoring and addressing unnecessary and avoidable differences in child vaccination is a critical global concern. This study aimed to assess socioeconomic inequalities in basic vaccination coverage among children aged 12–23 months in Ethiopia.Design, setting and participantsSecondary analyses of cross-sectional data from the two most recent (2011 and 2016) Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys were performed. This analysis included 1930 mother–child pairs in 2011 and 2004 mother–child pairs in 2016.Outcome measuresCompletion of basic vaccinations was defined based on whether a child received a single dose of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), three doses of diphtheria, tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTP), three doses of oral polio vaccine and one dose of measles vaccine.MethodsThe concentration Curve and Concentration Indices (CCIs) were used to estimate wealth related to inequalities. The concentration indices were also decomposed to examine the contributing factors to socioeconomic inequalities in childhood vaccination.ResultsFrom 2011 to 2016, the proportion of children who received basic vaccination increased from 24.6% (95% CI 21.4% to 28.0%) to 38.6% (95% CI 34.6% to 42.9%). While coverage of BCG, DTP and polio immunisation increased during the study period, the uptake of measles vaccine decreased. The positive concentration index shows that basic vaccination coverage was pro-rich (CCI=0.212 in 2011 and CCI=0.172 in 2016). The decomposition analysis shows that use of maternal health services such as family planning and antenatal care, socioeconomic status, exposure to media, urban–rural residence and maternal education explain inequalities in basic vaccination coverage in Ethiopia.ConclusionsChildhood vaccination coverage was low in Ethiopia. Vaccination was less likely in poorer than in richer households. Addressing wealth inequalities, enhancing education and improving maternal health service coverage will reduce socioeconomic inequalities in basic vaccination uptake in Ethiopia.
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Dawria, Adam, Ali Mohieldin, Fatima Alshehk, and Zamzam Omer Tutu. "MISSED OPPORTUNITIES OF IMMUNISATION AMONG CHILDREN BELOW 24 MONTHS VISITED ELMAK NIMIR TEACHING HOSPITAL, SUDAN 2016." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 10 (October 31, 2017): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i10.2017.2267.
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Immunization has often been cited as one of the greatest medical success stories in human history. A cross-sectional hospital based study conducted from the period started from March 2016 to December 2016 .the study aimed to assess the missed opportunity of vaccine amongst under 24 months in Shendi locality, Total of 220 children under 2 years were been selected using convenience universal coverage for all children attending to the hospital seeking medical care, structured Questionnaire filed by their care givers. Our results revealed that, the prevalence of missed opportunity among the study population were 35% as aver all children examined, 20 % for BCG, 23% (Penta, Rota and polio vaccines), 40% for Measles 1st dose and 60% for Measles 2nd dose. These results show high percentage of dropout due to the missed opportunity from the main hospital in the Shendi locality. The main recommendations of our study are, institute primary health care unit to provide immunisation services in the teaching hospital and this is will minimize the gab of vaccine missed opportunity ,implement intensive health education programme to the local community especially rural community.
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Georgakopoulou, T., E. Horefti, A. Vernardaki, V. Pogka, K. Gkolfinopoulou, E. Triantafyllou, S. Tsiodras, M. Theodoridou, A. Mentis, and T. Panagiotopoulos. "Ongoing measles outbreak in Greece related to the recent European-wide epidemic." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 13 (August 8, 2018): 1692–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818002170.
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AbstractWe report an ongoing measles outbreak in Greece. The first cases were notified through the mandatory notification system on May 2017 in Northern Greece and concerned a cluster of three imported cases in unvaccinated Roma siblings. So far, 3150 cases have been reported in all 13 Regions. Initially, the outbreak mainly affected Greek Roma but as it progressed it spread to non-minority Greek nationals. The outbreak reached its ultimate peak on week 10/2018 but from week 15/2018 has been gradually declining. Most cases (60.6%) were Roma (especially children <10 year-old) followed by non-minority Greek nationals (29.3%; mostly young adults). The majority (80.4%) were unvaccinated. Interestingly, 129 (4.1%) cases were healthcare workers (HCWs). Genotype B3 was identified by molecular methods in all 87 cases tested. Overall, 61.3% of the cases were hospitalised. Complications were reported in 17.1% of the cases among which four deaths. The outbreak occurred after 3 years without local endemic measles transmission. Extensive vaccination implemented as the major public health measure managed to prevent the emergence of a large number of cases in refugee/migrant hosting sites. Mitigation efforts currently focus on raising awareness among HCWs and closing the immunisation gap in populations with suboptimal vaccination coverage.
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Oyo-Ita, Angela, Xavier Bosch-Capblanch, Amanda Ross, Afiong Oku, Ekpereonne Esu, Soter Ameh, Olabisi Oduwole, Dachi Arikpo, and Martin Meremikwu. "Effects of engaging communities in decision-making and action through traditional and religious leaders on vaccination coverage in Cross River State, Nigeria: A cluster-randomised control trial." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): e0248236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248236.
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Background Vaccination coverage levels fall short of the Global Vaccine and Action Plan 90% target in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs). Having identified traditional and religious leaders (TRLs) as potential public health change agents, this study aimed at assessing the effect of training them to support routine immunisation for the purpose of improving uptake of childhood vaccines in Cross River State, Nigeria. Methods A cluster-randomised controlled study was conducted between 2016 and 2019. Of the 18 Local Government Areas (LGA) in Cross River State, eight (four urban and four rural LGAs) were randomized into the intervention and control study arms. A multi-component intervention involving the training of traditional and religious leaders was implemented in the four intervention LGAs. Baseline, midline and endline surveys collected information on children aged 0–23 months. The effect of the intervention on outcomes including the proportion fully up-to-date with vaccination, timely vaccination for pentavalent and measles vaccines, and pentavalent 1–3 dropout rates were estimated using logistic regression models using random effects to account for the clustered data. Results A total of 2598 children at baseline, 2570 at midline, and 2550 at endline were included. The intervention was effective in increasing the proportion with at least one vaccine (OR 12.13 95% CI 6.03–24.41p<0.001). However, there was no evidence of an impact on the proportion of children up-to-date with vaccination (p = 0.69). It was effective in improving timeliness of Pentavalent 3 (OR 1.55; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.12; p = 0.005) and Measles (OR 2.81; 96% CI: 1.93–4.1; p<0.001) vaccination. The odds of completing Pentavalent vaccination increased (OR = 1.66 95% CI: 1.08,2.55). Conclusion Informal training to enhance the traditional and religious leaders’ knowledge of vaccination and their leadership role can empower them to be good influencers for childhood vaccination. They constitute untapped resources in the community to boost routine immunisation. Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR) PACTR202008784222254.
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Postolovska, Iryna, Stéphane Helleringer, Margaret E. Kruk, and Stéphane Verguet. "Impact of measles supplementary immunisation activities on utilisation of maternal and child health services in low-income and middle-income countries." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 3 (May 2018): e000466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000466.
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BackgroundMeasles supplementary immunisation activities (SIAs) are an integral component of measles elimination in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite their success in increasing vaccination coverage, there are concerns about their negative consequences on routine services. Few studies have conducted quantitative assessments of SIA impact on utilisation of health services.MethodsWe analysed the impact of SIAs on utilisation of selected maternal and child health services using Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys from 28 LMICs, where at least one SIA occurred over 2000–2014. Logistic regressions were conducted to investigate the association between SIAs and utilisation of the following services: facility delivery, postnatal care and outpatient sick child care (for fever, diarrhoea, cough).ResultsSIAs do not appear to significantly impact utilisation of maternal and child services. We find a reduction in care-seeking for treatment of child cough (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.48 to 0.95); and a few significant effects at the country level, suggesting the need for further investigation of the idiosyncratic effects of SIAs in each country.ConclusionThe paper contributes to the debate on vertical versus horizontal programmes to ensure universal access to vaccination. Measles SIAs do not seem to affect care-seeking for critical conditions.
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Wanjiku, Hannah W., and Ifedayo M. O. Adetifa. "Serological Surveys for complementing assessments of vaccination coverage in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review." Wellcome Open Research 3 (February 23, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13880.1.
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Background: Serosurveys of biomarkers of infection/vaccination are widely used for evaluating vaccine-induced immunity and monitoring the effectiveness of immunisation programmes in developed countries. In sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) where vaccination coverage (VC) estimates are often incomplete, inaccurate and overestimate effective population immunity, the use of serosurveys is limited. Methods: We conducted a review of the use of serosurveys to assess/complement assessments of VC in sSA by searching electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Popline, Ovid and Africa Wide Information) for English language articles published from 1st January 1940 to 31st January 2017. We also searched the references of retrieved articles. SSA was defined as all of Africa excluding the countries in North Africa. We included only articles that measured VC and assessed the quality of these studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: We found 1056 unique records, reviewed 20 eligible studies of which just 12 met our inclusion criteria. These 12 studies were serosurveys of measles, tetanus, polio and yellow fever. Antibodies induced by natural infection confounded serological test results and there was significant discordance between vaccination history and the presence of antibodies in all except for tetanus vaccine. No study looked at Hepatitis B. Conclusions: Serosurveys for tetanus or tetanus containing vaccines may be directly useful for ascertainment of vaccination exposure or reliably complement current survey methods that measure VC. Given the limited experience in using serosurveys for this purpose in sSA, well-designed serosurveys of tetanus and possibly hepatitis B are required to further validate/evaluate their performance.
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Wariri, Oghenebrume, Esin Nkereuwem, Ngozi A. Erondu, Bassey Edem, Oluwatosin O. Nkereuwem, Olubukola T. Idoko, Emmanuel Agogo, et al. "A scorecard of progress towards measles elimination in 15 west African countries, 2001–19: a retrospective, multicountry analysis of national immunisation coverage and surveillance data." Lancet Global Health 9, no. 3 (March 2021): e280-e290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30481-2.
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Schuster, Theresa, Anja Borgmann-Staudt, Charlotte Jessica König, Greta Sommerhäuser, Elisabeth Korte, Heike Hölling, Ralph Schilling, and Magdalena Balcerek. "Vaccinations and Screening Examinations – Prevention Awareness Among Children of Childhood Cancer Survivors in Germany." Klinische Pädiatrie 232, no. 03 (March 16, 2020): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1114-6350.
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Abstract Background Immunisation levels and attendance of preventive screening examinations indicate primary health prevention awareness. We investigated participation among German childhood cancer survivors’ (CCS’) offspring in our national offspring study. Patients and methods CCS with biological children were surveyed on their offspring’s vaccination levels and attendance of preventive screening examinations by questionnaire. Data from the German general population was available for matched-pair analysis (KiGGS study, Robert Koch-Institute, n=17,641). Results Overall, 852/1,299 (65,6%) CCS completed 1,340 questionnaires regarding their childrenʼs health. In comparison with the general population, coverage of tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis inoculations were similar (tetanus 99,1 vs. 98,4%). Measles, mumps and rubella vaccinations were carried out significantly more often by CCS’ offspring (rubella 96,1 vs. 91,7%). Throughout all age groups, preventive screening examinations were attended significantly more often by CCS’ offspring. Parentʼs anxiety regarding their offspring’s health was identified to be a confounding variable for vaccination rates. Discussion and conclusion CCS’ offspring showed comparable to significantly higher participation levels of recommended vaccinations and screening examinations than their peers from the German general population. In contrast to the general population the attendance of CCS’ offspring did not decrease with rising age. CCS’ own experiences and increased worry about their children’s health may lead to a higher prevention awareness. This should be considered in counselling parents with a cancer history.
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Guérin, N., and C. Roure. "Immunisation coverage in the European Union." Eurosurveillance 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.02.01.00185-en.
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The 15 countries of the European Union have ratified the fifth objective of Health for all in the year 2000 programme of WHO Europe, which states: “By the year 2000, there should be no indigenous cases of poliomyelitis, diphtheria, neonatal tetanus, measl
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Shapiro, Gilla K., Samara Perez, Anila Naz, Ovidiu Tatar, Juliet R. Guichon, Rhonda Amsel, Gregory D. Zimet, and Zeev Rosberger. "Investigating Canadian parents' HPV vaccine knowledge, attitudes and behaviour: a study protocol for a longitudinal national online survey." BMJ Open 7, no. 10 (October 2017): e017814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017814.
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IntroductionHuman papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, can cause anogenital warts and a number of cancers. To prevent morbidity and mortality, three vaccines have been licensed and are recommended by Canada’s National Advisory Committee on Immunisation (for girls since 2007 and boys since 2012). Nevertheless, HPV vaccine coverage in Canada remains suboptimal in many regions. This study will be the first to concurrently examine the correlates of HPV vaccine decision-making in parents of school-aged girls and boys and evaluate changes in parental knowledge, attitudes and behaviours over time.Methods and analysisUsing a national, online survey utilising theoretically driven constructs and validated measures, this study will identify HPV vaccine coverage rates and correlates of vaccine decision-making in Canada at two time points (August–September 2016 and June–July 2017). 4606 participants will be recruited to participate in an online survey through a market research and polling firm using email invitations. Data cleaning methods will identify inattentive or unmotivated participants.Ethics and disseminationThe study received research ethics board approval from the Research Review Office, Integrated Health and Social Services University Network for West-Central Montreal (CODIM-FLP-16–219). The study will adopt a multimodal approach to disseminate the study’s findings to researchers, clinicians, cancer and immunisation organisations and the public in Canada and internationally.
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Priya, D. P. Lakshmi, P. Kalyani, and B. Sindhu Bala. "A cross-sectional study on determinants of immunization coverage in urban area Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 2309. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20211751.
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Background: Immunization is one of the cost effective measures preventing approximately 2 to 3 million deaths in young children every year. Inspite of the progress in vaccination coverage challenges still remain for underserved and inaccessible children. It is therefore essential to evaluate the immunization coverage at periodic intervals and improve coverage in vulnerable areas.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 152 children aged 12 to 42 months in urban Chidambaram from September to October 2018. We collected details regarding immunization from vaccination card or mother’s recall. A pretested semi-structured proforma was used to collect sociodemographic variables. Data were collected, compiled and tabulated using microsoft excel and analyzed using SPSS 20.0 version.Results: Complete immunization coverage was 80.3% and 19.7% were partially immunized. Lack of awareness is the major reason for failure of full immunization (63.3%). Immunization coverage was higher when parents studied up to higher secondary or graduates (mother 91.3%, father 87.5%, p value 0.01), father do skilled jobs (91.9%, p value 0.02), among first birth ordered children (88.3%, p value 0.01), children born in healthcare facility and among mothers who received antenatal care during pregnancy (80.8% each, p value 0.04).Conclusions: Lack of awareness, parents’ literacy and occupation, place of birth, antenatal services and number of children in the family are important determinants of immunisation coverage. Apart from strengthening of infrastructure for better delivery of mother and child health services other issues also need to be addressed for better immunization practices.
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Klitting, Raphaëlle, Carlo Fischer, Jan Drexler, Ernest Gould, David Roiz, Christophe Paupy, and Xavier de Lamballerie. "What Does the Future Hold for Yellow Fever Virus? (II)." Genes 9, no. 9 (August 21, 2018): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9090425.
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As revealed by the recent resurgence of yellow fever virus (YFV) activity in the tropical regions of Africa and South America, YFV control measures need urgent rethinking. Over the last decade, most reported outbreaks occurred in, or eventually reached, areas with low vaccination coverage but that are suitable for virus transmission, with an unprecedented risk of expansion to densely populated territories in Africa, South America and Asia. As reflected in the World Health Organization’s initiative launched in 2017, it is high time to strengthen epidemiological surveillance to monitor accurately viral dissemination, and redefine vaccination recommendation areas. Vector-control and immunisation measures need to be adapted and vaccine manufacturing must be reconciled with an increasing demand. We will have to face more yellow fever (YF) cases in the upcoming years. Hence, improving disease management through the development of efficient treatments will prove most beneficial. Undoubtedly, these developments will require in-depth descriptions of YFV biology at molecular, physiological and ecological levels. This second section of a two-part review describes the current state of knowledge and gaps regarding the molecular biology of YFV, along with an overview of the tools that can be used to manage the disease at the individual, local and global levels.
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Kuzhiyil, Aslam Pala, Rajesh Thaliyil Veettil, Binci Charulatha, and Geeta M. Govindaraj. "Congenital Rubella Syndrome among Hospitalised Infants in South India - A Long Way to Go." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 10 (March 8, 2021): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/108.
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BACKGROUND The prevalence of rubella immunity in India is 55 % in pregnant women during the first 3 months of pregnancy and nearly 45 % of women are susceptible to congenital rubella syndrome. The exact epidemiology or actual burden of congenital rubella syndrome has not yet been assessed in the Indian population. In the run up to the target of controlling congenital rubella by 2020, there is added impetus to document congenital rubella syndrome cases, its clinical characteristics, interventions needed and psychosocial problems of infants and their parents, admitted with laboratory confirmed congenital rubella syndrome. METHODS A retrospective study based on hospital records was conducted between January 2016 and December 2017. Clinically confirmed cases not satisfying laboratory criteria for congenital rubella syndrome were excluded. In-depth interviews of mothers were conducted. RESULTS 16 infants with a positive IgM rubella antibody were included. Microcephaly was observed in 9 (56 %) babies. Ophthalmological manifestations were present in 12 (75 %) babies; of whom 9 (75 %) had cataract. Glaucoma occurred in 3 (18 %) babies and 2 (12.5 %) had salt and pepper retinopathy. Hearing impairment was detected in 8 (50 %) babies. Congenital heart disease was present in 15 (93.7 %) infants. Surgical interventions including cataract surgery, patent ductus arteriosus ligation and cochlear implantation were necessary in 14 babies. CONCLUSIONS Congenital rubella syndrome is still a significant problem and urgent measures are needed to increase immunisation coverage of the target population. Affected families endure a heavy physical and psychosocial burden, which should be addressed simultaneously. KEYWORDS Congenital Rubella Syndrome, Rubella Vaccination, Cataracts
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Cova, M., A. Cucchi, G. Turlà, B. Codecà, O. Buriani, and G. Gabutti. "Spotlight on measles 2010: Increased measles transmission in Ferrara, Italy, despite high vaccination coverage, March to May 2010." Eurosurveillance 15, no. 50 (December 16, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/ese.15.50.19747-en.
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We report an increase in the incidence of measles in a population with consistently high and improving immunisation coverage in Ferrara province, northern Italy. During the first six months of 2010, 19 cases were confirmed, 10 of which were hospitalised. General practitioners, paediatricians and local healthcare authorities were alerted about the outbreak and asked to notify all suspected cases. We need to further increase immunisation coverage and to maintain and implement the monitoring system.
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Veljkovic, Marko, Goranka Loncarevic, Milena Kanazir, Darija Kisic-Tepavcevic, and Tatjana Gazibara. "Trend in mandatory immunisation coverage: linear and joinpoint regression approach, Serbia, 2000 to 2017." Eurosurveillance 26, no. 26 (July 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.26.2000417.
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Background Analyses of temporal trends in immunisation coverage may help to identify problems in immunisation activities at specific points in time. These data are essential for further planning, meeting recommended indicators, monitoring, management and advocacy. Aim This study examined the trends of mandatory vaccination coverage in the period 2000–2017 in Serbia. Methods Data on completed immunisations were retrieved from annual national reports of the Institute of Public Health of Serbia during the period 2000–2017. To assess the trends of immunisation coverage, both linear and joinpoint regression analyses were performed. A probability p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Over the period 2000–2017 linear regression analysis showed a significant decline in coverage with the primary vaccination against poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) (p ≤ 0.01). In the same period, coverage of all subsequent revaccinations significantly decreased, namely, first revaccination for pertussis (p < 0.01); first, second and third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus and poliomyelitis (p < 0.01); and second dose against MMR before enrolment in elementary school (p < 0.05). Although linear regression analysis did not show change in vaccination coverage trend against tuberculosis (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin; BCG), hepatitis B (HepB3) in infants and diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib3), the joinpoint regression analysis showed that the coverage declined for BCG after 2006, HepB3 after 2010 and Hib3 after 2008. Conclusion To achieve and keep optimum immunisation coverage, it is necessary to address barriers to immunisation, such as the availability of all vaccines and vaccine-hesitancy among parents and healthcare workers in Serbia.
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Hull, Brynley, Alexandra Hendry, Aditi Dey, Peter McIntyre, Kristine Macartney, and Frank Beard. "Immunisation Coverage Annual Report 2018." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 45 (March 31, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2020.45.17.
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Australian Immunisation Register data have been analysed for children aged < 5 years, focusing on changes in coverage at key milestone ages (12, 24 and 60 months) between 2017 and 2018, while also documenting longer term trends. Fully vaccinated coverage increased at the 12- and 60-months milestones to 93.9% and 94.0%, respectively, but, in the context of additional antigens required, decreased to 90.1% at 24 months. Following the move to a two-dose rotavirus vaccine schedule across Australia from mid-2017, rotavirus vaccine coverage increased from 86.8% to 90.9%. In 2018, most jurisdictions funded influenza vaccine for non-Indigenous children aged 6 months to < 5 years; the National Immunisation Program has funded influenza vaccine for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and medically at-risk children since 2015 and 2010, respectively. Recorded influenza vaccine coverage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children doubled from 14.9% to 31.4%, and increased fivefold in non-Indigenous children from 5.0% to 25.9% in 2018. The timeliness of fully vaccinated coverage was also examined at earlier milestones (3 months after due date of last scheduled vaccine) of 9, 15, 21 and 51 months, by area of residence. For all children, coverage among those living in the least advantaged residential area quintile was 3–4% lower than that for those in the most advantaged quintile at the 9-, 15- and 21-month milestones. Importantly, although Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children had lower coverage for the second dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine at 24 months (91.8% versus 93.1% for non-Indigenous), coverage increased to 98.5% at 60 months; coverage was also high in non-Indigenous children at 96.2%, above the 95% target critical to measles control. These data demonstrate continuing improvements in immunisation coverage and suggest potential new coverage targets for earlier protection in the first two years of life.
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Hull, Brynley, Alexandra Hendry, Aditi Dey, Peter McIntyre, Kristine Macartney, and Frank Beard. "Immunisation Coverage Annual Report 2018." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 45 (March 31, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2021.45.17.
Full textAbstract:
Australian Immunisation Register data have been analysed for children aged < 5 years, focusing on changes in coverage at key milestone ages (12, 24 and 60 months) between 2017 and 2018, while also documenting longer term trends. Fully vaccinated coverage increased at the 12- and 60-months milestones to 93.9% and 94.0%, respectively, but, in the context of additional antigens required, decreased to 90.1% at 24 months. Following the move to a two-dose rotavirus vaccine schedule across Australia from mid-2017, rotavirus vaccine coverage increased from 86.8% to 90.9%. In 2018, most jurisdictions funded influenza vaccine for non-Indigenous children aged 6 months to < 5 years; the National Immunisation Program has funded influenza vaccine for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and medically at-risk children since 2015 and 2010, respectively. Recorded influenza vaccine coverage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children doubled from 14.9% to 31.4%, and increased fivefold in non-Indigenous children from 5.0% to 25.9% in 2018. The timeliness of fully vaccinated coverage was also examined at earlier milestones (3 months after due date of last scheduled vaccine) of 9, 15, 21 and 51 months, by area of residence. For all children, coverage among those living in the least advantaged residential area quintile was 3–4% lower than that for those in the most advantaged quintile at the 9-, 15- and 21-month milestones. Importantly, although Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children had lower coverage for the second dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine at 24 months (91.8% versus 93.1% for non-Indigenous), coverage increased to 98.5% at 60 months; coverage was also high in non-Indigenous children at 96.2%, above the 95% target critical to measles control. These data demonstrate continuing improvements in immunisation coverage and suggest potential new coverage targets for earlier protection in the first two years of life.
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Hull, Brynley, Alexandra Hendry, Aditi Dey, Kristine Macartney, and Frank Beard. "Immunisation Coverage Annual Report 2019." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 45 (March 31, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2020.45.18.
Full textAbstract:
Australian Immunisation Register data have been analysed for children aged < 5 years, focusing on changes in vaccination coverage at standard age milestones (12, 24 and 60 months) between 2018 and 2019. ‘Fully vaccinated’ coverage in 2019 increased by 0.1–0.4% at the three age milestones to 94.3% at 12 months, 90.2% at 24 months (in the context of additional antigens required at 24 months) and 94.2% at 60 months. Rotavirus vaccine coverage (2 doses) increased from 90.9% in 2018 to 91.9% in 2019. ‘Fully vaccinated’ coverage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (hereafter respectfully referred to as Indigenous) children increased by 0.5–1.1% in 2019, reaching 92.9% at 12 months, 88.9% at 24 months and 96.9% at the 60 months (2.7 percentage points higher than in children overall). Recorded influenza vaccination coverage in children aged 6 months to < 5 years increased by 11.4 percentage points to 42.7% in Indigenous children in 2019, and by 15.6 percentage points to 41.8% in children overall. Longstanding issues with timeliness of vaccination in Indigenous children persisted, although the disparity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children in on-time coverage (within 30 days of due date), for vaccines due at 4 months of age, decreased from 10.4–10.7 to 9.6–9.8 percentage points between 2018 and 2019. The timeliness of ‘fully vaccinated’ coverage was also examined at earlier age milestones (3 months after due date of last scheduled vaccine) of 9, 15, 21 and 51 months, by Indigenous status, socioeconomic status and remoteness of area of residence. Coverage in children living in the least-advantaged residential area quintile was 2.6–2.7% lower than that for those living in the most-advantaged quintile at the 9-, 15- and 21-month milestones, although these disparities were 0.5–1.5 percentage points lower than in 2018. Coverage at the earlier milestones in Indigenous children in remote areas was 1.5–6.7% percentage points lower than that for Indigenous children in major cities and regional areas, although there were some improvements since 2018. Importantly, although Indigenous children had lower coverage for the second dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine at 24 months (92.7% versus 93.3% overall), coverage increased to 98.8% at 60 months; coverage was also high overall at 96.4%, above the 95% target critical to measles control. In conclusion, this report demonstrates continuing improvements across a range of immunisation indicators in Australia in 2019. However, some issues with timeliness persist, particularly in Indigenous and socioeconomically disadvantaged children. New coverage targets for earlier protection in the first 2 years of life may be indicated, along with a review of current ‘fully vaccinated’ assessment algorithms, particularly at the 60-month age milestone.
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Hull, Brynley, Alexandra Hendry, Aditi Dey, Kristine Macartney, and Frank Beard. "Immunisation Coverage Annual Report 2019." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 45 (March 31, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2021.45.18.
Full textAbstract:
Australian Immunisation Register data have been analysed for children aged < 5 years, focusing on changes in vaccination coverage at standard age milestones (12, 24 and 60 months) between 2018 and 2019. ‘Fully vaccinated’ coverage in 2019 increased by 0.1–0.4% at the three age milestones to 94.3% at 12 months, 90.2% at 24 months (in the context of additional antigens required at 24 months) and 94.2% at 60 months. Rotavirus vaccine coverage (2 doses) increased from 90.9% in 2018 to 91.9% in 2019. ‘Fully vaccinated’ coverage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (hereafter respectfully referred to as Indigenous) children increased by 0.5–1.1% in 2019, reaching 92.9% at 12 months, 88.9% at 24 months and 96.9% at the 60 months (2.7 percentage points higher than in children overall). Recorded influenza vaccination coverage in children aged 6 months to < 5 years increased by 11.4 percentage points to 42.7% in Indigenous children in 2019, and by 15.6 percentage points to 41.8% in children overall. Longstanding issues with timeliness of vaccination in Indigenous children persisted, although the disparity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children in on-time coverage (within 30 days of due date), for vaccines due at 4 months of age, decreased from 10.4–10.7 to 9.6–9.8 percentage points between 2018 and 2019. The timeliness of ‘fully vaccinated’ coverage was also examined at earlier age milestones (3 months after due date of last scheduled vaccine) of 9, 15, 21 and 51 months, by Indigenous status, socioeconomic status and remoteness of area of residence. Coverage in children living in the least-advantaged residential area quintile was 2.6–2.7% lower than that for those living in the most-advantaged quintile at the 9-, 15- and 21-month milestones, although these disparities were 0.5–1.5 percentage points lower than in 2018. Coverage at the earlier milestones in Indigenous children in remote areas was 1.5–6.7% percentage points lower than that for Indigenous children in major cities and regional areas, although there were some improvements since 2018. Importantly, although Indigenous children had lower coverage for the second dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine at 24 months (92.7% versus 93.3% overall), coverage increased to 98.8% at 60 months; coverage was also high overall at 96.4%, above the 95% target critical to measles control. In conclusion, this report demonstrates continuing improvements across a range of immunisation indicators in Australia in 2019. However, some issues with timeliness persist, particularly in Indigenous and socioeconomically disadvantaged children. New coverage targets for earlier protection in the first 2 years of life may be indicated, along with a review of current ‘fully vaccinated’ assessment algorithms, particularly at the 60-month age milestone.
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Hull, Brynley, Alexandra Hendry, Aditi Dey, Julia Brotherton, Kristine Macartney, and Frank Beard. "Annual Immunisation Coverage Report 2017." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 43 (November 18, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2019.43.47.
Full textAbstract:
This eleventh national annual immunisation coverage report focuses on data for the calendar year 2017 derived from the Australian Immunisation Register (AIR) and the National Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination Program Register. This is the first report to include data on HPV vaccine course completion in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous) adolescents. ‘Fully immunised’ vaccination coverage in 2017 increased at the 12-month assessment age reaching 93.8% in December 2017, and at the 60-month assessment age reaching 94.5%. ‘Fully immunised’ coverage at the 24-month assessment age decreased slightly to 89.8% in December 2017, following amendment in December 2016 to require the fourth DTPa vaccine dose at 18 months. ‘Fully immunised’ coverage at 12 and 60 months of age in Indigenous children reached the highest ever recorded levels of 93.2% and 96.9% in December 2017. Catch-up vaccination activity for the second dose of measles-mumps-rubella-containing vaccine was considerably higher in 2017 for Indigenous compared to non-Indigenous adolescents aged 10–19 years (20.3% vs. 6.4%, respectively, of those who had not previously received that dose). In 2017, 80.2% of females and 75.9% of males aged 15 years had received a full course of three doses of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Of those who received dose one, 79% and 77% respectively of Indigenous girls and boys aged 15 years in 2017 completed three doses, compared to 91% and 90% of non-Indigenous girls and boys, respectively. A separate future report is planned to present adult AIR data and to assess completeness of reporting.
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Mburu, C. N., J. Ojal, R. Chebet, D. Akech, B. Karia, J. Tuju, A. Sigilai, et al. "The importance of supplementary immunisation activities to prevent measles outbreaks during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya." BMC Medicine 19, no. 1 (February 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-01906-9.
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Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine measles immunisation and supplementary immunisation activities (SIAs) in most countries including Kenya. We assessed the risk of measles outbreaks during the pandemic in Kenya as a case study for the African Region. Methods Combining measles serological data, local contact patterns, and vaccination coverage into a cohort model, we predicted the age-adjusted population immunity in Kenya and estimated the probability of outbreaks when contact-reducing COVID-19 interventions are lifted. We considered various scenarios for reduced measles vaccination coverage from April 2020. Results In February 2020, when a scheduled SIA was postponed, population immunity was close to the herd immunity threshold and the probability of a large outbreak was 34% (8–54). As the COVID-19 contact restrictions are nearly fully eased, from December 2020, the probability of a large measles outbreak will increase to 38% (19–54), 46% (30–59), and 54% (43–64) assuming a 15%, 50%, and 100% reduction in measles vaccination coverage. By December 2021, this risk increases further to 43% (25–56), 54% (43–63), and 67% (59–72) for the same coverage scenarios respectively. However, the increased risk of a measles outbreak following the lifting of all restrictions can be overcome by conducting a SIA with ≥ 95% coverage in under-fives. Conclusion While contact restrictions sufficient for SAR-CoV-2 control temporarily reduce measles transmissibility and the risk of an outbreak from a measles immunity gap, this risk rises rapidly once these restrictions are lifted. Implementing delayed SIAs will be critical for prevention of measles outbreaks given the roll-back of contact restrictions in Kenya.
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Allan, Simon, Ifedayo M. O. Adetifa, and Kaja Abbas. "Inequities in childhood immunisation coverage associated with socioeconomic, geographic, maternal, child, and place of birth characteristics in Kenya." BMC Infectious Diseases 21, no. 1 (June 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06271-9.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background The global Immunisation Agenda 2030 highlights coverage and equity as a strategic priority goal to reach high equitable immunisation coverage at national levels and in all districts. We estimated inequities in full immunisation coverage associated with socioeconomic, geographic, maternal, child, and place of birth characteristics among children aged 12–23 months in Kenya. Methods We analysed full immunisation coverage (1-dose BCG, 3-dose DTP-HepB-Hib (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type B), 3-dose polio, 1-dose measles, and 3-dose pneumococcal vaccines) of 3943 children aged 12–23 months from the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. We disaggregated mean coverage by socioeconomic (household wealth, religion, ethnicity), geographic (place of residence, province), maternal (maternal age at birth, maternal education, maternal marital status, maternal household head status), child (sex of child, birth order), and place of birth characteristics, and estimated inequities in full immunisation coverage using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results Immunisation coverage ranged from 82% [81–84] for the third dose of polio to 97.4% [96.7–98.2] for the first dose of DTP-HepB-Hib, while full immunisation coverage was 68% [66–71] in 2014. After controlling for other background characteristics through multivariate logistic regression, children of mothers with primary school education or higher have at least 54% higher odds of being fully immunised compared to children of mothers with no education. Children born in clinical settings had 41% higher odds of being fully immunised compared to children born in home settings. Children in the Coast, Western, Central, and Eastern regions had at least 74% higher odds of being fully immunised compared to children in the North Eastern region, while children in urban areas had 26% lower odds of full immunisation compared to children in rural areas. Children in the middle and richer wealth quintile households were 43–57% more likely to have full immunisation coverage compared to children in the poorest wealth quintile households. Children who were sixth born or higher had 37% lower odds of full immunisation compared to first-born children. Conclusions Children of mothers with no education, born in home settings, in regions with limited health infrastructure, living in poorer households, and of higher birth order are associated with lower rates of full immunisation. Targeted programmes to reach under-immunised children in these subpopulations will lower the inequities in childhood immunisation coverage in Kenya.
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Hagerup-Jenssen, Maria, Sigrun Kongsrud, and Øystein Rolandsen Riise. "Suboptimal MMR2 vaccine coverage in six counties in Norway detected through the national immunisation registry, April 2014 to April 2017." Eurosurveillance 22, no. 17 (April 27, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.17.30518.
Full textAbstract:
In 2014, Norway became aware of potential low vaccination coverage for the second dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR2) in six of 19 counties. This was detected by comparing the national coverage (NC) for 16-year-olds extracted from the national immunisation registry SYSVAK with the annual status update for elimination of measles and rubella (ASU) reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). The existing method for calculating NC in 2014 did not show MMR2 coverage. ASU reporting on MMR2 was significantly lower then the NC and below the WHO-recommended 95% coverage. SYSVAK is based on the Norwegian personal identification numbers, which allows monitoring of vaccinations at aggregateded as well as individual level. It is an important tool for active surveillance of the performance of the Norwegian Childhood Immunisation Programme (NCIP). The method for calculating NC was improved in 2015 to reflect MMR2 coverage for 16-year-olds. As a result, Norway has improved its real-time surveillance and monitoring of the actual MMR2 coverage also through SYSVAK (the annual publication of NC). Vaccinators receive feedback for follow-up if 15-year-olds are missing MMR2. In 2017, only three counties had an MMR2 coverage below 90%.
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Delaporte, E., E. Jeannot, P. Sudre, C. A. Wyler Lazarevic, J. L. Richard, and P. Chastonay. "Measles in Geneva between 2003 and 2010: persistence of measles outbreaks despite high immunisation coverage." Eurosurveillance 16, no. 39 (September 29, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/ese.16.39.19980-en.
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Gaythorpe, Katy AM, Kaja Abbas, John Huber, Andromachi Karachaliou, Niket Thakkar, Kim Woodruff, Xiang Li, et al. "Impact of COVID-19-related disruptions to measles, meningococcal A, and yellow fever vaccination in 10 countries." eLife 10 (June 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.67023.
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Background:Childhood immunisation services have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. WHO recommends considering outbreak risk using epidemiological criteria when deciding whether to conduct preventive vaccination campaigns during the pandemic.Methods:We used two to three models per infection to estimate the health impact of 50% reduced routine vaccination coverage in 2020 and delay of campaign vaccination from 2020 to 2021 for measles vaccination in Bangladesh, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Sudan, for meningococcal A vaccination in Burkina Faso, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria, and for yellow fever vaccination in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, and Nigeria. Our counterfactual comparative scenario was sustaining immunisation services at coverage projections made prior to COVID-19 (i.e. without any disruption).Results:Reduced routine vaccination coverage in 2020 without catch-up vaccination may lead to an increase in measles and yellow fever disease burden in the modelled countries. Delaying planned campaigns in Ethiopia and Nigeria by a year may significantly increase the risk of measles outbreaks (both countries did complete their supplementary immunisation activities (SIAs) planned for 2020). For yellow fever vaccination, delay in campaigns leads to a potential disease burden rise of >1 death per 100,000 people per year until the campaigns are implemented. For meningococcal A vaccination, short-term disruptions in 2020 are unlikely to have a significant impact due to the persistence of direct and indirect benefits from past introductory campaigns of the 1- to 29-year-old population, bolstered by inclusion of the vaccine into the routine immunisation schedule accompanied by further catch-up campaigns.Conclusions:The impact of COVID-19-related disruption to vaccination programs varies between infections and countries. Planning and implementation of campaigns should consider country and infection-specific epidemiological factors and local immunity gaps worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic when prioritising vaccines and strategies for catch-up vaccination.Funding:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.
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Liu, D. P., E. T. Wang, Y. H. Pan, and S. H. Cheng. "Innovative applications of immunisation registration information systems: example of improved measles control in Taiwan." Eurosurveillance 19, no. 50 (December 18, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.50.20994.
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Immunisation registry systems have been shown to be important for finding pockets of under-immunised individuals and for increasing vaccination coverage. The National Immunisation Information System (NIIS) was established in 2003 in Taiwan. In this perspective, we present the construction of the NIIS and two innovative applications, which were implemented in 2009, which link the NIIS with other databases for better control of measles. Firstly, by linking the NIIS with hospital administrative records, we are able to follow up contacts of measles cases in a timely manner to provide the necessary prophylaxis, such as immunoglobulin or vaccines. Since 2009, there have been no measles outbreaks in hospitals in Taiwan. Secondly, by linking the NIIS with an immigration database, we are able to ensure that young citizens under the age of five years entering Taiwan from abroad become fully vaccinated. Since 2009, the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine coverage rate at two years of age has increased from 96% to 98%. We consider these applications of the NIIS to be effective mechanisms for improving the performance of infectious disease control in Taiwan. The experience gained could provide a valuable example for other countries.