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Boni, Robson Aparecido dos Santos. "Regeneração nervosa periférica em camundongos mdx." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317586.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A distrofina é uma proteína de membrana ligada ao citoesqueleto da matriz extracelular das fibras musculares (esqueléticas e cardíacas) e nervosas. Enquanto que o papel da distrofina e os efeitos de sua ausência são bem conhecidos nos camundongos mdx (modelo animal da distrofia muscular de Duchenne), sabe-se pouco sobre sua função em nervos periféricos. A distrofina parece ser importante para o crescimento axonal, no sistema trigeminal a sua falta leva a defasciculação do sistema olfatório de camundongos. Em casos de ausência de distrofina a eliminação sináptica ocorre precocemente à expressão de moléculas pré-sinapticas é reduzida e a habilidade das células de Schwann terminais de guiarem as fibras para reinervação muscular fica comprometida. Estes achados sugerem que a distrofina possui papel essencial na regeneração nervosa periférica. Para testar esta hipótese nós examinamos a regeneração nervosa em camundongos mdx. Foram utilizados camundongos adultos machos da linhagem mdx e camundongos da linhagem C57BL/10 como controle, eles foram anestesiados com mistura de cloridrato de cetamina e cloridrato de xilazina. O nervo isquiático direito foi exposto e esmagado com uso de uma pinça fina sem ranhuras. Após o evento cirúrgico e cessado o efeito do anestésico os animais foram acondicionados em gaiolas e submetidos a regime hídrico e alimentar "ad libitum" com ciclo fotoperiódico claro/escuro de 12 horas. Destes, um grupo foi tratado com injeções intraperitoneais de L-arginina (6mg/kg) diluído em água bidestilada. Seis e 21 dias após o esmagamento os animais foram anestesiados e perfundidos por via intracardíaca com solução de Karnovsky. O nervo isquiático foi removido e imerso em fixador por 24 horas e pós-fixado em tetróxido de ósmio 1% por 2 horas. Posteriormente foram inclusos em blocos e feitos cortes semifinos que foram corados com azul de toluidina 0,5%. As secções foram analisadas em fotomicroscópio NIKON ECLIPSE E-400 (NIKON, Inc.). A densidade dos axônios com mielina (6dias) e axônios em regeneração (21 dias) foram contados. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a densidade de axônios com mielina foi significantemente maior no mdx em comparação ao C57BL/10 (312±10,2/mm2 versus 213,8±4,6/mm2). A densidade de macrófagos e células de Schwann com restos de mielina foram respectivamente 77,6±5,6/mm2 e 148±2,4/mm2. Após 21 dias, todos os parâmetros (diâmetro do axônio, espessura da bainha de mielina e número de axônios regenerados) foram significantemente menores nos camundongos mdx. Nos camundongos tratados com L-arginina os parâmetros foram semelhantes ao controle não havendo diferença estatística. Os resultados mostraram que o papel da distrofina e do óxido nítrico são de fundamental importância na regeneração nervosa periférica.
Abstract: Dystrophin is a membrane protein that links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers and in the nervous system. While the role of dystrophin is well established and the effects of dystrophin loss, as it occurs in the mdx mice model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, have been widely examined in muscle fibers, less is known about dystrophin function in peripheral nerves. It seems to be important for axonal outgrowth in the trigeminal system and the lack of dystrophin leads to nerve defasciculation in the mouse olfactory system. In the absence of dystrophin, synapse elimination occurs earlier, expression of presynaptic molecules is reduced and the ability of terminal Schwann cells to guide reinnervation of muscle fibers is impaired. These findings suggest a potential role of dystrophin in the regeneration of peripheral nerves. To test this hypothesis we examined nerve regeneration in mdx mice. Adult male mdx and control C57Bl/10 mice were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine hydrochloride and thyazine hydrochloride. Right sciatic nerve was exposed at mid thigh and crushed with a fine forceps. The wound was closed and mice were kept with food and water ad libitum in a light-dark cycle of 12hs. One group was treated with L-arginine (6mg/kg) in drinking water. Six and 21 days after nerve crush mice were anesthetized and perfused intracardiacally with Karnovsky solution. Sciatic nerves were excised and fragments were immersed in the same fixative for 24 hours and post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide for 2 hours. They were conventionally processed for electron microscopy. Transverse semithin sections were stained with 0.5% toluidine blue. Sections were viewed under a Nikon Eclipse E-400 (Nikon, Inc.) microscope. The density of axons with myelin breakdown, of Schwann cells/macrophages filled with myelin debris (6 days) and of myelinated regenerating axons (3 weeks) were directly counted. Our results demonstrated that the density of axons displaying myelin breakdown was significantly higher in mdx than in crushed C57Bl/10 (312±10,2/mm2 versus 213,8±4,6/mm2) the density of macrophages and Schwann cells with myelin debris were respectively 77,6±5,6/mm2 and 148±2,4/mm2. After 21 days, all parameters (axonal diameter, myelin sheath thickness, number of regenerating axons) were significantly lower in mdx mice. When mdx was treated with L-arginine such parameters were not significantly different from control. These results demonstrated that dystrophin plays a role on nerve regeneration and that nitric oxide may be an important factor in that.
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Lessa, Thais Borges. "Estudo comparativo da contratilidade e das propriedades passivas do músculo diafragma do mdx, mdx/utrn+/- e C57Bl10 com diferentes idades." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-06062016-153503/.
Full textDuchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an important and severe muscle wasting disease caused by a dystrophin mutation. In the absence of dystrophin, sarcolemma becomes vulnerable to damage due a damage caused by continuous cycles of degeneration regeneration. Consequently, the muscle force reduces and the myofibers are replaced by fibrotic tissue. Between the skeletal muscles, the diaphragm is main affected muscle in DMD. Similarly, to a human DMD, despite the mdx model exhibit a milder phenotype, he presents the diaphragm muscle severely affected, as it was observed in our previous study, here described. However, it is also considered a poor model because it cannot reproduce the severe dystrophic phenotype seen in patients. An utrophin heterozygous utrophin mice (mdx/utrn+/- ), has been hypothesized as an intermediate model and they are gaining popularity in many laboratories. However unfortunately there is currently, no physiological enough evidence to justify the choice of this model for experimental therapies. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to elucidate the real contribution of the mdx/utrn+/- for the experimental therapies. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the diaphragm muscle morphology and muscle function of the mdx and mdx/utrn+/- with 2 and 6 months. To elucidate the diaphragm morphology, we used light microscopy techniques and immunostaining analysis. Muscle function was evaluated through the active and passive properties. The clamps allowed to safe evaluate the diaphragm function. The update of the new protocol was efficient and able to evaluate the active and passive properties. At 2 months, the Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson Thrichome, Alisarine red, revealed that the mdx/utrn+ showed more inflammatory infiltrate, connective tissue and more areas with calcification than mdx model. At 6 months, there was no significant differences between mdx and mdx/utrn+. In the immunohistochemical analysis for eMyHC (embryonic myosin heavy chain), there was no difference between mdx and mdx/utrn+/- at 2 and 6 months. However, the results obtained in both ages, showed muscle regeneration Marking for dystrophin and utrophin protein, inflammatory cells and fiber type were also detected by immunohistochemistry. Marking for dystrophin was absent in mdx and mdx/utrn+/- with 2 and 6 months. Marking for utrophin protein was more evident in mdx than in mdx/utrn+/- mice, evidencing the utrophin haploinsufficiency in mdx/utr+/-. Macrophages were increased in mdx/utrn+/- than in mdx mice with 2 and 6 months, showing an inflammation. Neutrophils were increased in mdx/utrn+/- at 2 month-old, evidencing the acute phase of inflammation. However, at 6 months similar amounts of neutrophil were detected in mdx and mdx/utrn+/-. Fibers marked by MyHC-I, IIa and IIx were detected in a higher percentage in BL10 than in mdx and mdx/utrn+/- at 2 months, showing that this change could collaborate with force decrease in these animals. At 6 months, similar percentage of MyHC-I was detected in BL10, mdx and mdx/utrn+/-. MyHC-IIa animals were not found at 6 months. Higher percentage of MyHC-IIx was found in BL10 than in mdx and mdx/utrn+/- with 6 months. Low percentage of MyHC- I/IIa was detected in mdx and mdx/utrn+/- at 2 and 6 months and it was absent in BL10 in the same age. Fibers marked by MyHC-IIa/IIx isoforms were increased in mdx and mdx/utrn+/- with 2 and 6 months. These changes could help to maintain the muscle force. MyHC-IIx-IIb was detected in higher percentage in mdx, reduced the BL10 and it was absent in mdx/utrn+/- with 2 months. MyHC-IIx-IIb was not identified in the animals with 6 months. Contractile properties in mdx/utrn+/- at 2 months were more affected than in mdx mice. Pt (maximal twitch force), sPt (specific twitch force), Po (maximal tetanic force) and sPo (specific tetanic force) showed more severely affected in mdx/utrn+/- than in mdx mice. At 6 months there were no significant difference in Pt, sPt, Po and sPo between mdx/utrn+/- and mdx mice. Passive properties of mdx/utrn+/- with 2 months presented more affected than the in mdx mice. However, at 6 months, this property did not differ between mdx/utrn+/- and mdx mice. In summary, we concluded that the mdx/utrn+/- at 2 month represent a superior model than the mdx with matched-age, since they presented morphology and contractile and passive properties more compromised than mdx mice. At 6 months, the mdx/utrn+/-contractile and the passive properties and morphology did not differ from the mdx mice age-matched. We suggest that the use of mdx/utrn+/- with 2 months-old would represent would represent a better model to test the potential of the therapies than mdx mice
Calyjur, Priscila Clara. "Efeitos da mutação mdx no background 129/Sv." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-17072015-142001/.
Full textThe mdx mouse, murine model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) has a point mutation in the dystrophin gene that results in the absence of the protein in the muscle, however its phenotype is mild, which makes it a good genetic and molecular model, but not a good functional model. Hoping to obtain a model for DMD with a phenotype that is more similar the patients\', it was chosen to transfer the mdx mutation to the 129/Sv background. Through successive breedings, 3 generations of mdx animals with 129/Sv background were obtained and each generation was functionally evaluated for 6 months. Since the first generation it is possible to observe that the mdx129 animals are stronger than the original mdx with C57BL background. The results were the opposite of what was expected in the beginning of the experiments, therefore the study was redirectioned to try to understand the reason of the improved phenotype. About the general histological pattern, there are differences between mdxC57BL and mdx129. It can be observed that the mdx129 animals enter the degenerative process later than the mdxC57BL animals and the regenerative process lasts longer. Through microarray studies it was possible to observe that the 129/Sv animals present few differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in comparison to the C57BL animals; therefore both backgrounds are very similar. The mdxC57BL presents many more DEGs in comparison to C57BL than mdx129 in comparison to 129/Sv, however both models present more super expressed genes than sub expressed, indicating that the dystrophic and regenerative alterations are more associated to the activation rather than the repression of genes. When the DEGs of both mdx models are distributed in functional categories, there is the predominance of genes related to the immune system and when this category is omitted for the better visualization of the remaining, it can be observed that both models present similar functional categories, but with different proportions. In the mdx129 model we can highlight the decrease in participation of the endo/exocytic pathway (vesicle traffic) and homeostasis categories, and increase in participation of the extracellular matrix and enzymatic activity categories. Each model presents exclusive genes, highlighting SPP1 and IL1RN in the comparison 129/Sv x mdx129F3. SPP1 encodes the protein osteopontina (OPN) and the polymorphism rs28357094 in this gene is used as a DMD prognostic biomarker. The role of OPN in the dystrophy progression is not well known. Some studies claim that the absence of OPN increases the muscle strength of the mdx mouse, while others indicate that its participation is necessary to muscle regeneration. More studies are needed to ascertain what pathway is responsible for the phenotypic improvement of the mdx129 model. The IL1RN gene encodes the protein IL-1Ra, and interleukin 1 antagonist, which is a pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokine. Therefore, the increase in the expression of its antagonist suggests that the mdx129F3 animals may be more protected from the inflammatory process caused by these molecules. When the filtered lists for skeletal muscle of the comparisons C57BL x mdxC57BL e 129/Sv x mdx129F3 were analyzed for the formation of metabolic pathways, only one pathway was generated in both comparisons. The pathway generated in the analysis C57BL x mdxC57BL has more molecules that the one generated by the 129/Sv x mdx129F3 list, but all molecules present in the latter are also present in the former, indicating that even with different numbers of molecules involved, the genes participate in the same pathways. The comparisons of each generation of mdx129 with the 129/Sv and the comparison of the generations among each other show that the effects of the background change are present since the first generation and are not altered with the successive breedings.
Pinto, Leslie Cristina. "Perfis das distroglicanas e morfo-fisiologia do lobo ventral da prostata de camundongos distroficos." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/318014.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A distroglicana (DG) é uma importante proteína estrutural a qual está envolvida no desenvolvimento celular epitelial, formação de membrana basal e manutenção da integridade de diferentes tecidos. Estudos indicaram que a alteração na expressão da DG é um evento freqüente nas malignecências humanas e sugerem que esta molécula tem um papel importante no desenvolvimento de tumor. No câncer de próstata, verificou-se expressiva redução das distroglicanas, especialmente da _-DG, acarretando em progressão tumoral e ocorrência de metástases. Desta maneira, alterações na expressão das distroglicanas podem ser relevantes na patogênese das doenças prostáticas. Além disto, estas moléculas fazem parte de um complexo glicoproteíco e estão relacionadas a uma série de proteínas tais como, agrinas, lamininas e a distrofina. Devido à deficiência de distrofina, este complexo está desestruturado na distrofia muscular de Duchenne e, no camundongo mdx. Este trabalho teve como objetivos caracterizar a estrutura epitelial e estromal do lobo ventral da próstata do camundongo mdx, identificar a ocorrência de receptores para distroglicanas _ e _, IGF-1, laminina _-3, estabelecer correlações entre os processos de proliferação e morte celular e analisar a viabilidade do camundongo mdx como modelo experimental no estudo de patologias prostáticas. Um total de 30 animais (15 C57BL10 e 15 mdx) foi dividido em 2 grupos experimentais: controle e mdx. Amostras do lobo ventral da próstata foram coletadas para análises macroscópicas, imunohistoquímicas, microscopias de luz e eletrônica de transmissão e análises morfométricas. Dosagens sorológicas de estradiol e testosterona foram realizadas. Os resultados mostraram que os níveis séricos de testosterona foram significativamente diminuídos nos camundongos mdx em relação aos controles. Em contraste, os níveis séricos de estradiol do grupo mdx mostraram-se significativamente aumentados em relação ao controle. Acentuada atrofia celular, ocorrência de neoplasia intraepitelial prostática, hipertrofia estromal, presença de células inflamatórias e hipertrofia estromal foram evidenciadas nos animais mdx. A intensidade da reação de imunolocalização da distroglicana foi de fraca expressão em relação ao controle, assim como a da laminina. Já a imunolocalização do IGF foi intensa em relação ao controle. Conclui-se que os animais mdx apresentaram alterações significativas na integridade estrutural e molecular prostática, com sinais de aumento do processo proliferativo, comprometendo a homeostase glandular e o processo reprodutivo destes animais.
Abstract: The prostate is a fundamental accessory sex gland for the male reproductive process and the stroma-epithelium interaction has an important role in prostate structural maintenance and function. The basal membrane is an interaction link, offering mechanical and physiological support. Nowadays, different studies suggest that dystroglycan (DG), which is an adhesion protein, plays a role in different types of cancer development and progression, including that of the prostate. Thus, the aims of this work were to characterize structural, ultrastructural and proliferative features of the prostatic stroma and epithelium of mdx mice; to verify the immunolocalization of the _ and ß dystroglycan, IGF-I and laminin _3 receptors; and to relate those structural and molecular events to prostate pathogenesis as well as to verify the viability of this experimental model in prostate disease studies. Thirty male mice (mdx and C57BL10/Uni) were divided into two groups: control and mdx. Samples from the ventral prostate were collected for immunological, Western Blotting, transmission electron and light microscopies and morphometrical analyses. Estradiol and testosterone measurements were verified. The results showed diminished testosterone and increased estradiol levels in the mdx group. Atrophied cells, stromal hypertrophy and prostatic intraepithelial were verified in the mdx mice. Weak _ and ß dystroglycan and laminin _3 immunolocalization was verified in the mdx group. However, intense IGF-I receptor localization was identified in the mdx animals. Thus, it was concluded that mdx animals presented changes in the molecular and structural integrity and proliferation signals, leading to glandular pathogenesis, compromising prostate homeostasis and the reproductive process. Apart from this, the destructuring of the dystroglycandystrophin complex can be considered a trigger factor for prostate pathogenesis. It can also point towards that the steroid-hormone and IGF relationship can be an alternative towards new therapies to treat prostatic diseases.
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Hermes, Túlio de Almeida 1991. "Influência do cilostazol na degeneração muscular de camundongos MDX." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317502.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Estresse oxidativo e resposta inflamatória exacerbada são fatores que contribuem com a fisiopatogênese da distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD). No presente trabalho, avaliamos se a administração de Cilostazol, antes que se iniciem os ciclos degeneração/regeneração, diminui a degeneração muscular em camundongos mdx, modelo experimental da DMD. Nossa hipótese é que o Cilostazol possa apresentar efeito benéfico sobre as fibras musculares distróficas, uma vez que, este apresenta efeitos anti-inflamatório (reduzindo a expressão de citocinas pró-inflamatórias como o TNF-?, IL-1? e IL-6) e antioxidante (diminuindo a atividade de superóxido e eliminando radicais hidroxilas). Para verificar o efeito do cilostazol sobre as fibras musculares distróficas, camundongos mdx, com 14 dias de vida, receberam por gavagem 100 mg/kg de Cilostazol, por 14 dias consecutivos (grupo mdxC). Camundongos mdx não tratados (grupo mdx) e da linhagem C57BL/10 (grupo Ctrl) foram utilizados como controle. A análise de medida de força realizada em todos os animais (antes e após o período de tratamento) demonstrou que os animais do grupo mdxC apresentaram maior força muscular (cerca de 32%) em relação ao grupo mdx. Na análise bioquímica da degeneração muscular (análise de creatina quinase- CK em amostras de sangue), observou-se aumento significativo nos níveis séricos de CK nos camundongos mdx em relação aos animais controle e redução significativa de 63,2% deste aumento nos mdx tratados com Cilostazol. Na análise histológica dos músculos bíceps braquial (BB), diafragma (DIA) e tibial anterior (TA), verificou-se redução de 93,6% de fibras em degeneração (indicadas pela marcação com azul de Evans) no músculo BB, redução de 66,6% e 36,7% de fibras regeneradas (indicadas pela presença de núcleo centralizado) nos músculos TA e DIA, respectivamente e redução de 39,1% na área de inflamação no músculo BB dos animais do grupo mdxC em relação ao grupo mdx. Através da técnica de western blotting, moléculas envolvidas no processo inflamatório como o TNF-? e NF-?B e um dos produtos da peroxidação lipídica, o 4-HNE, foram analisados nos músculos BB, DIA e TA. Nos animais do grupo mdxC, observou-se diminuição significativa no conteúdo de TNF-? nos músculos DIA (48,5%), TA (35,4%) e BB (45,9%) em relação ao controle. O conteúdo de NF-?B apresentou-se reduzido 25,9% no músculo DIA. O conteúdo de 4-HNE reduziu nos músculos analisados do grupos mdxC, porém esta redução não foi significativa. Na reação Dihydroetidio (DHE) para detecção de espécies reativas de oxigênio, o tratamento com Cilostazol demonstrou ser potencialmente eficaz contra o estresse oxidativo, reduzindo a marcação de DHE em 36,8%, 40,4%, e 75,4% nos músculos BB, TA e DIA, respectivamente. Na análise de vascularização, observamos que os animais tratados com Cilostazol apresentaram aumento da densidade de microvasos no tecido muscular (cerca de 42,7% para o músculo BB e 15,3% para o músculo DIA). Em relação à análise da atividade antioxidante no músculo quadríceps (QUA), identificamos aumento na quantidade de GSH (33,1%) e na atividade da GR (89,1%), no grupo mdx em relação ao Ctrl. Em relação ao tratamento, este não apresentou efeito sobre a atividade antioxidante. O conjunto dos resultados nos permite sugerir que o Cilostazol apresenta potencial efeito benéfico sobre as fibras musculares distróficas
Abstract: Oxidative stress and exacerbated inflammatory response are factors that contribute to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) pathogenesis. In this work, we evaluated whether administration of Cilostazol, before beginning the degeneration/regeneration cycles, reduces muscle degeneration in mdx mice, an experimental model of DMD. Our hypothesis is that the Cilostazol may provide beneficial effects on dystrophic muscle fibers, since this has anti-inflammatory effects (reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-?, IL-1? and IL-6) and antioxidant (decreasing the activity of superoxide and eliminating hydroxyl radicals). To evaluate the Cilostazol effects on dystrophic muscle fibers, mdx mice, 14 days old, received by gavage 100 mg/kg of Cilostazol for 14 consecutive days (mdxC group). Mdx mice untreated (mdx group) and C57BL/10 mice (group Ctrl) were used as controls. Analysis strength measurement performed in all animals (before and after the treatment period) demonstrated that the animals of the mdxC group higher muscle strength (by 32%) compared to mdx group. In biochemical analysis of muscle degeneration (creatina kinase ¿ CK analysis in blood samples), there was significant increase in CK levels in mdx mice compared to control animals and a significant reduction by 63.2% of this increase in Cilostazol treated mdx. Histological analysis of the biceps brachial (BB), diaphragm (DIA) and tibial anterior (TA), showed a reduction of 93.6% of degenerating fibers (indicated by labeling with Evans blue) in the BB muscle, reduction of 66.6% and 36.7% of regenerated fibers (defined by central nuclei presence) in TA and DIA muscles respectively, and a reduction by 39.1% in inflammation area in BB muscle of mdxC group compared to mdx group. By the western blotting technique, molecules involved in inflammation such as TNF-? and NF-?B and one of the lipid peroxidation product, 4-HNE, were analyzed in the BB, DIA and TA muscles. In animals of mdxC group, we observed a significant decrease in TNF-? content in DIA (48.5%), TA (35.4%) and BB (45.9%) compared to control muscles. The NF-?B content had been reduced by 25.9% in the DIA muscle. The 4-HNE content reduced in the muscles analyzed in mdxC groups, but this reduction was not significant. In Dihydroethidium (DHE) reaction for detecting reactive oxygen species, treatment with Cilostazol shown to be potentially effective against oxidative stress, reducing DHE marking by 36.8%, 40.4% and 75.4% in BB, TA and DIA muscles, respectively. In the vasculature analysis, we observed that cilostazol treated animals showed increased microvessel density in muscle tissue (approximately by 42.7% for the BB muscle and 15.3% for DIA muscle). On the analysis of antioxidant activity in the quadriceps (QUA), we identified an increase in the GSH content (33.1%) and GR activity (89.15) in the mdx group compared to Ctrl group. Regarding treatment, this had no effect on antioxidant activity. The results together suggest that cilostazol has a potential beneficial effect on the dystrophic muscle fibers
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Lekan, Jaimy Marie. "Exercise-induced mechanisms of muscle adaptation in mdx mice." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1095372379.
Full textEsper, Greyson Vitor Zanatta. "Terapia celular sob aquapuntura em modelos murinos para distrofia muscular de Duchenne." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-12062013-114220/.
Full textMuscular dystrophy in mdx mouse is an animal model used to study Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in humans. Although this model presents a milder degeneration, there are several studies with this animal due to the high reproducibility of phenotypes, obtaining various lines available and low maintenance cost. It is known that progressive muscle degeneration occurs due to a genetic mutation that culminates in the absence or decreased production of dystrophin protein. This change generates a cascade of events which aggravate the muscle degeneration. Currently, the recommended therapy is the use of corticosteroids to modulate muscle inflammation; however, there are a number of collateral effects, so a series of studies suggesting other forms of treatment have been developed. A promising treatment seems to be a therapy with mesenchymal stem cells, which can interfere with the degenerative process by cellular immunomodulation. As acupuncture can control the inflammatory process of degenerative diseases such as Parkinson\'s disease, the use of both syndication therapies may reduce the DMD degenerative effect. In this study 22 mdx mice, males, 4-6 weeks of age were evaluated. Stem cells were used for the application of human dental pulp carrying the green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and the quantity applied to each acupoint was 1x104 cells. The acupoints selected were B47 (Hunmen), B49 (Yishe) and B52 (Zhishi). The animals were randomly assigned to four treatments groups: (A) stem cells in false acupoints, (B) saline in true acupoints, (C) stem cells in true acupoints and (D) control without any treatment. In total, three injections were performed over a period of 56 days of study. Evaluations of treatment were made by analyzing the tensile strength of muscles, measuring the serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), structuring of myofibrils by histology and morphometry of collagen immunohistochemistry and by the amount of dystrophin protein. At day ten after the third application of stem cells there is a difference only in the control group, which manifests an increase in CPK compared to other treatments and no statistical difference in tensile strength. In the histology of cranial tibial muscles and diaphragm, inflammatory infiltrates were observed, as well as tissue regeneration and decreased collagen in the treated groups (p <0.05). On immunohistochemistry there was an improvement in the amount of dystrophin in animals treated mainly in acupoints true (p <0.05) and through analysis and tracking of stem cells with EGFP it was not possible to determine its path once immunoreactivity was not observed in analyzes using anti-GFP. We conclude that treatment with stem cell therapy on true and false acupoints and with saline solution on acupoints can improve muscular degenerative disease in mdx by increased expression of dystrophin protein.
ALBUQUERQUE, Erivam Anselmo de. "Uma análise comparativa de funções MDX nos servidores Analysis Services e Mondrian." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2013. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/11963.
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A MultiDimensional eXpression (MDX) é uma linguagem de consulta para processamento analítico de dados ou On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP). Apesar de esta linguagem ser usada pela maioria dos servidores OLAP, esta não é um padrão de direito. Portanto, tem-se pouca (ou nenhuma) garantia de que as funções MDX usadas por um servidor OLAP também possam ser usadas em outros servidores. Neste contexto, de forma a comparar as funções MDX de um servidor OLAP de código aberto e outro de código fechado, os servidores Mondrian e Analysis Services, por serem bem aceitos tanto pela academia quanto pela indústria, foram respectivamente escolhidos. Para realizar este estudo comparativo, o qual consiste em examinar se existe diferença entre as gramáticas da linguagem MDX usadas por estes servidores, será utilizada a seguinte estratégia: identificar quais funções são específicas de um servidor, quais funções são comuns aos servidores e, dentre as funções comuns (i.e., com o mesmo nome), se existe diferença de sintaxe entre elas. De forma a executar este estudo, será apresentado o cenário de testes aplicados, bem como a ferramenta TestMDX que foi desenvolvida para automatizar a execução dos testes. Por fim, será apresentada uma análise dos resultados obtidos.
Beqaj, Besa. "Influence of the MuSK-system on muscle pathology in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22726.
Full textThomas, Karen. "The mdx mouse as a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386990.
Full textMcArdle, Anne. "Mechanisms skeletal muscle damage in the dystrophin-deficient MDX mouse." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385144.
Full textMoreira, Drielen de Oliveira 1985. "Mecanismos de ação da suramina na cardiomiopatia do camundongo mdx." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317760.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é uma doença muscular progressiva que causa falência respiratória e cardíaca resultando em morte por volta da terceira década de vida. A ausência da distrofina na DMD e no camundongo mdx, modelo experimental da doença, leva a instabilidade do sarcolema e aumento do influxo de cálcio seguido de mionecrose e fibrose. Receptores purinérgicos estão envolvidos na patogênese das distrofinopatias. A ativação destes receptores por ATP deflagra vias de sinalização secundárias que promovem a entrada de cálcio e ativam a formação de fibrose. No presente estudo, verificamos se a suramina, droga anti-fibrótica e antagonista de receptores purinérgicos, modifica o cálcio e proteínas a ele relacionadas, bem como afeta metaloproteinases e seus inibidores teciduais, no coração e no músculo diafragma de camundongos mdx, na fase mais tardia da doença (11 meses de idade). Análise de Western blotting revelou níveis elevados do receptor purinérgico P2Y2 em ambos os músculos estudados. A terapia com suramina diminui o nível deste receptor significativamente. Concomitantemente, observamos redução dos níveis do canal de cálcio ativado por estiramento (TRPC1) e do cálcio total, o que no músculo cardíaco pode explicar a redução da mionecrose (diminuição da creatina quinase cardíaca no plasma e da troponina I no miocárdio). A atividade e o nível da metaloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), principal envolvida na remodelação da matriz extracelular e formação de fibrose, estavam elevados no coração distrófico em relação ao coração normal. A suramina promoveu aumento adicional da atividade da MMP-9 e dos níveis do seu inibidor tecidual, a TIMP-1. A suramina preveniu a redução da beta-distroglicana, componente do complexo distrofina-proteínas que encontra-se reduzido no coração distrófico. De maneira geral, a suramina promoveu efeitos semelhantes no diafragma distrófico, no que se refere ao cálcio total, TRPC1, MMP-9 e TIMP-1. Estes dados sugerem que, tanto no coração quanto no diafragma distróficos, o receptor purinérgico P2Y2 desempenha papel importante em vias de sinalização relacionadas ao cálcio (através do TRPC1) e da modulação da matriz extracelular (através da MMP-9 e TIMP-1). A suramina, por ser utilizada em outras doenças humanas, com doses e efeitos colaterais já estabelecidos em humanos, tem potencial para a terapia da cardiomiopatia na DMD, merecendo atenção em estudos clínicos desta doença
Abstract: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle-wasting disease that causes respiratory and cardiac failure and results in death at about 30 years of age. The lack of dystrophin in mdx mice, the experimental model of DMD, causes sarcolemmal breakdown and increased calcium influx followed by myonecrosis and fibrosis. Purinergic receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of dystrophinopathies. Activation of these receptors by ATP triggers secondary signaling pathways that promote calcium entry and activates the formation of fibrosis. In the present study, we investigated if suramin, an anti-fibrotic drug and an antagonist of purinergic receptors, modifies total calcium and calcium related-proteins and affects metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in the heart and diaphragm muscle of dystrophic mice, in the later stage of the disease (11 months of age). Western blotting analysis indicated increased levels of P2Y2 purinergic receptor in the both muscles studied, which were significantly decreased by suramin. Concomitantly, suramin lead to a reduction in total calcium and in the levels of the stretch-activated calcium channel TRPC1, which may explain the reduction of cardiac necrosis (decreases heart creatine kinase in plasma and troponin I in the myocardium). The activity and level of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), the main involved in remodeling of the extracellular matrix and formation of fibrosis, were elevated in the dystrophic heart compared to normal heart. Suramin promoted further increase in MMP-9 activity and in the levels of MMP-9 inhibitor TIMP-1. Suramin prevented the reduction of beta-dystroglycan, one of the main components of the dystrophin-protein complex usually reduced in dystrophic heart. In general, suramin promoted similar effects in the dystrophic diaphragm, with respect to total calcium, TRPC1, MMP-9 and TIMP-1. These data suggest that P2Y2 purinergic receptor plays an important role in signaling pathways involved in calcium regulation (via TRPC1) and modulation of extracellular matrix (via MMP-9 and TIMP-1), in cardiac and respiratory dystrophic muscles. Suramin may be a potential alternative to treat dystrophic cardiomyopathy deserving attention in clinical trials
Doutorado
Anatomia
Doutora em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Silveira, Aline Cadorini. "O efeito do suplemento do ácido ursólico em camundongos mdx." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-09042018-102456/.
Full textDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disease, linked to the X chromosome, Xp21 locus, caused by a mutation of the gene that encodes the protein dystrophin, is responsible for the stabilization of sarcolemma. In the absence / dystrophin deficiency, muscle cells are susceptible to damage by the continuous cycles of degeneration and limited regeneration. Inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis are pathophysiological characteristics that lead to the main consequence of DMD, the loss of muscle function. It occurs once in every 3000 - 3500 live male births. The mdx mouse is a dystrophic model widely used in research due to its genetic uniformity, easy handling and reproduction. However, there is no DMD cure, however, advances in drug therapy using glucocorticoids decrease the progression of the disease. Subsequently, alternative therapies were studied, i.e. therapy with ursolic acid (UA). UA is a natural compound of the triterpenoid family that acts as an inhibitor of muscle atrophy, increasing muscle mass and strength. With the objective of using UA as an alternative therapy, the effect of daily supplementation at 20 mdx was evaluated for 4 weeks. After treatment were conducted measurements of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), Kondziela test to measure muscle strength, fibrogenic cytokine and histopathological analysis of the long extensor muscle (ELD), cranial tibialis (TA) and the diaphragm (DIA) muscles. As a result, the UA treated group showed decreased CPK levels, and increased muscle strength, decreased expression of TNF-α, TGF-β cytokines, greater muscle regeneration, fiber stability, indicating protection of muscle fibers to injury.
Doering, Jonathan Adam. "Sphingolipids Modulate the Inflammatory and Functional Response in mdx Mice." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51220.
Full textMaster of Science
Pinto, Rafael de Senzi Moraes. "Influência do N-acetilcisteína (NAC) no processo de degeneração muscular em camundongos distróficos." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317505.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Estudos recentes demonstram o envolvimento do estresse oxidativo nas distrofinopatias. Neste trabalho, verificamos se o uso do antioxidante N-acetilcisteína (NAC) no período que antecede a mionecrose diminui a degeneração muscular em camundongos mdx, modelo experimental da distrofia muscular de Duchenne. Quinze camundongos mdx com 14 dias de vida receberam por via intraperitoneal 150mg/kg de NAC diluído em salina por 14 dias. Quinze camundongos mdx receberam salina pela mesma via e período. Os músculos tibial anterior (TA), esternomastóide (STN) e diafragma (DIA) foram utilizados para quantificar (1) fibras em degeneração muscular (fibras positivas ao azul de Evans), (2) fibras regeneradas (fibras com núcleo central), (3) áreas de Inflamação/Regeneração e Regeneração, (4) conteúdo de fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-?) e do 4-hidroxinonenal (4-HNE), através da técnica de immunoblotting. Amostras de sangue foram utilizadas para quantificar o conteúdo da enzima creatina quinase (CK). NAC promoveu diminuição significativa na porcentagem de fibras em degeneração (marcadas pelo azul de Evans) em todos os músculos analisados, redução significativa de fibras com núcleo central no músculo TA e diminuição significativa na área de Inflamação/Regeneração nos músculos STN e DIA (p<0,05; Teste t de Student). Na análise por immunoblotting, observamos diminuição significativa do TNF-? no músculo DIA e do 4-HNE nos músculos STN e DIA dos camundongos mdx tratados com NAC (p<0,05; Teste t de Student). Diminuição significativa dos níveis de CK foi observada nos animais tratados com NAC (p<0,05; Teste t de Student). Em conjunto, estes resultados demonstram que o antioxidante NAC possa ser potencialmente útil para o tratamento farmacológico da distrofia muscular
Abstract: Recent studies strongly support the involvement of oxidative stress in dystrophinopathies. In the present study, we verified whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment before the cycles of muscle degeneration-regeneration decreases muscular degeneration in mdx mice. Mdx mice at 14 days of age received intraperitoneal injection of NAC (150mg/kg diluted with saline) daily, for 14 days. Control mdx mice received saline by the same via and for the same period of time. The tibialis anterior (TA), sternomastoid (STN) and diaphragm (DIA) muscles were used for the quantification of (1) necrotic fibers (labeled with Evans blue dye), (2) regenerated fibers with central nuclei, (3) inflammation/regeneration area, (4) tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) levels (immunoblotting analysis). The blood of these animals was drawn to evaluate serum CK activity by spectrophotometry. NAC-treated muscle showed a significant decrease in the percentage of Evans blue dye-positive fibers (p<0,05; Student's t Test). The number of fibers with central nuclei decreased in the TA muscle (p<0,05; Student's t Test). The area of inflammation-regeneration decreased in the STN and DIA muscles in the NAC treated group. Immunoblots showed a significant decrease in the levels of TNF-? levels in DIA muscle and of 4-HNE levels in STN e DIA muscles in NAC-treated mice (p<0.05; Student's ttest). NAC significantly decreased the blood levels of creatine kinase in NAC-treated mice (p<0.05; Student's t-test). These results suggest that antioxidants such as NAC could have therapeutic potential for dystrophinopathies
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Vetrone, Sylvia Aurora. "The role of immune cells and mediators in Mdx muscular dystrophy." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1790313841&sid=21&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textStengård, Jakob. "MDX on Hadoop : A case study on OLAP for Big Data." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-177468.
Full textWeber, Michael H. "Myogenic and functional effects of deflazacort therapy on mdx dystrophic mice." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ45164.pdf.
Full textBach, Aurea Beatriz Martins. "Estudo da distrofia muscular em camundongos mdx com ressonância magnética nuclear." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-14052010-111406/.
Full textCurrently, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy in vitro has been extensively used to study biological tissues, acting as a powerful tool for chemical analysis. In particular, NMR of proton (1H) and phosphorus (31P) has been used to study muscle metabolism in animals with genetic diseases, such as mice with muscular dystrophy mdx, models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The DMD, which affects humans, is a recessive disorder linked to X-chromosome and occurs in 1 each 3,500 live births male. The DMD is characterized by the absence of dystrophin protein, which causes a progressive and rapid degeneration. Currently, the monitoring of disease progression and benefits of treatments is made by biopsy of muscle tissue. In this study, 1H NMR spectrum were acquired from samples of diaphragm and quadriceps muscle of mdx and control mice 3 or 6 months-old. Results were compared with histological analysis of the same tissues. The objective of this study is to monitor the normal development of the muscles of control animals and the progress of dystrophy in the muscles of mdx animals by analyzing the NMR spectra. Differences were found between the groups of animals comparing the integrals of the observed peaks, showing that dystrophy leads to alterations in several methabolic pathways in the mdx mouse. These results form the basis for studies of the disease in vivo, so then it can be possible to distinguish dystrophic muscles from healthy muscles and characterize different stages of the disease noninvasively.
Hess, Cassiano Ricardo. "MDX-cc: ambiente de programação paralela aplicado a cluster de clusters." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/1655.
Full textDue to the appearance of fast communication networks, such as Myrinet and SCI, it becames possible the construction of new architectures based on commodity, off-the-shelf machines (PCs and workstations) connected by this kind of network - which are been called clusters. Such architectures are becoming an alternative execution platform for complex parallel applications, mainly due to the cost/benefit relation they present. The diversity of fast networks leads to the interconnection of clusters, building an architecture called cluster of clusters. One of the main problems in the use of clusters of clusters is the programming software used for parallel application development, since this kind of architecture has some characteristics that must be addressed by the programming language or environment in order to provide high performance. This work describes the development of a message passing parallel programming environment for cluster of clusters, the MDX-cc. This environment was projected based on the MDX system [PRE98][HES01] and a first version has been implemented supporting communication over Fast-Ethernet, SCI and Myrinet networks. The main goal of MDX-cc is to provide communication and synchronization of processes that run on interconnected clusters. Thanks to its modular architecture and the use of specific communication protocols dedicated to each network interface, MDX-cc provides a simple programming interface, with a small set of primitives, and also provides a transparent communication among processes running on different network-based clusters.
Em razão do surgimento de redes de comunicação de alta velocidade, tais como Myrinet e SCI, a construção de arquiteturas baseadas em máquinas comuns (PCs e estações de trabalho) conectadas por esse tipo de rede - o que se denomina agregado (ou cluster) - tornou-se viável. Tais arquiteturas vêm se consolidando como plataformas alternativas para a execução de aplicações paralelas complexas, principalmente devido à relação custo/benefício que oferecem. Esse avanço das tecnologias de redes possibilita também a agregação de clusters, formando uma estrutura de cluster de clusters, como uma única máquina paralela. Um dos principais problemas no uso de cluster de clusters é o software utilizado para o desenvolvimento de aplicações paralelas, visto que cada agregado envolvido na estrutura possui certas características que precisam ser tratadas pela linguagem ou ambiente de programação, visando o alcance de alto desempenho. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma ferramenta de programação paralela por troca de mensagens que executa sobre uma estrutura de cluster de clusters: o MDX-cc. A ferramenta foi concebida tendo como base o sistema MDX [PRE98][HES01] e uma primeira versão foi implementada oferecendo suporte à comunicação em agregados com redes SCI, Myrinet e Fast-Ethernet. O principal objetivo do MDX-cc é oferecer recursos de comunicação e sincronização de processos que rodam em agregados interligados. Por sua arquitetura modular e abstração do uso de protocolos de comunicação dedicados a cada tecnologia de rede, o MDX-cc oferece uma interface de programação simples, com um conjunto reduzido de primitivas, e provê transparência total na comunicação entre processos que executam em nós de clusters com tecnologias de rede distintas.
PASTORET, CHRISTIAN, and M. J. BESSON. "La regeneration musculaire spontanee et post-traumatique chez la souris mdx." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066736.
Full textVoelker, Kevin Andrew. "Leucine and exercise improve skeletal muscle function in the mdx mouse." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37303.
Full textPh. D.
Matsumura, Cintia Yuri 1981. "Influencia de bloqueadores de canais de calcio no processo de degeneração/regeneração muscular em camundongos ditroficos MDX." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317770.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A ausência da distrofina em fibras musculares de camundongos mdx e na Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) provoca ruptura no sarcolema, aumento no influxo de cálcio e conseqüente degeneração muscular. Neste trabalho verificamos os efeitos dos bloqueadores de canais de cálcio diltiazem e verapamil na degeneração/regeneração do músculo distrófico de camundongos mdx. Camundongos mdx (n=32; 18 dias de vida pós-natal) receberam diariamente injeção intraperitoneal de diltiazem (n=16; 72 mg/kg) ou verapamil (n=16; 25 mg/kg) por 18 dias. Após este período os músculos esternomastóide, diafragma, tibial anterior e coração foram retirados. Animais mdx controle (n=16) foram injetados com solução salina. Ambas drogas diminuíram significativamente os níveis séricos de creatina quinase (mdx tratado com salina: 573±245 U/l, animais tratado com diltiazem: 161±53*U/l e animais tratados com verapamil: 217±57*U/l; média±desvio padrão, *p<0,05 comparados a animais tratados com salina, teste t de Student). A quantificação de cálcio total, por espectrômetro de emissão óptica em plasma, foi 173-475% maior em músculos do mdx comparado a músculos de animais controles não-distróficos C57Bl/10. Verapamil e diltiazem reduziram a concentração de cálcio total apenas no diafragma (diltiazem: 229 mg de cálcio/kg versus salina: 295mg de cálcio/kg; p=0,06, teste t de Student) e no músculo cardíaco (diltiazem/verapamil: 10 mg de cálcio/kg versus salina: 16 mg de cálcio/kg; p<0,05, teste t de Student). Na análise histológica, o diltiazem diminui significativamente a degeneração muscular no diafragma (salina: 28% fibras com núcleo central e 7% fibras positivas ao Azul de Evans versus 12% fibras com núcleo central e 1% fibras positivas ao Azul de Evans; p<0,05, teste t de Student). Encontramos um aumento significativo de calsequestrina e ß-distroglicana, pela técnica de Western blotting, em alguns músculos dos animais tratados com diltiazem e verapamil. O diltiazem aparenta ser o mais efetivo agente na proteção contra degeneração muscular, especialmente nos músculos mais afetados. Nossos resultados indicam que bloqueadores de canais de cálcio protegem contra a degeneração muscular na ausência de distrofina e podem ser úteis para o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos envolvidos nas distrofinopatias
Abstract: The lack of dystrophin in dystrophin-deficient fibers of mdx mice and in Duchenne muscular dystrophy leads to sarcolemmal breakdown and enhanced calcium influx followed by muscle degeneration.In this work, we examined whether the calcium channel blockers diltiazem and verapamil could protect dystrophic muscles from degeneration/regeneration. Mdx mice (n=32; 18 days old) received daily intraperitoneal injections of diltiazem (n=16; 72 mg/kg body weight) or verapamil (n=16; 25 mg/kg body weight) for 18 days, after which the sternomastoid, diaphragm, tibialis anterior and cardiac muscles were removed. Control mdx mice (n=16) were injected with saline. Both drugs significantly decreased the blood levels of creatine kinase (saline-treated mdx mice: 573±245 U/l, diltiazem-treated mice: 161±53* U/l and verapamil-treated mice: 217±57* U/l; mean+S.E.M., *p<0.05 vs. saline controls, Student's t-test). The total calcium content, measured by plasma emission spectrometry, was 173-475% greater in mdx muscles compared to control C57Bl/10 muscles. Verapamil and diltiazem reduced the total calcium content only in diaphragm (diltiazem-treated mice: 229 mg calcium/kg vs. saline-treated mice: 295 mg calcium/kg; p=0.06, Student¿s t-test) and cardiac muscle (diltiazem/verapamil-treated mice: 10 mg calcium/kg vs. saline-treated mice: 16 mg calcium/kg; p<0.05, Student¿s t-test). Histological analysis showed that diltiazem significantly attenuated muscle degeneration only in diaphragm muscle (28% central nucleated fibers and 7% Evans blue-positive fibers in saline-treated mice vs. 12% central nucleated fibers and 1% Evans blue-positive fibers in diltiazem-treated mice; p<0.05, Student¿s t-test). Immunoblots showed a significant increase in the levels of calsequestrin and ß-dystroglycan in some diltiazem- and verapamil-treated muscles. Diltiazem was more effective than verapamil in protecting against muscle degeneration in mdx mice, especially in the more affected muscles. These results indicate that calcium channel blockers protect against muscle degeneration in the absence of dystrophin. They also suggest that these drugs could be useful therapeutic alternatives in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. ABSTRACT The lack of dystrophin in dystrophin-deficient fibers of mdx mice and in Duchenne muscular dystrophy leads to sarcolemmal breakdown and enhanced calcium influx followed by muscle degeneration.In this work, we examined whether the calcium channel blockers diltiazem and verapamil could protect dystrophic muscles from degeneration/regeneration. Mdx mice (n=32; 18 days old) received daily intraperitoneal injections of diltiazem (n=16; 72 mg/kg body weight) or verapamil (n=16; 25 mg/kg body weight) for 18 days, after which the sternomastoid, diaphragm, tibialis anterior and cardiac muscles were removed. Control mdx mice (n=16) were injected with saline. Both drugs significantly decreased the blood levels of creatine kinase (saline-treated mdx mice: 573±245 U/l, diltiazem-treated mice: 161±53* U/l and verapamil-treated mice: 217±57* U/l; mean+S.E.M., *p<0.05 vs. saline controls, Student's t-test). The total calcium content, measured by plasma emission spectrometry, was 173-475% greater in mdx muscles compared to control C57Bl/10 muscles. Verapamil and diltiazem reduced the total calcium content only in diaphragm (diltiazem-treated mice: 229 mg calcium/kg vs. saline-treated mice: 295 mg calcium/kg; p=0.06, Student¿s t-test) and cardiac muscle (diltiazem/verapamil-treated mice: 10 mg calcium/kg vs. saline-treated mice: 16 mg calcium/kg; p<0.05, Student¿s t-test). Histological analysis showed that diltiazem significantly attenuated muscle degeneration only in diaphragm muscle (28% central nucleated fibers and 7% Evans blue-positive fibers in saline-treated mice vs. 12% central nucleated fibers and 1% Evans blue-positive fibers in diltiazem-treated mice; p<0.05, Student¿s t-test). Immunoblots showed a significant increase in the levels of calsequestrin and ß-dystroglycan in some diltiazem- and verapamil-treated muscles. Diltiazem was more effective than verapamil in protecting against muscle degeneration in mdx mice, especially in the more affected muscles. These results indicate that calcium channel blockers protect against muscle degeneration in the absence of dystrophin. They also suggest that these drugs could be useful therapeutic alternatives in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Mestrado
Biologia Celular
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Lessa, Thais Borges. "A real morfofisiologia do músculo diafragma após injeção local de células-tronco mesenquimais no modelo mdx." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-04052012-135653/.
Full textThis research aimed to investigate the application of stem cells from the rabbit olfactory epithelium with the use of laparoscopy in the diaphragm costal face of the of the mdx model. Laparoscopic surgery was used as a visualizer resource of the abdominal cavity; with the purpose to precisely direct stem cells application in the injury tissue. Were used 10 control animals, BALB/C57 (group A) to standardize the surgical intervention, 03 mdx controls (group B) that did not receive cell therapy and 03 mdx that received cell therapy (group C). The laparoscopic technique was standardized in the supine position with twenty degrees elevation of the thoracic members, subsequently was held an application of stem cells from the olfactory epithelium of rabbits, 3x105. After 8 days the animals were euthanized by using anesthetic overdose and the diaphragm and intercostal muscles were collected. The structural analysis of the group A diaphragm presented muscles fibers with same diameter and the cells nuclei presented peripheral. The muscle fascicles were organized with the presence of reticular fibers in small quantities. The same structural characteristics were observed in the intercostal muscle. The group B, presented muscle fibers with different diameters, centralized nuclei cell, with perimisial fibrosis. The intercostal muscle showed similar findings, less severely though. The muscle fascicles of both diaphragm and intercostal muscles were disorganized and presented a large amount of collagen and reticular fibers. In group C, were found a slight decrease of the inflammatory infiltrates, but, at this point, the cells nuclei were central. Differently from the two groups described above, the group C presented cell degranulation and myoblasts cords, demonstrating moderate muscle reorganization. The muscle fascicles and the amount of collagen and reticular fibers remained with the same characteristics of the group B. When examining the stem cells migration, it could be observed, in the fresh diaphragm, a positive marking of green fluorescent protein (GFP). The immunoistochemical analysis confirmed the findings obtained. However, the myoblasts cords were not positive stained. It could be suggested that the rabbit olfactory epithelium stem cells application using the laparoscopic technique was able to conduct stem cells to the diaphragm. Meanwhile, this cannot attribute the structural results obtained from animals which received cell therapy. It is believed that some signaling until the moment unknown may have stimulated these histological changes. Therefore, this experiment can add new perspectives for cell therapy in dystrophic canine model, for example, GRMD (Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy).
van, Erp Christel. "Modifying function and fibrosis of cardiac and skeletal muscle from mdx mice." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Sciences, 2005. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001521/.
Full textRyder-Cook, Allan Stuart. "Molecular genetic mapping of the mdx mutation and the mouse X chromosome." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306503.
Full textTurner, Sally Ann. "Analysis of dystrophic mdx muscle following the implantation of normal dermal fibroblasts." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271623.
Full textFisher, Ivan Brian. "Glucocorticoid-induced changes in the skeletal muscle of the dystrophic MDX mouse." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407223.
Full textLarner, Dean Paul. "A role for caveolin-3 in the pathogenesis of the mdx mouse." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3244/.
Full textLuz, Marcus Alexandre Mendes. "Estudo in vivo da capacidade regenerativa de fibras musculares de camundongos mdx." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317594.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é uma miopatia ligada ao cromossomo X, provocada pela ausência de distrofina, urna proteína da membrana da fibra muscular esquelética, cuja função está relacionada à manutenção da estabilidade do sarcolema. A ausência de distrofina, altera a integridade estrutural do sarcolema fazendo com que a fibra muscular sofra necrose e posterior regeneração. Com o surgimento de uma linhagem de camundongos mutantes (mdx) cujas fibras musculares à semelhança dos pacientes humanos são deficientes em distrofina, diversos trabalhos vêm sendo desenvolvidos com estes animais. Até o início da senilidade, os camundongos não apresentam fraqueza muscu1ar e não vão a óbito. Outra diferença fenotípica fundamental entre a DMD humana e a dos camundongos é o fato de que, nestes últimos, as fibras musculares mantém a capacidade de regeneração. É certo que a ausência de distrofina seja a responsável direta pela necrose das fibras musculares, entretanto, é possível que a perda da capacidade regenerativa esteja relacionada a outros fatores. Um desses fatores, fundamental no presente trabalho, refere-se às células satélites das fibras musculares precursoras dos mioblastos e que originam novas fibras musculares. Estudos in vitro com células satélites de pacientes com DMD, demonstram que elas perdem, com o avançar da idade, a capacidade de se dividir. Dessa forma o presente trabalho procura demonstrar experimentalmente a capacidade regenerativa das fibras do músculo tibial anterior através de uma série de injeções de cloridrato de lidocaína 2%. Os animais de ambos os grupos (Grupo A - mdx; Grupo B -Black 10) foram submetidos a 20 e 55 aplicações de cloridrato de lidocaína induzindo-se ciclos de degeneração e regeneração das fibras musculares. Os músculos coletados foram incluídos em historresina e corados pelos métodos da Hematoxilina-Eosina e Picrosirius-hematoxilina (para análise de tecido conjuntivo). Após a quantificação das populações das fibras musculares, os resultados mostraram que ao final 55 aplicações, a população de fibras regeneradas nos animais mdx sofreu uma redução de 48% em relação ao grupo controle, sendo que, ao final de 20 aplicações a redução da população de fibras foi de 0.2%. Não foi constatado o desenvolvimento de fibrose, o que exclui a tese sustentada por alguns pesquisadores, de que este fator seria o responsável pela redução da capacidade regenerativa das fibras. De acordo com nossos resultados, podemos concluir que a redução da capacidade regenerativa das fibras está diretamente ligada a exaustão da capacidade miogênica das células satélites, não se encontrando qualquer evidência de que a redução desta atividade esteja associada ao aparecimento de fibrose intersticial
Abstract: The Duchenne (DMD) muscular dystrophy is a myopathy chromosome X-linked caused by the absence of dystrophyn, a protein of the skeletical muscular fiber¿s membrane, whose function is related to the sarcolemma¿s stability.The absence of dystrophyn, alters the sarcolemma¿s structural integrity causing the muscular fiber to suffer necrosis and later regeneration. The regenerative capacity, however, markedly declines as from 3 years of age, when the necrotic fibers start to be replaced by adipose-fibre tissues. With the appearance of a line of rnutant mice (mdx) whose muscular fibers in semblance with human patients are dystrophyn deficient, various studies are being developed with these animals. Up to the beginning of senility, the mice did not show muscular weakness and did not die. Another fundamental phenotypical difference between a human DMD and the mice is the fact that, in the latter, muscular fibers maintain regeneration capacity. It is true that the absence of dystrophyn is directly responsible for the muscular fiber necrosis, however, it is possible that the loss of regenerative capacity can be related to other factors. One of these factors refers to the satellite cells of the muscular fibers forerunners to the myoblasts and which originate new muscular fibers. In vitro studies of satellite cells from DMD patients, shows that they lose, as age increases, the capacity for reproduction Therefore, this work endeavours to demonstrate experimentally the regenerative capacity of the tibial fore muscle fibers through a series of injections of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride. The animals of both groups (Group A - mdx; Group B -Black 10) were submitted to 20 and 55 administrations of lidocaine hydrocloridre, inducing cycles of degeneration and regeneration of the muscle fibers. The collected muscles were included in hystoresin and stained using Haematoxilyn and Eosin arid Picrosirius haematoxilyn methods (for conective tissue analysis). After quantification the muscle fibers population, results showed that at the end of the 55 administrations, the regenerative fibers population in mdx animals dropped 48% when compared to the control group, and that, at the end of 20 administrations the fibers population dropped 0.2%.. The developement of fibrosis was not noted, wich excludes the thesis suported by some researchers, that this factor would responsible for the reduction of the regenerative capacity of the fibers. According to our results, we can conclude that the fibers reduction of regenerating capacity is directly linked to the satellite cells exhaustion of the myogenic capacity, not having found any evidence that the reduction of this activity is associated of ínterstitial fibrosis
Mestrado
Histologia
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Guimarães, Alessandra Oliveira. "Distribuição do CGRP na junção neuromuscular de camundongos distroficos da linhagem MDX." [s.n.], 2002. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317775.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Os camundongos distróficos da linhagem mdx apresentam ausência de distrofina e ciclos de degeneração-regeneração muscular, sendo o modelo experimental usado para estudar a distrofia muscular. As principais alterações na fibra muscular destes animais são observadas na junção neuromuscular (JNM), em que as dobras juncionais são escassas e pouco desenvolvidas e os receptores de acetilcolina (AChRs) se apresentam em pequenos aglomerados que contrastam com a distribuição em braços contínuos típicos de animais normais. O terminal nervoso contém, dentre outras moléculas, o peptídeo relacionado ao gene da calcitonina (CGRP), que auxilia na manutenção da alta densidade dos AChRs no topo das dobras juncionais. Uma vez que a falta da distrofina parece não ser o único fator responsável pelas alterações causadas nos AChRs, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a distribuição do CGRP nas JNM distróficas de camundongos da linhagem mdx. Foram utilizados animais distróficos mdx e animais normais C57B1/1O como controle. Os animais utilizados eram de ambos os sexos, com 3 a 4 meses de idade. Os músculos esternomastóideos (STNs) foram marcados com rodamina-alfa-bungarotoxina para observação dos AChRs e o CGRP foi marcado com os anti-corpos anti-CGRP-IgG-FITC (Sigma). Através da microscopia confocal de fluorescência observamos que 81% das junções controle estavam positivas à marcação do CGRP, enquanto que nos animais mdx, 34% das junções apresentavam marcação do CGRP. Sugerimos que o CGRP, nos mdx, não se acoplaria corretamente ao complexo de glicoproteínas, por este estar alterado devido à ausência da distrofina e que sua quantidade reduzida deve ser resultado de alteração na produção, transporte e/ou ligação deste peptídeo no complexo de glicoproteínas, o que poderia contribuir, pelo menos em parte, para as alterações de distribuição dos receptores de acetilcolina tipicamente observadas nos animais mdx
Abstract: The aim of the present investigation was to study the distribution of the calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) at the neuromuscular junction (nmj) of mdx mice. Mutant mdx mice carry a point mutation on the X-chromosome and have a profound deficiency of dystrophin, for this they are the experimental model to study muscular dystrophy. We used the sternomastoid muscle (STN) of adult (3-4 months) mdx mice and control C57Bl/1O mice. The muscles were removed, labelled with rhodamin-abungarotoxin for acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) observation and anti-CGRP-IgG-FITC to label CGRP. A BioRad laser fluorescence confocal system (MRC 1024 UV) mounted on an Axiovertt 100 Zeiss inverted microscope equipped with an Ar-Kr and UV lasers was used. We found that fewer dystrophic nmjs showed CGRP labeling, when compared to controls. In controls, the label was seen in intramuscular nerve branches and in nerve terminals covering the AChRs branches. In mdx mice, intramuscular nerve branches were rarely seen and CGRP staining colocalized with AChRs in a more diffuse pattern. AChRs distribution in mdx mice was disrupted, as typically seen in dystrophin-deficient fibers. Receptors seemed to be usually brighter than controls, suggesting an increase in AChRs density. These results suggest that CGRP production and or release are under different control in dystrophic and normal muscles and this may lead to changes in AChRs turnover or distribution seen in mdx mice
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Maurício, Adriana Fogagnolo 1987. "Efeito do ômega-3 em músculos de animais distróficos da linhagem mdx." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317764.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Na Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) e no camundongo mdx, modelo experimental da DMD, a ausência de distrofina promove instabilidade do sarcolema e degeneração muscular progressiva. O processo inflamatório que se instala contribui de forma significativa para a fisiopatologia da doença, sendo que antiinflamatórios esteroides são amplamente utilizados para a terapia da DMD. Entretanto, em decorrência da sua ação pouco efetiva e dos efeitos colaterais outras drogas são investigadas com o objetivo de substituir o uso dos corticoides. Em estudo prévio, demonstramos que o ácido eicosapentaenoico, em uma forma altamente purificada, atenuou a mionecrose em músculos esqueléticos de camundongos mdx durante os estágios iniciais da doença. No presente trabalho, verificamos se diferentes formas de ácidos graxos disponíveis comercialmente para o consumo humano (cápsulas de ômega-3 e sementes de linhaça) também teriam efeito protetor nos músculos distróficos, principalmente nos estágios tardios da doença, em que há comprometimento do músculo cardíaco. Animais mdx jovens (14 dias de idade) receberam ômega-3 diariamente, durante 16 dias, via gavagem. Animais mdx idosos (8 meses de idade) receberam sementes de linhaça durante 5 meses. Animais controle mdx, jovens e idosos, receberam óleo mineral e nenhum complemento alimentar, respectivamente. Nos animais jovens, o ômega-3 melhorou a distrofinopatia, reduzindo a mionecrose e o processo inflamatório no músculo mais afetado, o diafragma. Nos animais idosos, a linhaça resultou em melhora da distrofinopatia no diafragma. Entretanto, a fibrose cardíaca, que caracteriza morfologicamente a cardiomiopatia dos animais idosos mdx, não foi alterada pela linhaça, provavelmente devido a diferenças de metabolismo de ácidos graxos entre os músculos esquelético e cardíaco. Sugere-se que ácidos graxos ômega-3, em formulações disponibilizadas comercialmente para uso humano, são potencialmente úteis para o tratamento das distrofinopatias dos músculos estriados esqueléticos, nos estágios inicial e tardio da doença
Abstract: In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and in the mdx mice model of DMD, absence of dystrophin promotes instability of the sarcolemma and progressive muscle degeneration. The inflammatory process contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of the disease. Anti-inflammatory steroids are widely used for DMD therapy. However, due to its ineffective action and their side effects, other drugs are investigated in order to replace the use of corticosteroids. Previously, we have demonstrated that eicosapentaenoic acid in a highly purified form inhibit myonecrosis in skeletal muscles of mdx mice during the early stages of the disease. In the present study, we have verified whether different forms of commercially available fatty acids for human (capsules of omega-3 and flaxseed) would also have a protective effect in dystrophic muscles, especially in the later stages of the disease, when cardiac muscle is also affected. Young mdx mice (14 days old) received omega-3 daily for 16 days via gavage. Older mdx mice (8 months old) received flaxseed for 5 months. mdx control group, young and old, received mineral oil and no food supplement, respectively. In young mice, omega-3 inhibits the dystrophinopathy, reducing myonecrosis and inflammatory process in the most affected muscle, the diaphragm. In aged animals, flaxseed resulted in improvement of dystrophinopathy only in the diaphragm. In the dystrophic heart, flaxseed did not inhibit fibrosis, which is a feature of cardiomyopathy in older mdx mice. Possibly, differences in fatty acid metabolism between skeletal and cardiac muscles may explain these differential results. It is concluded that omega-3 fatty acids commercially available for human use are potentially useful for the treatment of skeletal muscle dystrophinopathy, during early and late stages of the disease
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Hess, Cassiano Ricardo. "MDX-cc : ambiente de programa??o paralela aplicado a cluster de clusters." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2003. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/5121.
Full textEm raz?o do surgimento de redes de comunica??o de alta velocidade, tais como Myrinet e SCI, a constru??o de arquiteturas baseadas em m?quinas comuns (PCs e esta??es de trabalho) conectadas por esse tipo de rede - o que se denomina agregado (ou cluster) - tornou-se vi?vel. Tais arquiteturas v?m se consolidando como plataformas alternativas para a execu??o de aplica??es paralelas complexas, principalmente devido ? rela??o custo/benef?cio que oferecem. Esse avan?o das tecnologias de redes possibilita tamb?m a agrega??o de clusters, formando uma estrutura de cluster de clusters, como uma ?nica m?quina paralela. Um dos principais problemas no uso de cluster de clusters ? o software utilizado para o desenvolvimento de aplica??es paralelas, visto que cada agregado envolvido na estrutura possui certas caracter?sticas que precisam ser tratadas pela linguagem ou ambiente de programa??o, visando o alcance de alto desempenho. Esta disserta??o tem como objetivo apresentar uma ferramenta de programa??o paralela por troca de mensagens que executa sobre uma estrutura de cluster de clusters: o MDX-cc. A ferramenta foi concebida tendo como base o sistema MDX [PRE98][HES01] e uma primeira vers?o foi implementada oferecendo suporte ? comunica??o em agregados com redes SCI, Myrinet e Fast-Ethernet. O principal objetivo do MDX-cc ? oferecer recursos de comunica??o e sincroniza??o de processos que rodam em agregados interligados. Por sua arquitetura modular e abstra??o do uso de protocolos de comunica??o dedicados a cada tecnologia de rede, o MDX-cc oferece uma interface de programa??o simples, com um conjunto reduzido de primitivas, e prov? transpar?ncia total na comunica??o entre processos que executam em n?s de clusters com tecnologias de rede distintas.
Pereira, Juliano Alves 1983. "Efeito da doxiciclina sobre a mionecrose e fibrose no músculo esquelético e cardíaco de camundongos distróficos MDX." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317584.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é o tipo mais comum de miopatia caracterizado pela perda da deambulação aproximadamente aos 10 anos de idade, levando a óbito por volta da segunda década de vida devido à insuficiência cardiorrespiratória. A degeneração muscular e a fibrose estão associadas com a inflamação nos músculos distróficos em pacientes DMD e no camundongo mdx, modelo experimental para a DMD. Sendo assim, a identificação de fármacos que possam amenizar a severidade e retardar a progressão da doença é necessária. Neste trabalho foi examinado o efeito da doxiciclina (DOX), um membro da família das tetraciclinas, na mionecrose e na fibrose intersticial nos músculos esquelético e cardíaco, além da função muscular de camundongos mdx jovens e idosos. No grupo mdx jovem, o tratamento com a DOX (Sandoz) foi administrado na água de beber 6mg/ml, para a mãe e seus recém-nascidos. Iniciou-se o tratamento no dia do nascimento e a mãe foi mantida na gaiola com os filhotes durante os 36 dias de tratamento (n=9). O grupo mdx controle recebeu apenas água (n=9). No grupo mdx idoso, o tratamento com a DOX (Sandoz) foi administrado na água de beber 6mg/ml, para os camundongos durante 9 meses. Este tratamento foi iniciado aos 8 meses e finalizado aos 17 meses de idade (n=8). O grupo mdx controle recebeu apenas água, durante o mesmo período (n=8). Através da avaliação histopatológica no músculo esquelético (bíceps braquial, diafragma e tibial anterior) e cardíaco foram identificadas e quantificadas, fibras em degeneração, fibras com núcleo central e com núcleo periférico, área de regeneração, área de inflamação e área de fibrose. Foi realizada análise bioquímica, através da determinação dos níveis séricos da Creatina Cinase (CK) no plasma sanguíneo e análise funcional da força de tração do membro torácico. Os resultados quantitativos foram comparados entre os camundongos mdx-DOX e os mdx controles. Nossos resultados mostram que a DOX amenizou o fenótipo distrófico na musculatura esquelética e cardíaca e melhorou a força muscular do membro torácico nos camundongos mdx. A DOX protegeu as fibras musculares contra a mionecrose acompanhada por uma diminuição dos níveis de CK e reduziu a área de inflamação. Além disso, a DOX retardou a progressão da fibrose miocárdica e a fibrose no músculo esquelético. Dado que a DOX apresenta compostos bem tolerados e aprovada pela FDA (Food and Drug Administration) esta droga surge como um potencial agente para o tratamento da DMD
Abstract: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common myopathy characterized by loss of ambulation at about 10 years of age with death by twenties due to respiratory and cardiac insufficiency. Muscle degeneration and fibrosis are associated with inflammation in dystrophic muscles of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and in the mdx mice. The identification of promptto- use drugs that can reduce the severity and slow down the progression of the disease is required. We examined whether doxycycline (DOX), a member of tetracycline family, can improve histopathology and muscle function of the mdx mice, an experimental model for DMD. For the short term study, DOX was administered to mothers and newborns in drinking water at 6mg/ml beginning at 1 days of birth, for 5 weeks (n=9). Control mdx mice received water only (n=9). For the long term study, DOX was given in drinking water at 6mg/ml (n=8) during 9 months (starting at 8 months age). Control mdx mice received water only (n=8). Skeletal (biceps brachii, diaphragm and tibialis anterior) and cardiac muscles were submitted to histopathological (degenerating fibers, fibers with central nucleus and nucleus with peripheral areas of inflammation and fibrosis area), biochemical (serum creatine kinase - CK) and functional studies. Quantitative results were compared between treated and untreated mdx mice. We found that DOX significantly minimized dystrophic phenotype in skeletal and cardiac muscles and improved forelimb muscle strength. The drug protected muscle fibers against myonecrosis and decreased inflammation accompanied by a decrease serum CK. Furthermore, DOX slowed down the progression of myocardial fibrosis and skeletal muscle. Given that DOX is well tolerated and approved by the Food and Drug Administration this drug emerges as a potential agent for DMD therapy
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Meaney, Mary Patricia. "The growth of murine breast cancer cells in dystrophic mice." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40177.
Full textPh. D.
Rima, Audrius. "Verslo taisyklių panaudojimas duomenų analizei metamodelių transformacijų pagrindu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_144909-36358.
Full textRising amount of data in information system require to search better and usable tools and methods for this data analysis. When is large data amount, then people can’t see diverseness of information, there is complicated to find logical links, therefore required tools, which can make data analysis usual, automation and intelligent. The paper describes business rule using for intelligent data analysis and offers a method for transformation of a business rule, described in XML language, into the multidimensional data analysis rules in the program system. The method based on metamodel transformations. There is offered method, which is validated by experiment and implemented in prototype of software system.
Tonon, Erika. "Influencia do acido ascorbico no processo de degeneração muscular em camundongos distroficos." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317506.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A peroxidação lípidica causada pelo aumento de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) no período que antecede o início da degeneração muscular no camundongo mdx, sugere que o estresse oxidativo pode ser um dos mecanismos primários da degeneração muscular distrófica, ao invés de ser um efeito secundário deste processo. No presente trabalho verificamos se o tratamento com ácido ascórbico antes que se iniciem os ciclos de degeneração/regeneração diminui a degeneração muscular em camundongos mdx. Camundongos mdx com 14 dias de vida pós-natal receberam por gavagem doses diárias de 0,1mg/kg de Ácido Ascórbico diluído em água por 7 (grupo mdx T7) e 14 dias (grupo mdx T14) e/ou dose de 200mg/kg por 14 dias (grupo mdx T14AA). Animais mdx controle receberam solução salina. Após este período, os músculos tibial anterior (TA), esternomastóide (STN) e diafragma (DIA) foram retirados. Na análise histológica, o ácido ascórbico diminuiu a degeneração muscular nos músculos TA do grupo mdx T7 e no DIA do grupo mdx T14AA (P<0,05, Student's t Test) quando comparados ao controle. Não houve diferença significativa nos níveis séricos de creatina quinase entre os grupos analisados (P>0,05, Student's t Test). Aumento significativo no conteúdo de TNF-", pela técnica de Western Blotting, foi observado nos músculos dos camundongos mdx tratados com ácido ascórbico. Os resultados indicam que o tratamento precoce de camundongos mdx com o ácido ascórbico diminuiu significativamente a mionecrose nos músculos tibial anterior e diafragma. O presente trabalho também sugere que o aumento do TNF-" não está necessariamente correlacionado ao aumento da mionecrose.
Abstract: Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause lipid peroxidation in the period preceding muscle necrosis in the mdx mice. This suggests that ROS may be involved as a primary, rather than secondary, cause of degeneration. In the present study, we verified whether ascorbic acid treatment before the cycles of muscle degeneration-regeneration decreases muscular degeneration in mdx mice. Mdx mice at 14 days of age received 0.1mg/kg of acid ascorbic daily in the water for 7 (group mdx T7) or 14 days (group mdx T14) and/or 200mg/kg for 14 days (group mdx T14AA). Control mdx mice received saline. After this period the tibialis anterior (TA), sternomastoid (STN) and diaphragm (DIA) muscles were removed. Hislogical analysis showed that ascorbic acid significantly decreased muscle degeneration in the TA of mdx T7 group and in the DIA of mdx T14AA group (P<0,05, Student's t Test) compared to control. There were no changes in serum CK activity in the ascorbic acid-treated mice compared to control (P>0,05, Student's t Test). Immunoblots showed a significant increase in the content of TNF-" in the muscles of the treated mdx mice. The present results indicate that ascorbic acid treatment before the cycles of muscle fiber degeneration-regeneration significantly decreases myonecrosis in TA and DIA dystrophic muscles. The present findings also sugest that increase TNF-" not necessarily correlates with increased myonecrosis.
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Thomas, Lisa Beth. "EFFECT OF DYSTROPHIN DEFICIENCY ON SELECTED INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLES OF THE mdx MOUSE." UKnowledge, 2008. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/591.
Full textMarrone, Anna Filomena. "Retinoblastoma (Rb) regulation and programmed cell death (PCD) in dystrophic (mdx) skeletal muscle." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621356.
Full textCarvalho, Candida Luiza Tonizza de. "Mecanismos de proteção a mionecrose nos musculos extra-oculares de camundongos distroficos mdx." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317768.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A distrofia muscular de Duchenne é caracterizada pela falta de distrofina, proteína estrutural do sarcolema que promove a sua estabilização. Em ausência de distrofina, ocorre aumento da permeabilidade ao cálcio e conseqüente mionecrose. No camundongo distrófico mdx, os músculos extra-oculares (EOM) não apresentam mionecrose, sendo protegidos da falta de distrofina. Este fato os torna importantes para a maior compreensão dos mecanismos da patogênese da distrofia muscular. No presente trabalho verificamos se alterações nos níveis das proteínas calsequestrina e SERCA1, reguladoras do cálcio, e ?-distroglicana (?-DG), pertencente ao complexo distrofina-glicoproteínas, podem se relacionar a proteção contra a mionecrose dos EOM de animais distróficos. Utilizamos as técnicas de immunoblotting e imunofluorescência e observamos que os EOM de animais distróficos apresentaram aumento significativo no conteúdo das proteínas calsequestrina e SERCA1, bem como aumento significativo da ?-distroglicana. Músculos distróficos não protegidos (tibial, gastrocnêmio, sóleo, esternomastóide e diafragma) apresentaram diminuição no conteúdo destas proteínas em relação aos controles. Não foram observadas alterações na localização da utrofina, decorrente da falta da distrofina. Sugerimos que o aumento da ?-DG nos EOM de animais distróficos possa auxiliar na integridade do sarcolema e, conseqüentemente, na proteção das fibras musculares. Já o aumento das proteínas ligadas ao Ca2+ nos EOM mdx poderia ajudar na rápida remoção do excesso de cálcio, resultando na manutenção da sua homeostase e proteção à mionecrose. Os resultados obtidos nos demais músculos distróficos confirmam que distúrbios no tamponamento do cálcio podem estar envolvidos na distrofia muscular.
Abstract: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is one of the most common hereditary diseases. Abnormal calcium ion handling renders dystrophic muscle fibers more susceptible to necrosis. In the mdx mice, extraocular muscles (EOM) are protected and do not undergo myonecrosis. We investigated whether this protection is related to an increased expression of calcium-binding proteins, which may protect against the elevated calcium levels seen in dystrophic fibers. The expression of SERCA1 and calsequestrin was examined in EOM and in non-spared limb, diaphragm and sternomastoid muscles of control and mdx mice using immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Dystrophic EOM presented a significant increase in the proteins studied, and a significant increase in ?-dystroglycan expression. These proteins were reduced in the non-spared mdx muscles. The were no changes in utrophin distribution. The increase of Ca2+-handling proteins in dystrophic EOM may permit a better maintenance of calcium homeostasis, with the consequent absence of myonecrosis. The results further support the concept that abnormal Ca2+-handling is involved in dystrophinopaties.
Doutorado
Anatomia
Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Oggiam, Daniella Silva. "Prevenção da fibrose miocardica e acumulo de lipofuscina em cardiomiocitos de camundongos mdx." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317587.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Médicas
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Resumo: A distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é uma miopatia progressiva causada por uma doença autossômica recessiva ligada ao sexo, que acomete crianças do sexo masculino, e evolui para incapacidade motora na puberdade até causar óbito ao redor da segunda década de vida. É causada por uma alteração no gene codificador da proteína distrofina, que mantém a integridade do sarcolema da fibra muscular. O camundongo mdx é utilizado como modelo experimental da DMD para investigações do tecido muscular esquelético e cardíaco, por apresentar muitas semelhanças com humano portador da doença. Na DMD os pacientes iam á óbito por falência respiratória, desde a evolução do tratamento com técnicas de ventilação mecânica artificial, as disfunções cardíacas tornaram-se importantes, visto que a partir disto, a maioria dos óbitos começaram a ser em função da falência cardíaca, que resulta de um processo seguido de: necrose, inflamação, fibrose evoluindo para cardiomiopatia grave. Várias estratégicas farmacológicas tem sido utilizadas para melhora da função cardíaca tanto no portador de DMD como no camundongo mdx. Um dos medicamentos utilizados é o deflazacorte, um glucocorticóide de ação anti-inflamatória, administrado por toda vida do portador de DMD. Embora os efeitos do deflazacorte sobre a função cardíaca no humano e no camundongo mdx têm sido extensivamente estudados, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos histopatológicos no tecido cardíaco. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o efeito da administração a longo prazo de deflazacorte na progressão da fibrose miocárdica intersticial em camundongos mdx de 6 meses de idade. Os animais foram tratados diariamente com deflazacorte durante 15 meses, após foram sacrificados, o coração foi removido e congelado em nitrogênio líquido para posterior análise histológica e morfológica do tecido. O coração do grupo de camundongos mdx tratados com deflazacorte foi comparado com camundongos mdx não tratados. As áreas de fibrose miocárdica diminuíram significativamente 40% em relação ao grupo não tratado. Concluiu-se que o tratamento à longo prazo com deflazacorte é eficiente para diminuir a progressão da fibrose cardíaca. Sendo assim, como a cardiomiopatia está diretamente relacionada à disfunções celulares que acarreta a necrose dos cardiomiócitos, é de interesse investigar o acúmulo de lipofuscina, um biomarcador do envelhecimento, nos corações de camundongos mdx. Neste trabalho também foi observado o acúmulo de lipofuscina em animais controle C57BL10 e mdx de 14 dias a 23 meses de idade sem serem submetidos a qualquer tratamento. Os animais foram sacrificados, o coração removido e congelado em nitrogênio líquido para posterior análise da fluorescência dos grânulos de lipofuscina. Após contagem dos grânulos observou-se que aumentam com a idade, e dos 4 para os 6 meses ocorreu um acréscimo no acúmulo de lipofuscina. Considerando-se que o acúmulo de lipofuscina relaciona-se a disfunção celular é possível que isto contribua para lesão de cardiomiócitos em corações desprovidos de distrofina
Abstract: The Duchenne Muscle Dystrophy is a progressive myopathy caused by recessive autossomic disease connected to the gender, which attacks male kids, and involves to motor disability in the property, leading to death around the second decade of life. It is caused by an alteration in the codifier gene of the protein dystropin, which maintains the integrity of the muscle fiber sarcolemma. The mdx mouse is used as an experimental model of DMD to investigate the skeletal and cardiac muscle fiber, because it presents a lot of similarities with the human carrier of the disease. In the DMD, the patients used to die due to respiratory failure. Since there was a treatment evolution with artificial mechanical ventilation techniques, the cardiac dysfunctions became important considering that from this moment on, most of the deaths started occurring because of a cardiac failure, resulting of a process followed by necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis involving to a serious cardiomyopathy. Several pharmacological strategies have been used to improve the cardiac function both in the DMD carrier and in the mdx one of the medications utilized is the deflazacort, a glucocorticóide of anti-inflammatory action, administrated during the whole life of the DMD carrier. Although the deflazacort effects upon the cardiac function in the human being and in the mouse mdx have been extensively studied just a little is know about the histopathological effects on the cardiac tissue. In this paper, the effect of the long term administration of deflazacort daily for 15 months, after they were sacrificed, had their hearts removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen for histological and morphological tissue further analysis. The heart of the mdx mice group treated with deflazacort was compared to the heart of the untreated mdx mice group. The myocardial fibrosis areas diminished significantly in comparison to the untreated group, in 40%. It was concluded that the long term treatment with deflazacort is effective to diminish the cardiac fibrosis progression the cardiomyopathy which cause the myocites cardiac necrosis, and therefore it is interesting to investigate the lipofuscin is a pigment related to the age, it is considered an aging biomarker. In this paper, the accumulation of lipofuscin in control animals C57BL10 and mdx with ages between 14 days and 21 months without any treatment was observed that they increase with the age, and from the 4 to the 6 months there was a raise in the lipofuscin accumulation. It was so, concluded, that the myocites cardiac functioning can be harmed even before the age of 8 months, and the accumulation of lipofuscin can mean a degeneration process which is more intensive in mdx
Mestrado
Biologia Celular
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Nakagaki, Wilson Romero. "Alterações da morfologia, resistência mecânica e capacidade osteogênica dos ossos de camundongos mdx." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317642.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é uma doença neuromuscular resultante da ausência de distrofina. Em virtude do enfraquecimento muscular e do uso de glicocorticóides, pacientes com DMD têm ossos frágeis. O camundongo mdx é o modelo experimental largamente utilizado para o estudo da DMD e apresenta falta da distrofina, processo inflamatório intenso e degeneração da fibra muscular. Além disso, apresenta ciclos de degeneração/regeneração muscular que se iniciam de forma mais marcante após o vigésimo primeiro dia de vida. Estudos demonstraram que camundongos mdx têm níveis elevados de fatores de crescimento de fibroblasto e proteína quimiotática de monócito-1, bem como aceleração da cicatrização em lesões da pele. Com base nessas evidências, elaboramos duas hipóteses. A primeira hipótese é que podem existir alterações nos ossos de camundongos mdx por influência da ausência de distrofina ou por algum outro mecanismo inerente à doença mesmo antes da sua manifestação clínica. A segunda hipótese é que o processo de reparo ósseo espontâneo também possa estar acelerado, de modo semelhante à cicatrização da pele. Para testar a primeira hipótese o fêmur e o músculo quadríceps do camundongo mdx foram analisados aos 21 dias de vida. Para verificar a segunda hipótese foi produzido um defeito no osso parietal direito e a regeneração foi analisada após 15, 30 e 60 dias pós-cirúrgicos. Na análise morfológica do quadríceps as fibras musculares apresentavam núcleos periféricos e não foram observadas fibras positivas para o corante azul de Evans em ambos os grupos, indicando que não houve degeneração das fibras no grupo mdx. O fêmur do grupo mdx demonstrou osteopenia, menor quantidade de osteoblastos, menor conteúdo mineral e menor resistência mecânica na ausência de sinais de degeneração muscular em relação ao grupo controle. No estudo do osso parietal, os dados mostraram que não há diferença significante no volume de osso neoformado entre os grupos controle e mdx nos três tempos pós-operatórios e também entre os três tempos, independentemente do grupo estudado. Diante destes resultados, concluímos que o fêmur dos camundongos mdx com 21 dias de vida pode conter um distúrbio interligado a algum fator genético, diretamente ou não relacionado com a ausência de distrofina. Isto demonstrou que a perda da qualidade óssea em camundongos mdx não ocorre somente em função do enfraquecimento muscular. Considerando a qualidade óssea inferior do fêmur e a similaridade estatística da taxa de regeneração óssea, entendemos que a capacidade osteogênica da calvária mdx foi mais expressiva do que a dos camundongos controle, igualando a taxa de reparo ósseo de um tecido com menor qualidade à de ossos normais
Abstract: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a neuromuscular disease caused by lack of dystrophin. DMD patients have brittle bones because of muscle weakness and use of glucocorticoids. The mdx mouse is widely used as experimental model for the study of DMD and it presents lack of dystrophin, intense inflammatory process and muscle fiber degeneration. Moreover, it presents cycles of muscle degeneration/regeneration that becomes more marked after the twenty-first day of life. Studies have shown that mdx mice have elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, as well as accelerate wound healing in skin lesions. Based on this evidence, we formulate two hypotheses. The first hypothesis is that there may be changes in the bones of mdx mice by the influence of the absence of dystrophin or by some other mechanism inherent to the disease even before clinical manifestation. The second hypothesis is that the process of spontaneous bone repair can also be accelerated, similar to skin healing. To test the first hypothesis, the femur and the quadriceps muscle of mdx mice were analyzed at 21 days of life. To verify the second hypothesis a defect was produced in the right parietal bone and the regeneration was evaluated after 15, 30 and 60 days after surgery. In the morphological analysis of quadriceps were observed muscle fibers with peripheral nuclei and were not seen Evans blue dye positive fibers in both groups, indicating that there was no fiber degeneration in mdx group. The femur of the mdx group demonstrated osteopenia, lower number of osteoblasts, lower mineral content and lower mechanical strength in the absence of signs of muscular degeneration compared to the control group. In the study of the parietal bone, the data showed no significant difference in newly formed bone volume between control and mdx groups in the three moments after the operation and also between the three moments, regardless of the studied group. Given these results, we conclude that the femur of mdx mice at 21 days of life can contain a disorder linked to some genetic factor, directly or not related to the absence of dystrophin. This demonstrated that loss of bone quality in mdx mice occurs not only because of muscle weakening. Considering the lower femur bone quality and statistical similarity in the rate of bone regeneration, we believed that the osteogenic capacity of mdx calvaria was more expressive than that of control mice, equaling the rate of bone repair of a tissue with lesser quality to that of normal bones
Doutorado
Anatomia
Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
De, Carvalho Samara Camaçarí 1982. "Populações de macrófagos em músculos esqueléticos de camundongos mdx tratados com ácido eicosapentaenóico." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317785.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é uma miopatia progressiva causada pela ausência da proteína distrofina e necrose muscular progressiva. No camundongo mdx, modelo da DMD, a resposta inflamatória é exacerbada e populações distintas de macrófagos, M1 e M2, influenciam a degeneração e regeneração muscular, respectivamente, regulando a progressão da doença. Anti-inflamatórios esteróides são utilizados para a terapia farmacológica da DMD. Contudo, os efeitos colaterais decorrentes do seu uso contínuo estimulam o desenvolvimento de novas terapias farmacológicas para esta doença. No presente trabalho, verificamos os efeitos do ácido eicosapentaenóico (EPA) sobre os macrófagos M1 e M2 nos músculos bíceps braquial (BB), diafragma (DIA) e quadríceps femoral (QDR) do camundongo mdx. Camundongos mdx (14 dias de vida pós-natal) receberam 300mg/Kg de EPA diluído em óleo mineral, via gavagem, diariamente, por 16 dias. Camundongos mdx não tratados e camundongos C57BL/10 não tratados receberam óleo mineral via gavagem, pelo mesmo período. Verificamos que o EPA diminuiu a mionecrose (redução da CK no plasma) e aumentou o número de fibras com núcleo periférico, principalmente no BB e DIA. Em todos os músculos estudados, o tratamento com EPA diminuiu significativamente a área total de inflamação. Nos músculos BB e DIA, o tratamento com EPA aumentou a área de macrófagos M2. No QDR, observou-se predominância de regeneração muscular após o EPA, evidenciada por extensas áreas contendo fibras com núcleo central, em diferentes estágios de regeneração. Estes resultados sugerem que o EPA altera o balanço entre os macrófagos M1 e M2, promovendo diminuição de macrófagos M1, citotóxicos, o que pode contribuir para a proteção contra a mionecrose dos músculos distróficos
Abstract: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive myopathy characterized by the absence of dystrophin and progressive muscle necrosis. In the mdx mice model of DMD, the inflammatory response is exacerbated and distinct macrophage populations, M1 and M2, influence muscle degeneration and regeneration, respectively, regulating the progression of the disease. Antiinflammatory steroids are the choice pharmacological therapy for DMD. However, their side effects stimulate the development of new drug therapies for this disease. In the present study, we observed the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on M1 and M2 macrophages in the biceps brachii (BB), diaphragm (DIA) and quadriceps (QDR) muscles of the mdx mice. Mdx mice (14 days old) received 300mg/kg of EPA diluted in mineral oil by gavage, daily, for 16 days. Untreated mdx and C57BL/10 mice received mineral oil by gavage for the same period. We observed that EPA decreased myonecrosis (reduced plasma CK) and increased the number of fibers with peripheral nuclei, mainly in the BB and DIA. In all muscles, treatment with EPA significantly decreased the total area of inflammation. In DIA and BB muscles, treatment with EPA increased the area of M2 macrophage. In the QDR, there was a predominance of muscle regeneration after EPA, with extensive areas containing fibers with central nuclei at different stages of regeneration. These results suggest that EPA affects the balance of M1 and M2 macrophages in dystrophic muscles, with a trend towards a decrease in the cytotoxic M1 phenotype, which may contribute to the protection against myonecrosis in the dystrophic muscles
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestra em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
OLIVER-VALLETTE, LISA. "Les fgf1 et 2 : expression et roles possibles dans la dystrophie murine mdx." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066748.
Full textRoma, Castañé Josep. "Identificació i caracterització de factors implicats en la protecció i en la regeneració del múscul esquelètic de ratolí sotmès a necrosi-regeneració crònica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3497.
Full textEls resultats derivats de la caracterització morfològica apunten que el ratolí mdx no presenta necrosi durant les seves dues primers setmanes de vida, moment a partir del qual comença un increment d'aquest fenòmen arribant a un màxim al voltant dels dos mesos per a, posteriorment experimentar un descens gradual però important de l'activitat necròtica. L'anàlisi evolutiu de marcadors de necrosi-regeneració també comfirma aquesta aparició i posterior decrement de la necrosi muscular. L'estudi evolutiu de l'expressió de utrofina, ens ha permès observar com aquesta preoteïna despareix a les dues setmanes de vida, coincidint amb l'inici del descens de la necrosi muscular en els ratolins mdx, mentre que el seu posterior increment en aquests ratolins coincideix amb l'inici de la fase en que la necrosis es mostra molt més lleu. A més, els nivells de utrofina presenten una bona correlació amb els nivells b-distroglicà, comfirmant la capacitat de la utrofina per unir-se amb el que és el lligand natural de la distrofina. Aquests resultats atribueixen a la utrofina un paper com a substituta de al distrofina en el ratolí carent de distrofina.
Per altre banda, el ratolí carent de uPA (uPA-/-) presenta una important reducció de la capacitat regenerativa muscular, presentant un retard temporal important en el procés regeneratiu, una acumulació de fibrina en el teixit necròtic i una disminució del reclutament de macròfags en la zona lesionada respecte els ratolins control. El tractament amb Ancrod (una toxina fibrinolítica) restaura sensiblement la seva su capacitat de regeneració. Per la seva banda, el múscul del ratolí doble mutant mdx/uPA-/- presenta un aspecte més distròfic, destacant importants acumulacions de fibres necròtiques calcificades, un augment de grups necròtics deguts a una disminució de la seva capacitat regenerativa, un pes corporal menor que les soques mdx i uPA-/- així com una mortalitat propera al 80% tot i que aquesta es concentra exclusivament en el periode de necrosi màxima. Aquests resultats confirmen la importància que té la proteasa uPA en el procés de la regeneració muscular i ens mostren com la capacitat regenerativa només només és limitant en el ratolí mdx durant el periode de màxima necrosi.
Finalment, mitjançant un estudi d'expressió diferencial de gens entre ratolins controls i mdx hem pogut identificar 9 seqüències clarament sobreexpressades en ratolins mdx, essent les més interessants la tetraspanina CD63 i la seqüència anomenada B2. Experiments destinats a analitzar l'expressió d'aquestes dues seqüències ens indiquen que CD63 és també expressada en els ratolins control tot i que a nivells lleugerament inferiors que els mdx i que la seva expressió és elevada però constant durant la diferenciació de la línia mioblàstica murina C2C12 in vitro. La B2 es clarament diferencial, essent expressada per ratolins mdx i no expressada o a nivells molt baixos en controls, presentant un pic d'expressió als 3 i 6 dies de diferenciació en la línia mioblàstica murina C2C12 in vitro.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most common X-linked diseases. DMD is due to mutations in the DMD gene, which results in lack or dysfunction of dystrophin, a 427 KDa protein localised at the inner face of the sarcolemma. The mdx mice, the most useful animal model for DMD, carry a nonsense mutation in exon 23 of the dystrophin gene that causes lack of dystrophin. Despite some genetic, biochemical and histological similarities between DMD and mdx mice, clinical manifestations are less severe in mdx mice than humans. To explain these differences, some authors proposed that mdx mice have greater regenerative capacity than humans, thus allowing them to repair the continuous necrotic events of their skeletal muscle fibres. On the other hand, it has been suggested that a decreased necrosis in mid-age and old mdx mice may underlie the clinical differences between mdx mice and DMD patients. In this work we clarify these questions using different approximations: i) morphologic characterisation of the muscular pathology during mdx mice lifespan and study of the evolution of necrosis-regeneration markers, ii) evolutive utrophin (dystrophin high-homology protein) expression study and b-dystroglycan (the natural ligand of dystrophin), iii) characterisation of the role of urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) during muscular regeneration, iv) the double mutant mdx/uPA-/- as both spontaneous necrosis and impaired regeneration model and finally v) identification and characterisation of new sequences implicated in the muscular regeneration process and or in the protection against necrosis.
The results obtained in the morphologic characterisation indicate that necrosis in mdx mice is scarce during first two weeks, become very active with a peak at two months and then progressively fade, remaining at very low levels. The evolutive analysis of the necrosis-regeneration markers also confirms its apparition and posterior decrement. The evolutive study of utrophin expression shows that this protein practically disappear at two weeks of age, coinciding with the onset of necrosis and its posterior increase in mdx mice is concomitant with the decrease of the muscular necrosis. Furthermore, utrophin levels show a consistent correlation with b-dystroglycan levels, confirming that utrophin is able to bind and stabilise b-dystroglycan in the sarcolemma. These results confirm a role of utrophin as a substitute of dystrophin in the mdx mice sarcolemma.
The uPA deficient mice (uPA-/-) suffer an important muscular regenerative capacity reduction, showing a severe delay in the regeneration process, an abnormal fibrin accumulation in the necrotic tissue and a reduction of macrophage recruitment in the zone of injury. Ancrod treatment (fibrinolitic toxin) restores significantly its regenerative capacity. Interestingly, the double mutant mdx/uPA-/- muscle shows a more severe phenotype than mdx, with important accumulation of necrotic fibbers with calcium depositions, an increment of degenerative-regenerative groups due to the reduction of its regenerative capacity, a reductions on its corporal weight compared to mdx and uPA -/- strains and the mortality of the strain is near the 80% but concentrated exclusively in the maximal necrosis period. These results demonstrate the critical importance of uPA in the muscular regeneration process and show that, in a mdx background, the regenerative capacity is only limiting during the maximal necrosis period.
Finally, using a differential expression study comparing mdx and control mice we have identified 9 sequences overexpressed in mdx mice, being the more interesting ones the tetraspanin CD63 and an unknown sequence named B2. The characterisation of its expression shows that CD63 is expressed in control mice but in the mdx mice its expression is slightly higher and that its expression is high and constant during the differentiation of the murine mioblastic line C2C12 in vitro. B2 expression is clearly differential, induced in mdx mice and not expressed or expressed at a very low levels in controls, and shows a peak of expression at days 3 and 6 days of differentiation in the murine mioblastic line C2C12 in vitro.
Misyak, Sarah A. "Development of a SNP Assay for the Differentiation of Allelic Variations in the mdx Dystrophic Mouse Model." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32325.
Full textMaster of Science
Machado, Rafael Ventura 1977. "Influencia do cromoglicato de sodio no processo de necrose muscular em camundongos mdx jovens." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317781.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Neste trabalho foi verificado se o cromoglicato de sódio protege os músculos distróficos de camundongos mdx da necrose. Camundongos mdx (n=8) com 14 dias de vida pós-natal, antes do início dos ciclos de degeneração e regeneração, foram tratados com cromoglicato de sódio (50mg/Kg/dia; intraperitoneal) por 16 dias. Camundongos mdx (n=8) com a mesma idade foram utilizados como grupo controle, recebendo salina pela mesma via e período. A necrose muscular foi quantificada através do marcador azul de Evans (AE), que penetra na fibra muscular somente quando há lesão do sarcolema. Secções do terço médio dos músculos esternomatóideo e tibial anterior foram obtidas para análise em HE e AE. Foram avaliados o número de fibras musculares positivas ao AE, de fibras musculares com núcleo periférico e de fibras com núcleo central. Foram quantificadas as áreas com infiltrado inflamatório exuberante com células no estágio inicial de regeneração muscular (Área Infl/Reg) e áreas com infiltrado inflamatório escasso com células em estágio avançado de regeneração. O cromoglicato de sódio promoveu diminuição significativa da mionecrose (p<0,05; teste t de Student) em ambos músculos e aumento da porcentagem de fibras com núcleo periférico. No músculo tibial anterior, a diminuição da mionecrose foi de 26% e o aumento de fibras com núcleo periférico, 30%. A área de Infl/Reg aumentou em ambos os músculos (p<0,05; teste t de Student). Os resultados mostram que o cromoglicato de sódio, ministrado antes do início dos ciclos de degeneração/regeneração, protege os músculos distróficos da mionecrose e interfere nos estágios iniciais da regeneração
Abstract: In the present study, we verified whether disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn), an anti-allergic drug, could protect dystrophic mdx muscIe fibers ITom degeneration. Treated mdx mice (n=8; 14 days of age) received daily intraperitoneal iDJections of cromolyn at a dose of 50mglkg body weight in saline, during 15 days. Cromolyn treatment started before the cycIes of muscIe degeneration-regeneration had started. Control non-treated mice (n=8 mdx) were injected with na equivalent amount of saline. For visualization of muscle fiber damage, treated (n=5) and non treated mdx (n=5) mice were injected with Evans blue dye (EBD), a marker of sarcolemmal lesion. Cryostat cross-sections of t.he stemomastoid (STN) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were stained with HE. The whole cross-sectional area of the muscIes was divided into a regenerated area, a.Tl area of inflammatory celI infiltration/regeneration a.Tld an area of regeneration. The number of regenerated muscle fibers (central nucIeated fibers), fibers with peripheral c.ell nuclei and degenerated fibers (positive to EBD) was counted in the regenerated area. The areas of inflammatory cell infiltrationlregeneration and of regeneration were expressed as a percentage of the total transverse graft area. Cromolyn lead to a significant decrease in myonecrosis and in t.he percentage of central nucleated fibers (p
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Mariotti, Valquiria Barboza. "Caraterização morfoquantitativa do plexo mioentérico do esôfago no modelo de distrofia muscular camundongo MDX." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-02052013-143059/.
Full textDuchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is the most common and the most severe muscular dystrophy of childhood. DMD is degenerative, progressive and a genetic X-linked disease. Besides the cardiomyopathy and the movement disorders, the patients have serious disfunctions in the alimentary system, characterized by motility disorders. However, it is known that such changes do not exist in MDX mice. The aim of this study was to estimate the neuronal numerical density/area of total (QA[T]) and nitregic neurons (QA[N]), the average cross-sectional area of total (A[T]) and nitregic (A[N]) neurons in myenteric plexus of the oesophagus and the average width of striped muscle of muscular layer (L). Forty C57BL/10 male mice were studied from four to ten weeks of age, divided into four groups: MDX mice formed the experimental groups (MDX4 and MDX10) and C57BL/10 male mice without the mutation formed the control groups (C4 and MDX10). Whole mounts preparations were obtained from the samples and histochemistry for NADH-diaphorase (NADH-d) and NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) were used for morphometric evaluation. The results showed a significant increase of the QA[T] in the MDX10 than C10 (p<0.05), and a decrease of the QA[N] in MDX4 comparing to C4 (p<0.05). The A[T] decreased significantly in MDX10 comparing to both MDX4 and C10 (p<0.05), while no significant differences were observed among all the groups regarding the A[N]. The groups MDX4 and MDX10 showed a significant increase in L when compared to its controls at the same age (p<0.05). We conclude that in the myenteric plexus of the oesophagus in MDX mice there is a reduction of the inhibitory neurons, manly in the young animals (MDX4), probably to keep normal the peristaltic functions. Thus, it may explain the adaptation and the absence of oesophageal disfunction during almost the whole life in this animal model.
Carvalho, Candida Luiza Tonizza de. "Distribuição das celulas de Schwann na junção neuromuscular de camundongos distroficos da linhagem mdx." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317777.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar possíveis alterações no padrão de distribuição das células de Schwann nas junções neuromusculares de camundongos distróficos comparando-se com a distribuição observada em animais normais controle, desnervados ou não. Sabe-se que as células de Schwann induzem e guiam os brotamentos do terminal nervoso. Nos animais distróficos, os quais apresentam ausência de distrofina, bem como ciclos de degeneração-regeneração da fibra muscular, há aumento dos brotamentos intraterminais, sem lesão nervosa. Foram utilizados 10 animais distróficos mdx e 10 normais da linhagem controle C57BL/I0, com 14 (P14) e 60 (P60) dias, dos quais 5 foram desnervados. As células de Schwann e os receptores de acetilcolina (AChRs) foram marcados com anti-S 100-IgG-anti-rabbit-FITC erodaminaungarmona, respectivamente. Através da microscopia de fluorescência confocal observamos nos animais controles desnervados P60 (n = 100 junções) maior complexidade na distribuição dos prolongamentos das células de Schwann, conforme esperado. Em animais controle P14 (n = 536) o padrão de distribuição das células de Schwann e sua relação com os AchRs foram semelhantes aos animais distróficos P14 (n = 47), apresentando prolongamentos citoplasmáticos co-localizados, simples e contínuos ao longo dos braços dos AChRs. Em controle P60 (n = 237) os prolongamentos apresentam-se simples e contínuos ao longo dos braços dos AChRs, diferentemente no mdx P60 (n = 192), os prolongamentos encontram-se condensados e na porção distal fragmentados, no centro das ilhas de receptores. Estes resultados sugerem que as células de Schwann sofrem alterações que acompanham as do terminal nervoso, mesmo em ausência de lesão axonal, na fibra muscular distrófica
Abstract: The pattem of Schwann distribution was studied at the neuromuscular junction of the mdx mice. These mice show deficiency of dystrophin, a sarcolemmal protein that forms a complex with other cytoskeletal components of the muscle fiber membrane. In these fibers there is an increase in the amount of intracellular calcium leading to myonecrosis, which in the mdx is followed by cycles of muscle regeneration-degeneration. The major changes at the dystrophic neuromuscular junction are seen at the postsynaptic site. However, an increase in the complexity of the nerve terminal architecture was reported in this animal, possibly related to the changes in the postsynaptic membrane, with no alterations in the nerve terminal functional properties. By using fluorescence confocal microscopy, we observed that at most ofthe adult (2 month-old) mdx junctions (n = 192) viewed, terminal Schwann cells labeled with anti-S-100 presented prolongations of the cytoplasm co-localized with acetylcholine receptors, in a more compIex pattem of distribution as seen in controIs (n = 237 junctions). When viewed before the cycles of degeneration-regeneration had began (14 days after birth; n = 47 mdx endpIates), there were no qualitative differences in the pattem of Schwann cell distribution, when compared to controIs at the same age (n =536 neuromuscuIar junctions). This suggests that changes at the postsynaptic membrane may Iead to changes in Schwann cell pattem of distribution, which paralIel the alterations in nerve terminal architecture reported for the mdx mice, only after the degenerative- regenerative cycles of the muscle fiber had been established.
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Machado, Rafael Ventura 1977. "Efeito do ácido eicosapentaenoico na necrose e inflamação dos músculos distróficos de camundongos mdx." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317766.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Na distrofia muscular de Duchenne e no camundongo mdx a proteína distrofina está ausente ou é expressa de forma não funcional. Com isso, o complexo distrofina-glicoproteínas se desorganiza, a fibra muscular se torna frágil durante os ciclos de contração e relaxamento muscular, as concentrações intracelulares de cálcio e radicais livres se elevam, resultando em necrose da célula. A inflamação mediada por células do sistema imunológico e citocinas pró-inflamatórias, como o TNF-alfa, é um evento importante diretamente relacionado com a progressão da doença. O ácido eicosapentaenóico (EPA) é um ácido graxo poli-insaturado ômega-3 que promove benefícios em doenças inflamatórias em humanos. No presente trabalho analisamos os efeitos do EPA no estágio inicial da distrofinopatia do camundongo mdx. Camundongos mdx com 14 dias de idade receberam 300 mg/kg/dia de EPA por 16 dias. Os grupos controle mdx e C57BL10 receberam óleo mineral. EPA diminuiu a mionecrose, os níveis séricos da enzima creatinoquinase e o TNF-alfa em músculos esqueléticos distróficos. Sugere-se que o EPA tenha utilidade terapêutica nas distrofinopatias
Abstract: In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and in the mdx murine model of DMD, lack of dystrophin leads to myonecrosis and cardiorespiratory failure. The intense inflammatory reaction, mediated by immune cells and TNF-alpha, contributes to the progressive myonecrosis. The eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that shows beneficial effects in inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we examined the effects of EPA on the early stages of dystrophy in mdx mice. Mdx mice (14 days old) received EPA at 300 mg/kg EPA for 16 days, while the control mdx mice and C57BL10 received vehicle. EPA treatment decreased creatine kinase and TNF-alpha levels and reduced myonecrosis. The present results support further studies with EPA as a potential therapy for dystrophinopathies
Doutorado
Anatomia
Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural