Academic literature on the topic 'MCP-Counter'

Fruits of `Tsugaru' (an early maturing cultivar), `Hongro' (mid-season cultivar), and `Fuji' (late cultivar), were harvested at different times of the year, depending upon their maturity, and treated with 1-MCP at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 ppm for 8-24 hours. Fruits were also treated with 1-MCP at different times after harvest. Portions of 1-MCP-treated apples were also treated with ethylene in order to study the interaction between 1-MCP and ethylene. In other experiments, fruits were treated with ethylene first and then treated again with 1-MCP. Major results are as follows. Treatment of 1-MCP greatly retarded the senescence of `Tsugaru' apple stored at room temperatures as compared with the control. The sooner the time of 1-MCP treatment after harvest of fruit, the greater was the 1-MCP effect. In contrast to the time of 1-MCP treatment, the concentration of 1-MCP and duration of 1-MCP infiltration in a closed chamber exhibited only a minor effect. Ethylene treatment immediately before and/or after the 1-MCP treatment showed only the 1-MCP effect, thus clearly showing that 1-MCP treatment could completely reverse or counter the ethylene effect in `Fuji' apples. Repeated treatments of 1-MCP after a certain period of low temperature storage of `Fuji' apples were more effective than a single treatment. Parameters related with fruit quality will be discussed in detail.

Abstract We examined the expression of the MCP-1/JE gene in freshly prepared human monocytes and again after either in vitro or in vivo maturation of these cells. We show that previously unstimulated blood monocytes of healthy individuals prepared by adherence procedures display high levels of MCP-1/JE mRNA and protein. Monocytes that were not previously exposed to activational plastic surfaces but were separated from other blood cells by counter-flow centrifugal elutriation expressed severalfold lower MCP-1/JE transcript and protein levels. Treatment of these cells with endotoxin was associated with the down-regulation of MCP-1/JE mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, exposure to IFN-gamma resulted in increased MCP-1/JE gene expression. During the process of in vitro maturation of monocytes into macrophages, a gradual decrease of MCP-1/JE mRNA and protein expression was noted. Both mature (day 8) blood monocyte-derived culture macrophages and peritoneal macrophages completely failed to express the MCP-1/JE gene, which could be restored after exposure to IFN-gamma and cross-linking of macrophage Fc gamma R with murine solid phase IgG2a mAbs; however, endotoxin failed to induce MCP-1/JE expression in these cells.

Abstract This paper reports on the time resolution of the Auratek-Square MCP-PMT, a multi-anode microchannel plate photomultiplier produced by Photek. When operating as single photon counter at low photon rate and with a single pixel illuminated it shows a transit time spread (jitter) of ∼100 ps FWHM, saturating at high rate, above ∼100 kHz/mm2. The worsening of the timing performance depends on the bias voltage between the photocathode and the MCP input and between the MCP slabs. The charge sharing between neighbouring pixels can become a major crosstalk source if not accounted for, degrading the time resolution to ∼170 ps FWHM when the entire pixel area is illuminated.

The expression of monocyte chemotactic proteins (MCPs) in colorectal polyps and their suitability as targets for chemoprevention is unknown, although MCP expression and secretion can be modulated by non-steroidal inflammatory drugs. This study was designed to determine the expression patterns of MCP-1/CCL2, MCP-2/CCL8, and MCP-3/CCL7 at the protein (immunohistochemistry; n = 62) and transcriptional levels (RTqPCR; n = 173) in colorectal polyps with reference to the polyp malignancy potential. All chemokines were significantly upregulated in polyps at the protein level but downregulated at the transcriptional level by 1.4-(CCL2), 1.7-(CCL7), and 2.3-fold (CCL8). There was an inverse relation between the immunoreactivity toward chemokine proteins and the number of corresponding transcripts in polyps (CCL2 and CCL7) or in normal mucosa (CCL8). The downregulation of chemokine transcripts correlated with the presence of multiple polyps (CCL2 and CCL8), a larger polyp size (CCL2, CCL7, and CCL8), predominant villous growth patterns (CCL2, CCL7 and CCL8), and high-grade dysplasia (CCL2 and CCL8). In conclusion, MCP-1/CCL2, MCP-2/CCL8, and MCP-3/CCL7 chemokines are counter-regulated at the protein and transcriptional levels. Chemokine-directed chemopreventive strategies should therefore directly neutralize MCP proteins or target molecular pathways contributing to their enhanced translation or reduced degradation, rather than aiming at CCL2, CCL7 or CCL8 expression.

Abstract We have earlier demonstrated the potential of monocrotophos (MCP), a highly toxic organophosphorus insecticide (OPI), to elicit insulin resistance in rats after chronic exposure. Given the understanding of role of paraoxonase1 (PON1) in OPI toxicity and diabetes pathology, this study was envisaged to understand the effect of duration of exposure to MCP on plasma PON1 activity in rats. Rats were administered MCP per os at 1/20 and 1/10th LD50 as daily doses for 180 days. Interim blood samples were collected at 15, 30, 45, 90 and 180 d for analysis of plasma parameters. Exposure to MCP for 45 resulted in persistent trend of hyperinsulinemia, while significant increase in fasting glucose levels was observed after 180 days. MCP caused suppression of plasma cholinesterase activity though the study period, albeit extent of inhibition was more severe during the early phase of the study. Exposure to MCP for 180 d resulted in hypertriglyceridemia and marginal decrease in HDL-C levels. MCP failed to modulate PON1 activity in plasma during the early phase of the study (up to 45 d). However, prolonged exposure resulted in significant increase in the plasma PON1 activity. This suggests that manifestation of insulin resistance in rats subjected to chronic exposure to MCP is associated with increase in PON1 activity. Our work provides rationale for studying whether the increase in PON1 activity observed in the present study serves to counter the deleterious effect of long term exposure to organophosphorus insecticides on metabolic homeostasis.

ImportanceNeoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is the standard of care for advanced rectal cancer. Yet, estimating response to CRT remains an unmet clinical challenge.ObjectiveTo investigate and better understand the transcriptomic factors associated with response to neoadjuvant CRT and survival in patients with advanced rectal cancer.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA single-center, retrospective, case series was conducted at a comprehensive cancer center. Pretreatment biopsies from 298 patients with rectal cancer who were later treated with neoadjuvant CRT between April 1, 2004, and September 30, 2020, were analyzed by RNA sequencing. Data analysis was performed from July 1, 2021, to May 31, 2022.ExposuresChemoradiotherapy followed by total mesorectal excision or watch-and-wait management.Main Outcomes and MeasuresTranscriptional subtyping was performed by consensus molecular subtype (CMS) classification. Immune cell infiltration was assessed using microenvironment cell populations-counter (MCP-counter) scores and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). Patients with surgical specimens of tumor regression grade 3 to 4 or whose care was managed by the watch-and-wait approach for more than 3 years were defined as good responders.ResultsOf the 298 patients in the study, 205 patients (68.8%) were men, and the median age was 61 (IQR, 52-67) years. Patients classified as CMS1 (6.4%) had a significantly higher rate of good response, albeit survival was comparable among the 4 subtypes. Good responders exhibited an enrichment in various immune-related pathways, as determined by ssGSEA. Microenvironment cell populations-counter scores for cytotoxic lymphocytes were significantly higher for good responders than nonresponders (median, 0.76 [IQR, 0.53-1.01] vs 0.58 [IQR, 0.43-0.83]; P < .001). Cytotoxic lymphocyte MCP-counter score was independently associated with response to CRT, as determined in the multivariable analysis (odds ratio, 3.81; 95% CI, 1.82-7.97; P < .001). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, including postoperative pathologic factors, revealed the cytotoxic lymphocyte MCP-counter score to be independently associated with recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.38; 95% CI, 0.16-0.92; P = .03) and overall survival (HR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03-0.83; P = .03).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this case series of patients with rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant CRT, the cytotoxic lymphocyte score in pretreatment biopsy samples, as computed by RNA sequencing, was associated with response to CRT and survival. This finding suggests that the cytotoxic lymphocyte score might serve as a biomarker in personalized multimodal rectal cancer treatment.

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive adult brain tumor with 85% of patients dying within two years. New effective precision medicine therapies are urgently required, especially for isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type (IDHwt) disease. Despite efforts to subtype patients based on molecular profiles, this approach has yet failed to direct treatment strategies. Further interrogation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) across molecular subtypes and identification of new TME specific subtypes may guide new directions for future therapies. Here, we analysed transcriptomic data from selected GLIOTRAIN(www.gliotrain.eu)(n=120) and TCGA(n=69) IDHwt patients. Firstly, the microenvironment cell population (MCP)-counter method (a gene-expression-based TME deconvolution tool) was validated for use in the brain tumor setting using quantitative multiplex immunohistochemistry. In this context, immune markers (CD20/CD3/CD68/CD8) were significantly correlated with MCP-counter scores. We are currently optimizing and validating a vessel-density and microglial RNA-signature to provide a more robust representation of brain TME. Next, using MCP-counter, the TME composition of IDHwt tumors was assessed within proneural (24%), classical (38%) and mesenchymal (38%) subtypes. We initially classified the GLIOTRAIN cohort into 3 novel clusters characterised by differences in TME composition and validated our findings in the TCGA cohort. A TME-high group (37%) is characterized by elevated presence of lymphocytes and myeloid cells, and presents a high level of immune checkpoint genes: PDCD1(PD1) and CTLA4. In addition, the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) is a feature of TMEhigh/mesenchymal+ patients. This finding has been validated by IHC and RNA-signature. TME-med (38%) displayed heterogenous immune populations and the TME-low (25%) represented an ‘immune-desert’ group. There was no significant difference in OS based on these TME subtypes(p=0.50). We hypothesise that PD1/CTLA4 blockade might be an effective treatment strategy in TME-high patients. These hypotheses will be tested (in the adjuvant setting) using appropriate syngeneic disease models which incorporate surgical resection.

Article 1 : Inhibiteurs de points de contrôle dans le carcinome rénal papillaire métastatique : le carcinome papillaire à cellules rénales (pRCC) est le CCR à cellules non claires (nccRCC) le plus courant et une entité distincte, bien qu'hétérogène, associée à de mauvais pronostics. Le paysage thérapeutique du pRCC métastatique (mpRCC) reposait jusqu'à présent sur des thérapies ciblées, imitant les développements antérieurs dans le carcinome rénal métastatique à cellules claires. Cependant, les antiangiogéniques ainsi que les inhibiteurs de mTOR ne conservent qu'une activité limitée dans le mpRCC. Alors que le développement d'inhibiteurs de points de contrôle immunitaires (ICI) est actuellement en cours chez les patients atteints de mpRCC, notre objectif était de discuter des données d'activité précoces et du potentiel de futures stratégies thérapeutiques en monothérapie ou en association. L'expression de points de contrôle immunitaires tels que PD-L1 et de cellules immunitaires infiltrantes dans le pRCC pourrait fournir des informations sur leur immunogénicité potentielle, bien que celle-ci soit actuellement mal décrite. Sur la base de données rétrospectives et prospectives, l'efficacité de l'ICI en monothérapie reste limitée. Les associations avec des inhibiteurs de la tyrosine-kinase, notamment avec des inhibiteurs anti-MET, présentent des taux de réponse prometteurs et pourraient entrer dans la norme de soins chez les patients non traités. Un travail collaboratif est nécessaire pour affiner le paysage moléculaire et immunitaire du pRCC et poursuivre les efforts visant à mettre en place des essais cliniques prédictifs basés sur des biomarqueurs dans ces tumeurs rares.Article 2 : Analyses complètes du microenvironnement tumoral immunitaire dans le carcinome papillaire à cellules rénales. Contexte : le carcinome papillaire à cellules rénales (pRCC) est le CCR à cellules non claires (nccRCC) le plus courant et associé à de mauvais résultats dans le contexte métastatique. Dans cette étude, nous avions pour objectif d'évaluer de manière exhaustive le microenvironnement tumoral immunitaire (TME), largement inconnu, des patients atteints de pRCC métastatique et d'identifier des cibles thérapeutiques potentielles. Méthodes : nous avons effectué une analyse quantitative de l'expression génique du TME en utilisant la méthodologie du compteur MCP, sur 2 cohortes indépendantes de pRCC localisés (n=271 et n=98). Nous avons ensuite caractérisé le TME, en utilisant l'immunohistochimie (n = 38) et le séquençage d'ARN (RNA-seq) (n = 30) sur des pRCC métastatiques de la cohorte prospective de l'essai AXIPAP. Résultats : le clustering non supervisé a identifié 2 « sous-types de TME » dans chacune des cohortes : le « immuno-enrichi » et le « immuno-faible ». Au sein de la cohorte de l'essai AXIPAP, le cluster « immuno-enrichi » était significativement associé à un plus mauvais pronostic. selon la médiane de survie globale à 8 mois (IC95%, 6-29) versus 37 mois (IC95%, 20-NA, p=0,001). Les 2 signatures immunitaires, Teff et JAVELIN Renal 101 Immuno signature, prédictives de La réponse aux inhibiteurs de point de contrôle immunitaire (IPC) dans le ccRCC était significativement plus élevée dans le groupe « enrichi sur le plan immunitaire » (p < 0,05 ajusté). Enfin, 5 gènes différentiellement surexprimés ont été identifiés, correspondant principalement aux populations de lymphocytes B. Conclusion : pour la première fois, en utilisant RNA-seq et IHC, nous avons mis en évidence un sous-type immunitaire TME spécifique du pRCC métastatique, significativement plus infiltré par la population T et Bimmune. Ce groupe « immunoenrichi » semble avoir un pronostic plus défavorable et pourrait avoir une valeur prédictive potentielle de réponse à l’immunothérapie, justifiant la confirmation de ces résultats dans une cohorte de pRCC métastatiques traités par CPI et en association avec des thérapies ciblées
Article 1: Checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma : papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (pRCC) is the most common non-clear cell RCC (nccRCC) and a distinct entity, although heterogenous, associated with poor outcomes. The treatment landscape of metastatic pRCC (mpRCC) relied so far on targeted therapies, mimicking previous developments in metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. However, antiangiogenics as well as mTOR inhibitors retain only limited activity in mpRCC. As development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is now underway in patients with mpRCC, we aimed at discussing early activity data and potential for future therapeutic strategies in monotherapy or combination. Expression of immune checkpoints such as PD-L1 and infiltrative immune cells in pRCC could provide insights into their potential immunogenicity, although this is currently poorly described. Based on retrospective and prospective data, efficacy of ICI as single agent remains limited. Combinations with tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, notably with anti-MET inhibitors, harbor promising response rates and may enter the standard of care in untreated patients. Collaborative work is needed to refine the molecular and immune landscape of pRCC, and pursue efforts to set up predictive biomarker-driven clinical trials in these rare tumors. Article 2 : Comprehensive analyses of immune tumor microenvironment in papillary renal cell carcinoma. Background : papillary Renal CellCarcinoma (pRCC) is the most common non-clear cell RCC (nccRCC), and associated with poor outcomes in the metastatic setting. In this study, we aimed to comprehensively evaluate the immune tumor microenvironment (TME) ,largely unknown, of patients with metastatic pRCC and identify potential therapeutic targets. Methods : we performed quantitative gene expression analysis of TME using MCP-counter methodology, on 2 independent cohorts of localized pRCC (n=271 and n=98). We then characterized the TME, using immunohistochemistry (n=38) and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) (n=30) on metastatic pRCC from the prospective AXIPAP trial cohort. Results: unsupervised clustering identified 2 "TME subtypes", in each of the cohorts : the “immune-enriched” and the “immune-low”.Within AXIPAP trial cohort, the “immune-enriched” cluster was significantly associated with a worse prognosis according to the median overall survival to 8 months (95%CI, 6-29) versus 37 months (95%CI, 20-NA,p=0.001).The 2 immune signatures, Teff and JAVELIN Renal 101 Immuno signature, predictive of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) in ccRCC, were significantly higher in the “immune-enriched” group (adjusted p<0.05). Finally, 5 differentially overexpressed genes were identified, corresponding mainly to B lymphocyte populations. Conclusion : for the first time, using RNA-seqand IHC, we have highlighted a specific immune TME subtype of metastatic pRCC, significantly more infiltrated with T and Bimmune population. This “immune-enriched” group appears to have a worse prognosis and could have a potential predictive value for response to immunotherapy, justifying the confirmation of these results in a cohort of metastatic pRCC treated with CPI and incombination with targeted therapies

Dead-time effects of microchannel plates (MCPs) are due to the recharging time of the semiconducting inner wall of individual microchannels. To study the dependence of dead-time effects on the area of illumination, circular apertures of different size are imaged onto the curved-channel microchannel plate (C-MCP) using ultraviolet light (257.3 nm). It is found that an independent paralyzable counter (IPC) model, which assumes that individual microchannels of the C-MCP behave as independent paralyzable counters with a fixed dead time, agrees well with experimental results. Except for the case of a small illuminated area, the variance data as well as the mean agree well with theoretical predictions up to a certain level of illumination. However, above this level of illumination the response of C-MCP becomes highly saturated and the IPC model no longer gives good predictions. From this investigation we may conclude that the apparent coupling between microchannels observed in previous investigations1 is largely due to the complex structure of the MCP assembly, at least in the operational sense, rather than due to the intrinsic property of the MCP.