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1
Darrigol, Olivier. Models, structure, and generality in Clerk Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism. Edited by Karine Chemla, Renaud Chorlay, and David Rabouin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777267.013.12.
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This article examines the gradual development of James Clerk Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory, arguing that he aimed at general structures through his models, illustrations, formal analogies, and scientific metaphors. It also considers a few texts in which Maxwell expounds his conception of physical theories and their relation to mathematics. Following a discussion of Maxwell’s extension of an analogy invented by William Thomson in 1842, the article analyzes Maxwell’s geometrical expression of Michael Faraday’s notion of lines of force. It then revisits Maxwell’s honeycomb model that he used to obtain his system of equations and the concomitant unification of electricity, magnetism, and optics. It also explores Maxwell’s view about the Lagrangian form of the fundamental equations of a physical theory. It shows that Maxwell was guided by general structural requirements that were inspired by partial and temporary models; these requirements were systematically detailed in Maxwell’s 1873 Treatise on electricity and magnetism.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. The free field. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0032.
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This chapter studies the structure of Maxwell’s equations in a vacuum and the action from which they are derived, while emphasizing the consequences of their gauge invariance. Gauge invariance, on the one hand, allows one of the components of the magnetic potential to be chosen freely. Here, the chapter shows how the gauge-invariant version of the Maxwell equations in the vacuum can also be derived directly by extremizing. On the other hand, the chapter argues that gauge invariance imposes a constraint on the initial conditions such that in the end the general solution has only two ‘degrees of freedom’. Finally, the chapter develops the Hamiltonian formalisms in the Maxwell theory and compares them to the formalisms using non-gauge-invariant or massive vector fields.
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Darrigol, Olivier. Constructing Thermal Equilibrium (1866–1871). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816171.003.0003.
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This chapter is the first subset of a set of critical summaries Boltzmann’s writings on kinetic-molecular theory. It covers a first period in which he tried to construct the laws of thermal equilibrium, including the existence of the entropy function and the Maxwell–Boltzmann law, by various means including the principle of least action, Maxwell’s collision formula, the ergodic hypothesis, and a procedure of adiabatic variation. This is an immensely fertile period in which Boltzmann introduced several of the basic concepts, problems, and difficulties of modern statistical mechanics.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. The Maxwell equations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0030.
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This chapter presents Maxwell equations determining the electromagnetic field created by an ensemble of charges. It also derives these equations from the variational principle. The chapter studies the equation’s invariances: gauge invariance and invariance under Poincaré transformations. These allow us to derive the conservation laws for the total charge of the system and also for the system energy, momentum, and angular momentum. To begin, the chapter introduces the first group of Maxwell equations: Gauss’s law of magnetism, and Faraday’s law of induction. It then discusses current and charge conservation, a second set of Maxwell equations, and finally the field–energy momentum tensor.
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Maxwell: Plays for Young People. Oberon Books, Limited, 2012.
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6
Mann, Peter. Hamiltonian Field Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0026.
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This chapter discusses classical electromagnetism. As an example of a classical field theory, electrodynamics is framed using a Lagrangian density. Until pioneers such as Faraday and Maxwell, electric vector fields and magnetic vector fields were regarded as separate phenomena entirely and it was only in the late nineteenth century that scientists saw them as components of a larger concept, the electromagnetic field. Maxwell’s equations are derived and the wave equations are revisited. The chapter discusses gauge fixing, the Hodge star, the Lorentz force law and molecular multipole moments and closes by defining the electromagnetic tensor and the Minkowski metric tensor.
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Darrigol, Olivier. The Critical Turn (1895–1899). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816171.003.0008.
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In the writings of this period, we see Boltzmann responding to criticism by British kinetic theorists and by the German mathematician Ernst Zermelo regarding the equipartition of energy and the H theorem. Boltzmann also acted as a critic of other authors. He ridiculed Joseph Bertrand’s attack on Maxwell’s kinetic-molecular reasoning and, after much pounding on Max Planck’s early radiation theory, he managed to convince Planck to alter his approach to irreversibility. Boltzmann also gave a last critical review of the problem of specific heats. During the same period, he was working on his Gastheorie and this prompted him to discuss Johannes Diderik van der Waals’s theory in the light of the Maxwell–Boltzmann theory, with similar reasoning adapted to the problem of chemical dissociation.
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Radio Reruns: Baby Snooks and Daddy/Maxwell House Coffee Time/Cassette/44. Metacom, 1992.
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Maxwell, Glyn. Glyn Maxwell: Plays Two (Oberon Modern Playwrights). Oberon Books, 2007.
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10
Darrigol, Olivier. Consolidation (1887–1895). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816171.003.0007.
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This chapter covers a period in which Boltzmann returned to the collision-based approach and consolidated it in answer to criticism and suggestions by William Thomson, Hendrik Lorentz, George Bryan, Gustav Kirchhoff, and Max Planck. He corrected errors in alleged counterexamples of equipartition by William Burnside and William Thomson; and in 1887, when the Dutch theorist Hendrik Lorentz detected an error in his earlier derivation of the H theorem for polyatomic gases, he devised a highly ingenious alternative. In 1894, he offered a new, simplified derivation of the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution based on an idea by the British mathematician George Bryan. Together with Bryan, he also provided a kinetic-molecular model for the equalization of the temperatures of two contiguous gases. He denounced what he believed to be an error in Gustav Kirchhoff’s derivation of Maxwell’s distribution, and he strengthened Max Planck’s alternative derivation based on time reversal.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Electromagnetic waves. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0033.
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This chapter examines solutions to the Maxwell equations in a vacuum: monochromatic plane waves and their polarizations, plane waves, and the motion of a charge in the field of a wave (which is the principle upon which particle detection is based). A plane wave is a solution of the vacuum Maxwell equations which depends on only one of the Cartesian spatial coordinates. The monochromatic plane waves form a basis (in the sense of distributions, because they are not square-integrable) in which any solution of the vacuum Maxwell equations can be expanded. The chapter concludes by giving the conditions for the geometrical optics limit. It also establishes the connection between electromagnetic waves and the kinematic description of light discussed in Book 1.
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Henderson, Andrea. Analogy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809982.003.0005.
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Analogy was a crucial conceptual tool for Victorian natural philosophers, who regarded the physical world less in terms of material bodies than formal relationships. Thus, even as they aimed for verisimilitude in their theoretical models, James Clerk Maxwell and Michael Faraday used analogical figures freely, for they understood nature itself to be structured around analogical relations. Like Maxwell, Algernon Charles Swinburne wrote an undergraduate essay on the subject of analogy, conceiving it as fundamental to both scientific advancement and poetic production, where its logic of equivalence subsumes not only metaphor but also rhythm and rhyme. Swinburne’s poems “Before the Mirror” and “Sapphics” dramatize the replacement of the traditional notion of metaphor by the structures of formal analogy.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. The Lorentz force. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0029.
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This chapter studies Maxwell theory by defining the electromagnetic potential and field as well as the force exerted by an external field on a particle carrying an electric charge. In Maxwell theory, the fundamental mathematical quantity representing electromagnetic phenomena is a field of covariant vectors (or a field of 1-forms), the electromagnetic potential, with components Aμ(Xν) in a given inertial frame with Minkowski coordinates Xν. A quantity derived from the potential plays a central role because it is this quantity rather than the potential itself which directly represents observable phenomena. In addition, this chapter integrates the equation of motion for the cases of uniform rectilinear and circular motion. It follows the four-dimensional approach, which, being more efficient and transparent, can also give the main results in 3-vector notation.
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Briggs, Andrew, Hans Halvorson, and Andrew Steane. The two Tabors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808282.003.0006.
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The book contains three autobiographical chapters, one from each of the authors. In this one Andrew Briggs (A.B.) presents some of his experiences. Professor David Tabor was an important scientific and personal influence on A.B. in his doctoral work at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. A visit to Mount Tabor in Israel gave a memorable opportunity for reflection on the connection between spiritual matters and physical, geographical matters. Another important influence was the humble Christian and great nineteenth-century physicist James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell had a verse from Psalm 111 inscribed over the doors of the Cavendish laboratory. When the laboratory was moved into new premises, A.B. asked whether the inscription could be included. This was agreed by the relevant committee. It reads: ‘The works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein’: a lovely motto for scientists.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Radiation by a charge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0036.
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This chapter takes a look at the energy radiated by a single charge. After deriving the Larmor formulas, it studies the paradigmatic cases of the radiation of a linearly accelerated charge. Next, it turns to the synchrotron radiation of a charge in circular motion. Finally, the chapter considers the radiation of a charge accelerated by an electromagnetic wave—Thomson scattering, which is when the energy is radiated to infinity. In addition, the chapter also reveals that the hydrogen atom as described by the Rutherford model of an electron orbiting a proton is highly unstable in Maxwell theory.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Gravitational waves and the radiative field. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0053.
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This chapter turns to the gravitational radiation produced by a system of massive objects. The discussion is confined to the linear approximation of general relativity, which is compared with the Maxwell theory of electromagnetism. In the first part of the chapter, the properties of gravitational waves, which are the general solution of the linearized vacuum Einstein equations, are studied. Next, it relates these waves to the energy–momentum tensor of the sources creating them. The chapter then turns to the ‘first quadrupole formula’, giving the gravitational radiation field of these sources when their motion is due to forces other than the gravitational force.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. The radiation reaction force. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0037.
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This chapter observes the reaction force acting on a charge due to the radiation it emits. It also considers the related questions of renormalization and physical interpretation. Modifying the Lorentz equation introduced in Chapter 11 by including a radiation reaction force provides a heuristic method of describing the expected slowing of an accelerated charge in response to the radiation it emits. The chapter then goes on to describe the Abraham–Lorentz–Dirac reaction force, the counter-effect of the radiation of an accelerated charge on its motion. In addition, the chapter shows that a hydrogen atom, this time described by the Thomson model, is unstable in Maxwell theory.
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Okasha, Samir. 4. Realism and anti‐realism. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780192802835.003.0004.
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‘Realism and anti-realism’ is concerned with the debate between scientific realism and its converse, anti-realism or instrumentalism. Realists hold that the aim of science is to provide a true description of the world. Anti-realists hold that it is to provide a true description of the ‘observable’ part of the world. The ‘no miracles’ argument, one of the strongest arguments for scientific realism, is shown to be a plausibility argument — an inference to the best explanation. Central to the debate between realism and anti-realism is the observable/unobservable distinction and the views of realist Grover Maxwell and anti-realist Bas van Fraassen are described. The underdetermination argument is also explained.
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Rajeev, S. G. Shocks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805021.003.0006.
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When the speed of a fluid exceeds that of sound, discontinuities in density occur, called shocks.The opposite limit from incompressibility (constant density) is constant pressure. In this limit, we get Burgers equation. It can be solved exactly in one dimension using the Cole–Hopf transformation. The limit of small viscosity is found not to be the same as zero viscosity: there is a residual drag no matter how small it is. The Maxwell construction of thermodynamics was adapted by Lax and Oleneik to derive rules for shocks in this limit. The Riemann problem of time evolution with a discontinuous initial density is solved in one dimension. These simple solutions provide the basic intuition for more complicated shocks.
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Wolf, E. L. Solar Radiation through the Atmosphere. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769804.003.0003.
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Maxwell’s equations describe radiated power from the Sun through space and the atmosphere to the Earth. Black-body radiation arises from matter in thermal equilibrium, as is derived in this chapter. The Stefan–Boltzmann power law is derived, and its consequences are discussed. Basics of the atmosphere are discussed, including kinetic energy arising from the condensation of water vapor to liquid water. The temperatures in the atmosphere are discussed in a layered model. The Sun’s light arrives at Earth through vacuum and the Earth’s atmosphere as electromagnetic waves described by Maxwell’s equations. In contemporary electrical engineering jargon, this is “wireless”, that connects cellphones.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Fields and matter. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0026.
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This chapter discusses the laws of relativistic dynamics for continuous media, namely, the ‘fields’ that mediate interactions in relativistic theories, and also fluids. The concept of field introduced by Faraday and formalized by Maxwell lies at the heart of contemporary physics. The intuitive idea behind this concept is, on the one hand, that massive bodies, owing to their internal constitution, impregnate space with what are called ‘fields’, potential entities which are only revealed by the presence of other bodies possessing the same type of charge. On the other hand, there is the idea that the interactions between these bodies, which determine their motion, are effected through the intermediary of these fields. This physical concept of a field is represented mathematically by one or several functions of points p in Minkowski spacetime.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Gravitational radiation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0054.
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This chapter attempts to calculate the radiated energy of a source in the linear approximation of general relativity to infinity in the lowest order. For this, the chapter first expands the Einstein equations to quadratic order in metric perturbations. It reveals that the radiated energy is then given by the (second) quadrupole formula, which is the gravitational analog of the dipole formula in Maxwell theory. This formula is a priori valid only if the motion of the source is due to forces other than gravity. Finally, this chapter shows that, to prove this formula for the case of self-gravitating systems, the Einstein equations to quadratic order must be solved, and the radiative field in the post-linear approximation of general relativity obtained.
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Riley, Barry. The Search for Food Security. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228873.003.0019.
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By the 1970s, concern that world hunger was increasing had energized the efforts of scholars, government officials, and those attentive to humanitarian concerns to focus on “food security” as the concept best suited to concert efforts to reduce global hunger. The problem was there was little agreement of what the term meant and how it could be used as an objective of policy; Simon Maxwell and Timothy Frankenberger unearthed two hundred separable definitions of the term. This chapter describes the evolution of food security thinking during the period 1970–90, from concern about the imbalance between existing food stocks and surging demand to concern about the difficulty in identifying the transitory and chronic causes of households being unable to gain secure access to the food they needed.
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Porter, Theodore M. The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820-1900. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691208428.001.0001.
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This book explores the history of statistics from the field's origins in the nineteenth century through to the factors that produced the burst of modern statistical innovation in the early twentieth century. The book shows that statistics was not developed by mathematicians and then applied to the sciences and social sciences. Rather, the field came into being through the efforts of social scientists, who saw a need for statistical tools in their examination of society. Pioneering statistical physicists and biologists James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, and Francis Galton introduced statistical models to the sciences by pointing to analogies between their disciplines and the social sciences. A new preface looks at how the book has remained relevant since its initial publication, and considers the current place of statistics in scientific research.
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Mac Suibhne, Breandán. Judges and Appearances. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738619.003.0007.
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Cruise had erred in charging the arrested men solely on the evidence of an accomplice (McGlynn), and the recantation of McHugh had then further weakened the case against them. With the exception of McHugh, the prisoners were released on bail at the July assizes to stand trial the following March. Then, five men—McHugh, John Breslin, William Maxwell, James Gallagher, and Cormac Gillespie—were convicted and sentenced to twenty months with hard labour; McHugh’s conviction was soon overturned on appeal. The case garnered considerable press attention, with the involvement of national teachers in the Molly Maguires drawing much negative comment in Tory newspapers. Meanwhile, the other men named by McGlynn—or at least those who had turned up in court—were now scheduled to appear at the summer assizes.
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Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Phase equilibria. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0015.
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This chapter extends the discussion of gas phase equilibria to phase equilibria. The central concept is the vapour pressure, and the key proof is that the criterion for phase equilibrium is the equality of the molar Gibbs free energies, or chemical potentials, of each phase. This then leads to the Clapeyron and Clausius-Clapeyron equations. A notable feature of this chapter is the discussion of non-ideal gases, answering the question “Given that, by definition, an ideal gas can never liquefy, what is it about a real gas that enables the gas to change phase into a liquid?”. A unique feature of this discussion is the rigorous analysis of the Gibbs free energy of a van der Waals gas under compression, and the proof of the ‘Maxwell construction’.
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Levin, Frank S. The Nature of Light. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808275.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 reviews answers to the question of what is light, starting with the ancient Greeks and ending in 1900 with the wave concept of Maxwell’s electrodynamics. For some ancient Greeks, light consisted of atoms emitted from surface of the object, whereas for others it was fire that either entered into or was emitted by eyes, although the latter possibility was effectively eliminated around the year 1000. Competing proposals well after then were that light is either a wave phenomenon or consists of particles, with Isaac Newton’s corpuscular (particle) theory prevailing by the end of the 1600s over the wave concept championed by Christiaan Huygens, who published the first estimate of the speed of light. In the early 1800s, Thomas Young’s two-slit experiment proved that light was a wave, a concept codified and firmly grounded through Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic waves.
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Chemla, Karine, Renaud Chorlay, and David Rabouin. Prologue. Edited by Karine Chemla, Renaud Chorlay, and David Rabouin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777267.013.1.
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This book examines generality in mathematics and the sciences and how it has been shaped by actors, in part by introducing specific terminologies to distinguish between different levels or forms of generality. Focusing on early modern and modern Europe, it investigates how actors from Gottfried Leibniz and Henri Poincaré to René Descartes and James Clerk Maxwell worked out what the meaningful types of generality were for them, in relation to their project, and the issues they chose to deal with. Such a view implies that there are different ways of understanding the general in different contexts. Accordingly, it suggests a nonlinear pattern for a history of generality. The book considers actors’ historiography of generality and their reflections upon its epistemological value, the historicity of the statements used by actors to formulate the general, and the ways that actors tackle the general using specific practices.
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Clarke, Andrew. Energy and heat. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0002.
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Energy is the capacity to do work and heat is the spontaneous flow of energy from one body or system to another through the random movement of atoms or molecules. The entropy of a system determines how much of its internal energy is unavailable for work under isothermal conditions, and the Gibbs energy is the energy available for work under isothermal conditions and constant pressure. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that for any reaction to proceed spontaneously the total entropy (system plus surroundings) must increase, which is why metabolic processes release heat. All organisms are thermodynamically open systems, exchanging both energy and matter with their surroundings. They can decrease their entropy in growth and development by ensuring a greater increase in the entropy of the environment. For an ideal gas in thermal equilibrium the distribution of energy across the component atoms or molecules is described by the Maxwell-Boltzmann equation. This distribution is fixed by the temperature of the system.
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Levin, Frank S. The Quantum Hypothesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808275.003.0005.
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Although 1900 ended with the classical physics of Newton and Maxwell reigning supreme, that reign did not last long, and Chapter 4 shows why. The first crack in this edifice was the failure to detect the presence of the ether, the medium that supposedly carried electromagnetic waves. Next was Thomson’s discovery of the electron, proving that atoms, believed to have been indestructible, were not: they had a structure. Yet another new development, the discovery of radioactivity, also could not be explained by classical physics. Nor could it explain the experimental data from blackbody radiation measurements, yet Planck’s peculiar formula involving his quantum hypothesis, did so perfectly. It introduced a new fundamental constant, named for him. And while his quantum hypothesis did not gain any traction for five years, in 1905 Einstein used it to explain the photoelectric effect, which classical electrodynamics had been unable to do.
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Crossland, Rachel. Brownian Motion and Crowd Psychology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815976.003.0006.
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Starting with Albert Einstein’s 1905 paper on Brownian motion, Chapter 5 considers late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century ideas on large masses, through reference to both molecular physics and crowd psychology. Each discipline is shown to have drawn on the language and imagery of the other, with both moving from a focus on individuals to a focus on statistical averages for large groups. This chapter explores the scientific work of James Clerk Maxwell, Einstein, and Jean Perrin alongside texts on crowd psychology by Gustave Le Bon, Wilfred Trotter, and Sigmund Freud, arguing that both physicists and crowd psychologists were developing similar ways of thinking about large masses at the same time, not least due to the dramatic increases in population, especially in urban areas, at the turn of the century. Woolf’s and Lawrence’s possible engagements with, and knowledge of, both the scientific and psychological ideas are also considered.
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Wadman, Wytse J., and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Biophysical Aspects of EEG and MEG Generation. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0004.
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This chapter reviews the essential physical principles involved in the generation of electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals. The general laws governing the electrophysiology of neuronal activity are analyzed within the formalism of the Maxwell equations that constitute the basis for understanding electromagnetic fields in general. Three main topics are discussed. The first is the forward problem: How can one calculate the electrical field that results from a known configuration of neuronal sources? The second is the inverse problem: Given an electrical field as a function of space and time mostly recorded at the scalp (EEG/MEG), how can one reconstruct the underlying generators at the brain level? The third is the reverse problem: How can brain activity be modulated by external electromagnetic fields with diagnostic and/or therapeutic objectives? The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the common biophysical framework concerning these three main topics of brain electrical and magnetic activities.
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Kraus, Joe. The Kosher Capones. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747311.001.0001.
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This book tells the fascinating story of Chicago’s Jewish gangsters from Prohibition into the 1980s. The book traces these gangsters through the lives, criminal careers, and conflicts of Benjamin “Zukie the Bookie” Zuckerman, last of the independent West Side Jewish bosses, and Lenny Patrick, eventual head of the Syndicate’s “Jewish wing.” These two men linked the early Jewish gangsters of the neighborhoods of Maxwell Street and Lawndale to the notorious Chicago Outfit that emerged from Al Capone’s criminal confederation. Focusing on the murder of Zuckerman by Patrick, the book introduces us to the different models of organized crime they represented, a raft of largely forgotten Jewish gangsters, and the changing nature of Chicago’s political corruption. Hard-to-believe anecdotes of corrupt politicians, seasoned killers, and in-over-their-heads criminal operators spotlight the magnitude and importance of Jewish gangsters to the story of Windy City mob rule. With an eye for the dramatic, the book takes us deep inside a hidden society and offers glimpses of the men who ran the Jewish criminal community in Chicago for more than sixty years.
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Scholz, Imme, Lilian Busse, and Thomas Fues, eds. Transboundary Cooperation and Global Governance for Inclusive Sustainable Development. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748930099.
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This book gathers renowned researchers and policymakers from all continents who have accompanied Dirk Messner’s professional life in science and policy advice. Their articles and essays cover topics related to the ideational spheres and practice-oriented spaces which have consistently characterised Dirk Messner’s career. These include steps at the national, regional or global level to effectively accelerate the shift towards planetary sustainability; measures to forge or strengthen cross-sectoral, transboundary, multi-actor alliances for sustainable transformation; and key elements of universal ethics and shared norms which foster transnational cooperation for the global common good. With contributions by Manish Bapna, Lilian Busse, Ani Dasgupta, J. Carlos Domínguez, Ottmar Edenhofer, Jörg Faust, Thomas Fues, Hans Haake, Medelina K. Hendytio, Ariel Macaspac Hernandez, Anna-Katharina Hornidge, Adolf Kloke-Lesch, Claus Leggewie, Siddharth Mallavarapu, Simon Maxwell, Dirk Meyer, Nebojsa Nakicenovic, Sabine Nallinger, Andrew Norton, Franz Nuscheler, Jiahua Pan Jürgen Renn, Enrique Saravia, Sabine Schlacke, Uwe Schneidewind, Imme Scholz, Svenja Schulze, Zita Sebesvari, Wolfgang Seidel, Elizabeth Sidiropoulos, Achim Steiner, Franziska Wehinger and Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul.
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Choi, Tina Young. Victorian Contingencies. Stanford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503629288.001.0001.
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Contingency is not just a feature of modern politics, finance, and culture—by thinking contingently, nineteenth-century Britons rewrote familiar narratives and upended forgone conclusions. This book shows how scientists, novelists, and consumers engaged in new formal and material experiments with cause and effect, past and present, that actively undermined routine certainties. The book traces contingency across a wide range of materials and media, from newspaper advertisements and children's stories to well-known novels, scientific discoveries, technological innovations. It shows how Charles Lyell and Charles Darwin reinvented geological and natural histories as spaces for temporal and causal experimentation, while the nascent insurance industry influenced Charles Babbage's computational designs for a machine capable of responding to a contingent future. The book pairs novelists George Eliot and Lewis Carroll with physicist James Clerk Maxwell, demonstrating how they introduced possibility and probability into once-assured literary and scientific narratives. And it explores the popular board games and pre-cinematic visual entertainments that encouraged Victorians to navigate a world made newly uncertain. By locating contingency within these cultural contexts, the book invites a deep and multidisciplinary reassessment of the longer histories of causality, closure, and chance.
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Anderson, Maxwell L. Antiquities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190614928.001.0001.
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The destruction of ancient monuments and artworks by the Taliban in Afghanistan and the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria has shocked observers worldwide. Yet iconoclastic erasures of the past date back at least to the mid-1300s BCE, during the Amarna Period of ancient Egypt’s 18th dynasty. Far more damage to the past has been inflicted by natural disasters, looters, and public works. Art historian Maxwell Anderson’s Antiquities: What Everyone Needs to Know® analyzes continuing threats to our heritage, and offers a balanced account of treaties and laws governing the circulation of objects; the history of collecting antiquities; how forgeries are made and detected; how authentic works are documented, stored, dispersed, and displayed; the politics of sending antiquities back to their countries of origin; and the outlook for an expanded legal market. Anderson provides a summary of challenges ahead, including the future of underwater archaeology, the use of drones, remote sensing, and how invisible markings on antiquities will allow them to be traced. Written in question-and-answer format, the book equips readers with a nuanced understanding of the legal, practical, and moral choices that face us all when confronting antiquities in a museum gallery, shop window, or for sale on the Internet.
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Wise, Benjamin. Happy Birthday Maxwell: Large Cool Birthday Book for Boys, Baby, Children, Kids, Toddlers Ages 2-4,3-5,5-7,4-8 Year Old, Perfect Best Gift, Presents,Toys,Dinosaur,Animal,Cat,Dog, Ideal for Coloring, Drawing, Doodling, Sketching, Notes. Independently Published, 2022.
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Shapiro, Arthur G., and Dejan Todorovic, eds. The Oxford Compendium of Visual Illusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.001.0001.
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Visual illusions cut across academic divides and popular interests: on the one hand, illusions provide entertainment as curious tricks of the eye; on the other hand, scientific research related to illusory phenomena has given generations of scientists and artists deep insights into the brain and principles of mind and consciousness. Numerous thinkers (including Aristotle, Descartes, Da Vinci, Escher, Goethe, Galileo, Helmholtz, Maxwell, Newton, and Wittgenstein) have been lured by the apparent simplicity of illusions and the promise that illusory phenomena can elucidate the puzzling relationship between the physical world and perceptual reality. Over the past thirty years, advances in imaging and electrophysiology have dramatically expanded the range of illusions and enabled new forms of analysis, thereby creating new and exciting ways to consider how the brain constructs the perceptual world. The Oxford Compendium of Visual Illusions is a collection of over one hundred chapters about illusions, displayed and discussed by the researchers who invented and conducted research on the illusions. Chapters include full-color images, associated videos, and extensive references. The book is divided into eleven sections: first, a presentation of general history and viewpoints on illusions, followed by sections on geometric, color, motion, space, faces, and cross-category illusions. The book will be of interest to vision scientists, neuroscientists, psychologists, physicists, philosophers, artists, designers, advertisers, and educators curious about applied aspects of visual perception and the brain.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Light in Newtonian theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0017.
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This chapter discusses light in Newtonian theory. Astronomy (and physics in general) is certainly not a complete science without a theory of light. However, the nature of light and its kinematical properties were not completely understood until the advent of Maxwell’s theory, special and general relativity, and quantum field theory. The answers to these questions provided by Newtonian theory were only partial and sometimes even contradictory. Thus this chapter seeks to present a few aspects of this topic, such as the influences of gravity on light, stellar aberrations, and wave propagation. It also studies the Fizeau and Michelson–Morley experiments.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Electromagnetism and differential geometry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0040.
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This chapter begins by examining p-forms and the exterior product, as well as the dual of a p-form. Meanwhile, the exterior derivative is an operator, denoted d, which acts on a p-form to give a (p + 1)-form. It possesses the following defining properties: if f is a 0-form, df(t) = t f (where t is a vector of Eₙ), which coincides with the definition of differential 1-forms. Moreover, d(α + β) = dα + dβ, where α and β are forms of the same degree. Moreover, the exterior calculus can be used to obtain a compact and elegant formulation of Maxwell’s equations.
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Holland, John H. 2. Complex physical systems (CPS). Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199662548.003.0002.
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‘Complex physical systems’ considers the characteristics of complex physical systems (CPS), which are often geometric (specifically, lattice-like) arrays of elements, in which interactions typically depend only on effects propagated from nearest neighbors. The elements of a CPS follow fixed physical laws, usually expressed by differential equations—Newton’s laws of gravity and Maxwell’s laws of electromagnetism are cases in point. Neither the laws nor the elements change over time; only the positions of the elements change. CPS show several properties: self-organized criticality, self-similarity, scaling, and power laws. Examples of these properties—such as, snowflake curves, fractals, networks, dynamics, and symmetry-breaking—are discussed.
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Chruściel, Piotr T. Geometry of Black Holes. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855415.001.0001.
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There exists a large scientific literature on black holes, including many excellent textbooks of various levels of difficulty. However, most of these prefer physical intuition to mathematical rigour. The object of this book is to fill this gap and present a detailed, mathematically oriented, extended introduction to the subject. The first part of the book starts with a presentation, in Chapter 1, of some basic facts about Lorentzian manifolds. Chapter 2 develops those elements of Lorentzian causality theory which are key to the understanding of black-hole spacetimes. We present some applications of the causality theory in Chapter 3, as relevant for the study of black holes. Chapter 4, which opens the second part of the book, constitutes an introduction to the theory of black holes, including a review of experimental evidence, a presentation of the basic notions, and a study of the flagship black holes: the Schwarzschild, Reissner–Nordström, Kerr, and Majumdar–Papapetrou solutions of the Einstein, or Einstein–Maxwell, equations. Chapter 5 presents some further important solutions: the Kerr–Newman–(anti-)de Sitter black holes, the Emperan–Reall black rings, the Kaluza–Klein solutions of Rasheed, and the Birmingham family of metrics. Chapters 6 and 7 present the construction of conformal and projective diagrams, which play a key role in understanding the global structure of spacetimes obtained by piecing together metrics which, initially, are expressed in local coordinates. Chapter 8 presents an overview of known dynamical black-hole solutions of the vacuum Einstein equations.
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Canarutto, Daniel. Gauge Field Theory in Natural Geometric Language. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861492.001.0001.
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This monograph addresses the need to clarify basic mathematical concepts at the crossroad between gravitation and quantum physics. Selected mathematical and theoretical topics are exposed within a not-too-short, integrated approach that exploits standard and non-standard notions in natural geometric language. The role of structure groups can be regarded as secondary even in the treatment of the gauge fields themselves. Two-spinors yield a partly original ‘minimal geometric data’ approach to Einstein-Cartan-Maxwell-Dirac fields. The gravitational field is jointly represented by a spinor connection and by a soldering form (a ‘tetrad’) valued in a vector bundle naturally constructed from the assumed 2-spinor bundle. We give a presentation of electroweak theory that dispenses with group-related notions, and we introduce a non-standard, natural extension of it. Also within the 2-spinor approach we present: a non-standard view of gauge freedom; a first-order Lagrangian theory of fields with arbitrary spin; an original treatment of Lie derivatives of spinors and spinor connections. Furthermore we introduce an original formulation of Lagrangian field theories based on covariant differentials, which works in the classical and quantum field theories alike and simplifies calculations. We offer a precise mathematical approach to quantum bundles and quantum fields, including ghosts, BRST symmetry and anti-fields, treating the geometry of quantum bundles and their jet prolongations in terms Frölicher's notion of smoothness. We propose an approach to quantum particle physics based on the notion of detector, and illustrate the basic scattering computations in that context.
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Kennefick, Daniel. Three and a Half Principles: The Origins of Modern Relativity Theory. Edited by Jed Z. Buchwald and Robert Fox. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696253.013.27.
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This article explores the origins of modern relativity theory. In his 1905 paper On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, Albert Einstein directly addressed one of the largest issues of the time. Electrodynamics aims to describe the motion of charged particles (usually thought of as electrons), whose interaction through the electromagnetic field, as described by Maxwell’s equations, affects their respective motions. The problem was so complex because the electromagnetic field theory was not an action-at-a-distance theory. This article begins with an overview of the principle of relativity and of the constancy of the speed of light, followed by a discussion on the relativity of simultaneity, the mass–energy equivalence, and experimental tests of special relativity. It also examines the principle of equivalence, the concepts of spacetime curvature and general covariance, and Mach’s principle. Finally, it considers experimental predictions of general relativity.
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Anderson, James A. Brain Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0012.
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What form would a brain theory take? Would it be short and punchy, like Maxwell’s Equations? Or with a clear goal but achieved by a community of mechanisms—local theories—to attain that goal, like the US Tax Code. The best developed recent brain-like model is the “neural network.” In the late 1950s Rosenblatt’s Perceptron and many variants proposed a brain-inspired associative network. Problems with the first generation of neural networks—limited capacity, opaque learning, and inaccuracy—have been largely overcome. In 2016, a program from Google, AlphaGo, based on a neural net using deep learning, defeated the world’s best Go player. The climax of this chapter is a fictional example starring Sherlock Holmes demonstrating that complex associative computation in practice has less in common with accurate pattern recognition and more with abstract high-level conceptual inference.
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Shore, Bruce W. Our Changing Views of Photons. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862857.001.0001.
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This book describes the changing views of the physics community toward photons, and how photons are viewed today in several contexts. The first portion, a ninechapter Memoir with few equations and many definitions, explains the changing view of physicists toward radiation and its wave-particle photons, written for those with interest but possibly without technical background. It gives operational definitions that have been used for photons and their association with quantum-state manipulations that include Quantum Information, astronomical sources and crowds of photons, the boxed fields of cavity Quantum Electrodynamics It defines, qualitatively, the historical photons of Planck, Einstein, Compton, and Bohr, the later photons of Dirac, Feynman, and Glauber, and the photon constituents of the Standard Model of Particle Physics. It points to contemporary photons as causers of change to atoms, as carriers of messages, and as subject to controllable creation and alteration. A second portion, of three tutorial appendices, explains the mathematical background of quantum theory and radiation needed by those whose profession involves photonics and who therefore want more detailed understanding of the Memoir portion: quantum theory and the Schrodinger equation for quantum-state manipulation; Maxwell equations for electromagnetism with wave modes that become photons through a quantization postulate, possibly exhibiting quantum entanglement; and the coupling of atoms and fields to create quasiparticles that are seen as slow and stored light pulses. As with other Memoirs, the present book has idiosyncrasies of the author. Most notably, on the opening page of each chapter, and at the end of the book, is a cartoon drawn by the author, as a grad student, that reflects the changing views of a PhD aspirant toward the grad school experience as he progressed through the graduate school of MIT in the 1950s.
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Spence, John C. H. Lightspeed. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841968.001.0001.
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This book tells the human story of one of mankind’s greatest intellectual adventures—how we understood that light travels at a finite speed, so that when we look up at the stars we are looking back in time. And how the search for an absolute frame of reference in the universe led inexorably to Einstein’s famous equation E = mc2 for the energy released by nuclear weapons which also powers our sun and the stars. From the ancient Greeks measuring the distance to the Sun, to today’s satellite navigation and Einstein’s theories, the book takes the reader on a gripping historical journey. How Galileo with his telescope discovered the moons of Jupiter and used their eclipses as a global clock, allowing travellers to find their longitude. How Roemer, noticing that the eclipses were sometimes late, used this delay to obtain the first measurement of the speed of light, which takes eight minutes to get to us from the Sun. From the international collaborations to observe the transits of Venus, including Cook’s voyage to Australia, to the extraordinary achievements of Young and Fresnel, whose discoveries eventually taught us that light travels as a wave but arrives as a particle, and the quantum weirdness which follows. In the nineteenth century we find Faraday and Maxwell, struggling to understand how light can propagate through the vacuum of space unless it is filled with a ghostly vortex Aether foam. We follow the brilliantly gifted experimentalists Hertz, discoverer of radio, Michelson with his search for the Aether wind, and Foucault and Fizeau with their spinning mirrors and lightbeams across the rooftops of Paris. The difficulties of sending messages faster than light, using quantum entanglement, and the reality of the quantum world conclude this saga.
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Chemla, Karine, Renaud Chorlay, and David Rabouin, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Generality in Mathematics and the Sciences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777267.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This handbook examines how actors have valued generality in mathematics and the sciences and how they worked with specific types of “general” entities, procedures, and arguments. It argues that actors have shaped these various types of generality, mainly by introducing specific terminologies to distinguish between different levels or forms of generality, as well as designing means to work with them, or to work in relation to them. The book is organized into three parts. Part I deals with the meaning and value of generality, and more specifically the value of generality in Michel Chasles’s historiography of geometry and generality in Gottfried Leibniz’s mathematics. Part II focuses on statements and concepts that make up the general, covering topics such as Henri Poincaré’s work on the recurrence theorem and the role of genericity in the history of dynamical systems theory. Part III explores the practices of generality, including the dispute over tangents between René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat, generality in James Clerk Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism, and practices of generalization in mathematical physics, biology, and evolutionary strategies.
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Strasberg, Philipp. Quantum Stochastic Thermodynamics. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895585.001.0001.
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Abstract Processes at the nanoscale happen far away from the thermodynamic limit, far from equilibrium and are dominated by fluctuations and, perhaps, even quantum effects. This book establishes a consistent thermodynamic framework for such processes by combining tools from non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and the theory of open quantum systems. The book is accessible for graduate students and of interest to all researchers striving for a deeper understanding of the laws of thermodynamics beyond their traditional realm of applicability. It puts most emphasis on the microscopic derivation and understanding of key principles and concepts as well as their interrelation. The topics covered in this book include (quantum) stochastic processes, (quantum) master equations, local detailed balance, classical stochastic thermodynamics, (quantum) fluctuation theorems, strong coupling and non non-Markovian effects, thermodynamic uncertainty relations, operational approaches, Maxwell's demon and time-reversal symmetry, among other topics. Furthermore, the book treats a few applications in detail to illustrate the general theory and its potential for practical applications. These are single-molecule pulling experiments, quantum transport and thermoelectric effects in quantum dots, the micromaser and related set-ups in quantum optics.
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Guenther, B. D. Modern Optics Simplified. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842859.001.0001.
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This textbook is designed for use in a standard physics course on optics at the sophomore level. The book is an attempt to reduce the complexity of coverage found in Modem Optics to allow a student with only elementary calculus to learn the principles of optics and the modern Fourier theory of diffraction and imaging. Examples based on real optics engineering problems are contained in each chapter. Topics covered include aberrations with experimental examples, correction of chromatic aberration, explanation of coherence and the use of interference theory to design an antireflection coating, Fourier transform optics and its application to diffraction and imaging, use of gaussian wave theory, and fiber optics will make the text of interest as a textbook in Electrical and bioengineering as well as Physics. Students who take this course should have completed an introductory physics course and math courses through calculus Need for experience with differential equations is avoided and extensive use of vector theory is avoided by using a one dimensional theory of optics as often as possible. Maxwell’s equations are introduced to determine the properties of a light wave and the boundary conditions are introduced to characterize reflection and refraction. Most discussion is limited to reflection. The book provides an introduction to Fourier transforms. Many pictures, figures, diagrams are used to provide readers a good physical insight of Optics. There are some more difficult topics that could be skipped and they are indicated by boundaries in the text.