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Academic literature on the topic 'MDNA'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "MDNA"

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Chandran, Harish, Nikhil Gopalkrishnan, Bernard Yurke, and John Reif. "Meta-DNA: synthetic biology via DNA nanostructures and hybridization reactions." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 72 (January 11, 2012): 1637–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0819.

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Can a wide range of complex biochemical behaviour arise from repeated applications of a highly reduced class of interactions? In particular, can the range of DNA manipulations achieved by protein enzymes be simulated via simple DNA hybridization chemistry? In this work, we develop a biochemical system which we call meta-DNA (abbreviated as mDNA), based on strands of DNA as the only component molecules. Various enzymatic manipulations of these mDNA molecules are simulated via toehold-mediated DNA strand displacement reactions. We provide a formal model to describe the required properties and operations of our mDNA, and show that our proposed DNA nanostructures and hybridization reactions provide these properties and functionality. Our meta-nucleotides are designed to form flexible linear assemblies (single-stranded mDNA ( ss mDNA)) analogous to single-stranded DNA. We describe various isothermal hybridization reactions that manipulate our mDNA in powerful ways analogous to DNA–DNA reactions and the action of various enzymes on DNA. These operations on mDNA include (i) hybridization of ss mDNA into a double-stranded mDNA ( ds mDNA) and heat denaturation of a ds mDNA into its component ss mDNA, (ii) strand displacement of one ss mDNA by another, (iii) restriction cuts on the backbones of ss mDNA and ds mDNA, (iv) polymerization reactions that extend ss mDNA on a template to form a complete ds mDNA, (v) synthesis of mDNA sequences via mDNA polymerase chain reaction, (vi) isothermal denaturation of a ds mDNA into its component ss mDNA, and (vii) an isothermal replicator reaction that exponentially amplifies ss mDNA strands and may be modified to allow for mutations.

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Shockett, Penny, Januka Khanal, Alina Sitaula, and Robert Kraemer. "Decline in relative plasma cell-free mitochondrial DNA levels in response to prolonged moderate aerobic and eccentric exercise (HUM1P.306)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2015): 52.31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.52.31.

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Abstract Elevated plasma levels of cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mDNA), a cell damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), contribute to neutrophil activation and inflammation in trauma patients, and may occur in cancer and autoimmunity. To further understand relationships between cf-mDNA released by tissue injury, inflammation, and health benefits of exercise, we conducted trial by time experiments for plasma cf-mDNA response to prolonged moderate aerobic exercise, and to eccentric exercise. Seven healthy moderately-trained young men (n=7) completed treadmill exercise trials for 90 min at 60% VO2 max, and resting control trials, and blood was sampled immediately prior to (Pre), during (at +18, +54, and +90 min), and after (R40) trials. A significant difference in cf-mDNA response was observed between exercise and control trials. Specifically, cf-mDNA levels differed at +54 and +90 (with or without plasma volume (PV) shift correction). A significant time effect was observed, with relative cf-mDNA levels declining at +54 and +90 during exercise. These results suggest increased clearance or reduced release of plasma cf-mDNA with exercise. Declines in cf-mDNA were also seen after eccentric exercise. Our finding of cf-mDNA decline with prolonged moderate treadmill and eccentric exercise contrasts with studies by others involving exhaustive short-term treadmill exercise, where cf-mDNA levels were unchanged, and highlights differences between exercise- and trauma-induced inflammation.

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Vallée, Nicolas, Sandrine Gaillard, André Peinnequin, Jean-Jacques Risso, and Jean-Eric Blatteau. "Evidence of cell damages caused by circulating bubbles: high level of free mitochondrial DNA in plasma of rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 115, no. 10 (November 15, 2013): 1526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00025.2013.

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Bubble formation can occur in the vascular system after diving, leading to decompression sickness (DCS). DCS signs and symptoms range from minor to death. Too often, patients are admitted to a hyperbaric center with atypical symptoms, as bubbles cannot be detected anymore. In the absence of a relevant biomarker for humans, the therapeutic management remains difficult. As circulating DNA was found in the blood of healthy humans and animals, our study was made to correlate the extracellular mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) concentration with the occurrence of clinical DCS symptoms resulting from initial bubble-induced damages. Therefore, 109 rats were subjected to decompression from a simulated 90-m sea water dive, after which, 78 rats survived (71.6%). Among the survivors, 15.6% exhibited typical DCS symptoms (DCS group), whereas the remaining 56% showed no detectable symptoms (noDCS group). Here, we report that the symptomatic rats displayed both a circulating mDNA level (DNADCS → 2.99 ± 2.62) and a bubble grade (median Spencer score = 3) higher than rats from the noDCS group (DNAnoDCS → 1.49 ± 1.27; Spencer score = 1). These higher levels could be correlated with the platelet and leukocyte consumption induced by the pathogenic decompression. Rats with no detectable bubble had lower circulating mDNA than those with higher bubble scores. We determined that in rats, a level of circulating mDNA >1.91 was highly predictive of DCS with a positive-predictive value of 87.3% and an odds ratio of 4.57. Thus circulating mDNA could become a relevant biomarker to diagnose DCS and should be investigated further to confirm its potential application in humans.

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Peletiri, I. C., E. I. Ikeh, E. Nna, U. P. Ndike, Y. B. Usman, L. D. Durfa, C. N. Okonkwo, R. Murtala, and C. R. Nnajide. "Quality of metagenomic DNA extracted for molecular identification of microorganisms from CSF samples of patients with suspected cerebrospinal meningitis in northern Nigeria." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 22, no. 2 (April 7, 2021): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v22i2.6.

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Background: Following an increase in the practice of starting antimicrobial therapy prior to clinical sample collection, the ability to confirm pathogenic microorganisms of bacterial meningitis has decreased by approximately 30%. Culture results may be false negative when fastidious or culture-resistant bacteria are involved or when patient samples are obtained after antimicrobial therapy has started. Molecular diagnosis using PCR can be performed directly on clinical samples after metagenomic DNA (mDNA) extraction not requiring live organisms for a positive result. The specific objectives of this study are to perform mDNA extraction directly from cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) using appropriate spin column method, and to determine the quality of the mDNA elute.Methodology: Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from 210 patients with suspected acute cerebrospinal meningitis (CSM) in the Federal Capital Territory and some States in Northern Nigeria during the 2017 and 2018 outbreak seasons. Metagenomic DNA was extracted from approximately 200µL of CSF specimens using the Qiagen QIAamp(R) DNA Mini kit specific for bacterial agents only. DNA quality check was performed on all DNA elutes using fluorometric, spectrophotometric and agarose gel electrophoresis methods.Results: Of the 210 CSF samples analyzed microbiologically, Gram reaction was positive in 94 cases (44.8 %) but only 17 (8.1 %) were culture positive for two of the three major bacterial causes of meningitis. One hundred and eighty (85.7%) samples had DNA concentrations ≥ 0.005 ng/µL, 55 (30.6 %) of these had DNA purity (A260/A280) of ≥ 1.7, 103 (57.2%) had purity value between 1.0 - 1.69, 14 (7.8%) had value of 0.57 - 0.99, and 8 (4.4%) failed purity evaluation with value of 0.00 at A260/A280.Conclusion: The essence of mDNA extraction is multipurpose. A multiplex PCR can be performed on the extracted mDNA to interrogate the presence of microbial pathogens of interest using specific primers and probes (when applicable). Quality mDNA from CSF samples will ensure successful qPCR results for rapid and accurate detection of bacterial pathogens in meningitis. This will eliminate the challenges associated with traditional culture methods. Keywords: Meningitis, CSF, DNA Quality Check, Fluorometry

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Chen, Jenhui, Obinna Agbodike, and Lei Wang. "Memory-Based Deep Neural Attention (mDNA) for Cognitive Multi-Turn Response Retrieval in Task-Oriented Chatbots." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 22, 2020): 5819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175819.

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One of the important criteria used in judging the performance of a chatbot is the ability to provide meaningful and informative responses that correspond with the context of a user’s utterance. Nowadays, the number of enterprises adopting and relying on task-oriented chatbots for profit is increasing. Dialog errors and inappropriate response to user queries by chatbots can result in huge cost implications. To achieve high performance, recent AI chatbot models are increasingly adopting the Transformer positional encoding and the attention-based architecture. While the transformer performs optimally in sequential generative chatbot models, recent studies has pointed out the occurrence of logical inconsistency and fuzzy error problems when the Transformer technique is adopted in retrieval-based chatbot models. Our investigation discovers that the encountered errors are caused by information losses. Therefore, in this paper, we address this problem by augmenting the Transformer-based retrieval chatbot architecture with a memory-based deep neural attention (mDNA) model by using an approach similar to late data fusion. The mDNA is a simple encoder-decoder neural architecture that comprises of bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM), attention mechanism, and a memory for information retention in the encoder. In our experiments, we trained the model extensively on a large Ubuntu dialog corpus, and the results from recall evaluation scores show that the mDNA augmentation approach slightly outperforms selected state-of-the-art retrieval chatbot models. The results from the mDNA augmentation approach are quite impressive.

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de Laat, Paul, Richard R. Rodenburg, Nel Roeleveld, Saskia Koene, Jan A. Smeitink, and Mirian CH Janssen. "Six-year prospective follow-up study in 151 carriers of the mitochondrial DNA 3243 A>G variant." Journal of Medical Genetics 58, no. 1 (May 21, 2020): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106800.

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BackgroundThe mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) 3243A>G variant is the most common pathogenic variant of the mDNA. To interpret results of clinical trials in mitochondrial disease, it is important to have a clear understanding of the natural course of disease. To obtain more insight into the disease burden and the progression of disease in carriers of the mDNA 3243 A>G variant, we followed a cohort of 151 carriers from 61 families prospectively for up to 6 years.MethodsThe disease severity was scored using the Newcastle Mitochondrial Disease Adult Scale (NMDAS), including SF-36 quality of life (QoL) scores. Heteroplasmy levels were measured in urinary epithelial cells (UEC), leucocytes and saliva. The progression of the disease was studied using linear mixed model analysis.ResultsOne hundred twenty-four carriers (out of 151) were symptomatic. Four clinical groups were identified: 1) classical mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes syndrome (n=7), 2) maternally inherited diabetes deafness syndrome (n=60), 3) ‘other’ (n=57) and 4) dormant carriers (n=27). A yearly increase of NMDAS score of 0.47 point was measured in the total group. Heteroplasmy levels in both leucocytes and UEC were only weakly correlated with disease severity. Physical QoL declined with age. The most important determinants of QoL decline were hearing loss, speech problems, exercise intolerance, gait instability, psychiatric problems and gastrointestinal involvement.ConclusionThe mDNA 3243 A>G variant causes a slowly progressive disease, with a yearly increase of NMDAS score of ~0.5 point overall with the clinical phenotype being the only determinant of disease progression.

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Smail, Emily, Brion Maher, Ann Moore, Pei-Lun Kuo, Mark Wu, Dominique Low, Katie Stone, and Adam Spira. "Links of Sleep Duration with Biomarkers of Accelerated Aging: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 665–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2512.

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Abstract Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation have been linked to markers of biological aging, including methylation change and increases in white blood cell and neutrophil counts. However, little is known regarding the association of sleep duration with biological markers of aging. We investigated links of self-reported sleep duration with biological aging markers in 615 participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) aged ≥50 years (mean = 71.0 ± 11.2, 49.6% women, 68.8% white) with data on self-reported sleep duration in hours (i.e., ≤6 (n=131), >6 to 7 (n=234), >7 (n=250)), demographics, and genetic and methylation data (mDNA). Our aging biomarker outcomes were four epigenetic clocks (Horvath, Hannum, PhenoAge, and GrimAge), mDNA-estimated PAI1, and estimated granulocyte count. After adjustment for age, sex, and race, compared to those sleeping ≤6 hours, those reporting >7 hours of sleep had faster biological aging according to Hannum age-acceleration, PhenoAge, GrimAge, mDNA-estimated PAI1, and granulocyte count. In addition, sleep duration interacted with age, such that compared to individuals reporting ≤6 hours of sleep, individuals reporting >6 to 7 hours showed lower GrimAge with increasing age, and with sex, such that males with longer sleep duration (>6 to 7 and >7 hours) showed a lower granulocyte count compared to females. Findings suggest that both short and long sleep duration are associated with and may contribute to accelerated aging. Prospective studies in larger samples are needed to examine whether changes in sleep duration precede changes in aging biomarkers.

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Tessa, Alessandro, Aldo Giannotti, Luigi Tieri, Laura Vilarinho, Giacomo Marotta, and Filippo M. Santorelli. "Maternally inherited deafness associated with a T1095C mutation in the mDNA." European Journal of Human Genetics 9, no. 2 (February 2001): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200601.

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Magnani, M., G. Brandi, A. Casabianca, A. Fraternale, G. F. Schiavano, L. Rossi, and L. Chiarantini. "2′,3′-Dideoxycytidine metabolism in a new drug-resistant cell line." Biochemical Journal 312, no. 1 (November 15, 1995): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3120115.

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2′,3′-Dideoxycytidine (ddC) is a nucleoside analogue that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in vitro and is currently used in the therapy of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This compound exerts a delayed cytotoxicity due to inhibition of mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) synthesis. Long-term exposure of U937 human monoblastoid cells to ddC resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in mDNA content and Rhodamine 123 fluorescence. However, after 2 months on 0.1 microM ddC, a drug-resistant cell line (U937-R) with 66% of the normal amount of mDNA was isolated. ddC transport in U937 and U937-R cell lines was similar. In contrast, U937-R accumulated ddC phosphorylated derivatives at a much lower rate and to a reduced concentration into acid-soluble material. The rate of 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate (ddCTP) formation in U937-R cells was almost one-third of that measured in normal cells, although the rate of ddCTP catabolism was similar in both cell lines. Dideoxyliponucleotide (ddCDP-choline and ddCDP-ethanolamine) formation was also much slower (between one-half and one-third as fast) in U937-R than in control cells, although catabolism occurred at similar rates. ddC was phosphorylated by a cytoplasmic deoxycytidine kinase in both cell lines. This enzyme showed Km values for ddC of 80 +/- 7 and 140 +/- 9 microM in U937 and U937-R cells respectively. Furthermore, Vmax was 12 +/- 1.1 and 7.8 +/- 0.5 pmol/min per mg of protein in U937 and U937-R. Thus resistance to ddC toxicity may be due to cells' decreased ability to accumulate intracellular ddC anabolites, which may depend on cytoplasmic deoxycytidine kinase.

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Schuliga, Michael, Jane Read, Kaj E. C. Blokland, David W. Waters, Janette Burgess, Cecilia Prêle, Steven E. Mutsaers, et al. "Self DNA perpetuates IPF lung fibroblast senescence in a cGAS-dependent manner." Clinical Science 134, no. 7 (April 2020): 889–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20191160.

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Abstract Senescence and mitochondrial stress are mutually reinforcing age-related processes that contribute to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); a lethal disease that manifests primarily in the elderly. Whilst evidence is accumulating that GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is crucial in perpetuating senescence by binding damaged DNA released into the cytosol, its role in IPF is not known. The present study examines the contributions of cGAS and self DNA to the senescence of lung fibroblasts from IPF patients (IPF-LFs) and age-matched controls (Ctrl-LFs). cGAS immunoreactivity was observed in regions of fibrosis associated with fibroblasts in lung tissue of IPF patients. Pharmacological inhibition of cGAS or its knockdown by silencing RNA (siRNA) diminished the escalation of IPF-LF senescence in culture over 7 days as measured by decreased p21 and p16 expression, histone 2AXγ phosphorylation and/or IL-6 production (P < 0.05, n = 5–8). The targeting of cGAS also attenuated etoposide-induced senescence in Ctrl-LFs (P < 0.05, n = 5–8). Levels of mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) detected by qPCR in the cytosol and medium of IPF-LFs or senescence-induced Ctrl-LFs were higher than Ctrl-LFs at baseline (P < 0.05, n = 5–7). The addition of DNAse I (100 U/ml) deaccelerated IPF-LF senescence (P < 0.05, n = 5), whereas ectopic mDNA or the induction of endogenous mDNA release augmented Ctrl-LF senescence in a cGAS-dependent manner (P < 0.05, n = 5). In conclusion, we provide evidence that cGAS reinforces lung fibroblast senescence involving damaged self DNA. The targeting of cGAS to supress senescent-like responses may have potential important therapeutic implications in the treatment of IPF.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "MDNA"

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Davidson, Alexander F. "Elucidating the mechanism of localised mDNA translation during Drosophila oogenesis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711933.

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Costa, José Luiz da. "Determinação de 3,4-metilenodioximetanfetamina (MDMA - Ecstasy), 3,4-metilenodioxietilanfetamina (MDEA - Eve) e 3,4-metilenodioxianfetamina (MDA) em fluidos biológicos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência: aspecto forense." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-11032005-190039/.

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Em todo o mundo é crescente o uso drogas de abuso sintéticas conhecidas com designer drugs. Os principais representantes desta classe são o Ecstasy ou 3,4-metilenodioximetanfetamina (MDMA) e o Eve ou 3,4-metilenodioxietilanfetamina (MDEA), substâncias com efeitos estimulantes e alucinógenos. No Brasil é crescente sua divulgação pela mídia e o uso recreacional tem sido constatado em vários pacientes que buscam tratamento nas clínicas para dependentes. O presente trabalho constitui validação de metodologia analítica para o diagnóstico laboratorial do uso de MDMA, MDEA e seu produto de biotransformação, o 3,4-metilenodioxianfetamina (MDA), em sangue total e urina, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção por fluorescência. Os métodos desenvolvidos mostraram boa linearidade, precisão, exatidão, rendimento e capacidade de detectar os analitos mesmos quando presentes em baixas concentrações, o que permite sua aplicação na verificação da intoxicação aguda quanto no uso recreacional destas drogas de abuso.
There is a worldwide increase in the use of the synthetic drugs of abuse known as designer drugs. The main representatives of this class are Ecstasy or 3,4-methylenodioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Eve or 3,4- methylenodioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA), substances with stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. In Brazil media coverage of them is on the increase and their recreational is in evidence by the growing numbers of patients who seek treatment at drug treatment centers. This paper validates the analytical methodology for the laboratory diagnosis of the use of MDMA, MDEA and their product of biotransformation, 3,4-methylenodioxyamphetamine (MDA), in whole blood and urine by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence. The developed methods showed good linearity, precision, accuracy, yield and capacity to detect analytes even when present in low concentrations, which enables its application in cases high intoxication as well as in cases of the recreational use of these drugs of abuse.

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Cormick, Justin. "Isotope ratio analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) synthesised from helional." Thesis, Griffith University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/415810.

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Illicit drug profiling describes the applications of chemical or physical drug profiles to areas such as law enforcement and legislation. Stable isotope analysis by stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) has become a useful tool for illicit drug profiling purposes. The following research was focused on the illicit drug profiling of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxmethylamphetamine (MDMA) by IRMS. Following an extensive literature review, it was surmised that the illicit drug profiling of MDMA (and a lesser extent MDA) by IRMS was complicated. Previous research suggested that stable isotopic compositions of MDA/MDMA may not be characteristic of the synthetic history. Traditional precursors for these drugs have similar, plant-based origins and similar isotopic compositions. The changes to isotopic compositions during the synthesis of MDA/MDMA made it difficult to establish links back to specific precursors. The control of traditional precursors has seen illicit manufacturing utilise alternative compounds. Helional has emerged as a novel precursor for MDA and MDMA, and although recently legislated against in Queensland, Australia, remains largely uncontrolled in many other jurisdictions. The aim of this research was to investigate further the analysis of MDA and MDMA by IRMS, with particular focus on the alternative precursor helional. This was performed with the following individual aims: 1. To investigate the δ2H, δ13C and δ18O composition variation in traditional and alternative MDA/MDMA precursors available in Queensland, Australia including the novel precursor helional. 2. To investigate the δ13C and δ15N composition variation in nitrogen sources used for the synthesis of MDA and MDMA. 3. To investigate the synthesis of MDA and MDMA from helional, and characterisation to determine what, if any isotopic changes occur during each stage of synthesis. 4. To investigate the HCl salt precipitation of MDA and MDMA and to determine what, if any isotopic changes occur during this process. A survey of traditional and alternative precursors and pre-precursors, from which MDA/MDMA can be produced, found a greater variation in stable isotope ratios than previously reported. Of particular interest were samples found with δ13C values more negative than traditional precursors, including helional (between –32.47 and –32.21‰) and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (MDP2P) prepared from the methyl-glycidate masking group (methyl-3-[3,4- (methylenedioxy)phenyl]-2-methyl-glycidate (MMDMG)) (–31.39‰). A survey of ATS nitrogen sources by IRMS was also conducted. Much greater variation was found in the δ15N compositions for the alternative nitrogen sources nitromethane (–37.21 to – 0.10‰) and hydroxylamine (–97.87 to +2.19‰). Hydroxylamine is utilised in the production of MDA from helional, and can itself be produced from nitromethane. Changes to stable isotope ratios from precursors and nitrogen sources to MDA and MDMA, and during the HCl salt precipitation, were next investigated. One pathway from helional to MDP2P was investigated via an enamine intermediate, and from MDP2P to MDMA by reductive amination. From helional to MDA two methods were investigated, both proceeding through an amide intermediate. Minimal change was observed in δ13C composition from helional to MDA and MDMA, however, isotopic changes occurred in δ2H, δ15N and δ18O compositions. During the HCl salt precipitation minimal change was seen in δ13C and δ18O composition. When multiple precipitations of the HCl salt were collected, changes occurred to δ2H and δ15N values. If high yields of MDA/MDMA were collected as the HCl salt and homogenised, this isotopic fractionation is expected to be reduced. These results have implications to the illicit drug profiling of MDA and MDMA by IRMS. With minimal changes to δ13C composition, this element may provide limited information about the synthetic history of a sample, especially when MDA or MDMA was prepared from alternative precursors with more negative δ13C values. Changes observed in δ2H, δ15N and δ18O values suggest that these elements may be more useful in characterising batch-to-batch variations between MDA or MDMA samples.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Wieliczko, Monika J. "Psychological effects of MDMA." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2016. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/14928/.

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Zinberg's Interaction Model implies that the content of a drug-induced experience is a function of the pharmacological properties of the drug, the set (the user’s characteristics e.g. motivation and personality), and the setting (the physical and social context). The current research investigated the function of the set and setting and their role in shaping the psychological effects of 3,4-methylenedioxmethamphetamine (MDMA), as well as their role in reducing the risk of drug abuse. An online survey was distributed among adult MDMA polydrug users (n = 158) and MDMA-naïve controls (alcohol, nicotine and cannabis users, n = 138). Participants answered questions regarding their pattern of drug use, their motivation for MDMA use and the setting (e.g. clubbing, home with friends), as well as the subjective effects of MDMA. Participants also completed a range of self-report measures of self-reflection and insight, emotional intelligence, and personality, as well as a drug dependency measure. MDMA users displayed higher levels of self-reflection and insight, openness to new experience and lower levels of neuroticism and conscientiousness, in comparison to the control group. The significant predictors of self-reflection and insight were openness, emotional intelligence, MDMA use, extraversion and neuroticism. When the analysis was rerun only for the MDMA group, the significant predictors of self-reflection and insight were openness, emotional intelligence and self-insight effects of MDMA. High levels of self-reported negative effects of MDMA were predictors of a problematic drug use. These findings suggest that there might be a relationship between MDMA use and higher levels of self-reflection and insight; however, longitudinal studies are required to further investigate the causality of this relationship. The results add to existing evidence that MDMA has potential for altering emotional experiences. Further research utilising a prospective design is warranted.

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Giesen, Ralf. "Mathematische Modellierung des MDEA-Absorptionsprozesses." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=973450738.

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Anneken, John H. "Glutamate and MDMA Neurobehavioral Toxicity." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353342344.

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Bósio, Graziela Costa. "Contribuição individual dos enatiômeros isolados da 3,4-metilenodioximetanfetamina (MDMA) comparativamente com a mistura racêmica no estresse oxidativo hepático, renal e estriatal de ratos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-19062013-160903/.

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A 3,4-metilenodioximetanfetamina (MDMA, ecstasy), derivada da anfetamina, é uma droga largamente utilizada para fins recreacionais devido à sensação de euforia, energia e desejo de socialização. Apesar de ter a reputação de ser uma droga segura, um número crescente de relatos clínicos e estudos experimentais indica que a MDMA pode produzir toxicidade no SNC, rim, fígado e coração. Embora esteja contida nos comprimidos de ecstasy como racemato (uma mistura de 50% de seus enantiômeros), sua biotransformação é enantioseletiva; em ratos, o enantiômero R é biotransformado mais rapidamente que o S. Como a biotransformação de MDMA é capaz de produzir metabólitos reativos, muito provavelmente, a forma R tenha um maior potencial para gerar ERO/ERN e dano oxidativo nos tecidos do que a forma S. Nos seres humanos ocorre o inverso. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a contribuição individual de cada enantiômero da MDMA isoladamente, tendo como referência a mistura racêmica, no estresse oxidativo hepático renal e estriatal de ratos. Ratos Wistar machos adultos (180-220g) foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle (salina), MDMA racêmico, R-MDMA e S-MDMA. (2 doses consecutivas de 10 mg/kg no intervalo de 24h, gavage). Parâmetros de estresse oxidativo serão utilizados como a medida da formação de malonaldeído, a determinação de níveis de glutationa reduzida e a atividade da glutationa-S-transferase. Os enantiômeros da MDMA racêmica foram separados por meio da cromatografia em fase líquida de alta eficiência em fase estacionária quiral. Os enantiômeros obtidos mostraram um alto grau de pureza e um bom rendimento. Nossos resultados mostraram que o conteúdo hepático de glutationa total dos ratos do grupo R,S-MDMA e do grupo R-MDMA, foi significativamente menor do que os do controle e os do S-MDMA, revelando que é o enantiômero R que contribui para a depleção de glutationa hepática induzida pela mistura racêmica. A alta reatividade do enantiômero R no fígado também pode ser constatada nos animais tratados apenas com R-MMDA, uma vez que houve uma produção significativamente aumentada de MDA, comparativamente aos outros grupos tratados e o controle. O conteúdo renal de glutationa total foi significantemente menor para todos os grupos tratados quando comparados com o controle. Com relação ao estriado, apenas os animais tratados com o isômero S isoladamente mostraram uma queda significativa da atividade da GST em comparação aos demais grupos tratados e controle. Tomando todos esses dados em conjunto, esse trabalho mostrou que os enantiômeros isolados da MDMA podem atuar de formas distintas no que se refere ao estado redox, principalmente no fígado, uma vez que o isômero R foi o que mais contribuiu para um dano oxidativo.
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is an amphetamine derivate that is largely used for recreational purpose due to its feeling of euphoria, energy and the desire to socialize. Although MDMA has the reputation of being safe, a growing number of clinical reports and experimental studies indicate that MDMA can produce toxicity in the CNS, kidney, liver and heart.Although MDMA is present in ecstasy tablets as a racemate (a 50% mixture of its enantiomer) it has an enantioselective metabolism; in rats, the S-enantiomer is metabolized faster than the R-enantiomer and it is the more active pharmacological form. As the MDMA biotransformation can produce reactive metabolites, probably the R form has a greater potential to generate ROS / ERN and oxidative damage in tissues than the S. In humans, the opposite occurs. Therefore, this aim of the present study was to evaluate the individual contribution of single MDMA enantiomers, compared to racemic mixture in liver, kidney and striatal rats oxidative stress. Adult male Wistar rats (180- 220g) will be divided into four groups: control treatment (saline), racemic MDMA, R-MDMA and S-MDMA (two consecutive doses 24h apart with 10mg/kg, gavage). Oxidative stress status parameters will be used to measure malondialdehyde formation, the reduced glutathione levels determination and the glutathione-S-transferase activity. The enantiomers of racemic MDMA were separated by liquid chromatography high-efficiency chiral stationary phase. The enantiomers showed a high degree of purity and a good recovery. Our results showed that the total glutathione content in liver of rats in R,S-MDMA and R-MDMA group was significantly lower than the control and S-MDMA, revealing that the R-enantiomer that contributes to hepatic glutathione depletion induced by the racemic mixture. The high reactivity of the R enantiomer in the liver can also be observed in animals treated with R-MMDA, since there was a significantly increased production of MDA, compared with other treated and control groups. The total glutathione content in kidney was significantly lower for all treated groups compared with control. With respect to the striatum, only animals treated with the S isomer alone showed a significant decrease in GST activity compared to other treatment and control groups. Taking all these data together, this study shows that the isolated enantiomers of MDMA can act differently with regard to the redox state, mainly in the liver, since the R isomer was the largest contributor to oxidative damage.

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Chaves, Rafael Alves. "Aspectos e MDA." Florianópolis, SC, 2004. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/87201.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação.
Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-21T16:17:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 235612.pdf: 591706 bytes, checksum: 504520bc0ea1832a0e9fadc7b3c69fed (MD5)
As principais contribuições deste trabalho consistem em analisar o potencial do uso conjunto das abordagens MDA e orientação a aspectos, e propor extensões à UML para comportar a criação de modelos executáveis usando o paradigma de aspectos.

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Chakma, Amitabha. "Studies on DEA and MDEA degradation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26971.

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Aqueous diethanolamine ("DEA") is widely used for the removal of acid gases such as C0₂ and H₂S while aqueous methyl diethanoamine("MDEA") is primarily used for the selective removal of H₂S in the presence of C0₂ from light hydrocarbon gases. In addition to normal absorption and desorption reactions, some side reactions occur between C0₂, DEA and MDEA resulting in the formation of degradation compounds. Degradation not only represents a loss of valuable solvent, but may also lead to operational problems such as corrosion, foaming and fouling. C0₂ equilibrium solubility in aqueous MDEA solutions as well as in aqueous N,N-bis hydroxyethyl piperazine ("BHEP"), a major DEA and MDEA degradation product, were measured and mathematical models to predict equilibrium C0₂ solubility in aqueous MDEA and aqueous BHEP solutions were developed. DEA degradation experiments under flow conditions were carried out in a coiled heat exchnager tube heated by means of a constant temperature heat transfer fluid. A Mathematical model predicting DEA degradation in heat transfer tubes was developed. Carefully controlled MDEA degradation experiments with C0₂ were carried out in a 600 mL stainless steel autoclave to study the effect of temperature, MDEA concentration and C0₂ partial pressure. MDEA was found to degrade fairly rapidly at elevated temperature. The major MDEA degradation compounds were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. A kinetic model describing MDEA degradation was developed. Solution purification studies consisting of activated carbon adsorption of degradation compounds and reversal of degradation reactions by alkali addition were also studied. While activated carbon adsorption was found ineffective, alkali addition was found to be quite effective in reversing some of the major DEA degradation reactions. A purification process based on degradation reaction reversal technique was developed.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Christian, Michael. "Exploring MDMA and its therapeutic potential." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/672.

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The clinical application of MDMA has long been an issue of great interest for doctors, counselors, researchers, and users alike. Originally synthesized by a pharmaceutical company and subsequently tested on military personnel, the drug was then used by many clinicians and physicians prior to the DEA's strict regulation of the drug, which began in the mid 1980s (Mithoefer et al, 2010). The DEA has classified MDMA a "Schedule 1" drug, which means that it among the most controlled substances, a fact which has hindered the progress of research. For a detailed explanation of the DEA's scheduling of controlled substances, please refer to appendix A. Exception was made to this restriction, however, in 2003 when the US government permitted one organization, the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies ("MAPS," for short), to conduct studies wherein the drug was to be administered to human participants in a clinically controlled experimental environment--a setting which allows for many of the most prevalent confounds found in MDMA research to be minimized and, in some cases, eliminated (Mithoefer et al., 2007; Mithoefer et al, 2010; MAPS.org, 2012). Though MAPS' studies are only just beginning, they have already had promising results in treating protracted cases of PTSD. These recent developments in MDMA research and the results of the subsequent studies have piqued the interest of academics and advocates alike as well as motive numerous other organizations to lend their support to the MAPS organization. This literature review aims to provide an overview of past and present paradigms within the body of MDMA research in order to provide an informational framework within which the recent works regarding the drug's therapeutic merit can be adequately examined.
B.S.
Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology

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Books on the topic "MDNA"

1

MDMA (éxtasis). Johnstown, PA: National Drug Intelligence Center, U.S. Dept. of Justice, 2005.

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MDMA (ecstasy). Johnstown, PA: National Drug Intelligence Center, U.S. Dept. of Justice, 2003.

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The Metropolitan Cathedral: Mdina. Sta Venera: Heritage Books, 2008.

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Deguara, Aloysius. The Metropolitan Cathedral, Mdina. Sta Venera: Heritage Books, 2008.

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Deguara, Aloysius. The Metropolitan Cathedral, Mdina. Sta Venera: Heritage Books, 2008.

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Fran, Bissett, and National Youth Federation (Ireland), eds. Ecstacy and young people. Dublin: Irish Youth Work Press in association with the Health Promotion Unit of the Department of Health, 1997.

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19uu. bod ljongs mdza' gzhas. Pe cin: Mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 2005.

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England, Richard. Mdina: Citadel of memory. [Malta]: Atlantis, 1995.

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Ecstasy: The MDMA story. 2nd ed. Berkeley, CA: Ronin Pub., 1994.

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Ecstasy: The MDMA story. Berkeley, Calif: Ronin Pub., 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "MDNA"

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Dowling, Graeme P. "Human Deaths and Toxic Reactions Attributed to MDMA and MDEA." In Topics in the Neurosciences, 63–75. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1485-1_5.

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Morgan, Michael M., MacDonald J. Christie, Thomas Steckler, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, et al. "MDMA." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 751. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_5002.

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Hermle, Leopold, and Felix Schuldt. "MDMA." In Handbuch Psychoaktive Substanzen, 551–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55125-3_25.

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Hermle, Leopold, and Felix Schuldt. "MDMA." In Handbuch Psychoaktive Substanzen, 1–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55214-4_25-1.

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McGregor, Iain S., Paul D. Callaghan, and Murray R. Thompson. "Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 953–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36172-2_154.

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Morgan, Michael M., MacDonald J. Christie, Thomas Steckler, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, et al. "Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 758–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_154.

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McGregor, Iain S., Paul D. Callaghan, and Murray R. Thompson. "Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 1–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27772-6_154-2.

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Shekhar, Shashi, and Hui Xiong. "MDA." In Encyclopedia of GIS, 652. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_772.

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Freye, Enno. "Pharmacokinetics of MDMA." In Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs, 161–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_25.

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Shulgin, Alexander T. "History of MDMA." In Topics in the Neurosciences, 1–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1485-1_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "MDNA"

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Mahdy, Tarek, Abdulaziz Al-Sulaiti, Yasser Abdelqader, Abdelrahman Fikry, Gaffar Hag, and Mohammad I. Ahmad. "A Validated and Applicable Direct Injection LC/MS/MS Method of Fourteen Drugs of Abuse in Urine Samples to Avoid the False Positive/Negative Results of Immunoassay Techniques in Forensic Cases." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0146.

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Many false positive and false negative results have been detected in immunoassay analyses of drugs of abuse in urine samples. A method of direct injection of diluted urine into LC/MS/MS was developed and validated for detection and quantitation of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA, Benzoylecgonine, Ecgonine, Norpseudoephedrine, Ephedrine, Tapentadol, Tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol, Tapentadol, Pregabline, Gabapentine and Methadone to avoid the false positive and false negative results in urine samples. Linearity of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine MDMA, MDA, Benzoylecgonine, Ecgonine, Norpseudoephedrine and Ephedrine was (60-2400ng/mL), for Tapentadol, Tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol, and Methadone was (50-1600 ng/mL), and for Pregabline and Gabapentine was (100-4000ng/mL) and r2 ˃ 0.992 for all analysts. A 440 urine samples have been analyzed using both immunoassay technique and LC/MS/MS by direct injection method giving a good comparison to illustrate how this method was specific, accurate, precise, and applicable for forensic urine samples

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Che, Dongsheng, Yinglei Song, and Khaled Rasheed. "MDGA." In the 2005 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1068009.1068080.

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"MDVA 2013: Foreword." In 2013 IEEE 37th International Computer Software and Applications Conference Workshops (COMPSACW). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/compsacw.2013.151.

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"MDA [advertisement]." In 2010 IEEE International Symposium Antennas and Propagation and CNC-USNC/URSI Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2010.5562068.

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"REAGUDIZACIÓN PSICÓTICA ASOCIADA AL CONSUMO DE MDMA: A PROPÓSITO DE UN CASO." In 23° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2021. SEPD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2021p046v.

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1. Objetivos: MDMA (3,4-metilendioximetanfetamina), comúnmente conocida como “éxtasis”, es una droga habitualmente usada en ambiente lúdico. Sus efectos tóxicos a nivel del SNC son ampliamente conocidos, habiéndose demostrado particularmente el daño que se produce sobre el sistema serotoninérgico. Como consecuencia de esta toxicidad se ha reportado la aparición de psicopatología diversa, tanto aguda como crónica. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso clínico en el que se muestran los efectos que puede causar el consumo de MDMA en pacientes diagnosticados de esquizofrenia. 2. Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión no sistemática mediante búsqueda bibliográfica en las principales bases de datos, así como el estudio del caso. 3. Resultados y conclusiones: Varón de 44 años, en seguimiento por Salud Mental desde hace más de 20 años, diagnosticado de Esquizofrenia, en tratamiento con pailperidona inyectable. En cuanto a los hábitos tóxicos, destacan el consumo de cannabis habitual así como el de MDMA esporádico. No otros antecedentes de interés. Ingresa en Unidad de Hospitalización Breve Psiquiátrica por presentar descompensación psicótica (ideación delirante mística y alucinaciones auditivas) tras consumo de MDMA. Tras ajuste de tratamiento y abstinencia a tóxicos, cede la sintomatología. Tras el alta, presenta nuevo episodio en contexto de recaída en el consumo. Actualmente persiste consumo de cannabis, pero ha cedido el de MDMA, manteniéndose estable a nivel psicopatológico. Si bien los trastornos psiquiátricos asociados con más frecuencia al consumo de “éxtasis” son los trastornos de ansiedad y depresivos, la aparición de sintomatología psicótica tras su consumo se ha descrito en pacientes sin antecedentes psiquiátricos y en aquellos diagnosticados de alguna patología mental. Destacar también el posible efecto aditivo en consumidores de cannabis y MDMA. Se hace necesario, por tanto, un estudio más exhaustivo para entender los efectos que produce el consumo de MDMA a corto y largo plazo.

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Yazawa, Toru. "Everyday Life Quantification Using mDFA: Heart Health Monitoring and Structural Health Monitoring." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-48018.

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The aim of this study was to make a method usable in an early detection of malfunction, e.g., abnormal vibration/fluctuation in recorded signals. We conducted experimentations of heart health and structural health monitoring. We collected natural world signals, e.g., heartbeat fluctuation and mechanical vibration. For the analysis, we used modified detrended fluctuation analysis (mDFA) method that we have made recently. mDFA calculated the scaling exponent (SI, the acronym SI is derived from the scaling indices) from the time series data, e.g., R-R interval time series obtained from electrocardiograms. In the present study, peaks were identified by our own method. In every single mDFA computation, we identified ∼2000 consecutive peaks from a data: “2000” was necessary number to conduct mDFA. mDFA was able to distinguish between normal and abnormal behaviors: Normal healthy hearts exhibited an SI around 1.0, which is a phenomena comparable to 1/f fluctuation. Job-related stressful hearts and extrasystolic hearts both exhibited a low SI such as 0.7. Normally running car’s vibration — recorded steering wheel vibration — exhibited an SI around 0.5, which is white noise like fluctuation. Normally spinning ball-bearings (BB) exhibited an SI around 0.1, which belongs to the anti-correlation phenomena. A malfunctioning BB showed an increased SI. At an SI value over 0.2, an inspector must check BB’s correct functioning. Here we propose that healthiness in various cyclic vibration behaviors can be quantitatively analyzed by mDFA.

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Andreasen, Christian, and Chung Hye Read. "GEOINT for MDA." In Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Raja Suresh. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.724505.

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Liang, Wei, Yunde Jia, Fuchun Sun, Bing Ning, Tangli Liu, and Xinxiao Wu. "Visual Hand Tracking Using MDSA Method." In Multiconference on "Computational Engineering in Systems Applications. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cesa.2006.4281659.

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Kannan, Pravin, Pal Priyabrata, Fawzi Banat, Satyadileep Dara, Ibrahim Khan, Eisa AlJenaibi, and Marwan AlAwlqi. "Calcium Alginate-Based Carbon Composite Adsorbents for Lean Methyldiethanolamine Reclamation: Laboratory to Pilot Scale Testing and Validation." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207754-ms.

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Abstract Calcium alginate-based carbon composite (CAC) adsorbents have been proved to effectively remove total organic acid anions as HSS anions, metal ions, and organic degraded products from lean methyldiethanolamine (MDEA solvents) used as solvent in natural gas sweetening unit. During the material developmental phase, the CAC adsorbent was synthesized and utilized to remove various contaminants, including heat stable salts (HSS), organic degraded products, and heavy metal ions from lean MDEA using a lab-scale adsorption setup. Based on the results, a "demo-scale" fixed bed adsorption unit was designed and simulated using adsorption model to predict breakthrough behavior. In the current work, the efficiency of the CAC adsorbent in removing HSS and total organic acid anions were investigated. Analysis of treated samples demonstrated the removal efficiency of the adsorbent under plant scale conditions. Further experiments performed at lab scale indicated the effectiveness of the adsorbent in the removal of bicine from lean MDEA samples. This work provides a framework for future testing and comprehensive process performance evaluation of adsorbents for lean MDEA reclamation in actual plant conditions. A fast, simple, and reliable scale up procedure for fixed bed adsorber developed earlier was validated through this work.

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Jezequel, J. M., and W. Emmerich. "Panel MDA in practice." In Proceedings. 26th International Conference on Software Engineering. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icse.2004.1317491.

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Reports on the topic "MDNA"

1

Hodgkiss, William S. MDA-1 Data Analysis and Report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada306522.

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Castro, Richard G., and Raymond L. Flesner. LANL/UK Mutual Defense Agreement (MDA) Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1055241.

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Wilson, III, George R., and Nigil Jeyashekar. Metal Deactivator Additive (MDA) Impacts on Thermal Stability. Coordinating Research Council, Inc., June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21813/crcav-6-06.

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Hodgkiss, William S. VAST and MDA-1 Experiment Support and Data Analysis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada306712.

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Lynn, K., S. Cheshire, M. Blanchet, and D. Migault. Requirements for Scalable DNS-Based Service Discovery (DNS-SD) / Multicast DNS (mDNS) Extensions. RFC Editor, July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7558.

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Wing, D. Indicating Supported Media Features Using Extensions to DSN and MDN. RFC Editor, March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2530.

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Toutin, Th, K. E. Mattar, B. Brisco, A. L. Gray, and M J Manore. PRODUCCIÓN DE MDA A PARTIR DE RADARSAT: PANORAMA Y EJEMPLOS. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219725.

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Shah, Sikandar. The Science of MDMA & Its Therapeutic Uses: Benefits & Risks | Huberman Lab Podcast. ResearchHub Technologies, Inc., June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55277/researchhub.tvglv6dc.

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Melnikov, A. Message Disposition Notification (MDN) profile for Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP). RFC Editor, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3503.

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Springer, E. P. Surface water and erosion calculations to support the MDA G performance assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/444073.

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