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1
Zemanek, Alicja, and Piotr Köhler. "Historia Ogrodu Botanicznego Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego w Wilnie (1919–1939)." Studia Historiae Scientiarum 15 (November 24, 2016): 301–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23921749shs.16.012.6155.
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The university in Vilna (Lithuanian: Vilnius), now Vilniaus universitetas, founded in 1579 by Stefan Batory (Stephen Báthory), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, was a centre of Polish botany in 1780-1832 and 1919-1939. The Botanic Garden established by Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert (1741–1814) in 1781 (or, actually, from 1782) survived the loss of independence by Poland (1795), and a later closure of the University (1832), and it continued to function until 1842, when it was shut down by Russian authorities. After Poland had regained independence and the University was reopened as the Stefan Batory University (SBU), its Botanic Garden was established on a new location (1919, active since 1920). It survived as a Polish institution until 1939. After the Second World War, as a result of changed borders, it found itself in the Soviet Union, and from 1990 – in the Republic of Lithuania. A multidisciplinary research project has been recently launched with the aim to create a publication on the history of science at the Stefan Batory University. The botanical part of the project includes, among others, drafting the history of the Botanic Garden. Obtaining electronic copies of archival documents, e.g. annual reports written by the directors, enabled a more thorough analysis of the Garden’s history. Piotr Wiśniewski (1884–1971), a plant physiologist, nominated as Professor in the Department of General Botany on 1 June 1920, was the organiser and the first director of the Garden. He resigned from his post in October 1923, due to financial problems of the Garden. From October 1923 to April 1924, the management was run by the acting director, Edward Bekier (1883–1945), Professor in the Department of Physical Chemistry, Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. For 13 subsequent years, i.e. from 1 May 1924 to 30 April 1937, the directorship of the Garden was held by Józef Trzebiński (1867–1941), a mycologist and one of the pioneers of phytopathology in Poland, Head of the Department of Botany II (Agricultural Botany), renamed in 1926 as the Department of Plant Taxonomy, and in 1937 – the Department of Taxonomy and Geography of Plants. From May 1937 to 1939, his successor as director was Franciszek Ksawery Skupieński (1888–1962), a researcher of slime moulds. Great credit for the development of the Garden is due to the Inspector, i.e. Chief Gardener, Konstanty Prószyński (Proszyński) (1859–1936) working there from 1919, through his official nomination in 1920, until his death. He was an amateur-naturalist, a former landowner, who had lost his property. Apart from the work on establishing and maintaining the Garden’s collection, as well as readying seeds for exchange, he published one mycological paper, and prepared a manuscript on fungi, illustrated by himself, containing descriptions of the new species. Unfortunately, this work was not published for lack of funds, and the prepared material was scattered. Some other illustrations of flowering plants drawn by Prószyński survived. There were some obstacles to the further development of the institution, namely substantially inadequate funds as well as too few members of the personnel (1–3 gardeners, and 1–3 seasonal workers). The area of the Garden, covering approx. 2 hectares was situated on the left bank of the Neris river (Polish: Wilia). It was located on sandy soils of a floodplain, and thus liable to flooding. These were the reasons for the decision taken in June 1939 to move the Garden to a new site but the outbreak of the Second World War stood in the way. Despite these disadvantageous conditions, the management succeeded in setting up sections of plants analogous to these established in other botanical gardens in Poland and throughout the world, i.e. general taxonomy (1922), native flora (1922), psammophilous plants (1922), cultivated plants (1924/1925), plant ecology (1927/1928), alpinarium (1927–1929), high-bog plants (1927–1929), and, additionally – in the 1920s – the arboretum, as well as sections of aquatic and bog plants. A glasshouse was erected in 1926–1929 to provide room for plants of warm and tropical zones. The groups representing the various types of vegetation illustrated the progress in ecology and phytosociology in the science of the period (e.g. in the ecology section, the Raunkiaer’s life forms were presented). The number of species grown increased over time, from 1,347 in 1923/1924 to approx. 2,800 in 1936/1937. Difficult weather conditions – the severe winter of 1928 as well as the snowless winter and the dry summer of 1933/34 contributed to the reduction of the collections. The ground collections, destroyed by flood in spring of 1931, were restored in subsequent years. Initially, the source of plant material was the wild plant species collected during field trips. Many specimens were also obtained from other botanical gardens, such as Warsaw and Cracow (Kraków). Beginning from 1923, printed catalogues of seeds offered for exchange were published (cf. the list on p. ... ). Owing to that, the Garden began to participate in the national and international plant exchange networks. From its inception, the collection of the Garden was used for teaching purposes, primarily to the students of the University, as well as for the botanical education of schoolchildren and the general public, particularly of the residents of Vilna. Scientific experiments on phytopathology were conducted on the Garden’s plots. After Vilna was incorporated into Lithuania in October 1939, the Lithuanian authorities shut down the Stefan Batory University, thus ending the history of the Polish Botanic Garden. Its area is now one of the sections of the Vilnius University Botanic Garden (“Vingis” section – Vilniaus universiteto botanikos sodas). In 1964, its area was extended to 7.35 hectares. In 1974, after establishing the new Botanic Garden in Kairenai to the east of Vilnius, the old Garden lost its significance. Nevertheless, it still serves the students and townspeople of Vilnius, and its collections of flowering plants are often used to decorate and grace the university halls during celebrations.
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Zirinsky, Michael P. "Imperial Power and Dictatorship: Britain and the Rise of Reza Shah, 1921–1926." International Journal of Middle East Studies 24, no. 4 (November 1992): 639–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800022388.
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[Reza Khan] seemed to me a strong and fearless man who had his country's good at heart. —Sir Edmund Ironside, recalling late 1920 Reza… has never spoken for himself, nor… [his] Government… but only on behalf of his country… —Sir Percy Loraine, January 1922 He is secretive, suspicious and ignorant; he appears wholly unable to grasp the realities of the situation or to realise the force of the hostility he has aroused. —Harold Nicolson, September 1926 I fear we can do nothing to humanise this bloodthirsty lunatic. —Sir Robert Vansittart, December 1933 Born in obscurity about 1878 and soon orphaned, Reza Pahlavi enlisted at fifteen in a Russian-officered Cossack brigade. Rising through the ranks, he provided force for a February 1921 coup d'état, seizing power for journalist Sayyid Zia alDin Tabatabai. Reza Khan provided strength in the new government and rose from army commander to minister of war (April 1921) to prime minister (1923) and, after failing to make a republic in 1924, to the throne in 1925. As shah he ruled with increasingly arbitrary power until Britain and Russia deposed him in 1941. He died in exile in 1944.
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LONGINO, JOHN T. "The Crematogaster (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) of Costa Rica." Zootaxa 151, no. 1 (March 5, 2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.151.1.1.
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The taxonomy and natural history of the ant genus Crematogaster are reviewed for the Costa Rican fauna. Thirtyone species are known, and a key is provided for these and two additional species from adjacent regions of Panama. Species boundaries are evaluated over their entire range when possible. The taxonomic history of the genus is one of unbridled naming of new species and subspecies, with no synthetic works or keys. Major taxonomic changes are proposed, with the recognition of several polytypic species with very broad ranges and the synonymization of the many names associated with them. Crematogaster pygmaea Forel 1904, suturalis Forel 1912, ornatipilis Wheeler 1918, erici Santschi 1929, and chacoana Santschi 1933 are synonymized under abstinens Forel 1899; centralis Santschi 1932 under acuta (Fabricius 1804); aruga Forel 1913 under arcuata Forel 1899; ludio Forel 1912, armandi Forel 1921, inca Wheeler 1925, and cocciphila Borgmeier 1934 under brasiliensis Mayr 1878; parabiotica Forel 1904 under carinata Mayr 1862; brevispinosa Mayr 1870, minutior Forel 1893, schuppi Forel 1901, recurvispina Forel 1912, sampaioi Forel 1912, striatinota Forel 1912, townsendi Wheeler 1925, and chathamensis Wheeler 1933 under crinosa Mayr 1862; barbouri Weber 1934 under cubaensis Mann 1920; antillana Forel 1893, sculpturata Pergande 1896, kemali Santschi 1923, accola Wheeler 1934, phytoeca Wheeler 1934, panamana Wheeler 1942, and obscura Santschi 1929 under curvispinosa Mayr 1870; descolei Kusnezov 1949 under distans Mayr 1870; projecta Santschi 1925 under erecta Mayr 1866; carbonescens Forel 1913 under evallans Forel 1907; palans Forel 1912, ascendens Wheeler 1925, and dextella Santschi 1929 under limata F. Smith 1858; agnita Wheeler 1934 under obscurata Emery 1895; amazonensis Forel 1905, autruni Mann 1916, and guianensis Crawley 1916 under stollii Forel 1885; surdior Forel 1885, atitlanica Wheeler 1936, and maya Wheeler 1936 under sumichrasti Mayr 1870; tumulifera Forel 1899 and arizonensis Wheeler 1908 under torosa Mayr 1870. The following taxa are raised to species: ampla Forel 1912, brevidentata Forel 1912, chodati Forel 1921, crucis Forel 1912, cubaensis Mann 1920, goeldii Forel 1903, malevolens Santschi 1919, mancocapaci Santschi 1911, moelleri Forel 1912, montana Borgmeier 1939, obscurata Emery 1895, rochai Forel 1903, russata Wheeler 1925, sericea Forel 1912, stigmatica Forel 1911, sub-tonsa Santschi 1925, tenuicula Forel 1904, thalia Forel 1911, uruguayensis Santschi 1912, and vicina Andre 1893. The following new species are described: bryophilia, flavomicrops, flavosensitiva, foliocrypta, jardinero, levior, monteverdensis, raptor, snellingi, sotobosque, and wardi.
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Brailian, Nadiia. "Ukrainian student journals of the interwar period in the Czechoslovak Republic as a source for the martyrologist of Ukrainian emigration." Proceedings of Research and Scientific Institute for Periodicals, no. 10(28) (January 2020): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.37222/2524-0331-2020-10(28)-7.
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The article investigates periodicals of Ukrainian students in the Czechoslovakia in the 1920s and 1930s — reveals 19 titles of journals that were published in the cities of the largest concentration of academic youth: Prague, Podebrady, and Brno. A list of these publications in alphabetical order, indicating the place of publication and the years of publication, is given in Appendix 1. All of these journals were reviewed de visu and analyzed for biographical publications on Ukrainians who died and were buried in the Czechoslovak Republic. The following materials have been found on the pages of five student publications, namely: «Ukrainsky Student» (Prague, 1920, 1922—1924) — contains 3 publications, «Studentsky Vistnyk» (Prague, 1923—1931) — 15, «Zhyttia» (Prague, 1924—1926) — 1, «Nasha Hromada» (Podebrady, 1924—1926) — 7, and «Natsionalna Dumka» (Prague, 1924—1927) — 5 publications. The deceased’s information was mostly printed in obituaries with more or less detailed biographies, but there were also small essays, memoirs, brief reports of death or funeral, and so on. Often, such information was published under a separate heading called «Memory of the Dead» (or «Posthumous News» or «Obituary»). In general, the pages of these student journals revealed information about 25 Ukrainians who were buried in the Czechoslovak Republic during 1923—1929. Based on the published information, an alphabetical index of these persons with biographical information about them was compiled (25 surnames, «Appendix 2»). The materials found are a valuable (and in many cases, the only) source of biographical information on Ukrainian immigrants who died and are buried in the Czechoslovak Republic, as well as helping to establish and preserve their burial sites. Keywords: Ukrainian students, Ukrainian emigration to the Czechoslovakia, periodicals, interwar period, Ukrainian burials in the Czech Republic.
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Sun, Yizhi. "Russian Émigrés in Shanghai: Their Social and Economic Status in 1922–1925." History 19, no. 8 (2020): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-8-92-103.
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The article focuses on the problem of social and economic status of Russian émigrés in Shanghai in 1922–1925, in particular from the arrival of the Siberian flotilla to the beginning of the May Thirtieth Movement. Based on previously unexplored official records from the Shanghai Municipal Archive (SMA), Shanghai Municipal Police Files (SMPF) and the detailed research of the press, the author manages to significantly supplement the portrait of Russian émigrés’ life during the above period. The wider source base of this research, as compared those that are available for an earlier period of 1917–1922, allows us to describe the social and economic status of the émigrés in more precise terms. Statistical information from the Municipal Council of the Shanghai International Settlement evidences a high unemployment rate among the émigrés (according to the police records, it reached 71,4 % among employable men). Obviously, the humanitarian aid from the government and city communities could not satisfy needs of the unemployed. 1) At the end of 1924, Shanghai press reported the case when the Russians were sleeping in the houses without roof near the Chapei railway; 2) Shanghai was able to provide free food only for 2280 Russian refugees. However, according to statistics dated October 9, 1923 and February 1, 1924, the number of unemployed men and women reached 3 500. This means that not all Russians in Shanghai were provided with a minimum of food. As compared to 1917–1922, problems of women and street kids also persisted but due to public support child begging stopped although problems of women continued to exist until the communists came to power in Shanghai. “Russian prostitution” even became part of the Shanghai’s historical memory. A special problem during the period of 1922–1925 was poor sanitation in areas where Russian cadets lived as a result of harsh living conditions and low social and economic status (this situation was not recorded in the anniversary editions of Khabarovsky and Siberian Cadet Corps).
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Scherer, Frank F. "UFA Orientalism. The “Orient” in Early German Film: Lubitsch and May." CINEJ Cinema Journal 1 (October 6, 2011): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cinej.2011.24.
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Fantastic images of the exotic pervade many early German films which resort to constructions of “Oriental” scenes. Stereotypical representations of China, India, Babylon, and Egypt dominate the Kino-screens of Weimar Germany. These films were produced in the UFA studios outside Berlin by directors such as Ernst Lubitsch (Sumurum/ One Arabian Night, 1920; Das Weib des Pharaos/The Love of Pharaoas 1922) and John May (Das Indische Grabmal/ The Indian Tomb, 1921). Yet, where recent observers resist the use of a postcolonial perspective it becomes difficult to assess the cinematographic exoticism of post-WWI Germany.This essay, therefore, offers both a discussion of Edward Said’s ‘Orientalism’and a psychoanalytical thesis on the concealment and supposed healing of post-1918 Germany’s national narcissistic wounds by emphasizing Eurocentric difference in its filmic representations of the Orient.
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Bradaczek, Hans. "Gerhard Hildebrandt - born 30 May 1922." Crystal Research and Technology 37, no. 7 (July 2002): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4079(200207)37:7<639::aid-crat639>3.0.co;2-2.
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Jannetta, Peter J. "OBITUARY Theodore Kurze (May 18, 1922???May 10, 2002)." Neurosurgery 51, no. 2 (August 2002): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200208000-00026.
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Jannetta, Peter J. "OBITUARY Theodore Kurze (May 18, 1922—May 10, 2002)." Neurosurgery 51, no. 2 (August 2002): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-200208000-00026.
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Pantin, C. G. "A study of maternal mortality and midwifery on the Isle of Man, 1882 to 1961." Medical History 40, no. 2 (April 1996): 141–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300060981.
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The living conditions and the health of Manx mothers continued to improve from 1881 to 1961. Against this background they were at first delivered conservatively and mostly by midwives. During this conservative phase the proportion of mothers surviving childbirth increased as their health improved: by the quinquennium 1907–1911 the maternal mortality rate on the Island was half what it had been twenty years earlier. Between 1912 and 1927 maternal mortality rose and during the quinquennium 1922–1926 the MD/BR was again at the level it had been thirty years before. Some of the maternal deaths during the quinquennium were among women who were subjected to intervention during childbirth by doctors in the unfavourable surroundings of their homes; conditions more suited to delivery by the conservative methods of kindly and patient handywomen. Following the opening of a small maternity home on 6 May 1927 the family doctors began to send their difficult deliveries into the Home where they were looked after by skilled staff and delivered in a well–equipped labour room. Throughout the subsequent decade the MD/BR remained at a level below that in 1907–1911.
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Turney, Chris S. M. "Why didn't they ask Evans?: a response to Karen May." Polar Record 54, no. 2 (March 2018): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247418000220.
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In ’Why didn't they ask Evans?’ (Turney, 2017), I draw together previously unpublished sources and new analyses of published material to cast further light on the circumstances that led to the fatal events surrounding the return of Captain Robert Falcon Scott's Polar Party on the British Antarctic Expedition (BAE, 1911–1913). Of particular importance are the notes on the meeting between the Royal Geographical Society's President Lord Curzon and the widows Kathleen Scott and Oriana Wilson in April 1913, which explicitly identify Lieutenant Edward ‘Teddy’ Evans as having removed food that exceeded his allocation as a member of the Last Supporting Party (Curzon, 1913), the establishment and almost immediate closure of a ‘Committee of Enquiry’ chaired by Lord Curzon (Beaumont, 1913a, b, c; Cherry-Garrard, 1913a; Darwin, 1913; Goldie, 1913), the recognition of missing food at key depots by the returning Polar Party on the 7, 24 and 27 February 1912 (Scott, 1913a; Wilson, 1912), Evans’ anger at not being selected as a member of the Polar Party and his early departure home (Evans, 1912), the revised timeline of when Evans fell down with scurvy on the Ross Ice Shelf to apparently align with when and where the food was removed (The Advertiser, 3 April 1912, Adelaide: 10) (Cherry-Garrard, 1922; Ellis, 1969; Evans, 1912, 1913a, 1943; Lashly, 1912; Scott, 1913a, 1913b), Evans’ failure to ensure Scott's orders regarding the return of the dog sledging teams had been acted on (Cherry-Garrard, 1922; Gran, 1961; Hattersley-Smith & McGhie, 1984) and the misunderstanding amongst senior Royal Geographical Society members during Evans’ recuperation in the UK that Apsley Cherry-Garrard ‘was to meet the South Pole party, with two teams of dogs, at the foot of the [Beardmore] glacier’ (Markham, 1913). I would like to thank May (2018) for her comment and acknowledge that Edward Wilson's sketchbooks of the expedition's logistics, scientific priorities, sketches and notes on the BAE comprise entries from 1911–1912 and not solely from 1912, which Turney (2017) used to denote the year of the last entry.
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Potašenko, Grigorijus. "Old Believers Church in Lithuania (1918–1926): The Restoration and Recognition of Parishes, the Legitimation of the Church, and the Problems of Autonomy." Lietuvos istorijos studijos 46 (December 28, 2020): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lis.2020.46.3.
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The purpose of this article is to research in more detail the restoration of the Old Believers parishes and their recognition during the interwar Lithuania (excluding Vilnius region) from 1918 to 1923, as well as to analyse the legalization of the Old Believers’ Church of Lithuania and the problems of practical establishment of religious autonomy in this period. The main focus is on three new problems: the situation of the Old Believers’ parishes in the country at the beginning of 1918, taking into account the mass migration to the depths of Russia from 1914 to 1915; the restoration of Old Believers parishes and the legalization (registration) of their religious activities from 1918 to 1922, during their mass repatriation to Lithuania; and focus on some problems of the practical consolidation of Old Believers’ Church of Lithuania autonomy from 1923 to 1926. The research is based mostly on new archival data, as well as on the analysis and interpretation of Lithuanian and partly foreign historiography on this topic. The study suggests that due to the mass migration of Old Believers to the East between 1914 and 1915, the future Lithuanian territory retained a much thinner congregation network and in turn had fewer parishes members by the beginning of 1918. Therefore, the mass repatriation of the Old Believers from Soviet Russia from the spring of 1918 to 1922 to a large extent explains why the recovery of many of their parishes in Lithuania has been rather slow. After the establishment of the central institutions of the Church in May 1922, the Lithuanian Old Believers’ Church was legalized on the basis of “Provisional regulations concerning the relationship between the organization of Old Believers in Lithuania and the Lithuanian government” on the May 20, 1923. Therefore, for the first time in history in 1923 the Lithuanian Old Believers Church was legally recognized in a certain state and formally received equal rights with other recognized denominations. At that time, Lithuania was the first country in Central and Eastern Europe to officially recognize the Old Believers (Pomorian) Church.
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Algué, Rev José. "The manila typhoon of May 23, 1922." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 49, no. 205 (August 15, 2007): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49704920506.
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Guidotti, Tee L. "In Memoriam: Clifford Rodney May (1922–2008)." Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 65, no. 4 (October 29, 2010): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2010.499033.
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Kamardin, Igor N. "THE POLITICAL CIRCLE OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD STUDENTS UNDER THE PROLETARIAN DICTATORSHIP." Historical Search 2, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2021-2-1-16-20.
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By the mid-1920s, the remnants of the multi-party system in the USSR were eliminated, and the political monopoly of the RCP(b) fully established in the country. During Lenin’s illness in 1922–1923, Stalin and his allies began to solve all the issues in the highest party leadership. During this period, a struggle for power began between the Bolshevik leaders, which found expression in the subsequent party discussions. In May-June 1927, a Statement of the 83 appeared, which at that time collected about 1.5 thousand signatures of representatives of the old Leninist Guard. This statement was signed by supporters of Trotsky in the opposition of 1923–1924 and supporters of Zinoviev and Kamenev in the opposition of 1925–1926. They shared a common goal — the desire to change the intra-party regime.
Since the party-state apparatus prevented the opposition from forming a legal faction, it was forced to use the methods of illegal work familiar from pre-revolutionary times: creation of a coordination center, its own channels for distributing information, issuing statements, «platforms», leaflets, sending representatives to the places, organization of secret meetings. Under these conditions, a political circle formes among Nizhny Novgorod students, basing on the ideas of the opposition. Students with the help of leaflets called on the population to unite those who disagree with the political arbitrariness of the authorities and create an opposition movement «Union of Struggle for the Dictatorship of the Working Class», which could resist the party and state bodies basing on «militant Marxism». OGPU rapid operational actions led to finding and eliminating the political circle among Nizhny Novgorod student youth. Thus, the forced use of illegal methods by the opposition gave Stalin a reason to strengthen punitive measures against dissenters. Thus, at the end of the 1920s, the prerequisites for the formation of totalitarianism finally formed in the USSR.
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GEORGIADOU, MARIA. "Constantin Carathéodory’s correspondence with Henry Morgenthau, Sr. on the integration of Greek refugees after the Greco-Turkish war of 1919-1922." Chronos 36 (August 17, 2018): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v36i0.10.
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The defeat of the Greek Army in 1922 by nationalist Turkish forces in theGreco-Turkish War in 1919-1922 caused an initial forced migration ofGreeksfleeing from Asia Minor and Eastern Thrace. The Treaty of Lausanne in1923 specified the first compulsory exchange of populations ratified by aninternational organisation. It was a special Convention between Venizelosand Mustafa ismet Pasha (inönü), signed on 30 January 1923, concerningthe Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations. This "compulsory exchangeof Turkish nationals of the Greek Orthodox religion established in Turkishterritory, and of Greek nationals of the Moslem religion established in Greekterritory" was to take place as from the 1st May 1923 (Article l). The Greekinhabitants of Constantinople and the Moslem inhabitants of Western Thracewere exempted (Article 2) (Die Lausanner-Vereinbarung). However thisConvention only put the formal seal of approval on what had already been'accomplished' by the demographics ofwar. A total ofabout I .2 million Greeksleft Asia Minor between 1920 and 1923, and 355,000 Muslims migrated toTurkey in the exchange. Greece had less than five million inhabitants at thetime. Macedonia and Thrace absorbed the vast majority of the refugees: morethan 650,000 people of which 150,000 were settled in towns. Thessalonikiwas from the very start the main pole of attraction for the urban refugees.(Hastaoglou 1997:498).
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Henderson, Susan R. "Ernst May and the Campaign to Resettle the Countryside: Rural Housing in Silesia, 1919-1925." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 188–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991839.
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In 1919 Ernst May became the head of rural housing for the province of Silesia in eastern Germany. Silesian agriculture had long suffered from rural flight. The situation worsened in 1922 when the partition brokered by the Allies brought chaos in the mining industry and a flood of refugees. As head of the provincial stabilization effort called interior colonization, May was in charge of settlement programs to aid three constituencies of special concern: the farmworkers, the miners, and the refugees. Between 1919 and 1923, Germany's national rural housing effort employed a contradictory strategy of modernization set within corporative ideology, a "third way" that trumpeted a quasi-feudal social order as a path to political accord. May's Silesian work chronicles the impact of Modernism and corporatism on early Weimar housing: his settlements for farmworkers and miners celebrated their unique cultural traditions, while he experimented in rationalization techniques to increase housing production and reduce costs. With corporatism's decline after Germany's return to economic stability in 1924, modernization was increasingly accepted as an unalloyed virtue, and the veil of corporatism lifted. In 1924, challenged by the circumstances of the refugee housing program just at the moment the corporative compromise came to an end, May engaged in a series of experiments in polychromy, prefabricated construction, mass production, and standardization that reflected a more purely modern approach to the housing problem.
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Haddleton, D. M. "Professor John Bevington: 1922 to May 4th 2007." European Polymer Journal 43, no. 9 (September 2007): 3701–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.07.024.
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Gotto, Antonio M. "Yuichiro Goto (October 6, 1922–May 28, 2003)." International Congress Series 1262 (May 2004): 612–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2003.12.083.
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Erskine, Angus B., and Kjell-G. Kjaer. "The polar ship Quest." Polar Record 34, no. 189 (April 1998): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400015278.
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AbstractSir Ernest Shackleton bought the Norwegian sealer Foca 7 in 1921 for his third Antarctic expedition and renamed it Quest. He died aboard the ship in South Georgia in January 1922, but Frank Wild took over the leadership and completed the expedition after the delayed start. The vessel returned to Norwegian ownership in 1923 but kept the name Quest. In the 1920s and 1930s, in-between sealing voyages, she was chartered out for various scientific or hunting expeditions, mostly to S valbard or the east coast of Greenland, during which many well-known explorers trod her decks, including Gunnar Isachsen, Gino Watkins, Augustine Courtauld, John Rymill, Count Eigil Knuth, Lawrence Wager, H.W. Ahlmann, Gaston Micard, Paul-Emile Victor, and John Giaever. Vital assistance was given in rescuing the survivors of the Italian airship Italia in 1928, of the Danish ship Teddy in 1924, and of several sealers at different times. Many sailors owed their lives to this little ship, which was owned by the Schjelderup family and for most years captained by Ludolf Schjelderup, who gained international fame as an expert ice pilot. On one occasion, 1936–37, the vessel overwintered at Loch Fyne in northeast Greenland. In April 1940, when the Germans invaded Norway, Quest was sealing off Newfoundland. Allied naval forces took possession of her and she was used in various capacities in Canada, Bermuda, and UK coastal waters for the rest of the war. After the war, she once again returned to the sealing business under Norwegian ownership until finally coming to grief in the ice just north of Newfoundland and sinking on 5 May 1962.
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Hopkinson, Michael. "The Craig-Collins pacts of 1922: two attempted reforms of the Northern Ireland government." Irish Historical Studies 27, no. 106 (November 1990): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400018289.
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The six months following the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 saw an appalling level of violence in Belfast and on the border, which threatened the stability of the newly formed Northern Ireland government. Official figures for the period between 6 December 1921 and 31 May 1922 listed seventy-three protestants and 147 catholics killed in Belfast and eight protestants and twenty-two catholics killed in the six counties outside Belfast. In that period two wide-ranging agreements aimed to reform the northern government and security system: they became known, somewhat inaccurately, as the Craig-Collins pacts, of 21 January and 30 March 1922. This article discusses the motivation behind the pacts and the reasons for their failure in a wide context, by giving equal weight to the attitudes of the British government and to opinion on both sides of the Irish border.The Northern Ireland government was established in 1920–21. It was unrecognised by the dáil government in the south and by much of the northern catholic minority. The province developed against a background of violence and upheaval, including the expulsion of catholic shipyard workers from their work in the summer of 1920; the dáil retaliated by boycotting Belfast goods. The period also saw increasing I.R.A. activity in the north during the latter stages of the Anglo-Irish war, and the five-month truce that followed it. Though the northern government was not a party to the treaty negotiations, only reluctantly accepting the granting of dominion status to the south, the months before and after the settlement greatly increased tensions in the north-east.
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Cooper, Max D. "Robert A. Good May 21, 1922–June 13, 2003." Journal of Immunology 171, no. 12 (December 5, 2003): 6318–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.171.12.6318.
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Demko, George J. "DR. THEODORE SHABAD April 4, 1922-May 4, 1987." Urban Geography 8, no. 5 (September 1, 1987): 459–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.8.5.459.
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Sagers, Matthew J. "DR. THEODORE SHABAD APRIL 4, 1922 - MAY 4, 1987." International Geology Review 29, no. 6 (June 1987): 759–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206818709466180.
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Woledge, Roger C. "Douglas Robert Wilkie. 2 October 1922 – 21 May 1998." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 47 (January 2001): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2001.0029.
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D.R. Wilkie entered University College London (UCL), which was to be his lifelong academic home, in 1940 to study medicine on the shortened wartime course. He soon showed his great academic ability and won the Rockefeller Scholarship that took him to Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, for the last year of his medical education, where he obtained his MD. He returned to University College Hospital as house physician in 1944 and, quite exceptionally, obtained his MRCP in that same academic year. The Physiology Department of UCL appointed him to an assistant lectureship in 1945 when he was 23 years old and, apart from a period of military service at the Institute of Aviation Medicine in Farnborough, from 1948 to 1950, he worked there until his retirement in 1988. During the period 1951–54 he held a Locke Fellowship of The Royal Society. In 1945 A.V. Hill, F.R.S., then nearly 60, had returned to his laboratories at UCL to resume the muscle research interrupted by the war. Wilkie evidently soon fell under his spell and he took up some of Hill's lifelong interests: the mechanics of muscle, its relation to human performance and the application of thermodynamics to muscle contraction. In addition, he adopted something of Hill's style of research, characterized by the application of basic principles and measurements from physics, mathematics and chemistry to the understanding of the behaviour of human or muscle, together with ingenuity in the invention of methods. Wilkie's research work started with the application of muscle mechanics to human movement. He critically tested the current theories of muscle mechanics and then took up the question of the supply of chemical energy for muscle contraction. Through initiating collaborations he brought together the experimental study of the chemical changes in muscle with that of the output of energy as heat and as work. These experiments, along with his 1960 review (12)*, put this subject of ‘chemical energetics of muscle contraction’ back on the thermodynamic rails from which it had strayed and allowed the subject to make further progress, exposing again the limitations of the current theories. In 1969 A.F. (later Sir Andrew) Huxley, F.R.S. (P.R.S. 1980–85), head of UCL's Physiology Department, stepped aside to take a Royal Society Chair and it was natural that Wilkie, by then holder of a personal chair and a major force in medical education, should be asked to lead the department. He filled that role conscientiously for 10 years. Although his personal involvement in scientific experimentation had consequently to be reduced during this period, his interest in muscle energy supply led to a new enthusiasm: the application of magnetic resonance spectroscopy, first to the study of isolated muscles, in collaboration with G.K. Radda (F.R.S. 1980) and D.G. Gadian in Oxford, and then, with his UCL colleagues R.H.T. Edwards (Medicine), D.T. Delpy (F.R.S. 1999) (Medical Physics) and E.O.R. Reynolds (F.R.S. 1993) (Paediatrics), to the study of the brains of newborn babies. Wilkie was elected to Fellowship of The Royal Society in 1971 and to Fellowship of UCL in 1972.
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Amemiya, Kenjie. "Lucille S. Hurley (May 8, 1922-July 28, 1988)." Teratology 39, no. 3 (March 1989): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tera.1420390302.
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Renger, Gernot. "Horst Tobias Witt (March 1, 1922–May 14, 2007)." Photosynthesis Research 96, no. 1 (January 19, 2008): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11120-007-9284-8.
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CALDER, DALE R. "Harry Beal Torrey (1873–1970) of California, USA, and his research on hydroids and other coelenterates." Zootaxa 3599, no. 6 (January 10, 2013): 549–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3599.6.4.
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Harry Beal Torrey was born on 22 May 1873 in Boston, Massachusetts. Two years later his family moved to Oakland, California. Torrey earned B.S. and M.S. degrees in zoology from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1895 and 1898 respectively, a Ph.D. in zoology from Columbia University in 1903, and an M.D. from the Medical College of Cornell University in 1927. He began his academic career as a marine biologist, investigating taxonomy, reproduction, morphology, development, regeneration, and behaviour of cnidarians of the west coast of the United States, but his research interests soon shifted to experimental biology and endocrinology. He eventually entered the field of medicine, specializing in public health, and served as a physician and hospital administrator. Torrey held academic positions at the University of California, Berkeley (1895–1912), the Marine Biological Association of San Diego (1903–1912), Reed College (1912–1920), the University of Oregon (1920–1926), and Stanford University (1928–1938). Following retirement from academia, he served as Director of the Children’s Hospital of the East Bay, Oakland, California, from 1938 to 1942. In retirement, he continued an association with the University of California at Berkeley, near his home. Of 84 publications by him listed herein, 31 dealt with coelenterates. This paper focuses on his early research on coelenterate biology, and especially his contributions to taxonomy of hydroids. He was author or coauthor of six genera and 48 species-group taxa of Cnidaria, and he also described one new species each of Ctenophora and Phoronida. Although he abandoned systematic work early in his career, his most widely cited publication is a taxonomic monograph on hydroids of the west coast of North America, published in 1902. He died, at age 97, on 9 September 1970.
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Lynch, Robert. "Donegal and the joint-I.R.A. northern offensive, May–November 1922." Irish Historical Studies 35, no. 138 (November 2006): 184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400004880.
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The study of the Irish Civil War has undergone enormous changes in recent years, especially in terms of a new appreciation of the role played by minorities and localities in shaping the conflict. However, despite these new perspectives, the war continues to be defined almost solely with reference to its effects on the Free State. This is to ignore one of the most important military and political initiatives of the period: the combined I.R.A. campaign against partition which took place in the first six months of 1922 and persisted into the early stages of the Civil War.
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Butterworth, Ian. "Sir Clifford Charles Butler. 20 May 1922 – 30 June 1999." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 47 (January 2001): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2001.0003.
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Clifford Butler was born in Earley, Reading, on 20 May 1922 to Charles and Olive Butler. An only child, he went to Reading School in 1932, having won a Berkshire County Council Educational Scholarship worth £15 per year. In addition to his academic work he was active in the Scouts and was a House Prefect (East House). Leaving school he went to Reading University to take physics, as did Kathleen Collins, whom he was to marry in 1947. Graduating in 1942 with a first–class BSc (Special) he stayed on as a demonstrator, his National Service taking the form of teaching radio as part of the State scheme to produce radar physicists, and acted part–time as a physicist at the Royal Berkshire Hospital. Kathleen went to work at the Road Research Laboratory. Butler found time, largely in the evenings, to undertake research for a PhD in electronic diffraction in the laboratory of Professor J.A. Crowther. He worked very closely with his thesis supervisor Dr Tom Rymer and it was there that he started to demonstrate his considerable skills in technical matters. His thesis, ‘some factors affecting precise measurement in electron diffraction’, was presented in April 1946 and was a detailed study, covering both technical and theoretical aspects, of how to improve the use of Debye–Scherrer electron–diffraction photographs to investigate crystal structure. The research on which it was based initiated four very different papers and led Crowther to predict, immediately after Butler's PhD examination, the latter's Fellowship of The Royal Society.
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Bissell, D. Montgomery, and J. Donald Ostrow. "Rudi Schmid, M.D., Ph.D. (May 2, 1922-October 20, 2007)." Hepatology 47, no. 2 (December 19, 2007): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.22172.
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Gadian, David. "Douglas Robert Wilkie FRS 2 October 1922–21 May 1998." NMR in Biomedicine 11, no. 6 (October 1998): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1492(199810)11:6<306::aid-nbm555>3.0.co;2-5.
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Barrett, Richard, and Richard Steinitz. "Tributes to Iannis Xenakis (29 May 1922 - 4 February 2001)." Contemporary Music Review 21, no. 2-3 (June 2002): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07494460216662.
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Chase, Robert A. "Harry J. Buncke, MD July 16, 1922–May 18, 2008." Journal of Hand Surgery 33, no. 7 (September 2008): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.06.015.
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Roubertoux, Pierre L. "Jerry Hirsch (20 September 1922–3 May 2008): A Tribute." Behavior Genetics 38, no. 6 (October 5, 2008): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10519-008-9231-2.
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Clayden, T. "Kish in the Kassite Period (c. 1650–1150 B.C.)." Iraq 54 (1992): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002552.
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After over half a century systematic excavation is once again underway at Kish. A team of Japanese archaeologists led by Prof. Hideo Fujii has reopened the archaeological investigation of this large ancient site where many periods of occupation are to be found. This study focuses on only a small fragment of the history of settlement at Kish, drawing together the evidence for habitation on the site in the Kassite Period.The evidence may broadly be separated into three groups: inscribed objects found at Kish; references to Kish in texts of the Kassite Period; and artifacts peculiar to the Kassite Period found on the site.The history and results of the excavations conducted at Kish before the Second World War have been well summarized by Moorey [1978]. I do not intend to present an even briefer summary in this paper. Suffice it to note that the bulk of the material discussed below derives from the two major campaigns at Kish: those of de Genouillac in 1912 [1925; Gibson: 1972: 69–70], and those of the Oxford–Field Museum Expedition between 1923 and 1933 [Field: 1929; Langdon: 1924; Mackay: 1925, 1929; Watelin: 1930, 1934; Gibson: 1972: 69–70]. Important supplementary evidence is also contained in the results of the surface survey work conducted at and around Kish by Gibson [1972].
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Pickens, Rupert T. "In Memoriam Hans-Erich Keller: August 8, 1922-May 23, 1999." Tenso 14, no. 2 (1999): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ten.1999.0012.
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Maris, John M., Giorgio Perilongo, Edward C. Halperin, Carl T. D'Angio, Christian Carrie, Patrick Thomas, John Kalapurakal, and Karen J. Marcus. "In Memoriam: Giulio D'Angio, MD, May 2, 1922-September 14, 2018." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 104, no. 3 (July 2019): 478–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.03.046.
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Davenport, John, and Elin Kjørsvik. "Buoyancy in the LumpsuckerCyclopterus Lumpus." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 66, no. 1 (February 1986): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400039722.
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The lumpsucker or lumpfish,Cyclopterus lumpusL. (Cyclopteridae, Scorpaeniformes), is a cottoid teleost, and, like other fish in its family, exhibits many characteristics of a coastal, bottom-dwelling fish. It is globiform, has no swimbladder, possesses a large abdominal sucker (formed from the pelvic fins), and lays demersal eggs which are brooded by the male parent for many weeks (Fulton, 1907; Cox & Anderson, 1922; Yesipov, 1937; Zhitenev, 1970; Mochek, 1973). The species spends the breeding season in shallow water, where both sexes may be seen attached to the rocks by their suckers. Early researchers (Couch, 1863; Day, 1880–4; Smitt, 1892) believed that the adults retreated to rocky bottoms in deep water after breeding. However, later workers (Cox & Anderson, 1922; Saemundsson, 1926, 1949; Andriyashev, 1954; Bagge, 1964; Blacker, 1983; Daborn & Gregory, 1983) have demonstrated that the lumpsucker spends much of its larval and adult life living epipelagically and in mid water in coastal and oceanic areas upon macrozooplankton (e.g. ctenophores, mysids). The term ‘semi-pelagic’ seems the most appropriate label for its mode of life.
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Freeze, Gregory L. "Counter-reformation in Russian Orthodoxy: Popular Response to Religious Innovation, 1922-1925." Slavic Review 54, no. 2 (1995): 305–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501624.
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In March 1922 (in the very heat of the campaign to confiscate Church valuables), L.D. Trotskii sent a memorandum to the Politburo, arguing that the “proletarian revolution had finally reached the Church.” Indeed it had: over the next few years the Russian Orthodox Church would undergo tremendous convulsions and intense internal conflict. In May 1922, amidst a violent confrontation with the bolshevik state over the seizure of Church valuables, a small group of radical priests took control of the Church and engineered a temporary but controversial withdrawal of Patriarch Tikhon from active leadership. Their aim was not only to end the conflict with Soviet authorities (by recognizing its legitimacy and endorsing its confiscation of church valuables), but also to implement fundamental reforms in Russian Orthodoxy.
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Guo, Vivienne Xiangwei. "Not Just a Man of Guns: Chen Jiongming, Warlord, and the May Fourth Intellectual (1919–1922)." Journal of Chinese History 4, no. 1 (October 9, 2019): 161–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jch.2019.22.
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AbstractInstead of assuming “warlords” as a homogeneous counter-force to the May Fourth enlightenment while imagining Chinese intellectuals as a natural alliance for the “anti-warlordism” National Revolution, this article examines the prevailing idea exchange and political collaboration between Chen Jiongming, the Cantonese military strongman, and the May Fourth intellectual within and beyond regional borders. Between 1919 and 1922, Chen Jiongming not only fostered his anarcho-federalist blueprint, but also garnered support from prominent thinkers hailing from across different ideological camps such as Liang Bingxian, Chen Duxiu, and Hu Shi. Focusing on the ideological and intellectual aspects of warlord rule, this article attempts to situate the study of warlordism against the backdrop of the Chinese enlightenment, to downplay the differences between the man of guns and the man of letters, and thereby to redefine, re-characterize, and reappraise “warlords” as active agents—the initiators—of China's renewals during this formative period.
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Noakes, David L. G. "Passing of a giant: Genie Clark (4 May 1922–25 February 2015)." Environmental Biology of Fishes 99, no. 1 (September 15, 2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-015-0456-7.
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Holton, David, and Peter Mackridge. "Robin Fletcher." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 40, no. 2 (September 22, 2016): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/byz.2016.11.
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Robin Anthony Fletcher, who died on 15 January 2016, was born in Godalming on 30 May 1922. He was educated at Marlborough College, as was R. M. Dawkins, who served as Bywater and Sotheby Professor of Byzantine and Modern Greek at Oxford from 1920 to 1939. As Dawkins had done in the First World War, Robin served in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve in the Second World War, during which time he commanded a Greek caique in the Eastern Mediterranean. At the end of the war Robin was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.
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REGAN, JOHN M. "SOUTHERN IRISH NATIONALISM AS A HISTORICAL PROBLEM." Historical Journal 50, no. 1 (February 13, 2007): 197–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x06005978.
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To what extent has the recent war in Northern Ireland influenced Irish historiography? Examining the nomenclature, periodization, and the use of democracy and state legitimization as interpretative tools in the historicization of the Irish Civil War (1922–3), the influence of a southern nationalist ideology is apparent. A dominating southern nationalist interest represented the revolutionary political elite's realpolitik after 1920, though its pan-nationalist rhetoric obscured this. Ignoring southern nationalism as a cogent influence has led to the misrepresentation of nationalism as ethnically homogeneous in twentieth-century Ireland. Once this is identified, historiographical and methodological problems are illuminated, which may be demonstrated in historians' work on the revolutionary period (c. 1912–23). Following the northern crisis's emergence in the late 1960s, the Republic's Irish governments required a revised public history that could reconcile the state's violent and revolutionary origins with its counterinsurgency against militarist-republicanism. At the same time many historians adopted constitutional, later democratic, state formation narratives for the south at the expense of historical precision. This facilitated a broader state-centred and statist historiography, mirroring the Republic's desire to re-orientate its nationalism away from irredentism, toward the conscious accommodation of partition. Reconciliation of southern nationalist identities with its state represents a singular political achievement, as well as a concomitant historiographical problem.
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Ritchie, David. "The civil magistrate: the Scottish Office and the anti-Irish campaign, 1922–1929." Innes Review 63, no. 1 (May 2012): 48–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/inr.2012.0031.
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The Church of Scotland's anti-Irish campaign in the 1920s was largely concentrated in persuading the Unionist government of the merits of legislation to restrict immigration from the Irish Free State. The accepted view has been that this campaign failed in its objectives due to overriding imperial concerns and the indifference, in some cases the hostility, of the Unionist party to the Church's case. This article seeks to re-examine the relationship between the Unionist party and the Church in the 1920s and to demonstrate how successful the Church actually was in persuading influential figures, notably Sir John Gilmour, secretary of state for Scotland and his deputy Major Walter Elliot, of the necessity to restrict immigration. It has also been the view that the Glasgow Herald, in a series of five articles in 1929, was pivotal in the public demolition of the Church's position. It will be shown here that there is evidence to suggest that these articles may have been inspired and possibly materially assisted by figures within the Scottish Office.
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Lopez, Telê Ancona. "Mário de Andrade and Brecheret: The Roots of Modernism." ABEI Journal 14 (November 17, 2012): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.37389/abei.v14i0.3616.
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Mário de Andrade (1893-1945), the renowned polymath in Brazilian literature and culture, has an immensely rich trajectory as a journalist. Comprising articles, chronicles, essays, poems, short stories and novel excerpts, his journalistic production revolves around São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, in the wider press and in specialized periodicals; it does not spurn tabloids and branches out into occasional contributions to newspapers of other Brazilian cities. His journalistic production may be found in every journal of our Modernism; it takes up sections and columns, and also flourishes in newspaper series. His death on February 25, 1945, however, brought all this to an end. In the present essay – part of a longer one about the chronicles related to the creationof Paulicea Desvairada [Hallucinated City], in 1920-1921, I intend to focus on the strategies designed by those who aimed at celebrating the centenary of the Brazilian Independence, in 1922, endowing São Paulo Capital with a landmark of Modernism, the Monumento às Bandeiras, by sculptor Victor Brecheret.This goal is fostered by Mário de Andrade’s journalistic texts, and they have been preserved in the archive as well asin the library that he organized.
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Gropper, Michael A., and Matthew T. Dudley. "John W. Severinghaus, MD, FRCA, Dr Med HC: May 6, 1922-June 2, 2021." ASA Monitor 85, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.asm.0000768864.52696.bf.
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Espinosa, Ángela Cecilia. "La masculinidad marginada en la vanguardia postrevolucionaria: el caso de El Café de Nadie de Arqueles Vela." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 30, no. 2 (2014): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2014.30.2.397.
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Este artículo analiza los temas de género y sexualidad en textos clave del estridentismo mexicano: Actual No. 1 (1922) de Manuel Maples Arce, El movimiento estridentista (1926) de Germán List Arzubide y El Café de Nadie (1924) de Arqueles Vela. La crítica reciente ha tachado a los estridentistas de machistas y homofóbicos. Sin embargo, a mi parecer El Café de Nadie representa un caso excepcional, ya que subvierte el discurso dominante del hombre mexicano como viril y fuerte. Al resaltar la figura femenina de lapelona (una “flapper”), Vela más bien expone la crisis de la masculinidad engendrada por la Revolución. This article analyzes gender and sexuality in key texts from the Stridentist movement: Actual no. 1 (1921) by Manuel Maples Arce, El movimiento estridentista (1926) by Germán List Arzubide, and El Café de Nadie (1924) by Arqueles Vela. Recent scholarship has criticized the stridentists for their homophobic, machista attitudes. Nevertheless, I argue that El Café de Nadie subverts the dominant discourse of the virile Mexican man. By highlighting the figure of lapelona (the Mexican equivalent of a “flapper”), Vela exposes the crisis in masculinity engendered by the Revolution.
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Malé, Jordi. "“Remaining for the moment without an audience”: The Literary and Civil Commitment of Carles Riba." Journal of Catalan Intellectual History 1, no. 11 (October 1, 2017): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jocih-2016-0003.
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AbstractCarles Riba (1893–1959) wrote several articles in which he showed his commitment to literature and reflected on the role of literature in society, as “Socrates in front of the judges” (1926), “Politicians and Intellectuals” (1927), “Literature and Rescuing Groups” (1938) and the presentations of the Revista de Catalunya (1939 and 1955). Many of these texts were written in turbulent political contexts: the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923–1929), the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and the post-war period under Franco (1939–1959). The aim of this paper is to study these articles and analyse Riba’s view of writers and intellectuals.
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Bać, Dorota, and Janusz Cwanek. "Adam Gruca – “Military Medic” in the Years 1914-1920." Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabilitacja 20, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.0766.
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Adam Gruca was born on 3 December 1893 in MajdanSieniawski. In 1902 he began his education in a 4-year primary school. Thanks to the support of his teacher, Helena Ostrowska, in 1906 he became a student in a Gymnasium in Jarosław. On 16 June 1913 Adam Gruca passed his secondary school leaving exam and in autumn he started his studies at the Faculty of Medicine at John Casimir University in Lviv. His studies were interrupted by the outbreak of World War I. On 1 July 1914, he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army. After sixweeks’ training he was assigned to a hospital at the Merciful Brothers Monastery in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska. Subsequently, he worked for two years at the Field Hospital No. 2 in Andrychów, where he first started learning surgery. On 1 May 1916,Gruca was promoted to second lieutenant and was granted a three-month leave, during which he completed the 2nd year of his studies. In July 1917, he was transferred to the Italian front. Adam Gruca served in the Austrian army until 31 October 1918. On 6 November 1918 he volunteered to join the new Polish Armed Forces and was incorporated into the 2nd Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment. After one year of service in the Polish Armed Forces, he was transferred to Lviv, where he completed his 3rd year of studies. On 30 August 1920, he was assigned to the 34th Infantry Regiment. In 1921 he was promoted to captain and moved to the reserve. During the 5-year army service,the young student was able to gain practical knowledge and medical experience. On 24 June 1922, after nine years, he obtained a diploma in Medicine.