Relevant bibliographies by topics / Maximal policy

Academic literature on the topic 'Maximal policy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 8 June 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Maximal policy":

1

Frazin, Bruce S. "Maximal dilution of Activase." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 47, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/47.5.1016.

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2

Adebayo. "In Search of Maximal Citizenship in Educational Policy for Young People: Analysing Citizenship in Finnish Religious Education in View of the “Maximal” Conception." Social Sciences 8, no. 8 (August 2, 2019): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8080232.

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The place of religion and how it should be employed in education for citizenship is currently an issue in Europe. The challenges of increasing diversity are the underlying factors. The conception of maximal citizenship (a critical model of citizenship) gives a significant framework for analysis and scholarly perspectives about several European contexts on this matter. However, there is hardly maximal citizenship in Finnish contexts in scholarship. Hence, this work searches for the elements of maximal citizenship in educational policy for young people by employing the policy relating to citizenship in Finnish religious education (RE). Focusing on grades 7–9 of basic education, its primary data is based on selected national policy documents. The data were analysed using critical discourse analysis. The main findings suggest that citizenship in Finnish RE is only somewhat compatible with the characteristics of maximal citizenship. This reveals some policy shortcomings that could negatively affect the potential of critical-mindedness of young people and equal opportunities in a democracy. Hence, some suggestions that could improve the situation are embedded in the paper. Nevertheless, a linguistic conception of citizenship in Finland vis-à-vis a recent development in national educational policy seems to push the conception of maximal citizenship in a relatively new direction. Furthermore, an explicit use of the “Convention on the Rights of the Child” in Finnish curriculum broadens our conception of maximal citizenship in general. Moreover, while scholars agree that maximal citizenship is essentially “critical”, this piece suggests that every “critical” approach to citizenship education is not necessarily “maximal”.
3

Zhao, Liming, and Yanqing Chen. "Optimal Subsidies for Green Products: A Maximal Policy Benefit Perspective." Symmetry 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11010063.

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Replacing traditional products with green products has become a key way to achieve decoupling between economic development and environmental pollution. As an incentive mechanism, subsidies can be provided by a government to facilitate the popularization and acceptance of green products. Subsidies play a significant role in encouraging the development of green products. We explored the proper optimal subsidy mechanism for green products from the angle of maximizing the net policy return, which cannot only encourage the development of green products but also do not aggravate financial burden for the government. In order to explore the optimal subsidy level for green products from the perspective of net policy benefit maximization, this paper established the optimal subsidy principal-agent models and a numerical example was presented to verify the effectiveness of the model we constructed. The results show that improving investors’ preference and eliminating asymmetric information contribute to reduce subsidy cost savings. Additionally, improving consumer environmental awareness, promoting the development and application of green technology, and reducing market risk reduce subsidy costs. This article provides policymakers with an effective subsidy scheme to accelerate the development of green products and achieve sustainable development goals.
4

Xu, Chong Huan, and Chun Hua Ju. "New Policy of Maximal Frequent Itemsets in Data Stream Mining." Applied Mechanics and Materials 26-28 (June 2010): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.26-28.118.

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According to the features of data streams and combined sliding window, a new algorithm A-MFI which is based on self-adjusting and orderly-compound policy for mining maximal frequent itemsets in data stream is proposed. This algorithm which is based on basic window updates information from data stream flow fragments and scans the stream only once to gain and store it in frequent itemsets list when the data stream flows. The core idea of this algorithm: construct self-adjusting and orderly-compound FP-tree, use mixed subset pruning techniques to reduce the search space, merge nodes which has equal minsup in the same branch and compress to generate the orderly-compound FP-tree to avoid superset checking when mining maximal frequent itemsets. The experimental results show that the algorithm has higher efficiency in time and space, and also has good scalability.
5

Razi, Abolfazl, Fatemeh Afghah, and Ali Abedi. "Channel-Adaptive Packetization Policy for Minimal Latency and Maximal Energy Efficiency." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 15, no. 3 (March 2016): 2407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2015.2503750.

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Bušić, Ana, Varun Gupta, and Jean Mairesse. "Stability of the Bipartite Matching Model." Advances in Applied Probability 45, no. 2 (June 2013): 351–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1370870122.

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We consider the bipartite matching model of customers and servers introduced by Caldentey, Kaplan and Weiss (2009). Customers and servers play symmetrical roles. There are finite sets C and S of customer and server classes, respectively. Time is discrete and at each time step one customer and one server arrive in the system according to a joint probability measure μ on C× S, independently of the past. Also, at each time step, pairs of matched customers and servers, if they exist, depart from the system. Authorized matchings are given by a fixed bipartite graph (C, S, E⊂ C × S). A matching policy is chosen, which decides how to match when there are several possibilities. Customers/servers that cannot be matched are stored in a buffer. The evolution of the model can be described by a discrete-time Markov chain. We study its stability under various admissible matching policies, including ML (match the longest), MS (match the shortest), FIFO (match the oldest), RANDOM (match uniformly), and PRIORITY. There exist natural necessary conditions for stability (independent of the matching policy) defining the maximal possible stability region. For some bipartite graphs, we prove that the stability region is indeed maximal for any admissible matching policy. For the ML policy, we prove that the stability region is maximal for any bipartite graph. For the MS and PRIORITY policies, we exhibit a bipartite graph with a non-maximal stability region.
7

Bušić, Ana, Varun Gupta, and Jean Mairesse. "Stability of the Bipartite Matching Model." Advances in Applied Probability 45, no. 02 (June 2013): 351–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800006364.

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We consider the bipartite matching model of customers and servers introduced by Caldentey, Kaplan and Weiss (2009). Customers and servers play symmetrical roles. There are finite sets C and S of customer and server classes, respectively. Time is discrete and at each time step one customer and one server arrive in the system according to a joint probability measure μ on C× S, independently of the past. Also, at each time step, pairs of matched customers and servers, if they exist, depart from the system. Authorized matchings are given by a fixed bipartite graph (C, S, E⊂ C × S). A matching policy is chosen, which decides how to match when there are several possibilities. Customers/servers that cannot be matched are stored in a buffer. The evolution of the model can be described by a discrete-time Markov chain. We study its stability under various admissible matching policies, including ML (match the longest), MS (match the shortest), FIFO (match the oldest), RANDOM (match uniformly), and PRIORITY. There exist natural necessary conditions for stability (independent of the matching policy) defining the maximal possible stability region. For some bipartite graphs, we prove that the stability region is indeed maximal for any admissible matching policy. For the ML policy, we prove that the stability region is maximal for any bipartite graph. For the MS and PRIORITY policies, we exhibit a bipartite graph with a non-maximal stability region.
8

Chen, Pei Shuai, and Chong Huan Xu. "Maximal Frequent Itemsets in Data Stream Mining Based on Orderly-Compound Policy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 26-28 (June 2010): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.26-28.113.

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Mining maximal frequent itemsets get the advantage of a relatively small number of itemsets. Compared to mining frequent itemsets and mining frequent closed itemsets, such algorithm has higher time and space efficiency. According to the features of data streams and combined sliding window, a new algorithm E-FPMFI which is based on orderly-compound policy for mining maximal frequent itemsets in data stream is proposed. The algorithm based on basic window updates information from data stream flow fragment and scans the stream only once to gain and store it in frequent itemsets list. The algorithm construct FP-tree, then compress orderly FP-tree by merging nodes which has equal minsup in same branch, also uses subset mix pruning technique, avoid superset checking. The experimental results show the algorithm has higher time, space efficiency and good scalability.
9

Georgiadis, Leonidas, Wojciech Szpankowski, and Leandros Tassiulas. "A scheduling policy with maximal stability region for ring networks with spatial reuse." Queueing Systems 19, no. 1-2 (March 1995): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01148943.

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Yang, Long, Qian Zheng, and Gang Pan. "Sample Complexity of Policy Gradient Finding Second-Order Stationary Points." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 12 (May 18, 2021): 10630–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i12.17271.

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The policy-based reinforcement learning (RL) can be considered as maximization of its objective. However, due to the inherent non-concavity of its objective, the policy gradient method to a first-order stationary point (FOSP) cannot guar- antee a maximal point. A FOSP can be a minimal or even a saddle point, which is undesirable for RL. It has be found that if all the saddle points are strict, all the second-order station- ary points (SOSP) are exactly equivalent to local maxima. Instead of FOSP, we consider SOSP as the convergence criteria to characterize the sample complexity of policy gradient. Our result shows that policy gradient converges to an (ε, √εχ)-SOSP with probability at least 1 − O(δ) after the total cost of O(ε−9/2)sinificantly improves the state of the art cost O(ε−9).Our analysis is based on the key idea that decomposes the parameter space Rp into three non-intersected regions: non-stationary point region, saddle point region, and local optimal region, then making a local improvement of the objective of RL in each region. This technique can be potentially generalized to extensive policy gradient methods. For the complete proof, please refer to https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.01491.pdf.
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Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Maximal policy":

1

Begeot, Jocelyn. "Autour de la stabilité de différents modèles d'appariements aléatoires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0201.

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Les modèles d'appariements aléatoires représentent de nombreux systèmes stochastiques concrets dans lesquels des éléments de différentes classes sont appariés selon des règles de compatibilités spécifiées. Par exemple, on peut citer les systèmes dédiés à l'allocation d'organes, les sites de recherche d'emplois, de logements, etc. De tels modèles sont toujours associés à un triptyque d'éléments : un graphe connexe, dit de compatibilités, dont les sommets représentent les classes des éléments pouvant entrer dans le systèmeet dont chaque arête relie deux classes compatibles, une politique d'appariements permettant de décider, en cas d'incertitude, quels appariements vont s'effectuer à l'intérieur du système, et un taux d'arrivées selon lequel les éléments entrent en son sein. Dans cette thèse, nous considérons des graphes généralisés, c'est-à-dire que l'on autorise l'appariement de deux éléments de la même classe, et nous étendons donc à ce cadre certains résultats déjà connus dans le cas de graphes simples. La stabilité d'un système régi par un modèle d'appariements est une propriété très importante. En effet, elle assure que les admissions au sein du système étudié sont contrôlées de sorte que les éléments ne restent pas bloqués à l'intérieur et que leur nombre n'augmente pas indéfiniment. Il est donc essentiel que le taux d'arrivées des éléments permette au système d'être stable. Dans ce manuscrit, nous caractérisons de manière algébrique cette zone de stabilité pour certains modèles d'appariements (généraux, généraux avec abandons, bipartis, bipartis étendus) ou de files d'attente, dites skill-based. Par ailleurs, nous démontrons que la politique d'appariements dite First Come, First Matched (FCFM) possède la propriété d'être maximale (généralisée), c'est-à-dire que la zone de stabilité du modèle d'appariements général associé à un graphe de compatibilités et à une politique quelconque est toujours incluse dans celle associée à ce même graphe et à FCFM. Notons que cette dernière coïncide alors avec un ensemble de mesures défini par des conditions purement algébriques. Dans ce cas, la question de l'étude des mesures permettant la stabilité des systèmes régis par un modèle d'appariements revient donc à celle, plus élémentaire, de la caractérisation d'un ensemble déterministe. Nous donnons alors un moyen de construction (simple) des mesures appartenant à celui-ci, ce qui peut s'avérer très utile pour calibrer le contrôle d'accès au système. En effet, la vérification algorithmique qu'une mesure quelconque vérifie ces conditions algébriques nécessite un nombre d'opérations polynomial en le nombre de sommets du graphe, et devient donc très coûteuse à mesure que ce cardinal augmente. Nous explicitons également, sous une forme produit, l'expression de la loi stationnaire de l'évolution temporelle du contenu d'un système stable régi par un modèle d'appariements général et sous la politique FCFM, permettant, notamment, de calculer explicitement des caractéristiques à l'équilibre de systèmes concrets et d'estimer leurs performances en temps long. On peut ainsi, par exemple, calculer la taille moyenne à l'équilibre d'une liste d'attente dans le cadre de dons croisés de reins, ou encore, estimer le temps moyen d'attente sur une interface pair-à-pair ou un site de rencontres.Enfin, les taux d'appariements associés à un modèle d'appariements (général ou biparti étendu) stable sont étudiés. Ils sont définis comme étant les fréquences asymptotiques des appariements réalisés et fournissent un critère de performance des systèmes régis par de tels modèles d'appariements, de même que les propriétés de politique-insensibilité et d'équité de ces taux, qui sont également discutées
Stochastic matching models represent many concrete stochastic systems in which elements of different classes are matched according to specified compatibility rules. For example, we can cite systems dedicated to organs allocation, job search sites, housing allocation programs, etc. Such models are typically associated to a triplet of elements: a connected graph, called compatibility graph, whose vertices represent the classes of elements that can enter the system and whose edges connect two compatible classes, amatching policy which decides the matches to be concretely executed, in case of multiple choices, and an arrival rate according to which the elements enter within it. In this thesis, we consider generalized graphs, meaning that we allow the matching of two elements of the same class, and we therefore extend to this framework some results already known in the case of simple graphs.The stability of a system governed by a matching model is a very important property. It ensures that the admissions within the system under study, are regulated, so that the elements do not accumulate in the system in the long run. It is therefore essential that the arrival rate of the elements allows the system to be stable. In this manuscript, we characterize, algebraically, this stability region for some matching models (general, general with reneging, bipartite, extended bipartite) or skill-based queueing systems.Moreover, we demonstrate that the matching policy called First Come, First Matched (FCFM) has the property of being (generalized) maximal, meaning that the stability region of the general matching model associated with a compatibility graph and with any policy is always included in the one associated with this same graph and ruled by FCFM. Note that this latter then coincides with a set of measures defined by purely algebraic conditions. In this case, the study of stability of the matching model at hand boils down to the more elementary question of characterizing of a deterministic set of measures. We then givea (simple) way to construct the measures belonging to the latter set. This turns out to be very useful for admission control, as checking the algebraic conditions requires a number of operations which is polynomial in the number of vertices of the considered compatibility graph, and therefore becomes very expensive as the number of vertices grows large.We also give, in a product form, the expression of the stationary distribution of the number-in-system process of a stable system governed by a general matching model and under the FCFM policy, allowing, in particular, to explicitly calculate characteristics at equilibrium of concrete systems and to estimate their long-time performance. We can thus, for example, calculate the size average at equilibrium of a waiting list in the case of cross-donation of kidneys, or even, estimate the average waiting time on a peer-to-peerinterface or on a dating website.Finally, the matching rates associated with a stable matching model (general or extended bipartite) are studied. They are defined as the asymptotic frequencies of the executed respective matchings, and provide an insightful performance criterion for the corresponding matching systems, as well as the policy-insensitivity and fairness properties of the matching rates, which are also discussed
2

Eruygur, Hakki Ozan. "Impacts Of Policy Changes On Turkish Agriculture: An Optimization Model With Maximum Entropy." Phd thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607740/index.pdf.

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Turkey moves towards integration with EU since 1963. The membership will involve full liberalization of trade in agricultural products with EU. The impact of liberalization depends on the path of agricultural policies in Turkey and the EU. On the other hand, agricultural protection continues to be the most controversial issue in global trade negotiations of World Trade Organization (WTO). To evaluate the impacts of policy scenarios, an economic modeling approach based on non-linear mathematical programming is appropriate. This thesis analyzes the impacts of economic integration with the EU and the potential effects of the application of a new WTO agreement in 2015 on Turkish agriculture using an agricultural sector model. The basic approach is Maximum Entropy based Positive Mathematical Programming of Heckelei and Britz (1999). The model is based on a static optimization algorithm. Following an economic integration with EU, the net export of crops declines and can not tolerate the boom in net import of livestock products. Overall welfare affect is small. Consumers benefit from declining prices. Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) supports are determinative for the welfare of producers. WTO simulation shows that a 15 percent reduction in Turkey&rsquo
s binding WTO tariff commitments will increase net meat imports by USD 250 million.
3

Barthle, Justin. "Analysis of Managerial Decision-Making within Florida’s Total Maximum Daily Load Program." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6462.

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Water quality has evolved legislatively from protection of navigation routes and quantity of sources to more emphasis on impairments on water quality for surface and groundwater sources. Nonpoint or diffuse sources of impairments represents a major challenge for management due to the complexity of its sources and difficulty in tracking. The most cited sections on public policy analysis focuses on the overall process agencies employ to understand the results the program yields. Often overlooked are finer details and mechanisms, such as decision-making and priority setting, which have a great impact on the overall process. To investigate these factors, we need to analyze the decision-making process used by managers. This study focuses on using information from those with direct involvement in the establishment and implementation of the Total Maximum Daily Load program for the state of Florida. This study used decision-making analysis models from Rational-Decision-Making and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis concepts to construct questionnaires that looks to develop priorities as seen by managers’ preferences for several presented options. This methodology allowed us to structure the viewpoints and processes water quality managers use to breakdown decisions. The analyzed results show water quality managers prefer strong management options, involvement from stakeholders with scientific knowledge, and data collected from the source or point of impact. Interestingly, opinions in the group show that urban best management practices are considered more effective than their agriculture counterparts with a disfavor for volunteer derived data. Ultimately, the survey highlights the need for more robust enforcement and reliable measurement of non-point source of impairments. Continued public outreach and education, especially through workshops, are denoted as important tasks to completing successful TMDLs and should be expanded and strengthened by both the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and its boundary programs.
4

Barthle, Justin. "Analysis of Managerial Decision-Making within Florida's Total Maximum Daily Load Program." Thesis, University of South Florida, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10240940.

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Abstract:

Water quality has evolved legislatively from protection of navigation routes and quantity of sources to more emphasis on impairments on water quality for surface and groundwater sources. Nonpoint or diffuse sources of impairments represents a major challenge for management due to the complexity of its sources and difficulty in tracking.

The most cited sections on public policy analysis focuses on the overall process agencies employ to understand the results the program yields. Often overlooked are finer details and mechanisms, such as decision-making and priority setting, which have a great impact on the overall process. To investigate these factors, we need to analyze the decision-making process used by managers.

This study focuses on using information from those with direct involvement in the establishment and implementation of the Total Maximum Daily Load program for the state of Florida. This study used decision-making analysis models from Rational-Decision-Making and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis concepts to construct questionnaires that looks to develop priorities as seen by managers’ preferences for several presented options. This methodology allowed us to structure the viewpoints and processes water quality managers use to breakdown decisions.

The analyzed results show water quality managers prefer strong management options, involvement from stakeholders with scientific knowledge, and data collected from the source or point of impact. Interestingly, opinions in the group show that urban best management practices are considered more effective than their agriculture counterparts with a disfavor for volunteer derived data.

Ultimately, the survey highlights the need for more robust enforcement and reliable measurement of non-point source of impairments. Continued public outreach and education, especially through workshops, are denoted as important tasks to completing successful TMDLs and should be expanded and strengthened by both the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and its boundary programs.

5

Nazeem, Ahmed Mahmoud. "Designing parsimonious representations of the maximally permissive deadlock avoidance policy for complex resource allocation systems through classification theory." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45753.

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Most of the past research on the problem of deadlock avoidance for complex resource allocation systems (RAS) has acknowledged the fact that the computation of the maximally permissive (optimal) deadlock avoidance policy (DAP) possesses super-polynomial complexity for most RAS classes, and therefore, it has resorted to solutions that trade off maximal permissiveness for computational tractability. In this work, we distinguish between the off-line and the on-line computation that is required for the effective implementation of the maximally permissive DAP, and we seek to develop representations of this policy that will require minimal on-line computation. The particular representation that we adopt is that of a compact classifier that will effect the underlying dichotomy of the reachable state space into safe and unsafe subspaces. Through a series of reductions of the derived classification problem, we are also able to attain extensive reductions in the computational complexity of the off-line task of the construction of the sought classifier. In a first study of the aforementioned problem, we restrict our attention to a particular RAS class that is motivated by an ongoing project called Gadara. This particular RAS class accepts the separation of the safe and unsafe subspaces of its instantiations through a set of linear inequalities. We propose design procedures that will construct a classifier employing the minimum possible number of linear inequalities, and we formally establish their "completeness", i.e., their ability to provide an effective classifier for every instance of the considered RAS class. We also offer heuristics that, if necessary, can alleviate the computational effort that is necessary for the construction of the sought classifier. We extend the aforementioned results to encompass more general RAS classes, where the sought dichotomy might not be represented by a set of linear inequalities. To this end, we propose new parametric and non-parametric classification schemes for this more complex case, and establish formally their completeness. We also provide effective and computationally efficient procedures for the synthesis of the sought classifiers. A bottleneck in the developments described above is defined by the fact that they presuppose the availability of the enumerations of the RAS safe and unsafe subspaces. To address this obstacle, we propose a novel approach for the deployment of the maximally permissive DAP for RAS, that is based on the identification and the efficient storage of a critical subset of states of the underlying RAS state space. In particular, the proposed algorithm provides those critical states, while avoiding the complete enumeration of the RAS state space. Furthermore, we extend the existing theory on maximally permissive deadlock avoidance, so that it can handle RAS with reader/writer (R/W) locks. A key challenge that is posed by this new RAS class stems from the fact that the underlying state space is not necessarily finite. We effectively address this obstacle by taking advantage of special structure that exists in the set of unsafe states and enables a finite representation of this set through its minimal elements. Finally, we would like to mention that numerical experimentation demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed approaches, and establishes their ability to support the deployment of maximally permissive DAP for RAS with very large structure and state spaces. To the best of our knowledge, these experiments also establish the ability of the proposed methodology to effectively compute tractable implementations of the maximally permissive DAP for problem instances significantly beyond the capacity of any other approach currently available in the literature. Moreover, this is the first work to address the RAS with R/W locks.
6

Shahid, Ahmed. "For Want of Resources: Reimagining the State's Obligation to Use 'Maximum Available Resources' for the Progressive Realisation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14369.

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This thesis provides insights into, additional commentary on and analysis of the fundamental role of resources in advancing Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ESC rights). Its objective is to expand the policy space within which States can operate to fulfil their obligations related to these rights. It addresses a number of central questions about the resource dimension of ESC rights policy, including interpretation of the concept of ‘maximum available resources’ in the context of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). By applying a cross-disciplinary approach, the thesis investigates legal, economic and public policy dimensions of resource mobilisation, allocation and governance that are essential in advancing progressive realisation of ESC rights. This thesis proposes that the obligation to take steps to the ‘maximum available resources’ for the progressive realisation of ESC rights can be made more meaningful by adopting a broader interpretation of the concept of resources and by taking active steps to maximise the quality and quantity of resources available through public sector revenue, international assistance and co-operation and private sector investment, all of which can be enhanced through institutional mechanisms and processes of allocation and governance. This proposition is supported by an in-depth qualitative analysis of relevant ESC rights literature, interpretive works of the ESCR Committee and Special Rapporteurs, periodic reports of States, institutional documents and case studies, which provide evidence on the current understanding and application of the concept of resources in this context. Based on analysis of multiple sources of evidence on State practice, this thesis presents a cross-disciplinary model of the nature, scope and policy dimensions of resources for ESC rights and suggests how concerted State policy efforts can optimise their impact on the realisation of ESC rights.
7

Hanning, Marianne. "Maximum Waiting-time Guarantee - a remedy to long waiting lists? : Assessment of the Swedish Waiting-time Guarantee Policy 1992-1996." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Universitetsbiblioteket [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5805.

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DeAmicis, Pamela (Pamela Lynn). "Seasonal and diurnal variability of wind and hydro energy sources on the Azores, Portugal and the effectiveness of utilizing energy storage to achieve maximum penetration." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68445.

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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-112).
Renewable energy resources are stochastic with seasonal and diurnal patterns, making electricity generation by these resources difficult to predict, and making it difficult to plan future generation expansion. Understanding these patterns is critical in determining whether various renewable energy sources compound or compete against one another. Renewable generation may reach highest output at periods of low demand, or their lowest output during periods of high demand. Short-term electricity storage could provide load-leveling for short periods of time, storing electricity for later use. Further, momentary and hourly changes in renewable generation make it hard to maintain electrical stability in the system when large quantities of these sources are installed. Sufficient reserves must be maintained to meet electricity demand at all times, but these reserves - usually fossil generation units - may displace renewable energy generation. Energy storage could help maintain reliability and ensure that sufficient energy is produced to meet demand, while minimizing the use of fossil fuel from traditional generation sources and providing carbon-free spinning reserves. This research characterizes wind and hydro generation patterns in the Azores. For example, in Flores it was found that winter had highest renewable generation potential, but low electricity demand, and that summer had the highest demand, but fairly low renewable energy potential. This research then investigated the extent to which additional renewable capacity could be added to the Flores electricity system and the impact of energy storage on achieving higher renewable energy penetration. It was found that adding additional renewable capacity always increased the amount of renewable energy generation and reduced average annual production costs. Adding storage to the system increased renewable energy generation by 10% and reduced annual production costs by 16%. In addition, storage in amounts greater than 1 MWh had diminishing returns, and the largest benefit of energy storage was its ability to act as a spinning reserve, allowing diesel units to turn off.
by Pamela DeAmicis.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
9

Lin, Wuqin. "Dynamic Control in Stochastic Processing Networks." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7105.

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A stochastic processing network is a system that takes materials of various kinds as inputs, and uses processing resources to produce other materials as outputs. Such a network provides a powerful abstraction of a wide range of real world, complex systems, including semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities, networks of data switches, and large-scale call centers. Key performance measures of a stochastic processing network include throughput, cycle time, and holding cost. The network performance can dramatically be affected by the choice of operational policies. We propose a family of operational policies called maximum pressure policies. The maximum pressure policies are attractive in that their implementation uses minimal state information of the network. The deployment of a resource (server) is decided based on the queue lengths in its serviceable buffers and the queue lengths in their immediate downstream buffers. In particular, the decision does not use arrival rate information that is often difficult or impossible to estimate reliably. We prove that a maximum pressure policy can maximize throughput for a general class of stochastic processing networks. We also establish an asymptotic optimality of maximum pressure policies for stochastic processing networks with a unique bottleneck. The optimality is in terms of minimizing workload process. A key step in the proof of the asymptotic optimality is to show that the network processes under maximum pressure policies exhibit a state space collapse.
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Whittington, J. M., E. J. Shoen, L. L. Labounty, Jeremy A. Gentles, Jenna M. Kraska, Ann Marie Swisher, J. E. Keller, et al. "Bone Mineral Density and Content of Collegiate Throwers: Influence of Maximum Strength." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4094.

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Bone is a plastic tissue, changing in density and size with different levels of stress. Furthermore, it appears that BMD is altered in a site specific manner. However, BMD has not been studied extensively in all types of athletes, particularly well trained strengthpower athletes, such as throwers. The pwpose of this study was to examine the BMD of USA Division I collegiate throwers (shot put, discus, etc.). BMD was compared to normative data and to different athletes. Measures of whole body maximum strength and throwing performance were correlated with BMDs. Potential right/left side and sex differences were examined. Athletes were 4 males, 3 females age 19.9 ± 0.9 years. BMD was measured with a DEXA Maximum isometric strength was measured using a midthigh pull standing on a force plate. Force time-curves were generated during the strength tests. Peale force (PF) and normalized pealc force (PFa) were correlated with BMDs. Comparison indicates throwers have denser bones compared to normative data and compared to other types of athletes. Male throwers tend to have greater total body BMD than female throwers (p < 0.05). Dominant arm showed slightly greater BMD compared to non-dominant (p < 0.05). Furthermore, BMD is related to PF (r = 0.68) and PFa (r = 0.56). Throwers have greater BMD's than non-athletes or most other types of athletes. However, throwers showed only a small indication of sidedness. These observations likely stem from their training program (whole body heavy loading).
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Books on the topic "Maximal policy":

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Górzański, Jerzy. Dziennik zdarzeń i dopowiedzeń. Warszawa: Czytelnik, 2008.

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Świrko, Stanisław. Rok płaci, rok traci: Kalendarz przysłów i prognostyków rolniczych. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 1990.

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Kahaner, Larry. The quotations of Chairman Greenspan: Words from the man who can shake the world. Holbrook, Mass: Adams Media Corp., 2000.

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Xu, Mingyue. Jing ji fa xue lun dian yao lan. 8th ed. Beijing: Fa lü chu ban she, 2000.

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Mieder, Wolfgang. Proverbs are the best policy: Folk wisdom and American politics. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press, 2005.

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Loverde, Anthony. A silent force: Men and women serving under don't ask, don't tell. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2010.

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Hendrykowski, Marek. Najlepsze kasztany: Księga cytatów polskiego filmu. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, 2013.

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Dynak, Władysław. Łowy, łowcy i zwierzyna w przysłowiach polskich. Wrocław: Tow. Przyjaciół Polonistyki Wrocławskiej, 1993.

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Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission., ed. Developing total maximum daily load projects in Texas: A guide for lead organizations. Austin, Tex: Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, 1999.

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Nazarbaev, Nursultan. Vremena i dumy. Almaty: TOO "Almatykītap baspasy", 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Maximal policy":

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Hall, David. "Subsidies at Their Maximum and Their Death." In Agricultural Economics and Food Policy in New Zealand, 201–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86300-5_14.

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Ugarte, Shannon, Paul Yarnold, Paul Ray, Kevin Knopf, Shamia Hoque, Matthew Taylor, and Charles L. Bennett. "Maximum Accuracy Machine Learning Statistical Analysis—A Novel Approach." In Cancer Drug Safety and Public Health Policy, 113–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04402-1_8.

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Jahn, Egbert. "“Multiculturalism” or German “Lead Culture” as Maxims for the “Integration” of Foreigners." In German Domestic and Foreign Policy, 75–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47929-2_5.

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Alibašić, Haris. "Redesigning Organizations for Maximum Resiliency in Dynamic Environments." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3431-1.

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Alibašić, Haris. "Redesigning Organizations for Maximum Resiliency in Dynamic Environments." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3431-2.

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Alibašić, Haris. "Redesigning Organizations for Maximum Resiliency in Dynamic Environments." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 11280–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66252-3_3431.

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Shekhar, Meena, and Nirupma Singh. "Women Farmers, Constraints and Policy Around Them to Harness Maximum Benefit." In Women Farmers: Unheard Being Heard, 37–53. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6978-2_4.

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Jiang, Yuanshuang, Kai Di, Zhongjian Hu, Fulin Chen, Pan Li, and Yichuan Jiang. "ε-Maximum Critic Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient for Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning." In Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies, 180–89. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8211-0_17.

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Hasan, Shameem, Mirza Rasheduzzaman, and M. Mofazzal Hossain. "Consequences of Lockdown Due to COVID-19 on the Electricity Generation and Environment in South Asia." In Energiepolitik und Klimaschutz. Energy Policy and Climate Protection, 113–38. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-38215-5_6.

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AbstractThere has been an unprecedented impact of COVID-19 outbreak worldwide. To save people from COVID-19, many countries imposed strict lockdown since March 2020 in different phases. In this paper, the impacts of COVID-19 on the power industry of Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka and its positive impacts on the environment have been investigated through the reduction of power generation and Green House Gas (GHG) emission during a certain part of the lockdown period. It is found that there was a 16.96%, 26% and 22.7% reduction of power generation in May’20 compared with that of May’19 in Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka respectively. Carbon dioxide (CO2), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen oxides (NOX) and fluorinated gases are the main components of Green House Gases (GHGs) where CO2 contains almost 80% of the GHGs. CO2 emission was reduced by a maximum of 22.29% in May 2020 in Bangladesh compared to May’19. India encountered a CO2 emission reduction of 29.75% in April’20 compared to April’19. NOX and SO2 reduction in India in April’20 were 29.59% and 31.19% respectively whereas in Bangladesh in May’20 during the lockdown, NOX decreased by 15.57% and SO2 increased by 23.36%. Hence, from the comparative study presented in this paper, the consequence of lockdown due to COVID-19 on the power sector and environment of three South Asian countries can be realized.
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Palazzolo, Claudio. "Il fabianesimo. La causa del Minimum nazionale e le sue declinazioni." In Idee di lavoro e di ozio per la nostra civiltà, 793–800. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0319-7.90.

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This paper reconstructs the Fabian conception of labor through the comparison of the most mature works by the Webbs on industrial democracy with the scattered references to the Fabian Essays in Socialism contained in contributions by Sidney Webb, Shaw, Besant and Wallas. What characterizes Fabianism is its aim to achieve maximum productive efficiency, and the conviction that it is in the possibilities and purposes of socialism to protect workers through a binding code of conditions regarding labor. However, there is no opportunity for the workers to question corporate hierarchy and have a say in corporate policy decisions. In the conclusions, which contain references to the Guild Movement alternative, I highlight the limits and aporias of Fabian efficiency.

Conference papers on the topic "Maximal policy":

1

Bharadwaj, Suda, Stephane Le Roux, Guillermo Perez, and Ufuk Topcu. "Reduction Techniques for Model Checking and Learning in MDPs." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/597.

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Omega-regular objectives in Markov decision processes (MDPs) reduce to reachability: find a policy which maximizes the probability of reaching a target set of states. Given an MDP, an initial distribution, and a target set of states, such a policy can be computed by most probabilistic model checking tools. If the MDP is only partially specified, i.e., some prob- abilities are unknown, then model-learning techniques can be used to statistically approximate the probabilities and enable the computation of the de- sired policy. For fully specified MDPs, reducing the size of the MDP translates into faster model checking; for partially specified MDPs, into faster learning. We provide reduction techniques that al- low us to remove irrelevant transition probabilities: transition probabilities (known, or to be learned) that do not influence the maximal reachability probability. Among other applications, these reductions can be seen as a pre-processing of MDPs before model checking or as a way to reduce the number of experiments required to obtain a good approximation of an unknown MDP.
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Pereira, Priyanka, Maaike Heitink, Kim Schildkamp, Bernard Veldkamp, and Remco Feskens. "A meta-analysis of the effect of peer feedback on academic achievement in the STEM fields of higher education." In SEFI 50th Annual conference of The European Society for Engineering Education. Barcelona: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788412322262.1287.

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Recently, there has been a significant increase in the use of peer feedback in higher education. However, the evidence of the effect of peer feedback on students’ academic achievement does not seem conclusive and, to our knowledge, there has not yet been a meta-analysis of the effect of peer feedback on general academic achievement in the STEM fields of higher education. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to determine whether peer feedback is beneficial to STEM higher education students’ academic achievement. The final data set for the meta-analysis consisted of 286 effect sizes from 90 independent samples in 75 studies, with a total of over 14,000 participants. All effect sizes were calculated as Cohen’s d values. A random-effects model used to synthesise the effect sizes indicated a significant positive summary effect size (d = .421, SE = .037, 95% CI = .350, .493, p = .000). The variance of the true effect sizes (T2) was .069. The Qw value of 644.167 was significant (p = .000) and the I2 value of 88.512 was high. Therefore, in order to identify the source of the between-study heterogeneity, moderator analyses were conducted to evaluate the influence of various methodological quality characteristics and peer feedback intervention characteristics on the effect of a peer feedback intervention. The results of this study will provide researchers, policy makers and practitioners with the information they need to decide whether or not to use peer feedback and to be able to design peer feedback interventions for maximal effectiveness.
3

Shi, Wenjie, Shiji Song, and Cheng Wu. "Soft Policy Gradient Method for Maximum Entropy Deep Reinforcement Learning." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/475.

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Maximum entropy deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods have been demonstrated on a range of challenging continuous tasks. However, existing methods either suffer from severe instability when training on large off-policy data or cannot scale to tasks with very high state and action dimensionality such as 3D humanoid locomotion. Besides, the optimality of desired Boltzmann policy set for non-optimal soft value function is not persuasive enough. In this paper, we first derive soft policy gradient based on entropy regularized expected reward objective for RL with continuous actions. Then, we present an off-policy actor-critic, model-free maximum entropy deep RL algorithm called deep soft policy gradient (DSPG) by combining soft policy gradient with soft Bellman equation. To ensure stable learning while eliminating the need of two separate critics for soft value functions, we leverage double sampling approach to making the soft Bellman equation tractable. The experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms in performance over off-policy prior methods.
4

Zhi, Yingjian, Bo Zhao, and Binqiang Wang. "The Improved Maximum Urgency First scheduling policy." In 2008 11th IEEE Singapore International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccs.2008.4737192.

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Zein, Hermagasantos, Sri Utami, Siti Saodah, and Jangkung Raharjo. "Maximum Expansion of a Generation Based on Transmission Absorption Capability." In 2021 International Conference on Technology and Policy in Energy and Electric Power (ICT-PEP). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ict-pep53949.2021.9601055.

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Abdolmaleki, Abbas, Nuno Lau, Luis Paulo Reis, and Gerhard Neumann. "Regularized covariance estimation for weighted maximum likelihood policy search methods." In 2015 IEEE-RAS 15th International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/humanoids.2015.7363529.

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Akyurek, Alper Sinan, and Tajana Simunic Rosing. "Optimal in-network packet aggregation policy for maximum information freshness." In 2016 European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eucnc.2016.7561011.

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Mingming Yan and Mi zhao. "Maximally permissive deadlock prevention policy for FMS based on siphons." In 2010 International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering (MACE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mace.2010.5535530.

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Savla, Ketan, and Emilio Frazzoli. "Maximally stabilizing task release control policy for a dynamical queue." In 2010 American Control Conference (ACC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2010.5530569.

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Chen, Shuo, Chengdong Wu, Dongyue Chen, and Jianning Chi. "Efficient Scene Classification Based on Maximum Entropy Policy and Visual Attention." In 2011 Symposium on Photonics and Optoelectronics (SOPO 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sopo.2011.5780388.

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Reports on the topic "Maximal policy":

1

Guarín, Arlen, Andrés Ramírez-Hassan, and Juan G. Villegas. Fast reaction police units in Medellín : a budget-constrained maximal homicide covering location approach. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.908.

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Jones, Cat, and Clare Lally. Prison population growth: drivers, implications and policy considerations. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pb58.

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England and Wales have the highest per capita prison population in Western Europe. In October 2023, over 88,000 people were imprisoned, in an estate with a maximum capacity of 88,890. This was the highest number recorded. 94% of people in prison are adult men and the adult male prison estate is almost full. The prison estate is operating at 99% of its usable operational capacity and over 60% of prisons are overcrowded. Drivers of the current prison population growth include changes in sentencing policy (including increased sentence lengths). Other factors include remand, recall, reoffending and policing. The number of people given immediate custodial sentences has fallen from 98,044 in 2012, to 67,812 in 2022. This suggests that the prison population increase is not driven by more convictions. Nearing capacity can have negative implications for the safe operation of prisons, and for the health, wellbeing and rehabilitation of people in prison. Government action to avoid exceeding capacity includes expanding the prison estate and releasing some prisoners up to 18 days early. As of December 2023, three relevant bills are progressing through Parliament: the Sentencing Bill 2023, the Criminal Justice Bill 2023, and the Victims and Prisoners Bill 2023. Each contains a range of measures, with some likely to reduce the prison population and others likely to increase it. Various stakeholders have proposed additional policy options, such as the greater use of non-custodial sentences, and interventions to reduce the remand and recall populations. Some experts in this field have highlighted the role of public opinion in relation to sentencing policy and the relationship between prisons and the wider justice system. Evidence suggests that the public generally overestimate crime rates and underestimate sentence lengths, and that better-informed members of the public are less likely to view sentences as lenient. More high-quality research is needed to better understand the drivers of increased sentence length and to evaluate health and rehabilitation programmes in the prison context.
3

Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.

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Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.
4

ADAS, RSK. Nitrate Surveillance Monitoring Program (Annual Report May 2021 - March 2022). Food Standards Agency, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.uau489.

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Every Member State is required to monitor and report levels of nitrate in specified foodstuffs as part of the European Commission regulation and the UK also requires this information as part of the collection of data to support the review of retained EU law in the UK and inform the setting of policy around maximum nitrate levels. The requirement to carry out monitoring for nitrate in lettuce, spinach and rocket is being met by the UK Nitrate Surveillance Programme. Results are presented for the period between 1st April 2021 and 31st March 2022. A total of 202 samples were collected within the sampling period, comprising of 130 lettuce, 9 rocket, 26 spinach samples. A further 37 samples categorised at “Other Green Leafy Vegetables”, which comprised of samples including mustard, mizuna, celery, Pak Choi and cabbage. The lowest average nitrate concentration was recorded in summer-grown iceberg lettuce (935.2 mg/kg), and no iceberg samples exceeded the maximum nitrate concentration. The highest average nitrate concentration was seen in winter grown non-iceberg lettuce grown under protection within the lettuce group (3242.2 mg/kg), and in winter-grown rocket overall (4271.2 mg/kg). The number of samples exceeding the maximum threshold increased this year to 7 samples – 2 samples of open-air non-iceberg lettuce sampled in the summer, 1 sample of protected non-iceberg lettuce in the summer, and 3 samples of spinach. A further 4 samples were within 10% of the maximum threshold. Consistent with previous years of this project, a strong correlation was found between nitrate concentration and sampling date, with samples collected later in the season showing greater concentrations, indicating potential interactions between nitrate accumulation and climate – particularly light levels and available soil moisture and the accumulation of nitrate in the soil through subsequent fertiliser applications with successive planting. Furthermore, there was significant interaction between nitrate accumulation, product type and cultivation type, which could be further explored to better identify risk factors associated with nitrate accumulation in leafy vegetables grown in the UK.
5

Mulligan, Cian. Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi Arabia: A Value Chain Analysis. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2023-dp15.

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Localization and local content mandates are an increasing presence in the global investment landscape, and the development of local content policy in Saudi Arabia will be an important factor in the lasting legacy of Vision 2030. While virtually all industries are targeted by local content mandates in Saudi Arabia, a sector tipped for strict targets and maximum local value added is renewable energy production. This is no surprise, as the abundant natural resources of sun and wind make the Kingdom well placed to be globally competitive in the sector, and as the industry is still in its infancy, an opportunity exists to localize from the ground up. This paper looks at the employment possibilities across the value chain of solar PV and onshore wind and, applying the unique characteristics of the Saudi labor force, investigates where localization mandates should target in order to optimize the benefits to the Saudi economy.
6

Datta, Sandip, and Geeta Gandhi Kingdon. The Myth and Reality of Teacher Shortage in India: An Investigation Using 2019-20 Data. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/072.

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This paper examines the widespread perception in India that the country has an acute teacher shortage of about one million teachers in public elementary schools, a view repeated in India’s National Education Policy 2020. Using official DISE data, we show that teacher vacancies cannot be equated with teacher shortages: while the number of teacher vacancies (in teacher-deficit schools) is 766,487, the number of teacher surpluses (in surplus-teacher schools) is 520,141, giving a net deficit of only 246,346 teachers in the country. Secondly, removing estimated fake student numbers from enrolment data greatly reduces the required number of teachers and raises the number of surplus teachers, converting the net deficit of 246,346 teachers into an estimated net surplus of 98,371 teachers. Thirdly, if we both remove estimated fake enrolment and also make a hypothetical change to the teacher allocation rule to adjust for the phenomenon of emptying public schools (which has slashed the national median size of public schools to a mere 63 students, and rendered many schools ‘tiny’), the estimated net teacher surplus rises to 239,800 teachers. Fourthly, we show that if government does fresh recruitment to fill the supposed approximately one-million vacancies as promised in National Education Policy 2020, the already modest national mean pupil-teacher-ratio of 25.1 would fall to 19.9, at a permanently increased fiscal cost of nearly Rupees 637 billion (USD 8.7 billion) per year in 2019-20 prices, which is higher than the individual GDPs of 50 countries that year. The paper highlights the major efficiencies that can result from evidence-based policy on minimum viable school-size, teacher allocation norms, permissible maximum pupil teacher ratios, and teacher deployment.
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Akasha, Heba, Omid Ghaffarpasand, and Francis Pope. Climate Change and Air Pollution. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.071.

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This rapid literature review explores the interactions between climate change and air pollution, with a focus on human health impacts. In particular, the report explores potential synergies in tackling climate change and air pollution together. The impacts and implications of the transition from a carbon-intensive economy upon air quality and consequently human health are examined. Discussing climate change without air pollution can lead to risks. For example, strategies that focus on electrification and transition to renewable energy achieve maximum health and air quality benefits compared to strategies that focus mainly on combustible renewable fuels (biofuel and biomass) with some electrification. Addressing climate change necessitates a shift towards a new low carbon era. This involves stringent and innovative changes in behaviour, technology, and policy. There are distinct benefits of considering climate change and air pollution together. Many of the processes that cause climate change also cause air pollution, and hence reductions in these processes will generate cleaner air and less global warming. Politically, the consideration of the two issues in tandem can be beneficial because of the time-inconsistency problems of climate change. Air pollution improvements can offer politicians victories, on a useful timescale, to help in their aims of reversing climate change. By coupling air pollution and air pollution agendas together, it will increase the media and political attention both environmental causes receive. Policies should involve the integration of climate change, air quality, and health benefits to create win-win situations. The success of the strategies requires financial and technical capacity building, commitment, transparency, and multidisciplinary collaboration, including governance stakeholders at multiple levels, in both a top-down and bottom-up manner.
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Elroy-Stein, Orna, and Dmitry Belostotsky. Mechanism of Internal Initiation of Translation in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696518.bard.

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Original objectives Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vitro using wheat germ extract and krebs-2 cells extract. Fully achieved. Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vivo in Arabidopsis. Characterization of the physical interactions of PABP and other potential ITAFs with crTMV148 IRES. Partly achieved. To conduct search for additional ITAFs using different approaches and evaluate the candidates. Partly achieved. Background of the topic The power of internal translation via the activity of internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) elements allow coordinated synthesis of multiple gene products from a single transcription unit, and thereby enables to bypass the need for sequential transformation with multiple independent transgenes. The key goal of this project was to identify and analyze the IRES-trans-acting factors (ITAFs) that mediate the activity of a crucifer-infecting tobamovirus (crTMV148) IRES. The remarkable conservation of the IRES activity across the phylogenetic spectrum (yeast, plants and animals) strongly suggests that key ITAFs that mediate its activity are themselves highly conserved. Thus, crTMV148 IRES offers opportunity for elucidation of the fundamental mechanisms underlying internal translation in higher plants in order to enable its rational manipulation for the purpose of agricultural biotechnology. Major conclusions and achievements. - CrTMV IRES requires PABP for maximal activity. This conclusion was achieved by PABP depletion and reconstitution of wheat germ- and Krebs2-derived in-vitro translation assays using Arabidopsis-derived PABP2, 3, 5, 8 and yeast Pab1p. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract of the IRES decrease the high-affinity binding of all phylogenetically divergent PABPs derived from Arabidopsis and yeast in electro mobility gel shift assays. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract decrease IRES activity in-vivo. - The 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap. - In-vivo assembled RNPs containing proteins specifically associated with the IRES were purified from HEK293 cells using the RNA Affinity in Tandem (RAT) approach followed by their identification by mass spectroscopy. - This study yielded a list of potential protein candidates that may serve as ITAFs of crTMV148 IRES activity, among them are a/b tubulin, a/g actin, GAPDH, enolase 1, ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor 1, 26S proteasome subunit p45, rpSA, eEF1Bδ, and proteasome b5 subunit. Implications, both scientific and agriculture. The fact that the 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap suggests a potential joint interaction between PABP, the IRES sequence and the 3'-poly(A). This has an important scientific implication related to IRES function in general.
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Bäumler, Maximilian, and Matthias Lehmann. Generating representative test scenarios: The FUSE for Representativity (fuse4rep) process model for collecting and analysing traffic observation data. TU Dresden, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26128/2024.2.

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Scenario-based testing is a pillar of assessing the effectiveness of automated driving systems (ADSs). For data-driven scenario-based testing, representative traffic scenarios need to describe real road traffic situations in compressed form and, as such, cover normal driving along with critical and accident situations originating from different data sources. Nevertheless, in the choice of data sources, a conflict often arises between sample quality and depth of information. Police accident data (PD) covering accident situations, for example, represent a full survey and thus have high sample quality but low depth of information. However, for local video-based traffic observation (VO) data using drones and covering normal driving and critical situations, the opposite is true. Only the fusion of both sources of data using statistical matching can yield a representative, meaningful database able to generate representative test scenarios. For successful fusion, which requires as many relevant, shared features in both data sources as possible, the following question arises: How can VO data be collected by drones and analysed to create the maximum number of relevant, shared features with PD? To answer that question, we used the Find–Unify–Synthesise–Evaluation (FUSE) for Representativity (FUSE4Rep) process model.We applied the first (“Find”) and second (“Unify”) step of this model to VO data and conducted drone-based VOs at two intersections in Dresden, Germany, to verify our results. We observed a three-way and a four-way intersection, both without traffic signals, for more than 27 h, following a fixed sample plan. To generate as many relevant information as possible, the drone pilots collected 122 variables for each observation (which we published in the ListDB Codebook) and the behavioural errors of road users, among other information. Next, we analysed the videos for traffic conflicts, which we classified according to the German accident type catalogue and matched with complementary information collected by the drone pilots. Last, we assessed the crash risk for the detected traffic conflicts using generalised extreme value (GEV) modelling. For example, accident type 211 was predicted as happening 1.3 times per year at the observed four-way intersection. The process ultimately facilitated the preparation of VO data for fusion with PD. The orientation towards traffic conflicts, the matched behavioural errors and the estimated GEV allowed creating accident-relevant scenarios. Thus, the model applied to VO data marks an important step towards realising a representative test scenario database and, in turn, safe ADSs.
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Monetary Policy Report, April 2024. Banco de la República, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr2-2024.

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Inflation continues to fall, but it is above the 3% target, and it is projected to continue falling until it reaches it in 2025. Economic growth is low, but it would recover, and by 2025, economic activity would reach a path that can be sustained over time without causing unwanted changes in inflation, employment, or the external balance. The current monetary policy interest rate is compatible with the convergence of inflation to the target in 2025 and with the recovery of economic growth in the next two years. • Annual inflation has been decreasing for a year and is projected to continue, with inflation at 5.5% in December and the 3% target to be reached in 2025. In March, total inflation was 7.4% and completed a year of reductions from the maximum recorded a year ago (13.3%). In the first quarter of this year, all the main components of inflation fell (food, services, goods, and regulated). • The decrease in inflation has been greater than expected due to the behavior of food prices and some goods. • The lower pressures of the exchange rate on prices, the slowdown in demand, and the completion of adjustments in fuel prices contributed to reducing inflation. • The reduction in inflation has been limited by the rise in some service rates, largely because several of these were updated with the high inflation observed (what is known as indexing). • The accumulated effect of monetary policy actions, weak demand in the presence of excess productive capacity of the economy, and an exchange rate behavior that would continue to exert downward pressures on prices will continue to contribute to the decrease in inflation and its convergence towards the 3% target. • There are some risks that could reduce inflation more slowly than projected, such as possible pent-up increases in public services and transport rates, an unexpected increase in the exchange rate and/or adverse weather conditions that affect food prices. The economy would recover in 2024, and by the end of the following year, it would reach a path that would not cause unwanted changes in inflation, employment, or the country’s external balance. • After the significant economic growth in 2022 (7.3%) that placed the GDP at high levels, the expansion of economic activity for 2023 was 0.6%. In the first quarter of 2024, the economy would have improved compared to what was observed at the end of 2023, driven by high levels of activity in the agricultural sector that reflect the high supply recorded in these months. • The necessary adjustment of economic activity occurred amid the accumulated effects of monetary policy actions to combat high inflation, high external financing costs, and low levels in businessmen’s and consumers’ confidence indicators. • The labor market continues to show unemployment rates at low levels compared to its history, although with deteriorations in employment in recent months. • Going forward, economic activity would continue to recover. This would occur in an environment of less restrictive external financing conditions, and reductions in the monetary policy interest rate, as inflation gradually approaches the 3% target. o For 2024, economic growth of 1.4% is projected, driven by consumption and despite a weak expected investment performance. o For 2025, growth would be 3.2%, with consumption that would continue to improve, an investment that would recover from the very low levels of 2024, and a gradual recovery of exports. • The lower growth of the Colombian economy has been reflected in a reduction of the broad external imbalance observed in 2022, which results in less vulnerability to changes in international conditions. Given the decline in inflation and its expectations, the slowing of domestic demand, and a more sustainable external balance, the Board of Directors of the Banco de la República decided at its April meeting to continue the monetary policy interest rate reductions, bringing it to 11.75%. • The stance of monetary policy has contributed to ameliorating the country’s macroeconomic imbalances, such as high inflation, excess spending and credit, and the wide external deficit. • In the context of decreasing inflation and adjusting some macroeconomic imbalances, the Board of Directors began to reduce the monetary policy interest rate from December 2023, with a total reduction of 150 basis points by April. • The current monetary policy interest rate is compatible with inflation, reaching the 3% target in 2025 and sustainable economic growth over time. Box 1 - Un indicador de los servicios de transporte para medir la actividad económica colombiana Autores: Karen L. Pulido-Mahecha, Juan Sebastián Silva-Rodríguez y Juan Felipe Carmona-Pascuales Box 2 - Evolución reciente y perspectivas de la inversión Autores: Camilo López, Andrés Herrera, Nicol Rodríguez y Sebastián Quintero Box 3 - Evaluación del error de pronóstico macroeconómico de 2023 Autores: Jonathan Alexander Muñoz Martínez y Julián Mauricio Pérez Amaya

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