Journal articles on the topic 'Mean pitch'
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Meda, T., and A. Rogala. "Experimental Validation of the Mean Pitch Theory." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2090, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2090/1/012042.
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Abstract There are several types of exterior ballistic models used to calculate projectile’s flight trajectories. The most complex 6 degree of freedom rigid body model has many disadvantages to using it to create firing tables or rapid calculations in fire control systems. Some of ballistic phenomena can be simplified by empirical equations without significant loss of accuracy. This approach allowed to create standard NATO ballistic model for spin stabilized projectiles named Modified Point of Mass Model (PM Model). For fin (aerodynamically) stabilized projectiles like mortar projectiles simple Point of Mass Model is commonly used. The PM Model excludes many flight phenomena in calculations. In this paper authors show the mean pitch theory as an approximation of the natural fin stabilised projectile pitch during flight. The theory allows for simple improvement of accuracy of the trajectories calculation. In order to validate the theory data obtained from shooting of supersonic mortar projectiles were used. The comparison of accuracy between simple PM Model and PM Model including mean pitch theory were shown. Results were also compared with the angle of response theory.
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Shah, Garima. "Effect of Body Mass Index (BMI) on Mean Auditory Reaction Time for Low Pitch and High Pitch in School Bus Drivers." International Physiology 6, no. 3 (2018): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ip.2347.1506.6318.4.
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Joseph, Bennet Elsa, Mable Mathew, and Keerthana Kulath Purath Raj. "Effect of Chin-Down Position on Vocal Mean Pitch and Intensity." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 09, no. 01 (January 2019): 06–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1689066.
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Abstract Background Voice, a unique characteristic of each individual, is an outcome of the configuration and function of various components of the vocal tract. Pitch and loudness, being integral parts of voice, vary with changes in factors such as muscle tension, subglottal pressure, and position. Chin down is often the recommended voice therapy for lowering pitch. But there is no literature available as to by how much does it actually change the mean pitch and intensity. The present study was undertaken to understand the effect on the vocal mean pitch and intensity when head position is changed to chin-down position. Methods Thirty women aged 18 to 25 years were included in this preliminary study. Individuals having any history of voice disorder were excluded. Voice samples were collected using clinical microphone and acoustically analyzed using the Praat software. The participants were instructed to phonate and count numbers in neutral position and chin down position. Results It was observed that there was no change in the acoustic or perceptual measure of pitch with change in the head position. However, there was a significant reduction in the intensity for phonation task in the chin-down position. Conclusion Speech language pathologists need to provide chin down as a facilitative technique for lowering larynx along with other voice therapies which are proved to effectively lower pitch.
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Cariani, P. A., and B. Delgutte. "Neural correlates of the pitch of complex tones. I. Pitch and pitch salience." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 1698–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.3.1698.
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1. The temporal discharge patterns of auditory nerve fibers in Dial-anesthetized cats were studied in response to periodic complex acoustic waveforms that evoke pitches at their fundamental frequencies. Single-formant vowels, amplitude-modulated (AM) and quasi-frequency-modulated tones. AM noise, click trains, and other complex tones were utilized. Distributions of intervals between successive spikes ("1st-order intervals") and between both successive and nonsuccessive spikes ("all-order intervals") were computed from spike trains. Intervals from many fibers were pooled to estimate interspike interval distributions for the entire auditory nerve. Properties of these "pooled interspike interval distributions," such as the positions of interval peaks and their relative heights, were examined for correspondence to the psychophysical data on pitch frequency and pitch salience. 2. For a diverse set of complex stimuli and levels, the most frequent all-order interspike interval present in the pooled distribution corresponded to the pitch heard in psychophysical experiments. Pitch estimates based on pooled interval distributions (30-85 fibers, 100 stimulus presentations per fiber) were highly accurate (within 1%) for harmonic stimuli that produce strong pitches at 60 dB SPL. 3. Although the most frequent intervals in pooled all-order interval distributions were very stable with respect to sound intensity level (40, 60, and 80 dB total SPL), this was not necessarily the case for first-order interval distributions. Because the low pitches of complex tones are largely invariant with respect to level, pitches estimated from all-order interval distributions correspond better to perception. 4. Spectrally diverse stimuli that evoke similar low pitches produce pooled interval distributions with similar most-frequent intervals. This suggests that the pitch equivalence of these different stimuli could result from central auditory processing mechanisms that analyze interspike interval patterns. 5. Complex stimuli that evoke strong or "salient" pitches produce pooled interval distributions with high peak-to-mean ratios. Those stimuli that evoke weak pitches produce pooled interval distributions with low peak-to-mean ratios. 6. Pooled interspike interval distributions for stimuli consisting of low-frequency components generally resembled the short-time auto-correlation function of stimulus waveforms. Pooled interval distributions for stimuli consisting of high-frequency components resembled the short-time autocorrelation function of the waveform envelope. 7. Interval distributions in populations of neurons constitute a general, distributed means of encoding, transmitting, and representing information. Existence of a central processor capable of analyzing these interval patterns could provide a unified explanation for many different aspects of pitch perception.
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Liao, Xinyu. "A Sociophonetic Investigation of Chinese Gay Couples' Variability of Pitch Properties in Vlogs." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 8, no. 2 (June 2022): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2022.8.2.326.
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Despite the accumulating body of research in sociophonetics exploring gay men’s pitch characteristics (i.e., mean vocal pitch and pitch range), previous studies usually investigate a uniform concept of ‘gay men’s speech’ by comparing heterosexual and gay men’s pitch properties. However, results were contesting and inconsistent across various studies regarding the pitch properties (pitch ranges or mean voice pitch) of gay men. Instead of treating gay men’s speech as a unified speaking style, this paper investigates the multiplicity of gay speaking styles by exploring the intra-group pitch variations among 20 pairs of Chinese gay couples in their self-shot videos. Specifically, the present study compares the pitch properties, including the mean vocal pitch, pitch range, and pitch variability, between those Chinese gay men who selfposition as ‘lao gong’ (husband) and those who self-identify as ‘lao po’ (wife) in their love vlogs (video blogs). These videos normally last from 5 to 10 minutes on a Chinese online video sharing platform - ‘Bilibili.’ After dividing these gay couples’ utterances into intonational phrases, I used the speech analysis software named Praat to measure the average pitch, pitch range (the maximum pitch value minus minimum pitch value), and pitch variability (the standard deviation of pitch values) on each intonational phrase. Compared with those ‘gay husbands,’ results showed that those ‘gay wives’ would speak with higherpitched voices (p < 0.05), wider pitch ranges (p < 0.0001), and more variable pitch values (p < 0.0001). When locating the discourse functions of these pitch characteristics in their vlogs, I argue that those ‘gay wives’ frequently utilize the so-called ‘pitch dynamism’ to construct an expressive and cute ‘wife’ persona in intimate discourse.
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De Jong, Chiara, Marie Postma-Nilsenova, Kayleigh Vedder, Danielle Hendriks, Maria Mos, and Giuseppe Maggiore. "Local and global pitch perception in L1 and L2 readers of Dutch." Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics 6, no. 1 (October 19, 2017): 100–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dujal.6.1.06dej.
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Abstract Prior research showed a relationship between reading skills and pitch perception, however the exact nature remained unclear. By means of reading tests and a pitch perception test, we examined the relation between reading abilities and local and global pitch perception for 92 native Dutch children (mean age = 9.47) and 61 non-native Dutch children (mean age = 9.61). Additionally, for the latter group we examined the role of working memory. In line with prior research with poor readers in a language with a rather transparent orthography by Ziegler, Pech-Georgel, George and Foxton (2012), a relationship is found between reading skills and the ability to detect local changes in pitch, rather than global changes in the melody. Additionally, at least for beginning readers of Dutch as a second language, there is a strong effect of working memory on the relation between reading skills and pitch perception.
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Hutter, Elisabeth, Miriam Grapp, Heike Argstatter, and Hans Volker Bolay. "Music Therapy for Chronic Tinnitus: Variability of Tinnitus Pitch in the Course of Therapy." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 25, no. 04 (April 2014): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.25.4.5.
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Background: In general, tinnitus pitch has been observed to be variable across time for most patients experiencing tinnitus. Some tinnitus therapies relate to the dominant tinnitus pitch in order to adjust therapeutic interventions. As studies focusing on tinnitus pitch rarely conduct consecutive pitch matching in therapeutic settings, little is known about the course and variability of tinnitus pitch during therapeutic interventions. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the variability and development of tinnitus pitch in the course of therapeutic interventions. Tinnitus pitch was suspected to be highly variable. Research design: The researchers conducted a descriptive, retrospective analysis of data. Study Sample: A total of 175 adult patients experiencing chronic tinnitus served as participants. All patients had received a neuro-music therapy according to the “Heidelberg Model of Music Therapy for Chronic Tinnitus.” Data Collection and Analysis: During therapeutic interventions lasting for 5 consecutive days, the individual tinnitus frequency was assessed daily by means of a tinnitus pitch–matching procedure. The extent of variability in tinnitus pitch was calculated by mean ratios of frequencies between subsequent tinnitus measurements. Analysis of variance of repeated measures and post hoc paired samples t-tests were used for comparison of means in tinnitus frequencies, and the test-retest reliability of measurements was obtained by the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Results: Tinnitus pitch displayed a variability of approximately 3/5 to 4/5 octaves per day. Overall, the mean frequency declined in the course of the therapy. Detailed analysis revealed three groups of patients with diverging tinnitus progression. The test-retest reliability between assessments turned out to be robust (r = 0.74 or higher). Conclusions: Considerable variation in tinnitus pitch was found. Consequently, a frequent rechecking of tinnitus frequency is suggested during frequency-specific acoustic stimulation in order to train appropriate frequency bands.
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Nissen, Shawn, Quint B. Randle, Jared L. Johnson, and Jenny Lynes. "Prosodic Elements for Content Delivery in Broadcast Journalism: A Quantitative Study of Vocal Pitch." Electronic News 14, no. 2 (June 2020): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1931243120933356.
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Individuals verbally express meaning not only through speech sounds and words but also prosodically through the pitch, loudness, and tempo of their voice. Through a quantitative analysis, this exploratory study examined the prosodic elements of mean pitch, pitch variability, and pitch range in a sample of 450 voice-overs and throws from 90 male and female broadcast reporters and anchors from larger markets across the United States. Findings indicate that compared to typical speakers in the general population, male broadcasters actually speak with an elevated mean pitch, more pitch variability, and use more range. However, female broadcasters were found to speak at slightly lower mean pitch levels when compared to other female speakers in the general population (but like males with more variability and range). It is hoped that this study will serve as a starting point in moving broadcast vocal coaching from that of just an art to a bit more of a science.
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Yang, Caroline Y., Andrew D. Palmer, Toby R. Meltzer, Karen Drake Murray, and James I. Cohen. "Cricothyroid Approximation to Elevate Vocal Pitch in Male-to-Female Transsexuals: Results of Surgery." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 111, no. 6 (June 2002): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940211100602.
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Functional changes in voice production, including pitch elevation, may help male-to-female transsexuals assume a new gender identity. To date, there has been a paucity of objective data on the effectiveness of pitch-raising methods. Acoustic data were gathered with regard to preoperative and postoperative changes in pitch, pitch range, and perturbation in 20 patients after cricothyroid approximation. Subjective data were gathered by means of a mailed questionnaire. The mean follow-up time was 22 months. The speaking fundamental frequency was raised by half an octave without any significant changes in perturbation. The lower and upper limits of pitch range both increased by an average of 4 semitones. There was some decline over time of the lower pitch range toward preoperative levels, but the upper pitch range remained elevated. The majority of the patients were satisfied with the results of surgery and felt their voices to be more feminine.
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McROBERTS, GERALD W., and CATHERINE T. BEST. "Accommodation in mean f0 during mother–infant and father–infant vocal interactions: a longitudinal case study." Journal of Child Language 24, no. 3 (October 1997): 719–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500099700322x.
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Reports that infants imitate the vocal pitch characteristics of adult caregivers (e.g. Lewis, 1936/1951) include Lieberman's (1967; Lieberman, Ryalls & Rabson, 1982) claim that infants differentially adjust their vocal pitch or fundamental frequency (f0) towards that of their caregivers, resulting in higher mean pitch when interacting with mothers than when interacting with fathers. However, a recent cross-sectional study of infants at ages 0;8 to 0;9 and 1;0 failed to find evidence of differential pitch adjustment toward male and female caregivers (Siegel, Cooper, Morgan & Brennesie-Sarshad, 1990). A more sensitive test of Lieberman's claims would be to use a longitudinal design, with spontaneous recording sessions repeated over many months. The current study presents data from a longitudinal case study of an infant recorded at ages 0;3, 0;7, 0;10, 1;3 and 1;5 interacting with each of her parents in spontaneous play sessions and in isolated play. The infant in our study did not demonstrate significant adjustment of her vocal pitch in the direction of either parent. However, we did find evidence for consistent adjustment by the parents, in accord with the literature on infant-directed speech and mother–infant dyadic interactions, which suggest that the parents adjusted their behaviour to suit the infant more than vice versa.
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Portney, Daniel A., Lucas T. Buchler, Jake M. Lazaroff, Stephen M. Gryzlo, and Matthew D. Saltzman. "Influence of Pitching Release Location on Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Risk Among Major League Baseball Pitchers." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 232596711982654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119826540.
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Background: Medial ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction is a common procedure performed among Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers. The etiology of UCL injury is complex and is not entirely understood. Hypothesis: To better understand risk factors for requiring UCL reconstruction, we hypothesized that pitchers who eventually undergo the procedure will exhibit different throwing mechanics as measured by pitch-tracking data points, such as velocity and release location. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Pitch-tracking and demographic data were gathered for 140 MLB pitchers who had undergone UCL reconstruction between the 2010 and 2017 seasons. Pitch type, release location, and velocity were compared between the surgical cohort and a matched-control cohort. Results: When compared with controls, the mean pitch release location for pitchers who required UCL reconstruction was 12.2 cm more lateral in the year immediately preceding surgery ( P = .001). Furthermore, within the surgical cohort, the horizontal release location was 3.4 cm more lateral immediately preceding surgery compared with 2 years earlier ( P = .036). Binary logistic regression indicated an odds ratio of 0.51, suggesting a roughly 5% increased odds of UCL reconstruction for every 10 cm of increased lateral release location ( P = .048). Both the surgical and the control cohorts threw similar rates of fastballs and had similar mean pitch velocity and fastball velocity. Control pitchers displayed a significant decrease over time in mean pitch velocity ( P = .005) and mean fastball velocity, while pitchers in the UCL reconstruction cohort did not ( P = .012). Conclusion: Pitch tracking indicates that the mean release point is more lateral in pitchers preceding UCL reconstruction as compared with controls, suggesting that a more lateral pitch release location is an independent risk factor for UCL injury and reconstruction.
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Terhune, John M. "Pitch separation as a possible jamming-avoidance mechanism in underwater calls of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 7 (October 20, 1999): 1025–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-067.
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Bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) produce simultaneous loud, long, narrowband underwater trills. It is likely that calls separated by 1/3 octave will not mask each other. Three call (trill) types were identified. Pitch separations between nearest-neighbour calls were measured by sampling at 1-s intervals. Calls spanned 5 octaves and were centred near 1 kHz. Mean pitch separations decreased significantly as the number of simultaneous calls increased from 2 to 9-11, but remained relatively constant at about 0.3 octave at higher numbers of simultaneous calls. For 2-12 simultaneous calls, the pitch separations between 0.0 and 0.4 octave were fewer than random. Proportions of the three trill types did not change as the numbers of simultaneous calls increased. All three call types had fewer pitch separations below 1/3 octave than between 1/3 and 2/3 octave. No relationship was found between pitch separation and call duration. Differences in starting pitch and the regular decline in pitch throughout most calls ensured that mean pitch separations of >1/3 octave were maintained even when many calls occurred simultaneously. Bearded seals may use pitch separation as a jamming-avoidance mechanism.
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Geringer, John M., and Michael L. Allen. "An Analysis of Vibrato among High School and University Violin and Cello Students." Journal of Research in Music Education 52, no. 2 (July 2004): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3345438.
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We investigated vibrato performance of university student and high school string players. Forty violinists and cellists performed an eight-measure passage both with and without vibrato. Analyses indicated that the mean rate of vibrato was approximately 5.5 Hz, with no significant differences between instruments or performer experience level. The mean width of violin vibratos was larger than cello vibratos. Violinists' mean pitch levels were sharper than cellists' in both vibrato and nonvibrato performances. Analysis of intonation patterns within the duration of tones showed that performers were more stable when using vibrato. University players tended to become sharper during both vibrated and nonvibrated tones compared to the younger players. Pitch oscillations during vibrato were alternations both above and below conceived pitch, rather than oscillations only above or only below the conceived pitch.
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Li, Aini, Ruaridh Purse, and Nicole Holliday. "Variation in global and intonational pitch settings among black and white speakers of Southern American English." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 5 (November 2022): 2617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0014906.
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This article revisits classic questions about how pitch varies between groups by examining global and intonational pitch differences between black and white speakers from Memphis, Tennessee, using data from read speech to control for stylistic and segmental variables. Results from both mixed-effects regression modeling and smoothing spline analysis of variance find no difference between black and white men in mean F0 and pitch range measures. However, black women produced consistently lower mean F0 than white women. These findings suggest that while pitch patterns in black women's speech remain underexplored in the literature, they may play an important role in shaping attitudes and ideological associations concerning black American speakers in general. Moreover, vocal pitch may be a linguistic variable subject to variation, especially in a context of racialized and gendered linguistic standards.
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Reissland, Nadja, and David Snow. "Maternal pitch height in ordinary and play situations." Journal of Child Language 23, no. 2 (June 1996): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008795.
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ABSTRACTTen children at mean ages of o; 11.3 and o; 15.3 and their monolingual German-speaking mothers were audio- and videotaped in their homes while having a meal with a spoon (ordinary situation) and while feeding a doll with a spoon (play situation). Sentences spoken by the mothers that were comparable in length and sentence type across situations were analysed acoustically. In both data-collection sessions, it was found that the mothers spoke with the same mean amplitude in the two situations but they used higher mean fundamental frequency when speaking during the play situation than during the ordinary situation. In the first data-collection session, when the infants did not yet use meaningful words or engage in pretend play, the mothers also used a wider pitch range in the play situation than in the ordinary situation. It is concluded that mothers use both pitch height and pitch range to introduce the preverbal infant to the difference between non-play and play situations, and they continue to use variations in pitch height to mark the same distinction after the children have become active participants in pretend play activities. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of possible longitudinal patterns associated with mothers' use of intonational key and register.
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Zhao, Yi, Sheng Zhang, and Xiao Kang Lin. "Improved Algorithm for Pitch Detection and Harmonic Separation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.753.
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In this paper, we have proposed a new algorithm for pitch detection and an idea for harmonic separation based on pitch detection. Firstly, we have introduced the pitch algorithm. It is mainly consisted of five parts: mean value removal, extraction of alternative pitch periods, best pitch transfer path search, accurate pitch period search with time-varying filter and the search of fractional pitch period. Then we have brought in a harmonic separation algorithm based on the pitch detection. The pitch detection algorithm and harmonic separation algorithm proposed in this paper is mutually beneficialExperiments results show that the new pitch detection algorithm can achieve higher accuracy. And compared with some other algorithms, this approach owns a better noise immunity. The harmonic separation algorithm can separate each harmonic signal accurately.
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Shute, Brenda, and Kevin Wheldall. "Pitch alterations in British motherese: some preliminary acoustic data." Journal of Child Language 16, no. 3 (October 1989): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900010680.
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ABSTRACTSpeech samples from eight British female adults addressing young children and another adult were analysed in terms of vocal pitch. Increases in vocal pitch when addressing young children were observed but were smaller than the increases noted by North American researchers, and variability across speakers was marked. Some adults only slightly raised their vocal pitch to young children. Pitch increases were generally more marked for mean as against modal pitch measures, and for free speech as against reading aloud conditions.
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Geringer, John M., Rebecca B. MacLeod, and Michael L. Allen. "Perceived Pitch of Violin and Cello Vibrato Tones Among Music Majors." Journal of Research in Music Education 57, no. 4 (November 4, 2009): 351–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022429409350510.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceived pitch of string vibrato tones. The authors used recordings of acoustic instruments (cello and violin) to provide both vibrato stimulus tones and the nonvibrato tones that listeners adjusted to match the perceived pitch of the vibrato stimuli. We were interested especially in whether there were differences in pitch perception of vibrato tones between string performers ( n = 36) and music majors without string performance experience ( n = 36). Both groups of music major listeners perceived the pitch of vibrato tones very near the mean frequency of the vibrato for cello and violin tones. Although means were similar, string players exhibited significantly less deviation in tuning judgments than non-string players for both violin and cello tones. Results appear consistent with earlier perceptual research as well as performance research indicating that string performers vibrate both above and below the intended pitch.
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Castellani, Francesco, Abdelgalil Eltayesh, Matteo Becchetti, and Antonio Segalini. "Aerodynamic Analysis of a Wind-Turbine Rotor Affected by Pitch Unbalance." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 31, 2021): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030745.
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The aerodynamics of a rotor with pitch imbalance has been investigated experimentally and numerically in the present work. The comparison of mean velocity and turbulence intensity in the balanced and unbalanced cases indicated that a pitch imbalance modifies both the mean velocity and the turbulent activity; the latter is weakly increased by the imbalance. Spectral analysis indicated that the dynamics of the wake is also affected by the pitch imbalance since the tip vortices loose strength and disorganise more quickly than in the balanced case. The pitch imbalance has, however, a detrimental effect on the power coefficient and it affects the thrust coefficient as well. Only the blade affected by the imbalance shows significant modifications of the applied load, while the other blades operate with the same loading conditions.
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HAN, Mengru, Nivja H. DE JONG, and René KAGER. "Pitch properties of infant-directed speech specific to word-learning contexts: a cross-linguistic investigation of Mandarin Chinese and Dutch." Journal of Child Language 47, no. 1 (December 3, 2019): 85–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000813.
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AbstractThis study investigates the pitch properties of infant-directed speech (IDS) specific to word-learning contexts in which mothers introduce unfamiliar words to children. Using a semi-spontaneous story-book telling task, we examined (1) whether mothers made distinctions between unfamiliar and familiar words with pitch in IDS compared to adult-directed speech (ADS); (2) whether pitch properties change when mothers address children from 18 to 24 months; and (3) how Mandarin Chinese and Dutch IDS differ in their pitch properties in word-learning contexts. Results show that the mean pitch of Mandarin Chinese IDS was already ADS-like when children were 24 months, but Dutch IDS remained exaggerated in pitch at the same age. Crucially, Mandarin Chinese mothers used a higher pitch and a larger pitch range in IDS when introducing unfamiliar words, while Dutch mothers used a higher pitch specifically for familiar words. These findings contribute to the language-specificity of prosodic input in early lexical development.
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Titze, Ingo R., Tobias Riede, Anil Palaparthi, Linda S. Hynan, Amy Hamilton, Laura Toles, and Ted Mau. "Individualized Patient Vocal Priorities for Tailored Therapy." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 12 (December 10, 2018): 2884–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-18-0109.
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Purpose The purposes of this study are to introduce the concept of vocal priorities based on acoustic correlates, to develop an instrument to determine these vocal priorities, and to analyze the pattern of vocal priorities in patients with voice disorders. Method Questions probing the importance of 5 vocal attributes (vocal clarity, loudness, mean speaking pitch, pitch range, vocal endurance) were generated from consensus conference involving speech-language pathologists, laryngologists, and voice scientists, as well as patient feedback. The responses to the preliminary items from 213 subjects were subjected to exploratory factor analysis, which confirmed 4 of the predefined domains. The final instrument consisted of a 16-item Vocal Priority Questionnaire probing the relative importance of clarity, loudness, mean speaking pitch, and pitch range. Results The Vocal Priority Questionnaire had high reliability (Cronbach's α = .824) and good construct validity. A majority of the cohort (61%) ranked vocal clarity as their highest vocal priority, and 20%, 12%, and 7% ranked loudness, mean speaking pitch, and pitch range, respectively, as their highest priority. The frequencies of the highest ranked priorities did not differ by voice diagnosis or by sex. Considerable individual variation in vocal priorities existed within these large trends. Conclusions A patient's vocal priorities can be identified and taken into consideration in planning behavioral or surgical intervention for a voice disorder. Inclusion of vocal priorities in treatment planning empowers the patient in shared decision making, helps the clinician tailor treatment, and may also improve therapy compliance.
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Wolfe, Virginia I., and David L. Ratusnik. "Acoustic and Perceptual Measurements of Roughness Influencing Judgments of Pitch." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 53, no. 1 (February 1988): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5301.15.
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Listeners matched the pitch of 36 clear to severely dysphonic vowels to the frequency of pure tones produced by a signal generator. Mean difference scores on pitch match correlated –.56 with jitter, –.51 with jitter ratio, –.57 with spectrographic noise classifications, and –.64 with vocal roughness. Moderately to severely dysphonic vowels received significantly lower pitch match values than clear to mildly dysphonic vowels. Findings suggest that the effect of vocal roughness on pitch should be considered by the clinician who makes use of perceptual judgments.
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Savu, Tom. "Data Processing for Ship Screw Propellers Measurements." Materials Science Forum 957 (June 2019): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.957.239.
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A data acquisition system was developed for measuring standardised ship propeller’s parameters. The hardware consists of two linear and one rotary encoder, all sending the data to a counter/timer data acquisition board. The software is first aligning the different coordinates systems of the propeller and of the three encoders . Data processing is initially performed for compensating the effects of different encoders’ resolutions. There are then computed the blade profile’s length and the coordinates of the points belonging to the blades’ reference lines, together with the local pitch variations on each radius and blade, the mean pitch per blade and the mean pitch of the propeller. A discussion is made about choosing the most appropriate number of points where the local pitch is computed, thus providing useful data for estimating the best way for propeller’s overhauling.
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Gutierrez, Pedro, Manuel Navarro, and Margarita Ojeda. "Radiologic Morphology of the Calcaneus." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 103, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/1030032.
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Background: The Fowler-Philip, calcaneal pitch, and total calcaneal angles define the radiologic morphology of the rearfoot. We studied these angles in healthy adolescents. Methods: We studied 141 feet. Patients with inflammatory or traumatic injuries were excluded. The mean participant age was 11.5 years. The Fowler-Philip, calcaneal pitch, and total calcaneal angles were measured on lateral weightbearing radiographs. The statistics included descriptive, sample size (α=0.05 and β=0.20), the Student t test, and analysis of variance; P < .05 was considered significant. Results: The samples were 141 and 35 radiographs for the Fowler-Philip and calcaneal pitch angles, respectively. Ninety percent, 25.1%, and 97.4% of the adolescents had normal Fowler-Philip, calcaneal pitch, and total calcaneal angles, respectively. In addition, 9.9%, 74.9%, and 2.6% of the values were outside the reference ranges, respectively. The Fowler-Philip angle decreased and the calcaneal pitch angle increased significantly with age (P = .0005). The total calcaneal angle did not change with age (P = .65). Conclusions: The mean angle values in a pediatric population did not differ from those in adults. We found a high percentage of calcaneal pitch angles outside the reference range. Age influenced the Fowler-Philip and calcaneal pitch angles but not the total calcaneal angle. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(1): 32–35, 2013)
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Moore, Steven T., Eishi Hirasaki, Theodore Raphan, and Bernard Cohen. "Instantaneous rotation axes during active head movements." Journal of Vestibular Research 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2005-15203.
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Rotation axes were calculated during active head movements using a motion analysis system. The mean rotation axis for 1 Hz head pitch when seated was posterior (6 mm) and inferior (21 mm) to the interaural axis, shifting 16 mm downwards when standing. During seated 2 Hz head pitch the rotation axis was close to the interaural axis, shifting downwards 15 mm when standing. This downward shift suggests that cervical vertebrae were recruited during head pitch with the trunk unsupported. The proximity of the pitch axis to the otoliths implies minimal otolith activation during small-amplitude, high-frequency pitch rotations, such as those encountered during locomotion. The mean rotation axis for 1 Hz yaw rotation was located slightly posterior (10 mm) to the interaural axis at the midpoint between the vestibular labyrinths when both seated and standing. In addition, the orientation of the plane of yaw rotation relative to the stereotaxic horizontal plane (pitched 5° nose-down) was essentially fixed in head coordinates, regardless of the pitch orientation of the head, suggesting that yaw movements occur about an axis restricted by the mechanical structure of the atlanto-axial joint. The results demonstrate that the instantaneous rotation axes technique overcomes the inherent instability of the helical-axis representation for small head movements.
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Lee, Daehan, Sanggi Ko, Jongyeol Park, Yong Cheol Kwon, Shin Hyung Rhee, Myungjun Jeon, and Tae Hyung Kim. "An Experimental Analysis of Active Pitch Control for an Assault Amphibious Vehicle Considering Waterjet-Hydrofoil Interaction Effect." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080894.
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The present study aims to reduce the pitch motion of an assault amphibious vehicle system in seaways by waterjet impeller revolution rate control. A series of seakeeping tests were performed in a towing tank with a 1/4.5-scale model. This vehicle is manufactured as a box-shaped hull, and since an appendage that generates lift force is attached, the amount of change in pitch motion is large according to the forward speed. For pitch motion reduction, the impeller revolution rate and resultant pitch moment were controlled through a proportional-integral-derivative controller. Improvements in seakeeping performance were examined in both regular and irregular conditions by the model tests in terms of root mean square of pitch motion. The tuned controller decreased pitch motion by more than 60%.
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Ponsot, Emmanuel, Juan José Burred, Pascal Belin, and Jean-Julien Aucouturier. "Cracking the social code of speech prosody using reverse correlation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 15 (March 26, 2018): 3972–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716090115.
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Human listeners excel at forming high-level social representations about each other, even from the briefest of utterances. In particular, pitch is widely recognized as the auditory dimension that conveys most of the information about a speaker’s traits, emotional states, and attitudes. While past research has primarily looked at the influence of mean pitch, almost nothing is known about how intonation patterns, i.e., finely tuned pitch trajectories around the mean, may determine social judgments in speech. Here, we introduce an experimental paradigm that combines state-of-the-art voice transformation algorithms with psychophysical reverse correlation and show that two of the most important dimensions of social judgments, a speaker’s perceived dominance and trustworthiness, are driven by robust and distinguishing pitch trajectories in short utterances like the word “Hello,” which remained remarkably stable whether male or female listeners judged male or female speakers. These findings reveal a unique communicative adaptation that enables listeners to infer social traits regardless of speakers’ physical characteristics, such as sex and mean pitch. By characterizing how any given individual’s mental representations may differ from this generic code, the method introduced here opens avenues to explore dysprosody and social-cognitive deficits in disorders like autism spectrum and schizophrenia. In addition, once derived experimentally, these prototypes can be applied to novel utterances, thus providing a principled way to modulate personality impressions in arbitrary speech signals.
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Aw, S. T., G. M. Halmagyi, T. Haslwanter, I. S. Curthoys, R. A. Yavor, and M. J. Todd. "Three-dimensional vector analysis of the human vestibuloocular reflex in response to high-acceleration head rotations. II. responses in subjects with unilateral vestibular loss and selective semicircular canal occlusion." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 4021–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.6.4021.
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1. We studied the three-dimensional input-output human vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) kinematics after selective loss of semicircular canal (SCC) function either through total unilateral vestibular deafferentation (uVD) or through single posterior SCC occlusion (uPCO), and showed large deficits in magnitude and direction in response to high-acceleration head rotations (head “impulses”). 2. A head impulse is a passive, unpredictable, high-acceleration (3,000–4,000 degrees/s2) head rotation through an amplitude of 10–20 degrees in roll, pitch, or yaw. The subjects were tested while seated in the upright position and focusing on a fixation target. Head and eye rotations were measured with the use of dual search coils, and were expressed as rotation vectors. A three-dimensional vector analysis was performed on the input-output VOR kinematics after uVD, to produce two indexes in the time domain: magnitude and direction. Magnitude is expressed as speed gain (G) and direction as misalignment angle (delta). 3. G. after uVD, was significantly lower than normal in both directions of head rotation during roll, pitch, and yaw impulses, and were much lower during ipsilesional than during contralesional roll and yaw impulses. At 80 ms from the onset of an impulse (i.e., near peak head velocity), G was 0.23 +/- 0.08 (SE) (ipsilesional) and 0.56 +/- 0.08 (contralesional) for roll impulses, 0.61 +/- 0.09 (up) and 0.72 +/- 0.10 (down) for pitch impulses, and 0.36 +/- 0.06 (ipsilesional) and 0.76 +/- 0.09 (contralesional) for yaw impulses (mean +/- 95% confidence intervals). 4. delta, after uVD, was significantly different from normal during ipsilesional roll and yaw impulses and during pitch-up and pitch-down impulses. delta was normal during contralesional roll and yaw impulses. At 80 ms from the onset of the impulse, delta was 30.6 +/- 4.5 (ipsilesional) and 13.4 +/- 5.0 (contralesional) for roll impulses, 23.7 +/- 3.7 (up) and 31.6 +/- 4.4 (down) for pitch impulses, and 68.7 +/- 13.2 (ipsilesional) and 11.0 +/- 3.3 (contralesional) for yaw impulses (mean +/- 95% confidence intervals). 5. VOR gain (gamma), after uVD, were significantly lower than normal for both directions of roll, pitch, and yaw impulses and much lower during ipsilesional than during contralesional roll and yaw impulses. At 80 ms from the onset of the head impulse, the gamma was 0.22 +/- 0.08 (ipsilesional) and 0.54 +/- 0.09 (contralesional) for roll impulses, 0.55 +/- 0.09 (up) and 0.61 +/- 0.09 (down) for pitch impulses, and 0.14 +/- 0.10 (ipsilesional) and 0.74 +/- 0.06 (contralesional) for yaw impulses (mean +/- 95% confidence intervals). Because gamma is equal to [G*cos (delta)], it is significantly different from its corresponding G during ipsilesional roll and yaw, and during all pitch impulses, but not during contralesional roll and yaw impulses. 6. After uPCO, pitch-vertical gamma during pitch-up impulses was reduced to the same extent as after uVD; roll-torsional gamma during ipsilesional roll impulses was significantly lower than normal but significantly higher than after uVD. At 80 ms from the onset of the head impulse, gamma was 0.32 +/- 0.13 (ipsilesional) and 0.55 +/- 0.16 (contralesional) for roll impulses, 0.51 +/- 0.12 (up) and 0.91 +/- 0.14 (down) for pitch impulses, and 0.76 +/- 0.06 (ipsilesional) and 0.73 +/- 0.09 (contralesional) for yaw impulses (mean +/- 95% confidence intervals). 7. The eye rotation axis, after uVD, deviates in the yaw plane, away from the normal interaural axis, toward the nasooccipital axis, during all pitch impulses. After uPCO, the eye rotation axis deviates in same direction as after uVD during pitch-up impulses, but is well aligned with the head rotation axis during pitch-down impulses.
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Semal, Catherine, and Laurent Demany. "The Upper Limit of "Musical" Pitch." Music Perception 8, no. 2 (1990): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285494.
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Ten musicians were presented with a transposable melodic sequence of two monaural pure tones and were required to set the pitch of the higher tone in the sequence just above the upper limit of "musical" pitch. The overall mean of the frequency adjustments was 4.7 kHz, but subjects' individual means consistently differed from each other; their standard deviation was about three semitones. Subjects' adjustments depended on the range of possible adjustments and thus were influenced by context factors. However, the effect of range was 2.7 times smaller than it should have been if the upper limit of musical pitch had no perceptual reality. No consistent frequency differences were found between adjustments made for tones heard through the left ear and the right ear. However, in an additional study on six nonmusicians, one subject displayed a systematic interaural frequency difference amounting to about one semitone. Control measurements showed that this difference could not be explained by the subject's binaural diplacusis. Thus, as suggested by Bachem in 1937, it seems that the upper limit of musical pitch can be a different pitch for the two ears of the same subject.
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Dendukuri, Lakshmi Srinivas, and Shaik Jakeer Hussain. "Extraction of Voiced Regions of Speech from Emotional Speech Signals Using Wavelet-Pitch Method." Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 65, no. 3 (July 13, 2021): 262–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppee.15373.
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Extraction of voiced regions of speech is one of the latest topics in speech domain for various speech applications. Emotional speech signals contain most of the information in voiced regions of speech. In this particular work, voiced regions of speech are extracted from emotional speech signals using wavelet-pitch method. Daubechies wavelet (Db4) is applied on the speech frames after downsampling the speech signals. Autocorrelation function is performed on the extracted approximation coefficients of each speech frame and corresponding pitch values are obtained. A local threshold is defined on obtained pitch values to extract voiced regions. The threshold values are different for male and female speakers, as male pitch values are low compared to the female pitch values in general. The obtained pitch values are scaled down and are compared with the thresholds to extract the voiced frames. The transition frames between the voiced and unvoiced frames are also extracted if the previous frame is voiced frame, to preserve the emotional content in extracted frames. The extracted frames are reshaped to have desired emotional speech signal. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) and statistical parameters are used as evaluation metrics. This particular work provides better SNR and Normalized Root Mean Square Error values compared to the zero crossing-energy and residual signal based methods in voiced region extraction. Db4 wavelet provides better results compared to Haar and Db2 wavelets in extracting voiced regions using wavelet-pitch method from emotional speech signals.
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Hancock, Carl B. "Aesthetic Responses of Music and Non-Music Majors to Gradual Pitch Center Changes." Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, no. 178 (October 1, 2008): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40319341.
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if music and non-music majors’ aesthetic responses are differentiated by gradually changing pitch center conditions. One hundred and forty-four university students listened to a professional recording of the second movement of Samuel Barbers Concerto for Violin and Orchestra, Op. 14 altered to have a gradually rising (sharper) or lowering (flatter) pitch center changing at a rate of 1/100 of a semitone (1 cent) per second. Participants recorded their aesthetic responses using a Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI). Results of a two-way ANOVA indicated a significant main effect for pitch condition and an interaction effect for major and pitch condition. Mean aesthetic response scores for music and non-music majors hearing the gradually flatter performance were lower than those for the unaltered condition. There was little difference in the scores of non-music majors between the gradually sharper and unaltered conditions, however, music majors’ mean scores were lower under the gradually sharper condition.
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Gehrke, Sergio Alexandre, Ulisses Tavares da Silva, and Massimo Del Fabbro. "Does Implant Design Affect Implant Primary Stability? A Resonance Frequency Analysis–Based Randomized Split-Mouth Clinical Trial." Journal of Oral Implantology 41, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): e281-e286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-13-00294.
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The purpose of this study was to assess implant stability in relation to implant design (conical vs. semiconical and wide-pitch vs narrow-pitch) using resonance frequency analysis. Twenty patients with bilateral edentulous maxillary premolar region were selected. In one hemiarch, conical implants with wide pitch (group 1) were installed; in the other hemiarch, semiconical implants with narrow pitch were installed (group 2). The implant allocation was randomized. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) was measured by resonance frequency analysis immediately following implant placement to assess primary stability (time 1) and at 90 days after placement (time 2). In group 1, the mean and standard deviation ISQ for time 1 was 65.8 ± 6.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 55 to 80), and for time 2, it was 68.0 ± 5.52 (95% CI, 57 to 77). In group 2, the mean and standard deviation ISQ was 63.6 ± 5.95 (95% CI, 52 to 78) for time 1 and 67.0 ± 5.71 (95% CI, 58 to 78) for time 2. The statistical analysis demonstrated significant difference in the ISQ values between groups at time 1 (P = .007) and no statistical difference at time 2 (P = .54). The greater primary stability of conical implants with wide pitch compared with semiconical implants with narrow pitch might suggest a preference for the former in case of the adoption of immediate or early loading protocols.
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Kuser, John E. "Five-Year Heights of Pitch Pine Progeny at Two New Jersey Plantations." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 11, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/11.4.146.
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Abstract Within-species selection was chosen as the method to improve pitch pine for a seed orchard to furnish seedlings for revegetation in southern New Jersey. In a progeny test of 68 families of open-pollinated plus tree seedlings at two plantation sites, after 5 growing seasons the top family among selected pitch pine progeny was as tall as the best pitch x loblolly check stock, and the best five pitch families were in the same range with another pitchlob and two loblolly families. Mean heights were slightly greater on a worked-out sandpit site than on an undisturbed sandy topsoil. North. J. Appl. For. 11(4):146-149.
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Lee, C. H., and J. N. Newman. "Journal of Ship Research First and Second-Order Wave Effects on a Submerged Spheroid." Journal of Ship Research 35, no. 03 (September 1, 1991): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.1991.35.3.183.
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Computations are presented for the linearized force and moment acting on a submerged slender spheroid in regular waves, the resulting pitch and heave motions, and the second-order mean force and moment. These numerical results, which are based on the use of a three-dimensional panel code, are compared with the approximations based on slender-body theory. The accuracy of the slender-body approximation is relatively good for the first-order forces and body motions, but substantial errors are revealed for the second-order mean drift force and pitch moment. Unlike the approximate result, the more correct numerical prediction of the mean pitch moment is non-zero, and generally acts in the bow down direction in head seas. To explain this result it is shown that the wave elevation directly above the spheroid increases in amplitude from bow to stern, thus causing a greater upward force on the afterbody relative to the forebody.
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Hermes, Dik J. "Measuring the Perceptual Similarity of Pitch Contours." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 41, no. 1 (February 1998): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4101.73.
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It has been shown that visual display systems of intonation can be employed beneficially in teaching intonation to persons with deafness and in teaching the intonation of a foreign language. In current training situations the correctness of a reproduced pitch contour is rated either by the teacher or automatically. In the latter case an algorithm mostly estimates the maximum deviation from an example contour. In game-like exercises, for instance, the pupil has to produce a pitch contour within the displayed floor and ceiling of a "tunnel" with a preadjusted height. In an experiment described in the companion paper, phoneticians had rated the dissimilarity of two pitch contours both auditorily, by listening to two resynthesized utterances, and visually, by looking at two pitch contours displayed on a computer screen. A test is reported in which these dissimilarity ratings were compared with automatic ratings obtained with this tunnel measure and with three other measures, the mean distance, the root-mean-square (RMS) distance, and the correlation coefficient. The most frequently used tunnel measure appeared to have the weakest correlation with the ratings by the phoneticians. In general, the automatic ratings obtained with the correlation coefficient showed the strongest correlation with the perceptual ratings. A disadvantage of this measure, however, may be that it normalizes for the range of the pitch contours. If range is important, as in intonation teaching to persons with deafness, the mean distance or the RMS distance are the best physical measures for automatic training of intonation.
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Taylor, Dominique A., Thomas ffrench, Charlotte A. Sale, and Paul Foulstone. "An investigation of rotational issues for rectal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 13, no. 2 (May 23, 2013): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146039691300023x.
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AbstractPurposeTo quantify the amount of inter-fractional pitch for rectal carcinoma patients, to investigate the dosimetric impact of pitch on the target volume and critical structures and to determine a tolerance where no pitch correction is required.Materials and methodsDaily pre-treatment images of rectal carcinoma patients were analysed to determine the residual pitch compared with the computed tomography (CT) planning scan. The dosimetric impact of pelvic rotation was modelled. The dose coverage of the clinical target volume (CTV) and small bowel were evaluated using dose–volume histograms.ResultsPre-treatment images had a mean of 0·27° and standard deviation was 2·23°. The volume of CTV receiving 95% of the prescription dose altered by 0·1% when up to ±10° of pitch was simulated.ConclusionsNo clinically significant change in CTV coverage was found (when ±10° of pitch was simulated). A tolerance of ±10° of pitch has been implemented for rectal carcinoma patients treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in our institution, when daily pre-treatment imaging with a zero action threshold for translational shifts is used.
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Wang, Yen-Hui, and Der-Chwan Wu. "Pitch and rate modifications of audio signals utilizing differential mean absolute error." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103, no. 2 (1998): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.421152.
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Chakraborty, Roudra, Debapriya Sengupta, and Sagnik Sinha. "Pitch tracking of acoustic signals based on average squared mean difference function." Signal, Image and Video Processing 3, no. 4 (August 26, 2008): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11760-008-0072-5.
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Kawamura, K., and R. H. Bragg. "Graphitization of pitch coke: Changes in mean interlayer spacing, strain and weight." Carbon 24, no. 3 (1986): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(86)90231-9.
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Pisanski, Katarzyna, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Justyna Plachetka, Marzena Gmiterek, and David Reby. "Voice pitch modulation in human mate choice." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1893 (December 19, 2018): 20181634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1634.
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Inter-individual differences in human fundamental frequency ( F 0, perceived as voice pitch) predict mate quality and reproductive success, and affect listeners' social attributions. Although humans can readily and volitionally manipulate their vocal apparatus and resultant voice pitch, for instance, in the production of speech sounds and singing, little is known about whether humans exploit this capacity to adjust the non-verbal dimensions of their voices during social (including sexual) interactions. Here, we recorded full-length conversations of 30 adult men and women taking part in real speed-dating events and tested whether their voice pitch (mean, range and variability) changed with their personal mate choice preferences and the overall desirability of each dating partner. Within-individual analyses indicated that men lowered the minimum pitch of their voices when interacting with women who were overall highly desired by other men. Men also lowered their mean voice pitch on dates with women they selected as potential mates, particularly those who indicated a mutual preference (matches). Interestingly, although women spoke with a higher and more variable voice pitch towards men they selected as potential mates, women lowered both voice pitch parameters towards men who were most desired by other women and whom they also personally preferred. Between-individual analyses indicated that men in turn preferred women with lower-pitched voices, wherein women's minimum voice pitch explained up to 55% of the variance in men's mate preferences. These results, derived in an ecologically valid setting, show that individual- and group-level mate preferences can interact to affect vocal behaviour, and support the hypothesis that human voice modulation functions in non-verbal communication to elicit favourable judgements and behaviours from others, including potential mates.
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Patel, Sona, Karen Hebert, Oleg Korzyukov, and Charles R. Larson. "Effects of sensorimotor voice training on event-related potentials to pitch-shifted auditory feedback." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): e0269326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269326.
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The pitch perturbation technique is a validated technique that has been used for over 30 years to understand how people control their voice. This technique involves altering a person’s voice pitch in real-time while they produce a vowel (commonly, a prolonged /a/ sound). Although post-task changes in the voice have been observed in several studies (e.g., a change in mean fo across the duration of the experiment), the potential for using the pitch perturbation technique as a training tool for voice pitch regulation and/or modification has not been explored. The present study examined changes in event related potentials (ERPs) and voice pitch in three groups of subjects due to altered voice auditory feedback following a brief, four-day training period. Participants in the opposing group were trained to change their voice fo in the opposite direction of a pitch perturbation stimulus. Participants in the following group were trained to change their voice fo in the same direction as the pitch perturbation stimulus. Participants in the non-varying group did not voluntarily change their pitch, but instead were asked to hold their voice constant when they heard pitch perturbations. Results showed that all three types of training affected the ERPs and the voice pitch-shift response from pre-training to post-training (i.e., “hold your voice pitch steady” task; an indicator of voice pitch regulation). Across all training tasks, the N1 and P2 components of the ERPs occurred earlier, and the P2 component of the ERPs occurred with larger amplitude post-training. The voice responses also occurred earlier but with a smaller amplitude following training. These results demonstrate that participation in pitch-shifted auditory feedback tasks even for brief periods of time can modulate the automatic tendency to compensate for alterations in voice pitch feedback and has therapeutic potential.
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Hamada, T., Y. Sajiki, M. Furuyama, T. Tomioka, and M. Endo. "Pitch-based carbon fibers as studied by transmission electron microscopy." Journal of Materials Research 4, no. 4 (August 1989): 1027–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1989.1027.
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The microstructures of carbon fibers prepared from coal tar mesophase pitch and heat-treated at 2500 °C were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The degree of preferred orientation of the carbon fibers along the fiber axis was not significantly changed: by spinning, while stirring the pitch above the capillary; by changing the viscosity of the pitch in spinning from 60 poise to 250 poise, keeping the diameter of the pitch precursor fiber about 11.5 μm, which is that of the as-spun fiber; and by controlling the diameter of the pitch fiber from 8 μm to 18 μm, keeping the viscosity of the pitch at about 250 poise. Such a weak dependency of the degree of preferred orientation of the carbon fibers on the spinning conditions is qualitatively consistent with the relationships between the degree of preferred orientation of a pitch precursor fiber and the spinning conditions. The graphite layers of the carbon fibers heat-treated at 2500 °C showed shrinkage in the transverse fiber cross section. The degree of shrinkage was significantly increased by stirring the pitch above the capillary while spinning, and the shrinkage also increased when the viscosity of the pitch was increased for spinning, and when the diameter of the fibers was decreased. Roughly speaking, the degree of shrinkage was proportional to the mean size of the mesophase domains in the transverse section of pitch precursor fibers.
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Gao, Yuan, Teng Jin, Xiaoyan Wu, and Tong Zhang. "The Effect of Fiber Orientation on Stochastic Reconstruction and Permeability of a Carbon Paper Gas Diffusion Layer." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 22, 2019): 2808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142808.
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By analyzing the three-dimensional digital model of a real carbon paper gas diffusion layer (GDL) reconstructed by X-ray computed tomography (CT), it was found that fibers are not distributed at any angle but within a certain range. The fiber orientation can be represented by fiber pitch (i.e., the angle between a single fiber and the in-plane direction). The effect of fiber orientation on stochastic reconstruction and transport properties (permeability) was investigated in this paper to find which fiber pitch range can achieve a better GDL on fluid flow. First, the actual fiber pitch was measured by analyzing SGL-24BA images obtained by X-ray CT. Also, seven different ranges of fiber pitch were randomly chosen to reconstruct GDL. Then, the permeability of these digital models was calculated using the Lattice Bolzmann Method (LBM) and discussed to obtain the fiber pitch range of the optimal permeability. The results show that the mean fiber pitch of SGL-24BA is 2.40° and the individual values are all less than 6°, also, the permeability of the through-plane direction increases gradually as the range of fiber pitch increases, which can be used for the structural design of carbon paper GDL.
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Antonacci, Christopher, Thomas R. Atlee, Peter N. Chalmers, Christopher Hadley, Meghan E. Bishop, Anthony A. Romeo, and Brandon J. Erickson. "Interaction Between Age and Change in Velocity During a Baseball Training Program." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 232596712092793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120927939.
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Background: Pitching velocity is one of the most important metrics used to evaluate a baseball pitcher’s effectiveness. The relationship between age and pitching velocity after a lighter ball baseball training program has not been determined. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between age and pitching velocity after a lighter ball baseball training program. We hypothesized that pitching velocity would significantly increase in all adolescent age groups after a lighter baseball training program, without a significant difference in magnitude of increase based on age. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Baseball pitchers aged 10 to 17 years who completed a 15-week training program focused on pitching mechanics and velocity improvement were included in this study. Pitchers were split into 3 groups based on age (group 1, 10-12 years; group 2, 13-14 years; group 3, 15-17 years), and each group trained independently. Pitch velocity was assessed at 4 time points (sessions 3, 10, 17, and 25). Mean, maximum, and mean change in pitch velocity between sessions were compared by age group. Results: A total of 32 male baseball pitchers were included in the analysis. Mean/maximum velocity increased in all 3 age groups: 3.4/4.8 mph in group 1, 5.3/5.5 mph in group 2, and 5.3/5.2 mph in group 3. While mean percentage change in pitch velocity increased in all 3 age groups (group 1, 6.5%; group 2, 8.3%; group 3, 7.6%), the magnitude of change was not significantly different among age groups. Program session number had a significant effect on mean and maximum velocity, with higher mean and maximum velocity seen at later sessions in the training program ( P = .018). There was no interaction between age and program session within either mean or maximum velocity ( P = .316 and .572, respectively). Conclusion: Age had no significant effect on the magnitude of increase in maximum or mean baseball pitch velocity during a velocity and mechanics training program in adolescent males.
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Jüchter, J., J. Peinke, L. J. Lukassen, and M. Hölling. "Reduction and analysis of rotor blade misalignments on a model wind turbine." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2265, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 022071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/2/022071.
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Abstract Model wind turbines with rotor diameters below 1 m often make use of a collective pitch control instead of an individual pitch control. As a result it is more difficult to achieve a high precision in the rotor blade pitch angle, especially when it comes to achieving the same pitch angle on each rotor blade. For the Model Wind Turbine Oldenburg 0.6 (MoWiTO 0.6) a rotor blade misalignment between the individual blades of up to 2.5 degrees was found. Due to the design, similar blade misalignments could also occur at other model wind turbines with a collective pitch mechanism. Here, it is shown that even small rotor blade misalignments influence the experimental results of small model wind turbines and should be avoided. In addition, a new mounting procedure is presented that serves to minimize blade misalignments when assembling the individual rotor blades in the manufacturing process. This procedure makes use of 3D printed parts that enclose the rotor blade during the mounting process and guarantee a precise pitch angle. The presented procedure is easily applicable to other model wind turbines as well. The subsequent experimental investigations of blade misalignments in the range of ±2.5 degrees show a significant influence on the turbine performance and thrust. A blade misalignment of +2.4 degrees for only one blade already decreases the mean power output of the turbine by up to 9%. Additionally, the mean thrust measurements show a clear influence of the blade misalignment (up to 17% difference) in comparison to the optimal pitch reference case. Furthermore the 1P (one-per-revolution) peaks of the thrust spectrum are significantly increased with present blade misalignments which suggests cyclic loads. These results underline the relevance of a precise rotor blade attachment for model wind turbines used in wind tunnel experiments.
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Chen, Aoju, and Lou Boves. "What's in a word: Sounding sarcastic in British English." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 48, no. 1 (April 2018): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100318000038.
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Using a simulated telephone conversation task, we elicited sarcastic production in different utterance types (i.e. declaratives, tag questions andwh-exclamatives from native speakers of the southern variety of British English. Unlike previous studies which focus on static prosodic measurements at the utterance level (e.g. mean pitch, pitch span, intensity), we examined both static prosodic measurements and continuous changes in contour shape in the semantically most important words (or key words) of the sarcastic utterances and their counterparts in the sincere utterances. To this end, we adopted Functional Data Analysis to model pitch variation as contours and represent the contours as continuous function in statistical analysis. We found that sarcasm and sincerity are prosodically distinguishable in the key words alone. The key words in sarcastic utterances are realised with a longer duration and a flatter fall than their counterparts in sincere utterances regardless of utterance type and speaker gender. These results are compatible with previous reports on the use of a smaller pitch span and a slower speech rate in sarcastic utterances than in sincere utterances in North American English. We also observed notable differences in the use of minimum pitch, maximum pitch and contour shape in different utterance types and in the use of mean pitch and duration by male and female speakers. Additionally, we found that the prosody of the key words in sarcastic utterances and their counterparts in sincere utterances has yielded useful predictors for the presence (or absence) of sarcasm in an utterance. Together, our results lend direct support to a key-word–based approach. However, the prosodic predictors included in our analysis alone can achieve only an accuracy of 70.4%, suggesting a need to examine additional prosodic parameters and prosody beyond the key words.
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Zhao, Hong Shan, Sha Sha Lian, and Ling Shao. "Fault Prediction of Pitch Actuator for Wind Turbines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 721 (December 2014): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.721.397.
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Hydraulic pitch-controlled system is one of the components of wind turbines which are frequently prone to faults. Early fault prediction of the pitch control system can improve the operation reliability effectively and reduce the unnecessary loss. Wind turbines suffer much environmental interference; moreover, data-based fault prediction is vulnerable to occur false alarms by the impact of these factors. And it is difficult to implement the fault isolation. So this paper presents a fault prediction method for the pitch-controlled system, which is based on the mathematical model of wind turbines physical properties. The residual root mean square (RMS) is used as residual evaluation function. In the end of the paper, by the simulation using the hydraulic pitch actuator fault as the example, the effectiveness of the proposed fault prediction scheme is verified.
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Soh, Ying Qi, Junwen Lee, and Ying-Ying Tan. "Ethnicity and Tone Production on Singlish Particles." Languages 7, no. 3 (September 19, 2022): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7030243.
Full textAbstract:
Recent research on Singlish, also known as Colloquial Singapore English, suggests that it is subject to ethnic variation across the three major ethnic groups in Singapore, namely Chinese, Malay, and Indian. Discourse particles, said to be one of the most distinctive features of the language, are nevertheless commonly used by bilinguals across all three ethnic groups. This study seeks to determine whether there are ethnic differences in the pitch contours of Singlish discourse particles produced by Singlish speakers. Four hundred and forty-four tokens of three Singlish particles, sia24, meh55, and what21, produced by the three groups of English-speaking bilingual speakers were drawn from the National Speech Corpus, and the pitch contours extracted and normalized. Statistical analysis of the overall pitch contours, the three acoustic parameters of mean pitch, pitch range, and pitch movement, and the variability of these parameters showed that the effect of ethnicity on the three acoustic parameters was not statistically significant and that the pitch contours of each particle were generally similar across ethnic groups. The results of this study suggest that Singlish may be acquired as a first language by Singaporean speakers, pre-empting any ethnic differences in the production of the particles that might otherwise have resulted from the speakers’ differing language repertoires.
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Jeon, Pil-Hyun, and Chang-Lae Lee. "Improving image quality by optimizing beam width and helical pitch in CT." Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology 30, no. 2 (March 15, 2022): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/xst-211103.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND: Expanding computed tomography (CT) detector coverage broadens the beam width, but inaccurate tube current application can reduce image quality at the boundaries between body regions with different attenuation values along the z-axis. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop and validate a new CT scanning technique with a fixed pitch to achieve higher imaging quality. METHODS: A cylindrical water phantom and an anthropomorphic chest phantom with different diameters represent a human body with different attenuation values. By optimizing the beam width and helical pitch, the pitch is fixed during scanning. The mean noise of the images and the standard deviation were calculated, and the coefficient of variation (COV) was compared to evaluate the uniformity of image noise according to the beam width. RESULTS: At the boundaries between regions with different attenuation values, the 10 mm beam width (COV: 0.065) in the water phantom showed a 47.7% COV reduction of image noise compared with the 20 mm beam width (COV: 0.125). In addition, the 20 mm beam width (COV: 0.146) in the chest phantom showed a 29.3% COV reduction of image noise compared with the 40 mm beam width (COV: 0.206). Thus, as the beam was narrowed, the mean noise was similar, but the standard deviation was reduced. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed CT scanning technique with a fixed pitch, optimized beam width, and helical pitch demonstrates that image quality can be improved without increasing radiation dose at the boundary between regions with different attenuation values.
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Stolarski, Łukasz. "Pitch Patterns in Vocal Expression of 'Happiness' and 'Sadness' in the Reading Aloud of Prose on the Basis of Selected Audiobooks." Research in Language 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 140–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rela-2015-0016.
Full textAbstract:
The primary focus of this paper is to examine the way the emotional categories of “happiness” and “sadness” are expressed vocally in the reading aloud of prose. In particular, the two semantic categories were analysed in terms of the pitch level and the pitch variability on a corpus based on 28 works written by Charles Dickens. passages with the intended emotional colouring were selected and the fragments found in the corresponding audiobooks. They were then analysed acoustically in terms of the mean F0 and the standard deviation of F0. The results for individual emotional passages were compared with a particular reader’s mean pitch and standard deviation of pitch. The differences obtained in this way supported the initial assumptions that the pitch level and its standard deviation would raise in “happy” extracts but lower in “sad” ones. Nevertheless, not all of these tendencies could be statistically validated and additional examples taken from a selection of random novels by other nineteenth century writers were added. The statistical analysis of the larger samples confirmed the assumed tendencies but also indicated that the two semantic domains may utilise the acoustic parameters under discussion to varying degrees. While “happiness” tends to be signalled primarily by raising F0, “sadness” is communicated mostly by lowering the variability of F0. Changes in the variability of F0 seem to be of less importance in the former case, and shifts in the F0 level less significant in the latter.