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Sobreira, Emmanuelle Silva Tavares, Marina Ceres Silva Pena, José Humberto Silva Filho, Carolina Pinto Souza, Guiomar Nascimento Oliveira, Vitor Tumas, and Francisco de Assis Carvalho do Vale. "Executive cognitive tests for the evaluation of patients with Parkinson's disease." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 2, no. 3 (September 2008): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642009dn20300008.
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Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by changes in movement, which are later followed by cognitive, behavioral and psychological changes. The objective of the present study was to correlate different tests used to examine executive functions in PD patients followed at a specialized outpatient clinic. Methods: Thirty-five patients with idiopathic PD aged 63.0 years on average and with mean schooling of 5.5±4.2 years, were examined using the following tests: Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS), Scales for Outcomes of Parkinson's Disease-Cognition (SCOPA-COG), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), Digit Span - Inverse Order (IO) (a subtest of the WAIS III) and Verbal Fluency Test (category animals). Results: Significant correlations were detected between FAB and MDRS Conceptualization (0.814), MDRS Initiation/Perseveration (I/P) and SCOPA-COG Executive Function (0.643), FAB and MDRS I/P (0.601), FAB and Verbal Fluency (0.602), MDRS I/P and MDRS Conceptualization (0.558), Verbal Fluency and MDRS I/P (0.529), MDRS Attention and SCOPA-COG Executive Function (0.495), MDRS Conceptualization and SCOPA-COG Executive Function (0.520), FAB and Digit Span (OI) (0.503), Verbal Fluency and MDRS Conceptualization (0.501), and WCST perseverative errors and FAB (-0.379), WCST perseverative errors and MDRS Conceptualization (0.445), WCST perseverative errors and MDRS I/P (-0.407) and WCST categories completed and MDRS Conceptualization (0.382). Discussion: The results demonstrated strong correlations between most of the tests applied, but no associations were detected between the WCST and the other tests, a fact that may be explained by the heterogeneity of scores obtained in the tests by the patients evaluated. A difficulty of the present study was the lack of a control groups for the establishment of adequate standards for this population.
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Herreen, Danielle, Simon Rice, and Ian Zajac. "Brief assessment of male depression in clinical care: Validation of the Male Depression Risk Scale short form in a cross-sectional study of Australian men." BMJ Open 12, no. 3 (March 2022): e053650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053650.
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ObjectivesTo develop and validate a short form of the Male Depression Risk Scale (MDRS-22) for use in primary care, examining associations with prototypic depression symptoms, psychological distress and suicidality.DesignCross-sectional study with 8-month follow-up.SettingCommunity-based.ParticipantsA community sample of younger (n=510; 18–64 years) and older (n=439; 65–93 years) men residing in Australia (M age=58.09 years, SD=17.77) participated in the study. A subset of respondents (n=159 younger men; n=169 older men) provided follow-up data approximately eight months later.Primary and secondary outcome measuresQuantitative data were obtained through a survey comprising a range of validated measures, including the MDRS-22, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). The MDRS-22 was refined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in line with best practice guidelines. Analysis of variance and generalised linear models were conducted to explore relationships between variables.ResultsThe short-form MDRS consisted of seven items (MDRS-7) and captured all of the domains in the original tool. Participants with mixed symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10 and MDRS-7 > 5) had significantly higher risk of mental illness (K10 ≥ 25) and current suicidality (PHQ-9 item 9 ≥ 1) than those with exclusively prototypic symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10 and MDRS-7 ≤ 5). Furthermore, the MDRS-7 was shown to be effective at predicting elevated symptoms of depression at follow-up, after controlling for previous depression diagnosis.ConclusionsFindings provide preliminary evidence of the potential utility of the MDRS-7 as a screening tool for externalised and male-type symptoms associated with major depression in men. Field trials of the MDRS-7 in primary care settings may facilitate identification of men at risk of suicide and psychological distress who do not meet cut-off scores for existing measures of major depression symptoms.
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Van, Johnson, Alicia Mangram, Christopher Mitchell, Manuel Lorenzo, Dot Howard, and Ernest Dunn. "Is There a Benefit to Multidisciplinary Rounds in an Open Trauma Intensive Care Unit regarding Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia?" American Surgeon 75, no. 12 (December 2009): 1171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480907501204.
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Multidisciplinary rounds (MDRs) have been instituted for patient care since June 2005. Before June 2005, all care was provided by individual practitioners. MDRs include the surgical intensivist, surgical resident, patient's nurse, case manager, pharmacist, chaplain, nutritionist, and respiratory therapist. Our study examined the effect of MDRs on ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients in open intensive care units (ICUs). Group 1 included patients from June 2003 to May 2005 before the implementation of MDRs, and Group 2 included patients after the institution of MDRs from June 2005 to May 2007. In Group 1, there were 83 ventilator-associated pneumonias (VAPs) during 2414 ventilator days. In Group 2, there were 49 VAPs during 2094 ventilator days. The ratio of VAPs per thousand ventilator days decreased from 34.4 to 23.4 between the two groups ( P = 0.04). When comparing trauma patients in our open ICU with similar mean Injury Severity Score and mean Abbreviated Injury Score for chest and for head and neck, implementing MDRs significantly decreased our incidence of VAP.
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Foss, Maria Paula, Francisco de Assis Carvalho do Vale, and José Geraldo Speciali. "Influência da escolaridade na avaliação neuropsicológica de idosos: aplicação e análise dos resultados da Escala de Mattis para Avaliação de Demência (Mattis Dementia Rating Scale - MDRS)." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 63, no. 1 (March 2005): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2005000100022.
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OBJETIVO: Estimar a influência da baixa escolaridade e do analfabetismo na avaliação das demências através da aplicação da Escala de Mattis para Avaliação de Demência (MDRS). MÉTODO: Aplicou-se a MDRS em 62 idosos normais (64-77 anos), divididos em cinco grupos, segundo a escolaridade: 15-16 anos, 11-12 anos, 8-9 anos, 4 anos, analfabetos. A MDRS abrange o estudo de 36 itens distribuídos em cinco subescalas, sendo que a soma pode representar o grau de comprometimento cognitivo. RESULTADOS: Observou-se diferença significativa (p<0,05) na escala, no desempenho entre os grupos quanto a escolaridade, em 12 dos itens, nas cinco subescalas (analfabetos< os demais grupos e os de 15-16 anos> que os de 4 e/ou 8 anos de escolaridade, p<0,001)e no total de pontos da MDRS (analfabetos<todos os demais e 4 e 8 anos< 15-16 anos, p<0,001). Não houve correlações significativas para a idade e, quanto ao gênero, as diferenças foram significativas em apenas um item. CONCLUSÃO: A escolaridade interferiu no desempenho dos indivíduos no MDRS. O analfabetismo é um fator determinante no rebaixamento nos escores da MDRS, podendo gerar erros diagnósticos.
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Connell, Jian, Shanil Haugen, and Ann Ferriter. "Duodenoscope Medical Device Reports Associated with Patient Infection, Patient Exposure, or Device Contamination." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s196—s197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.737.
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Background: Each year, the FDA receives more than a million reports of suspected device-associated deaths, serious injuries, and malfunctions. Medical device reports (MDRs) are submitted to the FDA by mandatory reporters (manufacturers, importers, and device user facilities) and voluntary reporters such as healthcare professionals, patients, and consumers. The FDA uses MDRs to monitor device performance, including monitoring reports of infection or device contamination to detect potential device-related safety issues and to share this information in public communications. In this analysis, the FDA presents MDRs for duodenoscopes, which are a type of flexible endoscope that have been associated with infections in patients. Methods: For this analysis, we searched the MDR database for duodenoscope reports submitted between January 2015 and July 1, 2019. MDRs were classified into clinical risk categories based on the MDR’s text narratives as patient infection (indicated the presence of infection in patients potentially transmitted by the device), patient exposure (indicated a contaminated device has been used in a patient, but the MDR lacks clear mention of patient infection), or device contamination (indicated that the device was contaminated, but no mention of device use in patients or patient infection). Results: Overall, 1,115 duodenoscope reports related to a patient infection, patient exposure, or device contamination for devices marketed inside and outside the United States were received from January 2015 to mid-2019. Among them, 79 MDRs were received for deaths in patient infection, patient exposure, or device contamination reports. The number of reported infections decreased from 247 MDRs in 2015 to 55 MDRs in the first half of 2019. Furthermore, the number of reported deaths decreased from 25 MDRs in 2015 to 2 MDRs reported in the first half of 2019. Conclusions: The MDR data indicate a decrease in the number of reported infections. The decrease in infections suggests that efforts to reduce the risk of infection from duodenoscopes have yielded improvements; however, additional improvements are necessary to further decrease the risk of infection.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Li, Yaqiong, Pascale Carayon, Ann Schoofs Hundt, and Peter Hoonakker. "Team Interactions and Health IT Use during Hospital Multidisciplinary Rounds." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601117.
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Multidisciplinary rounds (MDRs) are an important form of team-based process in health care. Team members coordinate patient care and make decisions on care plans jointly. Health IT used during MDRs should be designed to facilitate the team interactions given the specific context or work system where MDRs occur. This study examines and compares team interactions and health IT use in three hospital services (contexts): hospitalist, cardiology and critical care. There were few differences in team interactions and health IT use across services. However, health IT use was different for different rounding tasks and team members. Therefore, health IT should be designed to support team interactions and users’ needs during MDRs in different contexts.
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Gilbert, David N. "Influence of an Infectious Diseases Specialist on ICU Multidisciplinary Rounds." Critical Care Research and Practice 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/307817.
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Objective. To ascertain the influence of a physician infectious diseases specialist (IDS) on antibiotic use in a medical/surgical intensive care unit.Method. Over a 5-month period, the antibiotic regimens ordered by the ICU multidisciplinary team were studied. The days of antibiotic therapy (DOT) when management decisions included an IDS were compared to DOT in the absence of an IDS. The associated treatment expense was calculated.Results. Prior to multidisciplinary rounds (MDRs), 79-80% of the patients were receiving one or more antibiotic. IDS participation occurred in 61 multidisciplinary rounding sessions. There were 384 patients who before MDRs had orders for 669 days of antimicrobial therapy (DOT). After MDRs, the antimicrobial DOT were reduced to 511 with a concomitant cost saving of $3772. There were 51 MDR sessions that occurred in the absence of the IDS. There were 352 patients who before MDRs had orders for 593 DOT. After MDRs, the DOT were reduced to 572 with a cost savings of $727. The results were normalized by number of patients evaluated with statistically greater reductions when MDRs included the IDS. In addition, the number of rounding sessions with a reduction in DOT was greater with the participation of the IDS.Conclusion. The addition of an IDS to multidisciplinary ICU patient rounds resulted in a reduction in antibiotic DOT and attendant drug expense.
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Rice, Simon M., David Kealy, Zac E. Seidler, John L. Oliffe, Ronald F. Levant, and John S. Ogrodniczuk. "Male-Type and Prototypal Depression Trajectories for Men Experiencing Mental Health Problems." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (October 7, 2020): 7322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197322.
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Growing interest in gender-sensitive assessment of depression in men has seen the development of male-specific screening tools. These measures are yet to be subject to longitudinal latent modelling, which limits evidence about the ability of these tools to detect change, especially relative to established screening scales. In this study, three waves of data were collected from 234 men (38.35 years, SD = 14.09) including 3- and 6-month follow-up. Analyses focused on baseline differences and symptom trajectories for the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ; prototypic symptoms) and the Male Depression Risk Scale (MDRS; male-type symptoms). At baseline, men not accessing treatment reported higher MDRS scores relative to treatment-engaged men. There was no group difference for the PHQ. Internal consistency (α, ω) coefficients indicated comparable reliability for both measures across the three waves. Multidomain latent growth modelling, including current treatment engagement as a covariate, reported good model fit (CFI = 0.964, TLI = 0.986, RMSEA = 0.081, SRMR = 0.033) with differential findings for the PHQ and MDRS. Consistent with the baseline between-group analysis, current treatment effects were observed for the MDRS, but not the PHQ. Trajectory modelling for the MDRS indicated that greater severity resulted in slower improvement by 6 months. In contrast, there was no difference in the PHQ rate of change between baseline and 6 months. Findings support the psychometric utility of the MDRS as a male-specific symptom domain measure sensitive to both longitudinal change and potential treatment effects for symptomatic men, in ways not discernible by the PHQ. The MDRS may be a useful adjunctive screening tool for assessing men’s depression.
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Owsiany, Montgomery, and Amy Fiske. "VALIDITY EVIDENCE FOR THE MALE DEPRESSION RISK SCALE-22 (MDRS-22) IN YOUNGER AND OLDER ADULT MALES." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 792–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2862.
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Abstract Men are two times less likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) than women. However, suicide rates are nearly four times higher in men than women, increasing to six times or more when comparing older men to older women. Masculine depression is characterized by symptoms that are not usually assessed by diagnostic criteria for MDD, including drug and alcohol abuse, anger and aggression, and risk-taking. Previous studies have largely neglected to consider the possibility of age-related differences in the presentation of masculine depression. Given research on age-related differences in MDD, there may be age-related differences in the presentation of masculine depression as well. The present study assessed age invariance of the MDRS-22 through a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), evaluated validity evidence of the MDRS-22, and tested the MDRS-22’s ability to assess suicidal ideation and behaviors. There was a significant difference between the configural and first-order metric models of the CFA showing that the MDRS-22 was not age invariant (ΔX2 = 451.47, Δdf = 16, p < .001). The MDRS-22 showed convergent validity evidence with assessments of MDD, alignment with masculine norms, suicidal behaviors, problematic alcohol use, and aggression. The MDRS-22 showed concurrent validity evidence with another assessment of masculine depression. Finally, MDRS-22 scores significantly predicted suicide risk above PHQ-9 scores (F(2,440) = 138.774, p < .001, R2 = .385). Overall, the study highlights the importance of screening males for masculine depression. Further research is needed to determine if masculine depression presents differently in younger and older males.
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Kalkbrenner, Michael T., and Emily Goodman-Scott. "Peer-to-Peer Mental Health Support: Validating Scores on the Mental Distress Response Scale With High School Students." Professional School Counseling 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 2156759X2110066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156759x211006631.
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This investigation tested the internal structure of scores on the Mental Distress Response Scale (MDRS), a peer-to-peer mental health support screening tool, with a national sample of 237 adolescents from 111 high schools in 30 states. Results revealed psychometric support for the scores on the MDRS and demographic differences in students’ responses. We discuss implications for how school counselors can use the MDRS to enhance peer-to-peer mental health support as part of a comprehensive school counseling program.
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Johnson, Peter W. M., John A. Radford, Michael H. Cullen, Matthew R. Sydes, Jan Walewski, Andrew S. Jack, Kenneth A. MacLennan, et al. "Comparison of ABVD and Alternating or Hybrid Multidrug Regimens for the Treatment of Advanced Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Results of the United Kingdom Lymphoma Group LY09 Trial (ISRCTN97144519)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, no. 36 (December 20, 2005): 9208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.03.2151.
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Purpose To perform an open-label, randomized, controlled trial comparing treatment with doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) with two multidrug regimens (MDRs) for advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). Patients and Methods Eight hundred seven patients with advanced HL (stage III to IV, or earlier stage with systemic symptoms or bulky disease) were randomly assigned between ABVD and MDR specified before randomization as alternating chlorambucil, vinblastine, procarbazine, and prednisolone (ChlVPP) with prednisolone, doxorubicin, bleomycin, vincristine, and etoposide (PABIOE), or hybrid ChlVPP/etoposide, vincristine, and doxorubicin (EVA). Radiotherapy was planned for incomplete response or initial bulk disease. Results At 52 months median follow-up, 212 event-free survival (EFS) events (disease progression or any death) were reported. In the primary comparison, at 3 years EFS was 75% (95% CI, 71% to 79%) for ABVD and 75% (95% CI, 70% to 79%) for MDRs (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.05; 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.37; HR more than 1.0 favors ABVD). The 3-year overall survival (OS) rates were 90% (95% CI, 87% to 93%) in patients allocated ABVD and 88% (95% CI, 84% to 91%) in patients allocated MDRs (HR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.77). Patients receiving MDRs experienced more grade 3/4 infection, mucositis, and neuropathy. One occurrence of myelodysplastic syndrome was reported, but no acute leukemia was reported. When the two MDRs are compared separately with ABVD, neither the alternating nor the hybrid regimen showed a statistically significant difference from ABVD for EFS or OS. Subgroup analysis suggested that MDRs may be associated with poorer outcomes in older patients (heterogeneity test of OS older or younger than 45 years, P = .020). Conclusion There was no evidence of significant difference in EFS or OS between ABVD and MDRs in the trial overall or if the two MDR versus ABVD comparisons are considered separately. ABVD remains the standard for treatment of advanced HL.
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Richards, Bernadette, Susannah Sage Jacobson, Mianna Lotz, and Wendy Rogers. "The Regulation of Medical Device Representatives: A Question of Trust?" Law, Technology and Humans 4, no. 1 (May 24, 2022): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/lthj.2281.
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The introduction of new technologies in medical treatment has led to innovation in medical devices that are highly technical in their application and operation. The medical technology landscape is changeable and healthcare providers often turn to the medical device representatives (MDRs), employed by device manufacturers to help navigate the shifts and uncertainties. While the relationship between MDRs and healthcare providers can be a positive one focusing on appropriate use, selection and safety of devices, it is one that has evolved over time and is not independently regulated. In addition, patients, for the most part, are usually unaware of the involvement of MDRs in their healthcare. It is this knowledge gap with regard to the role of MDRs that is the focus of this paper. We argue that trust is at the heart of healthcare relationships and explore the nature of trust alongside the models of regulation of the medical device industry. We argue that MDRs may currently present a threat to both the interpersonal and the institutional trust of patients, and that regulation and policy responses are appropriate ways to address this risk. We consider potential regulatory frameworks and identify transparency and communication as the crucial characteristics of an appropriate response. We recommend that the polycentric nature of Australian healthcare regulation be cultivated through a multilayered approach, and that a positive obligation to inform the patient of the role of MDRs in their clinical care be established.
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NOZARI, KOUROSH, and BEHNAZ FAZLPOUR. "UV/IR MIXING AND BLACK HOLE THERMODYNAMICS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 17, no. 01 (January 2008): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271808011869.
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The goal of this paper is to investigate the final stage of the black-hole-evaporation process in the framework of Lorentz-violating modified dispersion relations (MDRs). As a consequence of MDRs, the high energy sector of the underlying field theory does not decouple from the low energy sector — a phenomenon known as UV/IR mixing. In the absence of exact supersymmetry, we derive an MDR which shows UV/IR mixing by a novel energy dependence. Then we investigate the effects of this type of MDRs on the thermodynamics of a radiating noncommutative Schwarzschild black hole. The final stage of black hole evaporation obtained in this framework is compared with existing pictures.
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Assari, Shervin. "Socioeconomic Status and Current Cigarette Smoking Status: Immigrants’ Diminished Returns." International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health 8, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.11.
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Introduction: Although socioeconomic status (SES) resources influence population and individual health behaviors, socially marginalized groups gain significantly less health from their SES indicators, such as education and income, compared to the socially privileged groups. This pattern is called marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs). However, most of the MDRs literature is derived from studies that have defined marginalization based on race and ethnicity. As a result, more research is needed on MDRs due to immigration. To extend what is known about MDRs due to immigration, the current study compared a national sample of immigrants and non-immigrants for the effects of education and income on current cigarette smoking of adults in the United States. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) enrolled 14,149 individuals who were either immigrants (n=1977; 14.0%) or non-immigrants (n=12,166; 86.0%). The independent variables (IV) were education and income that were treated as categorical variables. The dependent variable was current cigarette smoking. Age, gender, race, ethnicity, marital status, employment, and region were confounders. Immigration was the moderator. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: High education and income were associated with lower odds of current cigarette smoking. However, immigration showed significant statistical interactions with both education and income. These interactions were suggestive of smaller protective effects of high education and income on current cigarette smoking for immigrant than non-immigrant adults. Conclusion: In line with the MDRs, the effects of education and income on tobacco use is weaker for immigrant than non-immigrant adults.
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Raymond, M., E. Rose, D. E. Housman, and P. Gros. "Physical mapping, amplification, and overexpression of the mouse mdr gene family in multidrug-resistant cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 4 (April 1990): 1642–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.4.1642-1651.1990.
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The mouse mdr gene family consists of three distinct genes (mdr1, mdr2, and mdr3), for which we have isolated full-length cDNA clones. cDNA subfragments corresponding to discrete regions showing little sequence conservation among the three mdr genes were used as gene-specific DNA probes in hybridization experiments. Long-range mapping by pulse-field gel electrophoresis indicated that the three mdr genes are closely linked on a genomic DNA segment of approximately 625 kilobases. The gene order and direction of transcription of the three genes were determined and indicate the arrangement (5') mdr3 (3')-(5') mdr1 (3')-(3') mdr2 (5'). Southern blotting analyses of genomic DNA from a panel of independently derived multidrug-resistant cell lines identified mdr gene amplification in 10 of 12 cell lines studied. In individual cell lines showing gene amplification, the copy number of each of the three mdr genes was identical, suggesting that the three mdr genes became amplified as part of a single amplicon in these cells. Although increased expression of all three mdr genes was detected in 2 of 12 cell lines tested, multidrug resistance was associated in 10 of 12 lines with the independent overexpression of either mdr1 (7 of 12) or mdr3 (3 of 12) but not mdr2. mdr1 overexpression was consistently associated with gene amplification, while increased mdr3 expression was detected in certain cell lines that did not show gene amplification. Increased levels of mdr1 mRNA were linked to the overexpression of a P glycoprotein of apparent molecular weight 180,000 to 200,000, whereas increased mdr3 expression resulted in increased expression of a P glycoprotein of molecular weight 160,000 to 180,000. Our results suggest that at least two members of the mouse mdr gene family, mdr1 and mdr3, can independently confer multidrug resistance in the cell lines examined.
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Raymond, M., E. Rose, D. E. Housman, and P. Gros. "Physical mapping, amplification, and overexpression of the mouse mdr gene family in multidrug-resistant cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 4 (April 1990): 1642–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.4.1642.
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The mouse mdr gene family consists of three distinct genes (mdr1, mdr2, and mdr3), for which we have isolated full-length cDNA clones. cDNA subfragments corresponding to discrete regions showing little sequence conservation among the three mdr genes were used as gene-specific DNA probes in hybridization experiments. Long-range mapping by pulse-field gel electrophoresis indicated that the three mdr genes are closely linked on a genomic DNA segment of approximately 625 kilobases. The gene order and direction of transcription of the three genes were determined and indicate the arrangement (5') mdr3 (3')-(5') mdr1 (3')-(3') mdr2 (5'). Southern blotting analyses of genomic DNA from a panel of independently derived multidrug-resistant cell lines identified mdr gene amplification in 10 of 12 cell lines studied. In individual cell lines showing gene amplification, the copy number of each of the three mdr genes was identical, suggesting that the three mdr genes became amplified as part of a single amplicon in these cells. Although increased expression of all three mdr genes was detected in 2 of 12 cell lines tested, multidrug resistance was associated in 10 of 12 lines with the independent overexpression of either mdr1 (7 of 12) or mdr3 (3 of 12) but not mdr2. mdr1 overexpression was consistently associated with gene amplification, while increased mdr3 expression was detected in certain cell lines that did not show gene amplification. Increased levels of mdr1 mRNA were linked to the overexpression of a P glycoprotein of apparent molecular weight 180,000 to 200,000, whereas increased mdr3 expression resulted in increased expression of a P glycoprotein of molecular weight 160,000 to 180,000. Our results suggest that at least two members of the mouse mdr gene family, mdr1 and mdr3, can independently confer multidrug resistance in the cell lines examined.
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Yin, Fugui, Yulong Yin, Zhenzhen Zhang, Mingyong Xie, Ju Huang, Ruilin Huang, and Tiejun Li. "Digestion rate of dietary starch affects the systemic circulation of lipid profiles and lipid metabolism-related gene expression in weaned pigs." British Journal of Nutrition 106, no. 3 (February 23, 2011): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511000213.
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The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of digestion rate of dietary starch on postprandial systemic circulating glucose, insulin and lipid profiles, and the activity and gene expression of lipid metabolism-related enzymes in weaned pigs. A total of twenty-four weaned pigs, surgically fitted with a catheter in the jugular vein, were randomly assigned to three dietary treatment groups, representing the high digestion rate starch (HDRS) group, the moderate-digestion rate starch (MDRS) group and the low-digestion rate starch (LDRS) group. The amylopectin:amylose ratios in the diets of each group were 27·6:1, 27·6:8·5 and 1:27·6, respectively. The serum concentrations of glucose, TAG, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in the HDRS group were increased to the peak point at postprandial 1·5, 2·5, 2·5, 1·5 and 1·5 h, those in the MDRS group were at postprandial 2·5, 3·5, 3·5, 3·5 and 3·5 h and those in the LDRS group were at postprandial 2·5, 3·5, 3·5, 1·5 and 3·5 h, respectively. The serum concentration of insulin in the HDRS group was higher (P < 0·05) than those in the MDRS group, and those in the MDRS group was also higher (P < 0·05) than those in the LDRS group at postprandial 0·5, 1·5 and 2·5 h, respectively. The serum concentrations of acetate, propionate and butyrate in the HDRS group were higher (P < 0·05) than those in the MDRS group, and those in the MDRS group were higher (P < 0·05) than in the LDRS group in each feeding cycle, in turn, respectively. The activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the liver and abdominal adipose tissues, that of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) in the myocardium and interscapular brown adipose tissues and that of the ATP-citrate lyase (ATP-CL) in the liver and interscapular brown adipose tissues in pigs of the HDRS group were higher (P < 0·05) than that of the MDRS group. The mRNA levels of FAS in the myocardium, liver and interscapular brown adipose tissues of pigs in the HDRS group were higher (P < 0·05) than those of the MDRS group. The activities and mRNA levels of FAS, ACC and ATP-CL in the myocardium, liver, abdominal and interscapular brown adipose tissues of the HDRS group were higher than those of the LDRS group. We conclude that the digestion rate of dietary starch affected not only the postprandial systemic circulating levels of glucose and insulin but also the lipid metabolism in weaned pigs. Dietary starch with higher digestion rate produces higher blood glucose and insulin response, ameliorates the blood lipid profiles and up-regulates the activity and gene expression profile of lipid metabolism-related genes in weaned pigs.
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Noked, Noam, Zachary Marcone, and Alison Tsang. "THE EXPANSION AND INTERNATIONALIZATION OF MANDATORY DISCLOSURE RULES." Columbia Journal of Tax Law 13, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 122–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/cjtl.v13i2.9798.
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The Panama Papers, the Paradise Papers, and most recently the Pandora Papers have exposed the role of tax advisors, lawyers, financial institutions, and other intermediaries in enabling cross-border tax avoidance and evasion. In response, mandatory disclosure rules (MDRs), which require that intermediaries report their clients’ tax schemes, are becoming prominent tools in the international fight against tax avoidance and evasion. This Article analyzes the development of MDRs over the past four decades as a global phenomenon with three distinct phases beginning in the 1980s. The analysis reveals several trends: expansion in the types of schemes that are reportable, extension of reporting obligations to a great diversity of intermediaries, and increasing multilateralism in the effort to curb intermediary-enabled tax avoidance and evasion. This Article shows how developments in international tax policy have affected, and will likely continue to affect, the expansion and internationalization of MDRs.
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Gülke, Eileen, Mohammad Alsalem, Maja Kirsten, Eik Vettorazzi, Chi-un Choe, Ute Hidding, Simone Zittel-Dirks, et al. "Comparison of Montreal cognitive assessment and Mattis dementia rating scale in the preoperative evaluation of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): e0265314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265314.
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Introduction The preoperative evaluation of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patients for subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) includes the assessment of the neuropsychological status of the patient. A widely used preoperative test is the Mattis Dementia rating scale (MDRS). However, the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) has also been proven to be a sensitive, time-sparing tool with high diagnostic validity in PD. We evaluate the utility of the MoCA as a preoperative screening test for PD patients undergoing bilateral STN-DBS. Methods In this single-centre, retrospective study, we analysed pre- and postoperative assessments of MoCA, MDRS, Movement disorder society-Unified PD Rating Scale-motor examination, PD Questionnaire-39 and levodopa equivalent daily dose. Longitudinal outcome changes were analysed using paired t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, linear regression and CHAID (chi-square automatic interaction detector) regression tree model. Results Clinical motor and cognitive scores of 59 patients (61.05±7.73 years, 24 females) were analysed. The MoCA, but not the MDRS, identified significant postoperative cognitive decline in PD patients undergoing STN-DBS. The preoperative MoCA score correlated with postoperative quality of life improvement, whereas the MDRS did not. PD patients with a MoCA score ≤ 23 points had a significant decline of quality of life after DBS surgery compared to patients > 23 points. Conclusion This study identifies the MoCA as an alternative test within the preoperative evaluation of PD patients for the detection of neuropsychological deficits and prediction of the postoperative improvement of quality of life.
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Devault, A., and P. Gros. "Two members of the mouse mdr gene family confer multidrug resistance with overlapping but distinct drug specificities." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 4 (April 1990): 1652–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.4.1652-1663.1990.
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We report the cloning and functional analysis of a complete clone for the third member of the mouse mdr gene family, mdr3. Nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence analyses showed that the three mouse mdr genes encode highly homologous membrane glycoproteins, which share the same length (1,276 residues), the same predicted functional domains, and overall structural arrangement. Regions of divergence among the three proteins are concentrated in discrete segments of the predicted polypeptides. Sequence comparison indicated that the three mouse mdr genes were created from a common ancestor by two independent gene duplication events, the most recent one producing mdr1 and mdr3. When transfected and overexpressed in otherwise drug-sensitive cells, the mdr3 gene, like mdr1 and unlike mdr2, conferred multidrug resistance to these cells. In independently derived transfected cell clones expressing similar amounts of either MDR1 or MDR3 protein, the drug resistance profile conferred by mdr3 was distinct from that conferred by mdr1. Cells transfected with and expressing MDR1 showed a marked 7- to 10-fold preferential resistance to colchicine and Adriamycin compared with cells expressing equivalent amounts of MDR3. Conversely, cells transfected with and expressing MDR3 showed a two- to threefold preferential resistance to actinomycin D over their cellular counterpart expressing MDR1. These results suggest that MDR1 and MDR3 are membrane-associated efflux pumps which, in multidrug-resistant cells and perhaps normal tissues, have overlapping but distinct substrate specificities.
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Devault, A., and P. Gros. "Two members of the mouse mdr gene family confer multidrug resistance with overlapping but distinct drug specificities." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 4 (April 1990): 1652–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.4.1652.
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We report the cloning and functional analysis of a complete clone for the third member of the mouse mdr gene family, mdr3. Nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence analyses showed that the three mouse mdr genes encode highly homologous membrane glycoproteins, which share the same length (1,276 residues), the same predicted functional domains, and overall structural arrangement. Regions of divergence among the three proteins are concentrated in discrete segments of the predicted polypeptides. Sequence comparison indicated that the three mouse mdr genes were created from a common ancestor by two independent gene duplication events, the most recent one producing mdr1 and mdr3. When transfected and overexpressed in otherwise drug-sensitive cells, the mdr3 gene, like mdr1 and unlike mdr2, conferred multidrug resistance to these cells. In independently derived transfected cell clones expressing similar amounts of either MDR1 or MDR3 protein, the drug resistance profile conferred by mdr3 was distinct from that conferred by mdr1. Cells transfected with and expressing MDR1 showed a marked 7- to 10-fold preferential resistance to colchicine and Adriamycin compared with cells expressing equivalent amounts of MDR3. Conversely, cells transfected with and expressing MDR3 showed a two- to threefold preferential resistance to actinomycin D over their cellular counterpart expressing MDR1. These results suggest that MDR1 and MDR3 are membrane-associated efflux pumps which, in multidrug-resistant cells and perhaps normal tissues, have overlapping but distinct substrate specificities.
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Tegos, George, Frank R. Stermitz, Olga Lomovskaya, and Kim Lewis. "Multidrug Pump Inhibitors Uncover Remarkable Activity of Plant Antimicrobials." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 10 (October 2002): 3133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.10.3133-3141.2002.
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ABSTRACT Plant antimicrobials are not used as systemic antibiotics at present. The main reason for this is their low level of activity, especially against gram-negative bacteria. The reported MIC is often in the range of 100 to 1,000 μg/ml, orders of magnitude higher than those of common broad-spectrum antibiotics from bacteria or fungi. Major plant pathogens belong to the gram-negative bacteria, which makes the low level of activity of plant antimicrobials against this group of microorganisms puzzling. Gram-negative bacteria have an effective permeability barrier, comprised of the outer membrane, which restricts the penetration of amphipathic compounds, and multidrug resistance pumps (MDRs), which extrude toxins across this barrier. It is possible that the apparent ineffectiveness of plant antimicrobials is largely due to the permeability barrier. We tested this hypothesis in the present study by applying a combination of MDR mutants and MDR inhibitors. A panel of plant antimicrobials was tested by using a set of bacteria representing the main groups of plant pathogens. The human pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were also tested. The results show that the activities of the majority of plant antimicrobials were considerably greater against the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus megaterium and that disabling of the MDRs in gram-negative species leads to a striking increase in antimicrobial activity. Thus, the activity of rhein, the principal antimicrobial from rhubarb, was potentiated 100- to 2,000-fold (depending on the bacterial species) by disabling the MDRs. Comparable potentiation of activity was observed with plumbagin, resveratrol, gossypol, coumestrol, and berberine. Direct measurement of the uptake of berberine, a model plant antimicrobial, confirmed that disabling of the MDRs strongly increases the level of penetration of berberine into the cells of gram-negative bacteria. These results suggest that plants might have developed means of delivering their antimicrobials into bacterial cells. These findings also suggest that plant antimicrobials might be developed into effective, broad-spectrum antibiotics in combination with inhibitors of MDRs.
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Brice, Sandrine, Aude Jabouley, Sonia Reyes, Carla Machado, Christina Rogan, Nathalie Dias-Gastellier, Hugues Chabriat, and Sophie Tezenas du Montcel. "Modeling the Cognitive Trajectory in CADASIL." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 77, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-200310.
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Background: For developing future clinical trials in Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), it seems crucial to study the long-term changes of cognition. Objective: We aimed to study the global trajectory of cognition, measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS), along the course of CADASIL. Methods: Follow-up data of 185 CADASIL patients, investigated at the French National Referral center CERVCO from 2003, were considered for analysis based on strict inclusion criteria. Assuming that the MMSE and the MDRS provide imprecise measures of cognition, the trajectory of a common cognitive latent process during follow-up was delineated using a multivariate latent process mixed model. After adjustment of this model for sex and education, the sensitivities of the two scales to cognitive change were compared. Results: Analysis of the cognitive trajectory over a time frame of 60 years of age showed a decrease of performances with aging, especially after age of 50 years. This decline was not altered by sex or education but patients who graduated from high school had a higher mean cognitive level at baseline. The sensitivities of MMSE and MDRS scales were similar and the two scales suffered from a ceiling effect and curvilinearity. Conclusion: These data support that cognitive decline is not linear and mainly occurs after the age of 50 years during the course of CADASIL. They also showed that MMSE and MDRS scales are hampered by major limitations for longitudinal studies.
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Rice, Simon M., John L. Oliffe, Mary T. Kelly, Prue Cormie, Suzanne Chambers, John S. Ogrodniczuk, and David Kealy. "Depression and Prostate Cancer: Examining Comorbidity and Male-Specific Symptoms." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 6 (June 29, 2018): 1864–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988318784395.
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Depression in men with prostate cancer is a significant and complex issue that can challenge clinicians’ diagnostic efforts. The objective of the current study was to evaluate prototypic and male-specific depression symptoms and suicidal ideation in men with a diagnosis of prostate cancer relative to those with and without comorbidity. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Male Depression Risk Scale-22 (MDRS-22) were completed online along with demographic and background variables by 100 men with a diagnosis of prostate cancer ( n = 54 prostatectomy, n = 33 receiving active treatment). Hierarchical logistic regression was used to examine recent (past 2 weeks) suicide ideation. Over one-third of the sample (38%) reported a comorbidity, and this group had significantly higher total depression scores on the PHQ-9 (Cohen’s d = 0.65), MDRS-22 emotion suppression ( d = 0.35), and drug use subscales ( d = 0.38) compared to respondents without comorbidity. A total of 14% reported recent suicidal ideation, of which 71.4% of cases were identified by the PHQ-9 “moderate” cut-off, and 85.7% of cases were identified by the MDRS-22 “elevated” cut-off. After control variables, MDRS-22 subscales accounted for 45.1% of variance in recent suicidal ideation. While limited by the exclusive use of self-report data, findings point to the potential benefits of evaluating male-specific symptoms as part of depression and suicide risk screening in men with prostate cancer and the need to be mindful of the heightened risk for depression among men with prostate cancer who have comorbidity.
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Assari, Shervin. "Income and Mental Well-Being of Middle-Aged and Older Americans: Immigrants’ Diminished Returns." International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health 8, no. 1 (March 9, 2020): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.06.
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Introduction: Although income is among the major social determinants of mental health of middle-aged and older individuals, socially marginalized groups gain less health from their income and other socioeconomic status (SES) resources compared to socially privileged groups. This pattern is called marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs). Most of the existing knowledge on MDRs, however, has been derived from studies that have defined marginalization based on race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. As a result, very limited information exists on whether similar MDRs can be observed for middle-aged and older immigrants or not. Building on the MDRs framework, this study compared a national sample of immigrants and non-immigrants for the effects of income on the mental well-being of middle-aged and older adults in the United States. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) enrolled 14149 middle-aged and older individuals who were either immigrants (n=1977; 14.0%) or non-immigrants (n=12166; 86.0%). The independent variable (IV) was income that was treated as a continuous variable. The dependent variable was mental well-being, also treated as a continuous variable. Age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, marital status, employment, self-rated health, obesity, and region were confounders. Immigration (nativity status) was the moderator. Logistic regression was applied for data analysis. Results: High income was associated with higher odds of good mental well-being in middle-aged and older adults. However, immigration showed a significant statistical interaction with income, which was suggestive of a smaller protective effect of high income on mental well-being for immigrant than non-immigrant middle-aged and older adults. Conclusion: In line with MDRs, the association between income and mental well-being is weaker for immigrant than non-immigrant middle-aged and older adults. There is a need to help high income immigrants secure health outcomes similar to those of non-immigrants. Such changes may require bold and innovative economic, public, and social policies that help immigrants more effectively translate their income and socioeconomic resources into tangible outcomes such as mental well-being.
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Krishnan, Muthukumar, Harinee Subramanian, Sathish Kumar Ramachandran, Arulmozhi Muthukumarasamy, Dineshram Ramadoss, Ashok Mahalingam, Arthur James Rathinam, Hans-Uwe Dahms, and Jiang-Shiou Hwang. "Synthesis of Bimetallic BiPO4/ZnO Nanocomposite: Enhanced Photocatalytic Dye Degradation and Antibacterial Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 1947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031947.
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Multidrug-resistant strains (MDRs) are becoming a major concern in a variety of settings, including water treatment and the medical industry. Well-dispersed catalysts such as BiPO4, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), and different ratios of BiPO4/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized through hydrothermal treatments. The morphological behavior of the prepared catalysts was characterized using XRD, Raman spectra, PL, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), SEM, EDX, and Fe-SEM. MDRs were isolated and identified by the 16s rDNA technique as belonging to B. flexus, B. filamentosus, P. stutzeri, and A. baumannii. The antibacterial activity against MDRs and the photocatalytic methylene blue (MB) dye degradation activity of the synthesized NPs and NCs were studied. The results demonstrate that the prepared BiPO4/ZnO-NCs (B1Z4-75:300; NCs-4) caused a maximum growth inhibition of 20 mm against A. baumannii and a minimum growth inhibition of 12 mm against B. filamentosus at 80 μg mL−1 concentrations of the NPs and NCs. Thus, NCs-4 might be a suitable alternative to further explore and develop as an antibacterial agent. The obtained results statistically justified the data (p ≤ 0.05) via one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). According to the results of the antibacterial and photocatalytic study, we selected the best bimetallic NCs-4 for the photoexcited antibacterial effect of MDRs, including Gram ve+ and Gram ve– strains, via UV light irradiation. The flower-like NCs-4 composites showed more effectiveness than those of BiPO4, ZnO, and other ratios of NCs. The results encourage the development of flower-like NCs-4 to enhance the photocatalytic antibacterial technique for water purification.
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Gallagher, Cathal T. "The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001: A case study in poor legislative drafting." Drug Science, Policy and Law 8 (January 2022): 205032452211125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503245221112582.
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The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 (MDRs) create exemptions to the offences of possession, production, supply, and administration of controlled drugs (CDs), which are necessary to allow healthcare professionals to treat patients without rendering themselves liable to prosecution for various offences under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. As the scope of healthcare in the UK grows to include extended roles for an increasing number of professions, so must the law be amended to allow for these. The MDRs were poorly drafted in their original form, and this has been compounded by twenty years of equally poor amendments, leading to a degree of inaccuracy and ambiguity that is no longer acceptable. These regulations both lack internal consistency, and fail to align with the Human Medicines Regulations, such that neither healthcare professionals, their regulators, nor their representative bodies agree on either the spirit or letter of the law. There are fewer than 30 active regulations in the MDRs, of which more than half contain ambiguities originating from poor drafting. While these could be clarified by a further series of amendments, the time is right to learn from previous mistakes and start over afresh.
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Assari, Shervin, and Mohsen Bazargan. "Educational Attainment and Tobacco Harm Knowledge Among American Adults: Diminished Returns of African Americans and Hispanics." International Journal of Epidemiologic Research 7, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2020.02.
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Background and aims: Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to the smaller effects of educational attainment for ethnic minorities compared to the majority group. As a result of MDRs, research has documented more than expected tobacco use among Hispanics and African Americans (AAs) with high educational attainment. In theory, some of this increased risk may be due to lower tobacco harm knowledge. Accordingly, the present study compared ethnic groups for the association between educational attainment and tobacco harm knowledge among American adults in order to better understand a potential mechanism behind MDRs of educational attainment on tobacco use of Hispanics and AAs. Methods: The current cross-sectional study used baseline data of 27,405 adults, which were obtained from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (2013) study a nationally representative survey in the United States. The independent and dependent variables were educational attainment and tobacco harm knowledge, respectively. In addition, age, gender, employment, and poverty status were the covariates and ethnicity was the moderator. Finally, linear regression was used to analyze the data. Results: Educational attainment was inversely associated with tobacco harm knowledge in the pooled sample (b=0.11, 95% CI=0.09 - 0.13). Ethnicity showed a statistically significant interaction with educational attainment (b=-0.05, 95% CI=-0.10 - 0.00 for AAs and b=-0.14, 95% CI=-0.19 - -0.09 for Hispanics versus non-Hispanics), suggesting that the effect of educational attainment on tobacco harm knowledge was smaller for Hispanics and AAs compared to non-Hispanics and Whites. Conclusion: In general, although high educational attainment increases tobacco harm knowledge, highly educated Hispanics and AAs still report a disproportionately low level of tobacco harm knowledge. Eventually, the MDRs of educational attainment on tobacco harm knowledge may explain why highly educated Hispanics remain at high risk of tobacco use.
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Baek, In-Hyuk, Youngjun Kim, Seungyun Baik, and Jongwoon Kim. "Investigation of the Synergistic Toxicity of Binary Mixtures of Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals on Aliivibrio fischeri in Major River Basins in South Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 13, 2019): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020208.
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This work introduces the potential synergistic toxicity of binary mixtures of pesticides and pharmaceuticals, which have been detected in substantial amounts in major river basins in South Korea. Different dose-response curve functions were employed in each experimental toxicity dataset for Aliivibrio fischeri. We tested the toxicity of 30 binary mixtures at two effect concentrations: high effect concentration [EC50] and low effect concentration (EC10) ranges. Thus, the toxicological interactions were evaluated at 60 effected concentration data points in total and based on model deviation ratios (MDRs) between predicted and observed toxicity values (e.g., three types of combined effects: synergistic (MDR > 2), additive (0.5 ≤ MDR ≤ 2), and antagonistic (MDR < 0.5)). From the 60 data points, MDRs could not be applied to 17 points, since their toxicities could not be measured. The result showed 48%-additive (n = 20), 40%-antagonistic (n = 17), and 12%-synergistic (n = 6) toxicity effects from 43 binaries (excluding the 17 combinations without MDRs). In this study, EC10 ratio mixtures at a low overall effect range showed a general tendency to have more synergistic effects than the EC50 ratio mixtures at a high effect range. We also found an inversion phenomenon, which detected three binaries of the combination of synergism at low concentrations and additive antagonism at high concentrations.
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Sule, A. G., and PA Abdu. "A retrospective study on monthly disease reports from some area veterinary offices in Bauchi State, Nigeria." Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 19, no. 4 (January 21, 2022): 210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v19i4.9.
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A retrospective study to determine the completeness and content of monthly disease reports (MDRs) from eight Area Veterinary Offices (AVOs) was conducted at the office of the Director Veterinary Services (DVS) Bauchi State, Nigeria. The result revealed submissions of MDRs made by all the AVOs at the office of the Director Veterinary Services were less than the expected 60 monthly disease reports. Among all the AVOs, Azare had the highest available report that reached 70% of the expected reports, while Shira presented the lowest available MDR of 10%. An observation on the content of MDR showed no uniformity in the format of disease reporting from all the AVOs. The content also showed a total of 1,251,886 cases which were broadly categorized into poultry (225,891) cases and 1,025,995 other livestock cases. There was a significant association in the reporting of livestock cases when compared to poultry cases (p <0001, Chi-square =138600) in all the AVOs. The result showed incompleteness in the availability of MDRs presented by AVOs in the office of DVS which is suggestive of underreporting. The results from this study tend to highlight the need to strengthen monthly disease reporting among AVOs in Bauchi State, Nigeria to enable the office of the Director of Veterinary Services to use the report for early prevention and control of prevailing animal diseases and notification of diseases at national and international level.
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Tegos, George P., and Michael R. Hamblin. "Phenothiazinium Antimicrobial Photosensitizers Are Substrates of Bacterial Multidrug Resistance Pumps." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 1 (January 2006): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.1.196-203.2006.
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ABSTRACT Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines a nontoxic photoactivatable dye, or photosensitizer (PS), with harmless visible light to generate singlet oxygen and free radicals that kill microbial cells. Although the light can be focused on the diseased area, the best selectivity is achieved by choosing a PS that binds and penetrates microbial cells. Cationic phenothiazinium dyes, such as methylene blue and toluidine blue O, have been studied for many years and are the only PSs used clinically for antimicrobial PDT. Multidrug resistance pumps (MDRs) are membrane-localized proteins that pump drugs out of cells and have been identified for a wide range of organisms. We asked whether phenothiazinium salts with structures that are amphipathic cations could potentially be substrates of MDRs. We used MDR-deficient mutants of Staphylococcus aureus (NorA), Escherichia coli (TolC), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MexAB) and found 2 to 4 logs more killing than seen with wild-type strains by use of three different phenothiazinium PSs and red light. Mutants that overexpress MDRs were protected from killing compared to the wild type. Effective antimicrobial PSs of different chemical structures showed no difference in light-mediated killing depending on MDR phenotype. Differences in uptake of phenothiazinium PS by the cells depending on level of MDR expression were found. We propose that specific MDR inhibitors could be used in combination with phenothiazinium salts to enhance their photodestructive efficiency.
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Lucza, Tivadar, Kázmér Karádi, János Kállai, Rita Weintraut, József Janszky, Attila Makkos, Sámuel Komoly, and Norbert Kovács. "Screening Mild and Major Neurocognitive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease." Behavioural Neurology 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/983606.
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Introduction. Among the nonmotor features of Parkinson’s disease (PD), cognitive impairment is one of the most troublesome problems. New diagnostic criteria for mild and major neurocognitive disorder (NCD) in PD were established by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5). The aim of our study was to establish the diagnostic accuracy of widely used screening tests for NCD in PD.Methods. Within the scope of our study we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of different neuropsychological tests (Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE), Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)) in 370 PD patients without depression.Results. MoCA and ACE feature the finest diagnostic accuracy for detecting mild cognitive disorder in PD (DSM-5) at the cut-off scores of 23.5 and 83.5 points, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of these tests was 0.859 (95% CI: 0.818–0.894, MoCA) and 0.820 (95% CI: 0.774–0.859, ACE). In the detection of major NCD (DSM-5), MoCA and MDRS tests exhibited the best diagnostic accuracy at the cut-off scores of 20.5 and 132.5 points, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of these tests was 0.863 (95% CI: 0.823–0.897, MoCA) and 0.830 (95% CI: 0.785–0.869, MDRS).Conclusion. Our study demonstrated that the MoCA may be the most suitable test for detecting mild and major NCD in PD.
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Assari, Shervin, Maryver U. Perez, Nay’Air Johnson, Nikesha R. Williams, Esmeralda Carrillo, Leslye Garcia, and Xiaxiang T. Hollis. "Education Level and Self-rated Health in the United States: Immigrants’ Diminished Returns." International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health 8, no. 3 (July 29, 2020): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.20.
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Introduction: Although education is among the major socioeconomic status (SES) resources that influence populations’ and individuals’ health, social marginalization may reduce the health gain that follows access to SES indicators such as education, a pattern called marginalization-related diminished return (MDR). The literature on MDRs, however, has been mainly derived from studies that have defined marginalization based on race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Thus, more research is needed on MDRs that may follow as a result of immigration. To extend what is known on immigration status related MDRs, this study compared a national sample of immigrants and non-immigrants for the effect of education on the poor self-rated health (SRH) of adults in the United States. Methods: With a cross-sectional design, this study employed data from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a survey that had enrolled 33,654 adults who were either immigrants (n=6225; 18.5%) or non-immigrants (n=27429; 81.5%). The independent variable was education level, treated as a categorical variable. The dependent variable was SRH treated as a dichotomous variable. Race, ethnicity, age, gender, marital status, and region were the confounders. Immigration (nativity) was the moderator. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: Higher education credentials were associated with better SRH in the pooled sample; however, immigration showed a significant statistical interaction with education level (college graduation) on the outcome. This interaction was indicative of a smaller protective effect of college graduation on poor SRH among immigrants than non-immigrant adults. Conclusion: In line with the MDRs framework, the effect of education on SRH is weaker for immigrants than for non-immigrant adults. There is a need to help highly educated immigrants to mobilize their human capital to secure their best health outcomes, similar to non-immigrants. Such strategies may require bold and innovative policy solutions to reduce discrimination against immigrants, so they can more effectively translate their education and human capital into tangible outcomes such as health.
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Assari, Shervin, and Shanika Boyce. "Social Determinants of Cigarette Smoking among American Women during Pregnancy." Women 1, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/women1030012.
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Educational attainment is among the most substantial protective factors against cigarette smoking, including during pregnancy. Although Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) of educational attainment, defined as weaker protective effect of education for racial and ethnic minority groups compared to Non-Hispanic Whites, has been demonstrated in previous studies; such MDRs are not tested for cigarette smoking during pregnancy. To better understand the relevance of MDRs to tobacco use during pregnancy, this study had three aims: firstly, to investigate the association between educational attainment and cigarette smoking in pregnant women; secondly, to compare racial and ethnic groups for the association between educational attainment and cigarette smoking; and thirdly, to explore the mediating effect of poverty status on such MDRs, among American adults during pregnancy. This cross-sectional study explored a nationally representative sample of pregnant American women (n = 338), which was taken from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH; 2013). Current smoking was the outcome. Educational attainment was the independent variable. Region and age were the covariates. Poverty status was the mediator. Race and ethnicity were the effect modifiers. Overall, a higher level of educational attainment (OR = 0.54, p < 0.05) was associated with lower odds of current smoking among pregnant women. Race (OR = 2.04, p < 0.05) and ethnicity (OR = 2.12, p < 0.05) both showed significant interactions with educational attainment on smoking, suggesting that the protective effect of educational attainment against smoking during pregnancy is smaller for Blacks and Hispanics than Non-Hispanic Whites. Poverty status fully mediated the above interactions. In the United States, highly educated pregnant Black and Hispanic women remain at higher risk of smoking cigarettes, possibly because they are more likely to live in poverty, compared to their White counterparts. The results suggest the role that labor market discrimination has in explaining lower returns of educational attainment in terms of less cigarette smoking by racial and ethnic minority pregnant women.
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Ganesan, Asaithampi, Lowrence Rene Christena, Himesh Makala Venkata Subbarao, Ulaganathan Venkatasubramanian, Raman Thiagarajan, Venkatabalasubramanian Sivaramakrishnan, Kabilan Kasilingam, Nagarajan Saisubramanian, and Subramaniapillai Selva Ganesan. "Identification of benzochromene derivatives as a highly specific NorA efflux pump inhibitor to mitigate the drug resistant strains of S. aureus." RSC Advances 6, no. 36 (2016): 30258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra01981a.
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Benzochromene (BC) derivatives identified as potent EPI against NorA efflux pump. BC displays 32-fold ciprofloxacin MIC reversal against NorA overexpressing mutant. BC as an adjuvant with antibiotic can curtail MDRS. aureus.
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Lin, Yunfeng, and Ashton T. Hamme II. "Targeted highly sensitive detection/eradication of multi-drug resistant Salmonella DT104 through gold nanoparticle–SWCNT bioconjugated nanohybrids." Analyst 139, no. 15 (2014): 3702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an00744a.
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Monoclonal antibody-conjugated sphere-shaped gold nanoparticles were combined with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to create a nanohybrid system to selectively detect and eradicate multiple drug resistant Salmonella (MDRS) typhimurium DT104 bacteria.
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Assari MD MPH, Shervin. "Understanding America: Unequal Economic Returns of Years of Schooling in Whites and Blacks Race, Years of Schooling, and Economic Wellbeing." World Journal of Educational Research 7, no. 2 (May 25, 2020): p78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjer.v7n2p78.
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Background: Higher schooling is associated with higher economic wellbeing. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, however, refers to smaller returns of schooling for non-Hispanic Blacks (NHBs) compared to non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). Aim: Using a national sample of American adults, the current study compared NHBs and NHWs for the effects of each incremental increase in the years of schooling (gradient of educational level) among American adults. Methods: Data came from the Understanding America Study (UAS), a national online survey with a nationally representative sample. A total of 5715 adults (18+ years old) were included. From this number, 4,826 (84.4%) were NHWs, and 889 (15.6%) were NHBs. Years of schooling was the independent variable. Economic wellbeing was the main outcome. Age and gender were the covariates. Race was the moderator. Results: Overall, each additional year of schooling was associated with higher economic wellbeing, net of age, and gender. A statistically significant interaction was found between race and years of schooling on the outcome, indicating a smaller boosting effect of any incremental increase in the years of education on the economic wellbeing of NHBs compared to NHWs. Conclusion: In line with MDRs, highly educated Black people experience low economic wellbeing. The MDRs of education on economic wellbeing may be why highly educated, and middle-class Black Americans still report poor health. Policy solutions should address multi-level causes of MDR-related health disparities.
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Brown, Darby G., Jill K. Swanson, and Caitilyn Allen. "Two Host-Induced Ralstonia solanacearum Genes, acrA and dinF, Encode Multidrug Efflux Pumps and Contribute to Bacterial Wilt Virulence." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 9 (March 2, 2007): 2777–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00984-06.
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ABSTRACT Multidrug efflux pumps (MDRs) are hypothesized to protect pathogenic bacteria from toxic host defense compounds. We created mutations in the Ralstonia solanacearum acrA and dinF genes, which encode putative MDRs in the broad-host-range plant pathogen. Both mutations reduced the ability of R. solanacearum to grow in the presence of various toxic compounds, including antibiotics, phytoalexins, and detergents. Both acrAB and dinF mutants were significantly less virulent on the tomato plant than the wild-type strain. Complementation restored near-wild-type levels of virulence to both mutants. Addition of either dinF or acrAB to Escherichia coli MDR mutants KAM3 and KAM32 restored the resistance of these strains to several toxins, demonstrating that the R. solanacearum genes can function heterologously to complement known MDR mutations. Toxic and DNA-damaging compounds induced expression of acrA and dinF, as did growth in both susceptible and resistant tomato plants. Carbon limitation also increased expression of acrA and dinF, while the stress-related sigma factor RpoS was required at a high cell density (>107 CFU/ml) to obtain wild-type levels of acrA expression both in minimal medium and in planta. The type III secretion system regulator HrpB negatively regulated dinF expression in culture at high cell densities. Together, these results show that acrAB and dinF encode MDRs in R. solanacearum and that they contribute to the overall aggressiveness of this phytopathogen, probably by protecting the bacterium from the toxic effects of host antimicrobial compounds.
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Brichta-Harhay, Dayna M., Terrance M. Arthur, Joseph M. Bosilevac, Norasak Kalchayanand, Steven D. Shackelford, Tommy L. Wheeler, and Mohammad Koohmaraie. "Diversity of Multidrug-ResistantSalmonella entericaStrains Associated with Cattle at Harvest in the United States." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 5 (January 14, 2011): 1783–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01885-10.
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ABSTRACTThe prevalence and diversity of multidrug-resistant (MDR)Salmonella entericastrains associated with cattle at harvest in the United States were examined. Hides and carcasses of cattle were sampled at processing plants (n= 6) located in four geographically distant regions from July 2005 to April 2006. The mean prevalences ofSalmonellaon hides, preevisceration carcasses (immediately after hide removal), and postintervention carcasses (in the chiller and after the full complement of interventions) were 89.6%, 50.2%, and 0.8%, respectively. The values for MDRSalmonella entericastrains (defined as those resistant to two or more antimicrobials) as percentages ofSalmonellaprevalence were 16.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.3 to 25.1%; median percent prevalence, 6.9%), 11.7% (95% CI, 4.4 to 19.0%; median, 4.8%), and 0.33% (95% CI, −0.3 to 0.70%; median, 0%), respectively. In this study, 16,218Salmonellahide and carcass isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance. Of these, 978 (6.0%) unique MDRS. entericaisolates were identified and serotyped and their XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles determined. The predominant MDRS. entericaserotypes observed were Newport (53.1%), Typhimurium (16.6%), and Uganda (10.9%). Differences in MDRS. entericaprevalence were detected, and PFGE analysis revealed both epidemic clusters (profiles found in plants in multiple regions/seasons) and endemic clusters (profiles observed in plants in limited regions/seasons) within several of the MDR serotypes examined. Despite these differences, multiple-hurdle processing interventions employed at all plants were found to be quite effective and decreasedSalmonellacarcass contamination by 98.4% (95% CI, 97.6 to 99.7%).
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Janoszka, Katarzyna, Justyna Klyta, Łukasz Laks, and Krzysztof Słaby. "The use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons molecular diagnostic ratios as a source identification tool - case study." MATEC Web of Conferences 247 (2018): 00062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824700062.
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Levoglucosan (LG) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic substances emitted from variety of anthropogenic sources, mainly as a result of incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of organic material. The seasonality of PAHs emissions is a well demonstrated fact, observed in most monitoring studies, where PAHs air concentrations in winter are much higher than their respective in the summer, due to seasonally variable emission sources. Various techniques have been proposed as ideal source identification (or apportionment) tools, and much debate exists in scientific literature about the effectiveness of the proposed methodologies. The most common methodology is the use of molecular diagnostic ratios (MDRs). Based on the annual measurement campaign in rural site located on South Poland, were levoglucose and PAHs were analyzed, the MDRs were determined. The results showed that the combustion processes of solid fuels, including biomass, are mainly responsible for air quality.
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Jolliff, Jeffrey C., Jackie Ho, Jeremiah Joson, Arash Heidari, and Royce Johnson. "Treatment of Polymicrobial Osteomyelitis with Ceftolozane-Tazobactam: Case Report and Sensitivity Testing of Isolates." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1628932.
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Stenotrophomonas maltophiliais an inherently multidrug resistant (MDR) opportunistic pathogen with many mechanisms of resistance. SENTRY studies reveal decreasing sensitivities ofS. maltophiliato trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones. Ceftolozane-tazobactam (Zerbaxa, Merck & Co., Inc.) a novel intravenous combination agent of a third-generation cephalosporin andβ-lactamase inhibitor was demonstrated to havein vitroactivity against many Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and MDR organisms. Data for ceftolozane-tazobactam’s use outside of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved indications has been limited thus far to two case reports which demonstrated its efficacy in pan-resistantPseudomonas aeruginosapneumonia. Herein, we describe the first published case of treatment of MDRS. maltophiliain polymicrobial osteomyelitis with long-term (>14 days) ceftolozane-tazobactam and metronidazole. Ceftolozane-tazobactam may offer a possible alternative for clinicians faced with limited options in the treatment of resistant pathogens including MDRS. maltophilia.
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&NA;. "Standard chemo preferable to MDRs for Hodgkin's disease." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1521 (January 2006): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200615210-00031.
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Jonas, Brandie M., Barbara E. Murray, and George M. Weinstock. "Characterization of emeA, anorA Homolog and Multidrug Resistance Efflux Pump, inEnterococcus faecalis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 3574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.12.3574-3579.2001.
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ABSTRACT We hypothesized that multidrug resistance efflux pumps (MDRs) may be contributing to the drug resistance of enterococci. We recently identified potential MDR-encoding genes in the Enterococcus faecalis V583 genome. Among the putative MDRs, we found a gene that encodes a NorA homolog and have characterized this enterococcal MDR in the present study. A mutant from which the enterococcal NorA homolog has been deleted has reduced resistance to several NorA substrates. Complementation of the deletion mutant with the wild-type gene verified the involvement of this enterococcal gene in resistance to ethidium bromide (EtBr) and norfloxacin. Known MDR inhibitors (reserpine, lansoprazole, and verapamil) inhibit the efflux of EtBr and norfloxacin in wild-type strain OG1RF. A fluorescence assay with EtBr allowed us to quantitate the efflux capability of the enterococcal NorA pump. On the basis of these results, we have named this enterococcal gene emeA (enterococcal multidrug resistance efflux).
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Baniya, Amina, Sushma Singh, Minu Singh, Pragya Nepal, Mahesh Adhikari, Sagar Aryal, and Anurag Adhikari. "Isolation and Screening of Antibiotics Producing Streptomyces spp from the Soil Collected around the Root of Alnus nepalensis from Godawari." Nepal Journal of Biotechnology 6, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v6i1.22337.
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Actinomycetes are considered as the most invaluable prokaryotes whose genome mining show a great number of putative secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways as well as gene clusters ranging from 20 to 50 per genome. The genus Streptomyces has been explored for its ability to produce 60% antibiotics worldwide. Alnus nepalensis (Alder) has been found to harbor diverse Eubacteria in its rhizosphere. To evaluate the antibiotic production potential from Actinomycetes, we collected soil samples from rhizosphere (5-7 cm deep) of Alder tree. Primary screening was done by cross-streak method against Multidrug Resistant (MDR) such as Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus auereus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus feacalis (VRE), Imepenem resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii, Vancomycin resistant Klebsiella pneumonia and Imepenem resistant E. coli as well as Non-MDRs (E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. aeureu and Enterococcus feacalis). Extraction of antibiotics was done using rota-vapour from extract obtained by solid-substrate fermentation technique followed by solvent extraction. Secondary screening was done using well diffusion assay against MDRs. Among total of 40 isolates of Actinomycetes recovered, 14 showed remarkable zone of inhibition (ZOI) to various MDRs. NASA 303 showed 26 mm of ZOI against VRE, NASA 101 had ZOI of 34 mm against MRSA, NASA 319 had 33.7 mm ZOI against Imepenem resistant E. coli, NASA 306 had 36 mm of ZOI against Vancomycin resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, and NASA 108 showed ZOI of 29.6 mm against Imepenem resistant E. faecalis. This investigation revealed that the Actinomycetes found in Rhizosphere of Alder tree had MDR killing potent antibiotics, which needs to be further explored.
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Prochazkova, Jirina, Martina Lanova, and Jiri Pachernik. "Multidrug resistance-associated ABC transporters – too much of one thing, good for nothing." BioMolecular Concepts 3, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2012-0006.
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AbstractOverexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in cancer cells results in multidrug resistance (MDR) which leads to unsuccessful chemotherapy. The most important MDR-associated members of ABC superfamily are ABC B1/P-glycoprotein/MDR1, ABC C1/multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1), and ABC G2/BCRP. This study is not only focused on function, substrates, and localization of these popular proteins but also on other ABC C family members such as ABC C2–6/MRP2-6 and ABC C7/CFTR. Current research is mainly oriented on the cancer-promoting role of these proteins, but important lessons could also be learned from the physiological roles of these proteins or from polymorphisms affecting their function. Thorough knowledge of structure and detailed mechanism of efflux can aid in the discovery of new chemotherapy targets in the future. Although the best way on how to deal with MDR would be to prevent its development, we describe some new promising strategies on how to conquer both inherited and induced MDRs.
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Assari, Shervin. "Are Teachers Biased against Black Children? A Study of Race, Amygdala Volume, and Problem Behaviors." Journal of Education, Teaching and Social Studies 3, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jetss.v3n1p1.
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Introduction: While the amygdala has a core role in behaviors, less is known about racial variation in the association between amygdala volume and teachers’ behavioral rating of children. According to the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) phenomenon, the effects of individual-level risk and protective factors tend to be weaker for Black than White children due to structural factors such as social stratification and racism. Purpose: Built on the MDRs framework and conceptualizing race as a social rather than a biological factor, this study explored racial variation in the magnitude of the effects of amygdala volume on teachers’ behavioral ratings of children. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we used baseline socioeconomic data and structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) data of 4305 American children ages 9-10 who had participated in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The primary outcome was the teachers’ behavioral rating of the child. The independent variable was amygdala volume. Age, sex, parental education, parental marital status, and ethnicity were the covariates. Race was the moderator. We used mixed-effect models for data analysis to adjust for the participants’ nested nature within families and study sites. Results: Teachers rated children with larger amygdala volumes as having lower behavioral problems. The concordance between size of amygdala volume and teachers’ behavioral rating of the child was modified by race. For while children, teachers reported the children to have lower behavioral problems when they had a large amygdala. For Black children, teachers reported high behavioral problems across all amygdala sizes. Conclusions: The results can be explained in two ways. The first explanation is minorities’ diminished returns hypothesis (MDRs). In line with MDRs, due to structural inequalities and school segregation, a large amygdala would result in a more favorable behavioral rating of the White children than Black children, as we expect an unequal effect of equal resources across racial groups in the presence of racism. The second explanation is systemic bias of teachers against Black children: meaning that due to their anti-Black bias, teachers report high behavioral problems in Black children, across all amygdala sizes (behavioral profiles). That means, race may trigger some cues and biases in the teachers, so they do not pay attention to the details of the behavioral profile of the Black child. For White children, however, in the absence of such racial bias, teachers behavioral rating of a child reflects the child’s amygdala size.
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Assari, Shervin. "Prostate Cancer Screening in Middle-Aged and Older American Men: Combined Effects of Ethnicity and Years of Schooling." Hospital Practices and Research 5, no. 2 (June 11, 2020): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/hpr.2020.12.
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Background: Prostate cancer screening is more commonly utilized by highly educated people. As shown by marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs), the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) such as education on the health outcomes are considerably smaller for ethnic minorities than for Whites. The role of MDRs as a source of ethnic health disparities is, however, still unknown. Objectives: The current study had two aims: first, to explore the association between years of schooling and having taken a prostatespecific antigen (PSA) test among men in the US, and second, to explore ethnic differences in this association. Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS-2015). The data of 5,053 men aged 55 years or older who were either Latino, non-Latino, African–American, or White were analyzed. Years of schooling was the independent variable. The dependent variable was taking a PSA test sometime during one’s lifetime. Age, region, and employment were the control variables. Ethnicity was the focal moderating variable. Binary logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: A higher number of years of schooling was associated with higher odds of having taken a PSA test, net of all confounders. Ethnicity showed a significant statistical interaction with years of schooling on having taken a PSA test. This interaction was suggestive of a smaller slope for Latino men than non-Latino men. White and African American men did not show differential effects of years of schooling on having taken a PSA test. Conclusion: Similar to the MDRs patterns in other domains, non-Latino White men show more health gain from their years of schooling than Latino men. Highly educated Latino men still need programs to encourage their use of prostate cancer screening.
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Assari, Shervin, and Mohsen Bazargan. "Educational Attainment Better Reduces Disability for Non-Hispanic than Hispanic Americans." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 10, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10010002.
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Objectives: Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) refers to the weaker protective health effects of socioeconomic status (SES) for minorities, particularly educational attainment for racial and ethnic minorities, compared to the general population. This pattern has been documented among African-Americans compared to Whites, however, we know very little about MDRs for educational attainment on disability among Hispanics compared to Non-Hispanic Whites. Aims: This cross-sectional study explored ethnic variation in the effects of educational attainment on severity of disability in the United States of America (USA). Materials and Methods: The 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) was a national survey of the general population in the USA. The total sample was 1021 American adults that reported some disability. Of the 1021 participants, 855 identified as Non-Hispanic and 165 identified as Hispanic. The independent variable was educational attainment. The main outcome was severity of disability measured using self-reported data. Age, gender, and race were covariates. Ethnicity was the effect modifier. Results: Among individuals with a disability, higher levels of educational attainment were associated with fewer disabilities, independent of all confounders. When ethnicity and educational attainment were interacted on severity of disability, the results indicated a smaller protective effect for Hispanics than for Non-Hispanics with a disability. Ethnicity-stratified models showed an effect for Non-Hispanics but not for Hispanics. Conclusions: The protective effects of educational attainment against severity of disability are smaller for Hispanics than for Non-Hispanics. To prevent health disparities, there is a need to minimize MDRs of SES for ethnic minorities. To do so, there is a need for innovative economic, public, and social policies that are not limited to equalizing educational attainment but that also help minorities leverage their resources and gain tangible outcomes.
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Assari, MD MPH, Shervin, and Jonathan Schaefer, PhD. "Parental Educational Attainment and Frequency of Marijuana Use in Youth: Hispanics’ Diminished Returns." Journal of Education and Culture Studies 5, no. 6 (December 6, 2021): p47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v5n6p47.
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Background: While socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental educational attainment show robust associations with health behaviors such as substance use, the protective effects of these indicators may differ across racial groups. This phenomenon of weaker associations between SES indicators and health outcomes for marginalized and minoritized groups relative to non-Hispanic White people has been labeled “Marginalization-related Diminished Returns” (MDRs). Here, we test both whether parental educational attainment is associated with marijuana use frequency in youth as well as whether we observe racial and ethnic variation in this association consistent with MDRs. Methods: This study used data from the cross-sectional 2019 Monitoring the Future survey (MTF 2019). Participants included 29,230 youth who were either Hispanic (24.1%), non-Hispanic Black (16.1%), or non-Hispanic White (59.9%). We used weighted logistic regression models to test for (1) associations between maternal educational attainment and youth cannabis use frequency as well as (2) moderation of this association by race/ethnicity, while adjusting for the complex sample design of the MTF 2019 data. Age, sex, father presence, and maternal employment were entered into models as covariates. Results: Overall, children born to mothers with higher educational attainment reported less frequent marijuana use than peers born to mothers with lower educational attainment. However, this association was significantly weaker in Hispanic versus non-Hispanic White youth. Conclusion: The strength of the association between parental educational attainment and youth marijuana use frequency appears to differ across ethnic groups. Specifically, we observed that whereas non-Hispanic White youth from high-SES families tend to report less marijuana use than peers from lower-SES families, Hispanic youth report roughly equal levels of use across the full SES spectrum. This finding is in line with the MDRs framework and may reflect factors such as structural racism, social stratification, and the marginalization of ethnic minority families in the US.
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Assari, Shervin, and Mohsen Bazargan. "Education Level and Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Individuals." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9100103.
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Background: Education level is one of the strongest protective factors against high-risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking. Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, suggest that the protective effects of education level tend to be weaker for racial and ethnic minority groups relative to non-Hispanic White people. Only two previous studies have shown that MDRs may also apply to lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals; however, these studies have focused on outcomes other than tobacco use. Aims: To compare LGB and non-LGB American adults for the effects of education level on cigarette-smoking status. Methods: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH; 2013) entered 31,480 American adults who were either non-LGB (n = 29,303, 93.1%) or LGB (n = 2,177; 6.9%). The independent variable was education level. The dependent variable was current established cigarette smoking. Race, ethnicity, age, gender, poverty status, employment, and region were the covariates. LGB status was the moderator. Results: Overall, individuals with higher education level (odds ratio (OR) = 0.69) had lower odds of current established smoking. We found a significant interaction between LGB status and education level suggesting that the protective effect of education level on smoking status is systemically smaller for LGB people than non-LGB individuals (OR for interaction = 1.19). Conclusions: Similar to the patterns that are shown for racial and ethnic minorities, MDRs can be observed for the effects of education level among sexual minorities. In the United States, highly educated LGB adults remain at high risk of smoking cigarettes, a risk which is disproportionate to their education level. In other terms, high education level better helps non-LGB than LGB individuals to avoid cigarette smoking. The result is a relatively high burden of tobacco use in highly educated LGB individuals.