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Journal articles on the topic 'MAX phase synthesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 21 December 2024

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1

Arlashkin, I. E., S. N. Perevislov, and V. L. Stolyarova. "Synthesis and study of dense materials in the Zr–Al–C system." Журнал общей химии 93, no. 4 (April 15, 2023): 622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044460x23040145.

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The initial powders Zr, Al, C and Zr, Al, Sc were used for the synthesis of MAX phases of the composition Zr2AlC and Zr3AlC2. The highest content (50.4 vol%) of the MAX phase Zr3AlC2 was obtained using the initial powders Zr/Al/Zr in the ratio of components 1:1.5:2 with the addition of 5 vol% Al. The optimal temperature for the synthesis of a material based on the MAX phase Zr2AlC is 1525° C, a material based on Zr3AlC2 is 1575°C. The structure of the synthesized MAX materials obtained includes elongated grains of the composition Zr2AlC and Zr3AlC2, which determines their high strength. Zirconium carbide, as an intermediate phase, is always present in the final products. Due to the large evaporation of aluminum, the ZrO2 phase is also present in the synthesis products. Excess aluminum contributes to the greatest formation of Zr2AlC and Zr3AlC2 phases during synthesis.

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2

Gurin, Mikhail S., Dmitry S. Shtarev, Alexander V. Syuy, Gleb I. Tselikov, Oleg O. Shichalin, and Victor V. Krishtop. "FEATURES OF THE SYNTHESIS OF MAX-PHASES TixAlC1-x BY SPARK PLASMA SINTERING." Transactions of the Kоla Science Centre of RAS. Series: Engineering Sciences 3, no. 3/2023 (April 14, 2023): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2949-1215.2023.14.3.017.

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The results of the synthesis of MAX-phases TixAlC1-x by the method of spark plasma sintering are presented. It is shown that the purity of the synthesized composition depends on the regime of spark plasma sintering. The purity of the MAX phase was 84 %. The material was characterized by XRD. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of the MAX phase 211 were determined.

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3

Kovalev, D. Yu, M. A. Luginina, and A. E. Sytschev. "Reaction synthesis of Ti2AlN MAX-phase." Izvestiya Vuzov. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional’nye Pokrytiya (Universitiesʹ Proceedings. Powder Metallurgy аnd Functional Coatings), no. 2 (January 1, 2016): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2016-2-41-46.

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4

Kovalev, I. D., P. A. Miloserdov, V. A. Gorshkov, and D. Yu Kovalev. "Nb2AlC MAX phase synthesis by SHS metallurgy." Izvestiya Vuzov. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional’nye Pokrytiya (Universitiesʹ Proceedings. Powder Metallurgy аnd Functional Coatings), no. 2 (June 19, 2019): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2019-2-42-48.

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A cast material based on the Nb2AlC MAX phase was obtained by SHS metallurgy. Synthesis was carried out from the Nb2O5– Al–C mixture with a high-energy CaO2–Al additive. Thermodynamic calculation results correlate well with experimental data. It was found that the CaO2–Al additive content has a substantial effect on the thermodynamic parameters and phase composition of the final product. It was shown that synthesis from the specified mixtures passed in a stationary mode with steady combustion wave. Increasing the additive content leads to increasing combustion rate (from 6 to 12 mm/s), and product yield to ingot increases (from 30 to 47 %) up to 15 wt.% of the additive and then decreases. Variation in the composition of initial mixtures can provide a significant impact on both synthesis parameters and final product phase composition. Optimal conditions of material synthesis to ensure maximum yield of the Nb2AlC MAX phase in the ingot composition were determined. The liquid phase lifetime during synthesis is a determining factor influencing the Nb2AlC content in the final product. It is shown that the maximum Nb2AlC phase amount (67 wt.%) is reached with 15 wt.% of the high-energy additive in the initial charge.

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5

Kovalev, D. Yu, M. A. Luginina, and A. E. Sytschev. "Reaction synthesis of the Ti2AlN MAX-phase." Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals 58, no. 3 (May 2017): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1067821217030087.

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6

El Saeed, M. A., F. A. Deorsola, and R. M. Rashad. "Optimization of the Ti3SiC2 MAX phase synthesis." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 35 (November 2012): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2012.05.001.

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7

Amosov, Aleksandr P., Evgeniy I. Latukhin, P. A. Petrov, E. A. Amosov, Vladislav A. Novikov, and A. Yu Illarionov. "Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis of Boron-Containing MAX-Phase." Key Engineering Materials 746 (July 2017): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.746.207.

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An attempt was made to obtain boron-containing MAX-phase by the process of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) of Ti3AlC2, replacing some carbon atoms by boron atoms. This was conducted by burning powder mixtures (charges) of the composition 3Ti+2Al+2((1-x)C+xB), where x is the fraction of boron atoms (0.10, 0.15, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 0.90), replacing the carbon atoms. X-ray diffraction analysis of the products of combustion have shown that the replacement of carbon with boron to half of the content of carbon atoms in the charge (x=0.10-0.50), does not change the phase composition of the products, including Ti3AlC2 and TiC, but leads to a shift of the peaks of these phases in the diffraction pattern in the direction of smaller angles. When replacing more than half of the carbon atoms with the boron (x=0.75 and 0.90), the peaks of titanium carbide and MAX-phase are not observed, and the XRD peaks appear of the titanium borides TiB and TiB2, and intermetallic compound Al3Ti. Photomicrographs obtained with an electron microscope show that the SHS products synthesized from the charge with replacing up to half of the carbon atoms with the boron represent plates with a thickness of about 1 μm typical for MAX-phases, but rounded particles of borides and intermetallic compound of titanium appear at a higher boron content. Based on these results, it is concluded that replacement of a part (up to 50%) of the carbon atoms with boron atoms in the SHS charge 3Ti+2Al+2C leads to the synthesis of boron-containing MAX-phase based on the crystal lattice of Ti3AlC2.

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8

Kovalev, I. D., P. A. Miloserdov, V. A. Gorshkov, and D. Yu Kovalev. "Synthesis of Nb2AlC MAX Phase by SHS Metallurgy." Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals 61, no. 1 (January 2020): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1067821220010083.

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9

Fattahi, Mehdi, and Majid Zarezadeh Mehrizi. "Formation mechanism for synthesis of Ti3SnC2 MAX phase." Materials Today Communications 25 (December 2020): 101623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101623.

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10

Mane, Rahul B., Ampolu Haribabu, and Bharat B. Panigrahi. "Synthesis and sintering of Ti3GeC2 MAX phase powders." Ceramics International 44, no. 1 (January 2018): 890–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.10.017.

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11

IVANENKO, K. O., and A. M. FAINLEIB. "МАХ PHASE (MXENE) IN POLYMER MATERIALS." Polymer journal 44, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.44.03.165.

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This article is a review of the Mn+1AXn phases (“MAX phases”, where n = 1, 2 or 3), their MXene derivatives and the reinforcement of polymers with these materials. The MAX phases are a class of hexagonal-structure ternary carbides and nitrides ("X") of the transition metal ("M") and the A-group element. The unique combination of chemical, physical, electrical and mechanical properties that combine the characteristics of metals and ceramics is of interest to researchers in the MAX phases. For example, MAX phases are typically resistant to oxidation and corrosion, elastic, but at the same time, they have high thermal and electrical conductivity and are machinable. These properties stem from an inherently nanolaminated crystal structure, with Mn+1Xn slabs intercalated with pure A-element layers. To date, more than 150 MAX phases have been synthesized. In 2011, a new family of 2D materials, called MXene, was synthesized, emphasizing the connection with the MAX phases and their dimension. Several approaches to the synthesis of MXene have been developed, including selective etching in a mixture of fluoride salts and various acids, non-aqueous etching solutions, halogens and molten salts, which allows the synthesis of new materials with better control over the chemical composition of their surface. The use of MAX phases and MXene for polymer reinforcement increases their thermal, electrical and mechanical properties. Thus, the addition of fillers increases the glass transition temperature by an average of 10%, bending strength by 30%, compressive strength by 70%, tensile strength up to 200%, microhardness by 40%, reduces friction coefficient and makes the composite material self-lubricating, and 1 % wt. MAX phases increases thermal conductivity by 23%, Young’s modulus increases. The use of composites as components of sensors, electromagnetic protection, wearable technologies, in current sources, in aerospace and military applications, etc. are proposed.

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12

Salvo, Christopher, Ernesto Chicardi, Rosalía Poyato, Cristina García-Garrido, José Antonio Jiménez, Cristina López-Pernía, Pablo Tobosque, and Ramalinga Viswanathan Mangalaraja. "Synthesis and Characterization of a Nearly Single Bulk Ti2AlN MAX Phase Obtained from Ti/AlN Powder Mixture through Spark Plasma Sintering." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 2217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092217.

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MAX phases are an advanced class of ceramics based on ternary carbides or nitrides that combine some of the ceramic and metallic properties, which make them potential candidate materials for many engineering applications under severe conditions. The present work reports the successful synthesis of nearly single bulk Ti2AlN MAX phase (>98% purity) through solid-state reaction and from a Ti and AlN powder mixture in a molar ratio of 2:1 as starting materials. The mixture of Ti and AlN powders was subjected to reactive spark plasma sintering (SPS) under 30 MPa at 1200 °C and 1300 °C for 10 min in a vacuum atmosphere. It was found that the massive formation of Al2O3 particles at the grain boundaries during sintering inhibits the development of the Ti2AlN MAX phase in the outer zone of the samples. The effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ti2AlN MAX phase was investigated and discussed.

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13

Davydov, D. M., E. R. Umerov, E. I. Latukhin, and A. P. Amosov. "THE INFLUENCE OF ELEMENTAL POWDER RAW MATERIAL ON THE FORMATION OF THE POROUS FRAME OF TI3ALC2 MAX-PHASE WHEN OBTAINING BY THE SHS METHOD." Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 3 (2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2073-5073-2021-3-37-47.

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The ternary carbide compound Ti3AlC2 belongs to the so-called MAX-phases – a new type of ceramic materials with unique properties. A simple energy-saving method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) based on combustion is one of the promising methods for the production of this MAX-phase. The application of the SHS technology is to produce a Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase porous frame with the homogeneous porous structure without such defects as large pores, laminations, and cracks is of great interest. The paper investigates the possibility of producing such a porous frame with the maximum content of the Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase using powders of Ti, Al, and C elements of various grades different in particle sizes and carbon forms (soot or graphite) as initial components. Porous frame samples were produced by the open-air burning of pressed briquettes of charge of the initial powders of the selected grades without applying external pressure. The authors studied the macro- and microstructure of the obtained samples, their density, and phase composition. The study shows that using the finest titanium and carbon powders leads to the excessively active combustion with gas evolution and the synthesis of the defective porous samples with the charge briquette shape distortion, large pores, laminations, and cracks. Besides the titanium carbide by-phase, the highest values for the MAX-phase amount in the SHS-product were obtained using the titanium powder of the largest-size fraction together with the graphite powder, rather than soot. The excess aluminum powder addition to the stoichiometric ratio to the initial charge leads to an increase in the MAX-phase amount in the SHS product, compensating for the loss of aluminum due to evaporation. An increase in the sample volume (scale factor) also leads to an increase in the MAX-phase amount in the SHS product due to the slower cooling of the product after the reaction.

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14

Davydov, D. M., E. R. Umerov, E. I. Latukhin, and A. P. Amosov. "THE INFLUENCE OF ELEMENTAL POWDER RAW MATERIAL ON THE FORMATION OF THE POROUS FRAME OF TI3ALC2 MAX-PHASE WHEN OBTAINING BY THE SHS METHOD." Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 3 (2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2073-5073-2021-3-37-47.

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The ternary carbide compound Ti3AlC2 belongs to the so-called MAX-phases – a new type of ceramic materials with unique properties. A simple energy-saving method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) based on combustion is one of the promising methods for the production of this MAX-phase. The application of the SHS technology is to produce a Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase porous frame with the homogeneous porous structure without such defects as large pores, laminations, and cracks is of great interest. The paper investigates the possibility of producing such a porous frame with the maximum content of the Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase using powders of Ti, Al, and C elements of various grades different in particle sizes and carbon forms (soot or graphite) as initial components. Porous frame samples were produced by the open-air burning of pressed briquettes of charge of the initial powders of the selected grades without applying external pressure. The authors studied the macro- and microstructure of the obtained samples, their density, and phase composition. The study shows that using the finest titanium and carbon powders leads to the excessively active combustion with gas evolution and the synthesis of the defective porous samples with the charge briquette shape distortion, large pores, laminations, and cracks. Besides the titanium carbide by-phase, the highest values for the MAX-phase amount in the SHS-product were obtained using the titanium powder of the largest-size fraction together with the graphite powder, rather than soot. The excess aluminum powder addition to the stoichiometric ratio to the initial charge leads to an increase in the MAX-phase amount in the SHS product, compensating for the loss of aluminum due to evaporation. An increase in the sample volume (scale factor) also leads to an increase in the MAX-phase amount in the SHS product due to the slower cooling of the product after the reaction.

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15

Kirian, I. M., V. Z. Voynash, A. M. Lakhnik, A. V. Marunyak, Yе V. Kochelab, and A. D. Rud. "Synthesis of Ti$_3$AlC$_2$ MAX-Phase with Different Content of B$_2$O$_3$ Additives." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 41, no. 10 (December 7, 2019): 1273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.41.10.1273.

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16

Kirian, I. M., A. M. Lakhnik, O. Yu Khyzhun, I. V. Zagorulko, A. S. Nikolenko, and O. D. Rud’. "Single-Step Pressureless Synthesis of the High-Purity Ti$_{3}$AlC$_{2}$ MAX-Phase by Fast Heating." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 45, no. 10 (February 28, 2024): 1165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.45.10.1165.

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17

Akhtar, Sophia, Shrawan Roy, Trang Thu Tran, Jaspal Singh, Anir S. Sharbirin, and Jeongyong Kim. "Low Temperature Step Annealing Synthesis of the Ti2AlN MAX Phase to Fabricate MXene Quantum Dots." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 4154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094154.

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We present the synthesis of the Ti2AlN MAX phase using two-step annealing at temperatures of 600 °C and 1100 °C, the lowest synthesis temperatures reported so far. After the successful synthesis of the Ti2AlN MAX phase, two-dimensional Ti2N MXene was prepared through wet chemical etching and further fragmented into light emitting MXene quantum dots (MQDs) with a size of 3.2 nm by hydrothermal method. Our MQDs displayed a 6.9% quantum yield at a 310 nm wavelength of excitation, suggesting promising nanophotonic applications.

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18

Linde, A. V., A. A. Kondakov, I. A. Studenikin, N. A. Kondakova, and V. V. Grachev. "MAX phase Ti2AlN synthesis by reactive sintering in vacuum." Izvestiya vuzov. Poroshkovaya metallurgiya i funktsional’nye pokrytiya, no. 4 (December 8, 2022): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2022-4-25-33.

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The synthesis of MAX phase Ti2AlN from several mixtures of Ti, Al, TiN, and AlN powders by vacuum sintering of greensamples in the form of dense compacts, bulk powder in silica tubes, and plain layer in a closed rectangular molybdenum boat was studied upon variation in charge composition and sintering temperature Ts. The sintering of 2 : 1 Ti–AlN mixture was carried out at 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, and 1500 °С with exposure time of 60 min. The largest MAX phase content (94 wt.%) was reached at Ts = 1400 °С. The sintering of 1 : 1 TiAl : TiN composition at the same temperature gave 93 wt.% Ti2AlN. The best result (singlephase Ti2AlN in a 100-% yield) was achieved upon the sintering of 1 : 1 : 1 Ti–Al–TiN composition at Ts = 1400 °С. The scalability of our process was checked by the fabrication of a large (0.5 kg) and uniform cake of single-phase Ti2AlN. In experiments we used green samples with shielded lateral surface (bulk powder in silica tubes, plain layer in a closed molybdenum boat) and without shield (dense compacts). It has been shown that shielding of Ti–Al–TiN samples restricts the escape of Al vapor from a sintered mixture, thus providing more favorable conditions for the synthesis of single-phase Ti2AlN. Our process can be readily recommended for practical implementation.

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19

Gandara, Meriene, Marta Oliveira Martins, Biljana Šljukić, and Emerson Sarmento Gonçalves. "Synthesis of Nb-MXenes for Electrocatalysis Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 54 (December 22, 2023): 2608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02542608mtgabs.

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MXene is the newest class of 2D materials composed of carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides of transition metals. They are promising materials for electrochemical energy storage and in the field of electrocatalysis1. This work proposes the synthesis of Nb-MXene from MAX phase precursor and its characterization regarding morphology, structure and electrochemical activity. First, the precursor MAX phase of niobium was produced by mixing Nb, Al and NbC in powder and the reaction process in a tubular furnace, argon atmosphere, at 1640°C, for 3 h. Subsequently, the chemical synthesis was performed at 60 °C, 96 h, by LiF+HCl (1:10 w/w) + 1g of MAX phase, centrifuged and washed with DI water until pH~6 and dried in a vacuum oven. SEM images (Fig. 1 left) confirmed the morphology2,3 typical of the MAX phase and the effective process of chemical synthesis. The etching process occurred indicating success in the exfoliation, separating the layers forming multilayer MXenes (Fig. 1, right side)2. A mixture of Nb4AlC3 and Nb2AlC was obtained in the MAX phase. Successful synthesis of MXene is confirmed by shift of the diffraction peaks corresponding to the reflection from (002) plane from 7.36° and 12.75° in case of MAX phase to 5.28°, indicating the removal of Al from the structure2 (Fig. 2). MXene in a form of a thin film on a conductive substrate was tested for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in 3 M KOH electrolyte. Fig. 3 shows a clear increase of current density in O2-saturated solution corresponding to O2 reduction. The peak was visible at 0.7 V with peak current density reaching 0.53 mAcm-2. This supports further exploration of MXene as an electrocatalyst for ORR, including tolerance and stability tests. References 1- C. Zhan, M. Naguib, M. Lukatskaya, P. R. C. Kent, Y. Gogotsi, D. Jiang. Understanding the MXene Pseudocapacitance, J. Phys. Chem. Lett, 9 (2018) 1223−1228. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00200 2- Y. Tan, Z. Zhu, X. Zhang, J. Zhang, Y. Zhou, H. Li, H. Qin, Y. Bo, Z. Pan, Nb4C3Tx (MXene) as a new stable catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46 (2021) 1955-1966. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.10.046. 3- M. Shekhirev, C. E. Shuck, A. Sarycheva, Y. Gogotsi, Characterization of MXenes at every step, from their precursors to single flakes and assembled films, Progress in Materials Science, 120 (2021) 100757 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100757. Figure 1

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20

Wang, Xudong, Ke Chen, Erxiao Wu, Yiming Zhang, Haoming Ding, Nianxiang Qiu, Yujie Song, Shiyu Du, Zhifang Chai, and Qing Huang. "Synthesis and thermal expansion of chalcogenide MAX phase Hf2SeC." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 42, no. 5 (May 2022): 2084–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.12.062.

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21

Kondakov, A. A., I. A. Studenikin, A. V. Linde, N. A. Kondakova, and V. V. Grachev. "Synthesis of Ti2AlN MAX-phase by sintering in vacuum." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 558 (June 24, 2019): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/558/1/012017.

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22

Lapauw, T., K. Lambrinou, T. Cabioc’h, J. Halim, J. Lu, A. Pesach, O. Rivin, et al. "Synthesis of the new MAX phase Zr 2 AlC." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 36, no. 8 (July 2016): 1847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.02.044.

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23

Hamm, Christin M., Timo Schäfer, Hongbin Zhang, and Christina S. Birkel. "Non-conventional Synthesis of the 413 MAX Phase V4AlC3." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 642, no. 23 (November 29, 2016): 1397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.201600370.

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24

Gorshkov, V. A., N. Yu Khomenko, and D. Yu Kovalev. "Synthesis of cast materials based on MAX phases in Cr–Ti–Al–C system." Izvestiya vuzov. Poroshkovaya metallurgiya i funktsional’nye pokrytiya, no. 2 (September 23, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2021-2-13-21.

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Two variants of the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis process, namely SHS from elements and SHS metallurgy, were combined to obtain cast materials based on the MAX phases of Cr2AlC and (Cr0,7Ti0,3)2AlC. Experiments involved mixtures with compositions calculated according to the chemical scheme 70%(Cr2O3 + 3Al + C)/(2Ti + Al + C) + + 30%(3CaO2 + 2Al). Synthesis was carried out in a 3 l reactor at an argon pressure of 5 MPa. The structure and phase composition of the reaction product were studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It was found during the research that the ratio of original reagents has a significant effect on the synthesis parameters and phase composition of desired products. The possibility of obtaining a cast material based on the titanium-doped Cr2AlC phase was shown. It was found that the resulting product is a composite material based on the (Cr1–хTiх)2AlC (х = 0,18÷0,28) phase, and the content of this phase is 43–62 wt.% depending on the original ratio of reagents. The material microstructure features by the presence of laminate layers with carbide grain inclusions. The end product contains carbide (Ti0,9Cr0,1C, Cr7C3, Cr3С2)and intermetallic (Al8Cr5, AlTi3) impurities due to the insufficient life time of a melt formed in the combustion wave.

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25

Luo, Jia, Fengjuan Zhang, Bo Wen, Qiqiang Zhang, Longsheng Chu, Yanchun Zhou, Qingguo Feng, and Chunfeng Hu. "Theoretical Prediction and Experimental Synthesis of Zr3AC2 (A = Cd, Sb) Phases." Materials 17, no. 7 (March 28, 2024): 1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17071556.

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MAX phases have great research value and application prospects, but it is challenging to synthesize the MAX phases containing Cd and Sb for the time being. In this paper, we confirmed the existence of the 312 MAX phases of Zr3CdC2 and Zr3SbC2, both from theoretical calculations and experimental synthesis. The Zr3AC2 (A = Cd, Sb) phase was predicted by the first-principles calculations, and the two MAX phases were confirmed to meet the requests of thermal, thermodynamic, and mechanical stabilities using formation energy, phonon dispersion, and the Born–Huang criteria. Their theoretical mechanical properties were also systematically investigated. It was found that the elastic moduli of Zr3CdC2 and Zr3SbC2 were 162.8 GPa and 164.3 GPa, respectively. Then, differences in the mechanical properties of Zr3AC2 (A = Cd, In, Sn, and Sb) were explained using bond layouts and charge transfers. The low theoretical Vickers hardness of the Zr3CdC2 (5.4 GPa) and Zr3SbC2 (4.3 GPa) phases exhibited excellent machinability. Subsequently, through spark plasma sintering, composites containing Zr3CdC2 and Zr3SbC2 phases were successfully synthesized at the temperatures of 850 °C and 1300 °C, respectively. The optimal molar ratio of Zr:Cd/Sb:C was determined as 3:1.5:1.5. SEM and the EDS results analysis confirmed the typical layered microstructure of Zr3CdC2 and Zr3SbC2 grains.

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26

Siebert, Jan Paul, Lothar Bischoff, Maren Lepple, Alexander Zintler, Leopoldo Molina-Luna, Ulf Wiedwald, and Christina S. Birkel. "Sol–gel based synthesis and enhanced processability of MAX phase Cr2GaC." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 20 (2019): 6034–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc01416k.

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27

Rasid, Zarrul Azwan Mohd, Mohd Firdaus Omar, Muhammad Firdaus Mohd Nazeri, Syahrul Affandi Saidi, Andrei Victor Sandu, and Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd. "A Study of two Dimensional Metal Carbide MXene Ti3C2 Synthesis, characterization conductivity and radiation properties." Materiale Plastice 56, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.19.3.5244.

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Since the discovery of exceptional properties of graphene, a lot of researchers focused on the discovery of another nobel two-dimensional (2D) materials. Recently, an elegant exfoliation approaches was proposed as a method to synthesis a new family of transitional 2D metal carbide or nitrades of MXene from a layered MAX phase. A layered MAX phase of Ti3AlC2 was synthesized through pressureless sintering (PLS) the initial powder of 3TiH2/1.1Al/2C without preliminary dehydrogenation under argon atmosphere at 1350 oC. An elegant exfoliation approach was used to eliminates Al from its precursor to form a layered-structure of Ti3C2. In this study, thermal conductivity of MAX phase and MXene were studied using absolute axial heat flow method to measure the abilities sample to conduct heat and the data was collected using Picolog 1216 Data Logger. Electrical conductivity of these two materials was also compared by using two-point probe, due to its simplicity. Radiation properties of 2D MXene Ti3C2 was studied by using an established radon monitor, placed in closed, fabricated container. Morphological and structural properties of this 2D material were also studied using an established FESEM and XRD apparatus. SEM images shows two types of morphology which is a layer of Ti3C2 and the agglomerates Al2O3 with graphite. XRD pattern reveals three phases in this material which is a rhombohedral Al2O3, rhombohedral graphite and rhombohedral Ti3C2 phases, respectively. Thermal and electrical conductivity of MXene were proven higher than MAX phase. Radon concentration for this material for five consecutive days explains the radiation level of this material which is under the suggestion value from US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). From this finding, it is can conveniently say that the MXene material can be promising material for electronic application.

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28

Amosov, A. P., E. I. Latukhin, E. R. Umerov, and D. M. Davydov. "Investigation of possibility of fabrication of long-length samples of Ti3AlC2–Al MAX-cermet by the SHS method with spontaneous infiltration by aluminum melt." Izvestiya vuzov. Poroshkovaya metallurgiya i funktsional’nye pokrytiya, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2022-3-24-36.

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The article discusses the features of combining the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) of the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase porous skeleton with infiltration by aluminum melt in a spontaneous mode in order to obtain enlarged samples of Ti3AlC2–Al ceramic-metal composite (MAX cermet) in an air atmosphere. A new scheme was developed for obtaining long-length SHS cermet samples from a bulk density charge with spontaneous infiltration by melt in the same direction with the combustion wave movement, which makes it possible to regulate the time gap between the end of the Ti3AlC2 synthesis and the beginning of the spontaneous pore filling with aluminum melt. This technology was used to obtain a Ti3AlC2 SHS skeleton with a total length of 250 mm and a diameter of 22–24 mm where the depth of infiltration with pure aluminum was about 110 mm, and impregnation with the Al–12%Si alloy was 130 mm. The paper provides comparative data on density, microstructure, and phase composition at different areas along the length of MAX cermet samples obtained. It was found that infiltration with pure aluminum destroys the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase to transform it into a mixture of TiC + TiAl3 phases in the SHS cermet, and 12 % Si added to the Al melt promote Ti3AlC2 preservation in the cermet to a some extent. Instead of MAX cermet samples with the target composition of Ti3AlC2–Al and Ti3AlC2–(Al–12%Si), long-length samples of SHS cermets with a different actual phase composition were obtained: TiC–TiAl3–Al and TiC–Ti3AlC2–TiAl3–(Al–12%Si), respectively, where the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase either practically absent or present in small quantities. The average hardness values of TiC–TiAl3–Al and TiC–Ti3AlC2–TiAl3–(Al–12%Si) SHS cermets were HB = 640 and 740 MPa, density ρ = 2.88÷3.16 g/cm3 and 3.03÷3.13 g/cm3, and residual porosity П = 17.0÷24.6 % and 17.6÷20.3 %, respectively.

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29

Shalini Reghunath, B., Deepak Davis, and K. R. Sunaja Devi. "Synthesis and characterization of Cr2AlC MAX phase for photocatalytic applications." Chemosphere 283 (November 2021): 131281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131281.

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30

Istomina, E. I., P. V. Istomin, A. V. Nadutkin, V. E. Grass, and A. S. Bogdanova. "Optimization of the Carbosilicothermic Synthesis of the Ti4SiC3 MAX Phase." Inorganic Materials 54, no. 6 (June 2018): 528–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020168518060055.

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31

Griseri, Matteo, Bensu Tunca, Thomas Lapauw, Shuigen Huang, Lucia Popescu, Michel W. Barsoum, Konstantina Lambrinou, and Jozef Vleugels. "Synthesis, properties and thermal decomposition of the Ta4AlC3 MAX phase." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 39, no. 10 (August 2019): 2973–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.04.021.

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32

Lapauw, T., J. Halim, J. Lu, T. Cabioc'h, L. Hultman, M. W. Barsoum, K. Lambrinou, and J. Vleugels. "Synthesis of the novel Zr 3 AlC 2 MAX phase." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 36, no. 3 (February 2016): 943–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.10.011.

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33

Cuskelly, Dylan T., and Erich H. Kisi. "Single-Step Carbothermal Synthesis of High-Purity MAX Phase Powders." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 99, no. 4 (March 2, 2016): 1137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.14170.

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34

Yan, Ming, Chao Li, Yunqi Zou, and Mengliu Yang. "Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic MAX Phase (Cr2−xMnx)GaC." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 35, no. 2 (April 2020): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-020-2265-x.

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35

Loginova, Marina, Alexey Sobachkin, Alexander Sitnikov, Vladimir Yakovlev, Valeriy Filimonov, Andrey Myasnikov, Marat Sharafutdinov, and Boris Tolochko. "In situ synchrotron research of phase formation in mechanically activated 3Ti + Al powder composition during high-temperature synthesis under the condition of heating with high-frequency electromagnetic fields." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518017691.

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An in situ synchrotron study of the specific features of the phase formation dynamics in mechanically activated 16 wt% Al + Ti powder composition is described, the high-temperature synthesis being carried out under the condition of high volume inflammation by means of inductive heating. The kinetics of the phase formation were registered with an experimental complex, especially designed, constructed and adjusted for the method of dynamic diffraction analysis in synchrotron radiation beams. It has been experimentally in situ shown that increasing the time of mechanical activation of the initial powder mixture reduces the temperature at which components start to react and the time of realization of the high-temperature synthesis. With the latter set at 1 min of mechanical activation, the temperature of the reaction in the mixture is T = 603°C; at 3 min of mechanical activation, T = 442°C; and at 7 min, T = 359°C. The maximum burning temperatures are: for 1 min of mechanical activation, T max = 1080°C; for 3 min, T max = 1003°C; and for 7 min, T max = 820°C. It was found that formation of both stable compounds Ti3Al, TiAl3, TiAl2, TiAl and metastable phases Ti9Al23, Ti5Al11, Ti2Al5, Ti3Al5 occurs at the stage of primary structure formation, before the system goes to thermal explosion. High-temperature synthesis of a mixture of the studied composition takes place without formation of a liquid phase, in the solid-phase combustion mode. It was found that the increase in the time of mechanical activation of the initial powder mixture contributes to the formation of a product with a dominant content of intermetallic compound Ti3Al. By synthesis of the powder mixture of composition 16 wt% Al + Ti, mechanically activated for 7 min, the content of Ti3Al in the final product was found to be 68%.

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36

Garkas, W., Christoph Leyens, and A. Flores-Renteria. "Synthesis and Characterization of Ti₂AlC and Ti₂AlN MAX Phase Coatings Manufactured in an Industrial-Size Coater." Advanced Materials Research 89-91 (January 2010): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.89-91.208.

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Due to a nanolaminate structure, MAX phases are materials with an interesting set of properties. The present paper is focussed on the synthesis and characterization of Ti2AlC and Ti2AlN MAX phase coatings. They were deposited by dc magnetron sputtering from single elemental Ti, Al, and C targets (Ti-Al-C system); in addition to Ti and Al, nitrogen was used for the Ti-Al-N system. XRD analysis revealed the growth of cubic Ti3AlC and Ti3AlN perovskite phases in the coatings deposited at 540°C. After coating deposition an annealing treatment at 800, 1000 and 1200°C was carried out. The results indicate that annealing for 1 h in vacuum at 800°C enhances crystallization of the Ti2AlN and Ti2AlC MAX phases. It was also observed that annealing at temperatures higher than 1000°C enhances the decomposition of both phases, Ti2AlC and Ti2AlN, and gives rise to the formation of the carbide and nitride phases TiCx and TiNx, respectively.

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37

Siebert, Jan P., Shayna Mallett, Mikkel Juelsholt, Hanna Pazniak, Ulf Wiedwald, Katharine Page, and Christina S. Birkel. "Structure determination and magnetic properties of the Mn-doped MAX phase Cr2GaC." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 16 (2021): 6082–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qm00454a.

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38

Siebert, Jan P., Mikkel Juelsholt, Damian Günzing, Heiko Wende, Katharina Ollefs, and Christina S. Birkel. "Towards a mechanistic understanding of the sol–gel syntheses of ternary carbides." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 9, no. 7 (2022): 1565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2qi00053a.

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39

Belyaev, I., P. Istomin, E. Istomina, A. Nadutkin, and V. Grass. "Leucoxene concentrate as an effective source for synthesizing MAX phase high-temperature ceramic composites." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 2 (July 18, 2023): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2023-2-97-105.

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The authors have developed a three-stage technology for making dense Ti3SiC2–TiB2–(TiC)–SiC ceramic composites of a leucoxene concentrate being a product of previous treatment of titanium-containing sandstones. The first stage means the synthesis of agglomerated Ti3SiC2–TiB2–SiC powders which may significantly differ in SiC content. The synthesis proceeds by the method of the vacuum carbosilicothermic reduction of leucoxene concentrate using SiC as a reducing agent with addition of B4C as a solid boron-containing component. The second stage is etching the obtained powders with hydrofluoric acid in order to remove the by-products of silicide composition having been formed of impurities in leucoxene concentrate. At the final third stage, the purified Ti3SiC2–TiB2–(TiC)–SiC powders are hot-pressed in a graphite die under 30 MPa at a temperature of 1500-1550 °C. The end product is Ti3SiC2–TiB2–(TiC)–SiC ceramic composites with nearly absolute pore-free microstructure.

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40

Akhlaghi, Maryam, Esmaeil Salahi, Seyed Ali Tayebifard, and Gert Schmidt. "Role of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase on characteristics of in-situ synthesized TiAl intermetallics. Part III: microstructure." Synthesis and Sintering 2, no. 1 (March 20, 2022): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2022.2182.

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In this paper, the 3rd part of a series of publications on the sinterability and characteristics of TiAl–Ti3AlC2 composites, the microstructure development during the synthesis and sintering processes was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chemical evaluation of various phases in the developed microstructures was performed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in different ways such as point, line scan and two-dimensional elemental map analyses. For this purpose, five samples were fabricated with different percentages of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase additive (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 wt%). Ball-milling and spark plasma sintering (SPS: 900 °C/7 min/40 MPa) of as-purchased Al and Ti powders with already-synthesized Ti3AlC2 additive were selected as composite making methodology. SEM/EDS analyses verified the in-situ manufacturing of TiAl/Ti3Al intermetallics as the matrix during the SPS process and the presence of Ti3AlC2 as the ex-situ added secondary phase. Moreover, the in-situ synthesis of Ti2AlC, another member of MAX phases in Ti-Al-C system, was also detected in titanium aluminide grain boundaries and attributed to a chemical reaction between TiC (an impurity in the initial Ti3AlC2 additive) and TiAl components.

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41

Chlubny, L., J. Lis, K. Chabior, P. Chachlowska, and C. Kapusta. "Processing And Properties Of MAX Phases – Based Materials Using SHS Technique." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0219.

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Abstract Authors present results of works on the interesting new group of advanced ceramics called MAX phases – Ti-based ternary carbides and nitrides. They have an original layered structure involved highly anisotropic properties laying between ceramics and metals, with high elastic modulus, low hardness, very high fracture toughness and high electrical and heat conductivity. Using Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS) in the combustion regime it is possible to prepare MAX phases-rich powders that can be used as the precursors for preparation of dense MAX polycrystals by presureless sintering or hot-pressing. Different novel Ti-based phases with layered structures, namely: Ti3AlC2 and Ti2AlC have been synthesized in a combustion regime. The possibility of controlling of combustion phenomena for obtaining near single-phase products is discussed in details as well as some of properties of the materials tested as structure and functional ceramics.

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42

Gorshkov, V. A., A. V. Karpov, D. Yu Kovalev, and A. E. Sychev. "Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Material Based on V2AlC MAX Phase." Physics of Metals and Metallography 121, no. 8 (August 2020): 765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031918x20080037.

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43

Kvashina, T. S., N. F. Uvarov, M. A. Korchagin, Yu L. Krutskiy, and A. V. Ukhina. "Synthesis of MXene Ti3C2 by selective etching of MAX-phase Ti3AlC2." Materials Today: Proceedings 31 (2020): 592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.107.

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44

Miloserdov, Pavel A., Vladimir A. Gorshkov, Ivan D. Kovalev, and Dmitrii Yu Kovalev. "High-temperature synthesis of cast materials based on Nb2AlC MAX phase." Ceramics International 45, no. 2 (February 2019): 2689–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.10.198.

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45

Kang, Young Jae, Tobias Fey, and Peter Greil. "Synthesis of Ti2SnC MAX Phase by Mechanical Activation and Melt Infiltration." Advanced Engineering Materials 14, no. 1-2 (November 21, 2011): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.201100186.

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46

Ion, Alberto, Pierre Sallot, Victor Badea, Patrice Duport, Camelia Popescu, and Alain Denoirjean. "The Dual Character of MAX Phase Nano-Layered Structure Highlighted by Supersonic Particles Deposition." Coatings 11, no. 9 (August 29, 2021): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091038.

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MAX phase compounds offer an attractive mixture of ceramic–metallic properties due to their covalent ionic–metallic nature. Since their discovery, a great interest was attributed to their synthesis and potential applications, but the processing of pure compounds as coatings for industrial large-scale application is still considered a challenge. To date, a limited number of papers have evaluated the build-up of MAX phase coating by cold spray (CS), a novel cost-effective and productive spray technology used in both areas of research and industry. Employing CS, the hot gas-propelled material particles have ballistic impingement on a substrate where they undergo plastic deformation. Because of the brittleness, internal delamination, and limited deformability, the deposition of the pure MAX phase is rather challenging. This paper presents the building-up ability of dense MAX-phase coatings by CS with retained structures and compositions, in close relation with the substrate characteristics and phase composition that influences the dual character ceramic–metallic behaviour. Besides recent literature, the originality of this research consists of pioneering deposition of Ti3AlC2 that emphasizes the ceramic–metallic character influenced by the particle speed and the mechanical properties of both substrate and compound.

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47

Martínez Sánchez, Hugo, George Hadjipanayis, Germán Antonio Pérez Alcázar, Ligia Edith Zamora Alfonso, and Juan Sebastián Trujillo Hernández. "Mechanochemical Synthesis and Nitrogenation of the Nd1.1Fe10CoTi Alloy for Permanent Magnet." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 3854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133854.

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In this work, the mechanochemical synthesis method was used for the first time to produce powders of the nanocrystalline Nd1.1Fe10CoTi compound from Nd2O3, Fe2O3, Co and TiO2. High-energy-milled powders were heat treated at 1000 °C for 10 min to obtain the ThMn12-type structure. Volume fraction of the 1:12 phase was found to be as high as 95.7% with 4.3% of a bcc phase also present. The nitrogenation process of the sample was carried out at 350 °C during 3, 6, 9 and 12 h using a static pressure of 80 kPa of N2. The magnetic properties Mr, µ0Hc, and (BH)max were enhanced after nitrogenation, despite finding some residual nitrogen-free 1:12 phase. The magnetic values of a nitrogenated sample after 3 h were Mr = 75 Am2 kg–1, µ0Hc = 0.500 T and (BH)max = 58 kJ·m–3. Samples were aligned under an applied field of 2 T after washing and were measured in a direction parallel to the applied field. The best value of (BH)max ~ 114 kJ·m–3 was obtained for 3 h and the highest µ0Hc = 0.518 T for 6 h nitrogenation. SEM characterization revealed that the particles have a mean particle size around 360 nm and a rounded shape.

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48

Luo, Wei, Yi Liu, Chuangye Wang, Dan Zhao, Xiaoyan Yuan, Lei Wang, Jianfeng Zhu, Shouwu Guo, and Xingang Kong. "Molten salt assisted synthesis and electromagnetic wave absorption properties of (V1−x−yTixCry)2AlC solid solutions." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 24 (2021): 7697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc01338f.

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49

Akhlaghi, Maryam, Esmaeil Salahi, Seyed Ali Tayebifard, and Gert Schmidt. "Role of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase on characteristics of in-situ synthesized TiAl intermetallics. Part II: Phase evolution." Synthesis and Sintering 1, no. 4 (December 26, 2021): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2021.1453.

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In this research, the 2nd part of a series of papers on the processing and characterization of TiAl–Ti3AlC2 composites, the phase evolution during the manufacturing process was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Rietveld refinement method. Metallic Ti and Al powders with different amounts of previously-synthesized Ti3AlC2 additives (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 wt%) were ball-milled and densified by spark plasma sintering (SPS) under 40 MPa for 7 min at 900 °C. Before the sintering process, XRD test verified that the powder mixtures contained metallic Ti and Al as well as Ti3AlC2 and TiC (lateral phase synthesized with Ti3AlC2) phases. In the sintered composites, the in-situ synthesis of TiAl and Ti3Al intermetallics as well as the presence of Ti3AlC2 and the formation and Ti2AlC MAX phases were disclosed. The weight percentage of each phase in the final composition of the samples and the crystallite size of different phases were calculated by the Rietveld refinement method based on the XRD patterns. The size of Ti3AlC2 crystallites in sintered samples was compared with the crystallite size of synthesized Ti3AlC2 powder.

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50

Sun, Z. M., Tsutomu Sonoda, Hitoshi Hashimoto, and Akihiro Matsumoto. "Synthesis of MAX Phase (Cr,V)₂AlC Thin Films." Materials Science Forum 750 (March 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.750.1.

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Multiple target magnetron sputtering technique was employed for the deposition of (Cr,V)2AlC thin films, on the substrate of Si wafer at temperatures ranging from ambient to 840 K. The chemical composition and crystal structure of the deposited thin films were analyzed, surfaces as well the cross sections observed. The experimental results demonstrated that the temperature of the substrate does not affect the chemical composition of the deposited thin films. Deposition at room temperature or moderate elevated temperatures was found to result in amorphous films, whereas crystalline MAX phase thin films were obtained at high temperature. The transition of the substrate temperature was found to be around 743 K. The thin films deposited at temperatures below the transition showed the featureless flat surfaces. At high substrate temperatures, crystalline MAX thin films were formed. When deposited at temperatures near the transition, amorphous/nanocrystalline double layer thin films were deposited.

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